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Line 97: Sorbitol is used in bacterial culture media to distinguish the pathogenic [[Escherichia coli O157:H7\|''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7]] from most other strains of ''[[Escherichia coli\|E. coli]]'', because it is usually unable to ferment sorbitol, unlike 93% of known ''E. coli'' strains.<ref name=wells_1983_101>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wells JG, Davis BR, Wachsmuth IK, etal \|title=Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype\|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology\|volume=18\|issue=3\|pages=512–20\| date=September 1983 \|pmid=6355145\|pmc=270845\|doi=10.1128/JCM.18.3.512-520.1983\|quote=The organism does not ferment sorbitol; whereas 93% of E. coli of human origin are sorbitol positive}}</ref> A treatment for [[Hyperkalemia\|hyperkalaemia]] (elevated blood [[potassium]]) uses sorbitol and the [[ion-exchange]] resin [[sodium polystyrene sulfonate]] (tradename Kayexalate).<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Rugolotto S, Gruber M, Solano PD, Chini L, Gobbo S, Pecori S \|title=Necrotizing enterocolitis in a 850 gram infant receiving sorbitol-free sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate): clinical and histopathologic findings \|journal=J Perinatol \|volume=27 \|issue=4 \|pages=247–9 \| date=April 2007 \|pmid=17377608 \|doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7211677 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> The resin exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions in the bowel, while sorbitol helps to eliminate it. In 2010, the U.S. [[FDA]] issued a warning of increased risk for gastrointestinal necrosis with this combination.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ucm186845.htm\|title=Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) powder\|work=fda.gov\|~~accessdate~~access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> Sorbitol is also used in the manufacture of [[softgel\|softgel capsule]]s to store single doses of liquid medicines.<ref name="Catalent Softgel website">{{cite web\|url=http://www.catalent.com/offerings/drug-delivery/drug-delivery-oral/softgel-technology\|title=Home – Catalent\|work=catalent.com\|~~accessdate~~access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> ===Health care, food, and cosmetic uses=== Sorbitol often is used in modern [[cosmetics]] as a [[humectant]] and [[thickener]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bttcogroup.in/sorbitol-70.html\|title=Sorbitol 70%\|work=bttcogroup.in\|~~accessdate~~access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> It is also used in [[mouthwash]] and [[toothpaste]]. Some transparent [[gel]]s can be made only with sorbitol, because of its high [[refractive index]]. Sorbitol is used as a [[cryoprotectant]] additive (mixed with [[sucrose]] and sodium poly[[phosphate]]s) in the manufacture of [[surimi]], a processed fish paste.<ref name="MedinaGarrote2002">{{cite journal\|last1=Medina\|first1=J.R.\|last2=Garrote\|first2=R.L.\|title=The effect of two cryoprotectant mixtures on frozen surubí surimi\|journal=Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering\|volume=19\|issue=4\|year=2002\|pages=419–424\|issn=0104-6632\|doi=10.1590/S0104-66322002000400010\|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also used as a humectant in some [[cigarette]]s.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gallaher-group.com/products/table3_display.asp?brand_name=Benson+%26+Hedges+Gold&brand_family=Benson+%26+Hedges&product_type=CIGARETTE&country=UNITED+KINGDOM\|title=Gallaher Group\|work=gallaher-group.com\|~~accessdate~~access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> Beyond its use as a sugar substitute in reduced-sugar foods, Sorbitol is also used as a humectant in cookies and low-moisture foods like peanut butter and fruit preserves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Chemical and functional properties of food saccharides\|date=2004\|publisher=CRC Press\|others=Tomasik, Piotr\|isbn=9780203495728\|location=Boca Raton\|oclc=317752036}}</ref> In baking, it is also valuable because it acts as a [[plasticizer]], and slows down the [[staling]] process.<ref name=":0" /> ===Miscellaneous uses=== A mixture of sorbitol and [[potassium nitrate]] has found some success as an amateur solid [[rocket fuel]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nakka-rocketry.net/sorb.html\|title=Richard Nakka's Experimental Rocketry Web Site\|work=nakka-rocketry.net\|~~accessdate~~access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> Sorbitol is identified as a potential key chemical intermediate<ref>{{Cite journal Line 151: \|title = Revisions to FCC, First Supplement \|url = http://www.usp.org/fcc/FCC61SBallotResultsWebPostingReport04.html \|~~accessdate~~access-date = 6 July 2009 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://archive.is/20100705223317/http://www.usp.org/fcc/FCC61SBallotResultsWebPostingReport04.html Line 161: \| title = D-Sorbitol \| url = http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?lang=en&N4=97336 \| ~~accessdate~~access-date = 6 July 2009 }}</ref> 6.1<ref name=ipe>{{cite web\| last =European Pharmacopoeia\| author-link =European Pharmacopoeia\| title =Index, Ph Eur\| url =https://www.edqm.eu/store/images/majbdd/200709201618250.6_1%20IndexE.pdf\| ~~accessdate~~access-date =6 July 2009\| url-status =dead\| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110720160054/https://www.edqm.eu/store/images/majbdd/200709201618250.6_1%20IndexE.pdf\| archive-date =20 July 2011}}</ref> * [[British Pharmacopoeia]] 2009<ref name=ib29>{{cite web \|last=British Pharmacopoeia Line 168: \|year=2009 \|url=http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf \|~~accessdate~~access-date=6 July 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411071437/http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf Line 178: \|year=2016 \|url=http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp17e/000217655.pdf \|~~accessdate~~access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref>

Sorbitol: Difference between revisions