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The Sox9 protein has been implicated in both initiation and progression of multiple solid tumors.<ref name="The versatile functions of Sox9 in">{{cite journal |last1=Jo |first1=A |last2=Denduluri |first2=S |last3=Zhang |first3=B |last4=Wang |first4=Z |last5=Yin |first5=L |last6=Yan |first6=Z |last7=Kang |first7=R |last8=Shi |first8=LL |last9=Mok |first9=J |last10=Lee |first10=MJ |last11=Haydon |first11=RC |title=The versatile functions of Sox9 in development, stem cells, and human diseases. |journal=Genes & Diseases |date=December 2014 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=149–161 |doi=10.1016/j.gendis.2014.09.004 |pmid=25685828|pmc=4326072 }}</ref> Its role as a master regulator of [[morphogenesis]] during [[Development of the human body|human development]] makes it an ideal candidate for perturbation in malignant tissues. Specifically, Sox9 appears to induce invasiveness and therapy-resistance in prostate,<ref name="Transient Sox9 Expression Facilitat">{{cite journal |last1=Nouri |first1=M |last2=Massah |first2=S |last3=Caradec |first3=J |last4=Lubik |first4=AA |last5=Li |first5=N |last6=Truong |first6=S |last7=Lee |first7=AR |last8=Fazli |first8=L |last9=Ramnarine |first9=VR |last10=Lovnicki |first10=JM |last11=Moore |first11=J |last12=Wang |first12=M |last13=Foo |first13=J |last14=Gleave |first14=ME |last15=Hollier |first15=BG |last16=Nelson |first16=C |last17=Collins |first17=C |last18=Dong |first18=X |last19=Buttyan |first19=R |title=Transient Sox9 Expression Facilitates Resistance to Androgen-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer. |journal=Clinical Cancer Research |date=9 January 2020 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1678–1689 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0098 |pmid=31919137|doi-access=free }}</ref> colorectal,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prévostel |first1=C |last2=Blache |first2=P |title=The dose-dependent effect of SOX9 and its incidence in colorectal cancer. |journal=European Journal of Cancer |date=November 2017 |volume=86 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2017.08.037 |pmid=28988015}}</ref> breast<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grimm |first1=D |last2=Bauer |first2=J |last3=Wise |first3=P |last4=Krüger |first4=M |last5=Simonsen |first5=U |last6=Wehland |first6=M |last7=Infanger |first7=M |last8=Corydon |first8=TJ |title=The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis. |journal=Seminars in Cancer Biology |date=23 March 2019 |doi=10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.004 |pmid=30914279|doi-access=free }}</ref> and other cancers, and therefore promotes lethal metastasis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Medina |first1=M |last2=Avendaño-Félix |first2=M |last3=Lizárraga-Verdugo |first3=E |last4=Bermúdez |first4=M |last5=Romero-Quintana |first5=JG |last6=Ramos-Payan |first6=R |last7=Ruíz-García |first7=E |last8=López-Camarillo |first8=C |title=SOX9 Stem-Cell Factor: Clinical and Functional Relevance in Cancer. |journal=Journal of Oncology |date=2019 |volume=2019 |pages=6754040 |doi=10.1155/2019/6754040 |pmid=31057614|pmc=6463569 }}</ref> Many of these oncogenic effects of Sox9 appear dose dependent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=X |last2=Liang |first2=R |last3=Liu |first3=C |last4=Liu |first4=JA |last5=Cheung |first5=MPL |last6=Liu |first6=X |last7=Man |first7=OY |last8=Guan |first8=XY |last9=Lung |first9=HL |last10=Cheung |first10=M |title=SOX9 is a dose-dependent metastatic fate determinant in melanoma. |journal=Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR |date=14 January 2019 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s13046-018-0998-6 |pmid=30642390|pmc=6330758 }}</ref><ref name="Transient Sox9 Expression Facilitat"/><ref name="The versatile functions of Sox9 in"/>
== SOX9 localisation and dynamics ==
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