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==History==
The Church has had a long-standing interest in astronomy, due to the astronomical basis of the calendar by which holy days and [[Easter]] are determined. For instance, the [[Gregorian Calendar]], promulgated in 1582 by Pope [[Gregory XIII]], was developed by [[Aloysius Lilius]] and later modified by [[Christoph Clavius]] at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University|Collegio Romano]] from astronomical data. The [[Gregorian Tower]] was completed in 1580 for his purpose, designed by Bolognese architect [[Ottaviano
In the 18th century, the Papacy actively supported astronomy, establishing the Observatory of the Roman College in 1774. In 1789–1787, the ''Specola Vaticana'' in the Tower of the Winds within the Vatican was established under the direction of Msgr. Filippo Luigi Gilii (1756–1821). When Msgr. Gilii died, the ''Specola'' was closed down because it was inconvenient for students in the city because the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] obstructed its view. Its instruments were transferred to the College Observatory. A third facility, the Observatory of the Capitol, was operated from 1827 to 1870.
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