The 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Europe is a part of the outbreak of human mpox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. The outbreak reached Europe on 6 May 2022 when the United Kingdom reported their first case of mpox. As of 13 July 2022,[update] 35 European countries and territories have confirmed cases.
2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Europe | |
---|---|
Disease | Mpox |
Virus strain | Monkeypox virus (West African clade) |
Index case | London, England |
Arrival date | 6 May 2022 (2 years, 3 months, 3 weeks and 4 days ago) |
Confirmed cases | 22,640 |
Suspected cases‡ | 82 |
Deaths | 1 |
Territories | 35 |
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out. |
Background
editMpox (/ˈɛmpɒks/, EM-poks; formerly known as monkeypox)[1] is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and other animals.[2] Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.[2] The illness is usually mild, and most of infected individuals recover within a few weeks without treatment.[3] The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms ranges from three to seventeen days,[4] and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks.[citation needed] However, cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women, or people with suppressed immune systems.[5]
The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus. The variola virus, which causes smallpox, is also in this genus.[2] Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with infected skin or body fluids, including sexual contact.[2] People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed.[5] The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[5] Diagnosis can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[2]Transmission
editA large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of Africa where mpox is normally found, such as Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as central and western Africa. It is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with lesions on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. The CDC has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in Africa.[6]
In addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum lining. CDC has also warned clinicians to not rule out mpox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes.[7]
Timeline
editArrival
editAn index case was imported into the United Kingdom in late April 2022, by a man who had travelled to Nigeria, where the disease is endemic. He had already showed symptoms since 29 April, and was admitted to hospital in London on 6 May. On 12 May, the man was confirmed to have contracted mpox. The following day, another mpox case was confirmed, and the United Kingdom reported these cases to the World Health Organization (WHO).[8]
Cases transited through Europe
editMay
edit18 May
editOn 18 May, Spain and Portugal both confirmed their first cases of mpox following the confirmation of mpox in the United Kingdom starting an outbreak in the countries.[9] It is unknown how it was contracted, but most likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.
19 May
editOn 19 May, Belgium confirmed its first cases of mpox in two Belgian men, it was later confirmed by Reuters that the men had gone to the same party.[10]
Later, Italy confirmed its first case of mpox in an Italian man in Rome, the man was isolated at the Spallanzani Hospital. The disease was likely contracted from a stay in the Canary Islands.[11] There were 2 suspected cases, which later became confirmed cases.
Sweden then confirmed its first case of mpox in Stockholm, the Swedish Health Agency confirmed it later. The person was not reported to be a woman or a man, but it was most likely a man.[12] It is unknown how it was contracted, but likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.
20 May
editOn 20 May, France reported their first case of mpox. The patient had no travel history, meaning he didn't contract the disease abroad.[13]
On the same day, Germany and the Netherlands reported their first cases of mpox.[14][15] It was unknown how it was contracted in both stories, but likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.
21 May
editOn 21 May, Switzerland confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a person of undisclosed gender, contracted through "close physical contact" abroad, according to Reuters.[16]
22 May
editOn 22 May, Austria confirmed its first case of mpox.[17] It is unknown how it was contracted or who contracted it, but likely via travel or skin-to-skin contact abroad.
23 May
editOn 23 May, Denmark detected its first mpox infection. It was in an adult male, likely contracted from a trip to Spain, according to Reuters.[18] No cases of mpox were detected in Greenland, a Danish constituent country in North America.
24 May
editOn 24 May, the Czech Republic registered its first case of mpox in a woman, likely picked up from a festival in Belgium, according to Reuters.[19]
On the same day, Slovenia also registered its first case of mpox. It was in a traveller of undisclosed gender who likely contracted mpox from a trip to the Canary Islands, according to Reuters.[20]
27 May
editOn 27 May, Ireland confirmed its first case of mpox in the east of the country.[21] The Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) commenced publication of a weekly report on the epidemiology of human mpox in Ireland on 9 June.
On the same day, Finland also confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a man who likely had contracted the disease from a trip to another European country, according to Reuters.[22][23]
28 May
editOn 28 May, Malta registered its first case of mpox. It was in an adult male, who most likely picked up the disease abroad from one of the countries affected by the outbreak, according to the Malta Times.[24]
31 May
editOn 31 May, Hungary confirmed its first case of mpox, in an adult male. It is still being investigated whether or not he recently travelled, though it is unknown how the man contracted the disease.[25]
On the same day, Norway confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a person of undisclosed gender who most likely contracted the disease from travelling abroad. The case was linked to the ongoing outbreak in Europe, meaning that the patient may have travelled to a European country that was affected by the outbreak.[26]
June
edit1 June
editOn 1 June, Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, registered its first case of mpox in a Spanish resident of undisclosed gender working in Gibraltar. The patient likely contracted the disease from close contact with another Spanish national also working in Gibraltar.[27]
3 June
editOn 3 June, Latvia confirmed its first mpox infection. It was in an elderly person of undisclosed gender who most likely contracted the disease abroad.[28]
8 June
editOn 8 June, Greece confirmed the country's first mpox case. It was in a person of undisclosed gender who likely contracted the disease from a trip to Portugal.[29]
9 June
editOn 9 June, Iceland confirmed its first mpox case. It was in two men who most likely contracted the disease from a trip to Europe.[30]
10 June
editOn 10 June, Poland confirmed its first mpox case. It is unknown who the patient is or how it was contracted, but it is possible it was picked up via travel or skin-to-skin contact.[31]
13 June
editOn 13 June, Romania confirmed its first monkempoxypox infection. It was in an adult male who most likely contracted the disease from his partner who travelled in several different European countries that have been affected by mpox at the time.[32]
15 June
editOn 15 June, Luxembourg confirmed its first mpox case. It is unknown how it was contracted, though it is being investigated. The disease was likely picked up via travelling abroad or skin-to-skin contact.[33]
On the same day, Georgia also confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a patient of undisclosed gender who likely contracted the disease from a trip to Europe.[34]
17 June
editOn 17 June, Serbia confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a patient of undisclosed gender. It was revealed that it was an "imported case", meaning that the patient may have contracted the disease abroad.[35]
23 June
editOn 23 June, Bulgaria confirmed its first mpox case. It was in two men who most likely contracted the disease from a trip to Spain and the United Kingdom but don't reckon any contact with infected persons.[36]
On the same day, Croatia also received its first case of mpox. It was in an adult man who most likely contracted the disease from a stay in Italy and Spain.[37]
28 June
editOn 28 June, Estonia confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a middle-aged man who most likely contracted the disease abroad. He had no close contacts with anyone in Estonia.[38]
July
edit2 July
editOn 2 July, Andorra registered its first mpox case in a woman of unknown age. It is unknown how it was contracted, but it may likely have been picked up either abroad via travel or via skin-to-skin contact.[39]
7 July
editOn July 7, Slovakia received its first case of mpox. It was in a person of undisclosed gender in the 20-59 age group who most likely contracted the disease abroad.[40]
12 July
editOn 12 July, Russia confirmed its first case of mpox. It was in a man probably in his 20-25 age group who likely contracted the disease from a trip to Europe where the outbreak had started. The man then tested positive for the virus and was isolated in a hospital, most likely in Saint Petersburg.[41]
13 July
editOn 13 July, Bosnia and Herzegovina registered its first mpox case. It is unknown how it was contracted, although the disease was likely picked up abroad via travel or skin-to-skin contact.[42]
22 July
editOn 22 July, Monaco confirmed its first case of mpox, in a man who most likely had travelled to France where the disease was spreading. The Princess Grace Hospital Centre later reported that the first case of the disease had been confirmed in the residential area of La Colle.[citation needed]
September
edit15 September
editOn 15 September, Ukraine's Ministry of Health reported the country's first case of mpox. The Ministry noted that the patient, who did not travel abroad, was experiencing "mild symptoms" and undergoing hospital treatment.[43][44] The region where the case was reported was not disclosed.[43]
Responses
editWorld Health Organization (WHO)
editOn 20 May, the WHO convened an emergency meeting of independent advisers to discuss the outbreak and assess the threat level.[45] Its European chief, Hans Kluge, expressed concern that infections could accelerate in Europe as people gather for parties and festivals over the summer.[46] On 14 June, the WHO announced plans to rename the disease from monkeypox to mpox in order to combat stigma and racism surrounding the disease.[47] Another meeting convened on 23 June determined that the outbreak does not constitute a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the time being.[48]
Countries
editThe majority of European countries responded to the outbreak, and the responses of some are listed below.
- Belgien: The Risk Assessment Group (RAG) and health authorities declared that those infected with mpox must self-isolate for 21 days.[49]
- Deutschland: Fabian Leendertz of the Robert Koch Institute described the outbreak as an epidemic that will not last long: "The cases can be well isolated via contact tracing and there are also drugs and effective vaccines that can be used if necessary."[46]
- Irland: The Health Service Executive (HSE) has set up a multidisciplinary incident management team to prepare for the possible arrival of mpox, and infectious diseases experts are on alert for patients with symptoms of the virus.[50]
- Kosovo: On 23 May, the Ministry of Health and the National Public Health Institute, have drafted a document of recommendations and measures to help prevent the spread of the disease. In a press statement, healthcare authorities have declared that the situation is being closely monitored.[51]
- Luxemburg: On 21 May, the Ministry of Health said that they are monitoring the situation with its Europe.[52] he National Infectious Diseases Department of the HLC and refrain from close contact activities until the infection has resolved.[53]
- Vereinigtes Königreich: On 22 May, Education Secretary Nadhim Zahawi said "we're taking it very, very seriously" and that the UK government had already started purchasing smallpox vaccines.[54] The Terrence Higgins Trust and British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) expressed concern about the impact on sexual health services in the United Kingdom.[55][56]
Dependent territories
editCases per country and territory
editThis is a table of confirmed and suspected mpox cases in European countries during the ongoing 2022–2023 mpox outbreak. It does not include countries where suspected cases were reported but later discarded. (As of 13 July 2022[update])
Land | Confirmed | Suspected | Total | Last update | First confirmed case | Last confirmed case |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andorra | 1 | — | 1 | 8 July 2022[39] | 2 July 2022[39] | |
Österreich | 83 | — | 83 | 14 July 2022[58] | 22 May 2022[59] | |
Belgien | 225 | 1 | 226 | 14 July 2022 | 19 May 2022[10] | |
Bosnien und Herzegowina | 1 | — | 1 | 13 July 2022[42][60] | 13 July 2022[42] | |
Bulgarien | 3 | — | 3 | 5 July 2022[61][60] | 23 June 2022[36] | |
Kroatien | 3 | — | 3 | 12 July 2022[37][60] | 23 June 2022[37] | |
Tschechische Republik | 12 | — | 12 | 13 July 2022[62][60] | 24 May 2022[19] | |
Dänemark | 32 | — | 32 | 13 July 2022[60] | 23 May 2022[18] | |
Estland | 2 | — | 2 | 5 July 2022[60] | 28 June 2022[38] | |
Finnland | 13 | — | 13 | 11 July 2022[63][60][64] | 27 May 2022[22][23] | |
Frankreich | 912 | — | 912 | 12 July 2022[65] | 20 May 2022[66] | |
Georgien | 2 | — | 2 | 28 June 2022[67] | 15 June 2022[34] | |
Deutschland | 1,859 | — | 1,859 | 15 July 2022[68] | 20 May 2022[14] | |
Gibraltar[a] | 5 | — | 5 | 14 July 2022[27][60][69] | 1 June 2022[27] | |
Griechenland | 12 | — | 12 | 13 July 2022[70] | 8 June 2022[29][71] | |
Ungarn | 28 | — | 28 | 13 July 2022[72] | 31 May 2022[25] | |
Island | 6 | — | 6 | 7 July 2022[73] | 9 June 2022[30] | |
Irland | 85 | — | 85 | 27 July 2022[74] | 27 May 2022[75] | |
Italien | 339 | — | 339 | 15 July 2022[76] | 19 May 2022[77] | |
Lettland | 2 | — | 2 | 5 July 2022[60] | 3 June 2022[28] | |
Luxemburg | 7 | — | 7 | 5 July 2022[60] | 15 June 2022[33] | |
Malta | 9 | — | 9 | 13 July 2022[60] | 28 May 2022[24] | |
Niederlande | 549 | — | 549 | 14 July 2022[78] | 20 May 2022[15] | |
Norwegen | 35 | — | 35 | 14 July 2022[79] | 31 May 2022[26] | |
Polen | 22 | — | 22 | 13 July 2022[80] | 10 June 2022[31] | |
Portugal | 515 | — | 515 | 14 July 2022[81] | 18 May 2022[82] | |
Rumänien | 16 | — | 16 | 14 July 2022[83] | 13 June 2022[32] | |
Russland | 1 | — | 1 | 12 July 2022[46] | 12 July 2022[41] | |
Serbien | 5 | — | 5 | 14 July 2022[35][60][84] | 17 June 2022[35] | |
Slowakei | 1 | — | 1 | 7 July 2022[40] | 7 July 2022[40] | |
Slowenien | 19 | — | 19 | 13 July 2022[85] | 24 May 2022[20] | |
Spanien | 4,371 | 62 | 4,433 | 12 July 2022[86] | 18 May 2022[87] | |
Schweden | 58 | — | 58 | 13 July 2022[88] | 19 May 2022[89][90] | |
Schweiz | 181 | — | 181 | 13 July 2022[91] | 21 May 2022[16] | |
Ukraine | 3 | — | 3 | 22 September 2022[92] | 15 September 2022[43] | |
Vereinigtes Königreich | 2,469 | — | 2,469 | 14 July 2022[93] | 6 May 2022[94] | |
Total | 10,005 | 82 | 10,087 | — |
Timeline of first confirmed cases by country or territory
editDate | Countries / Territories |
---|---|
6 May 2022 | Vereinigtes Königreich |
18 May 2022 | Spanien • Portugal |
19 May 2022 | Belgien • Italien • Schweden |
20 May 2022 | Frankreich • Deutschland • Niederlande |
21 May 2022 | Schweiz |
22 May 2022 | Österreich |
23 May 2022 | Dänemark |
24 May 2022 | Tschechische Republik • Slowenien |
27 May 2022 | Finnland • Irland |
28 May 2022 | Malta |
31 May 2022 | Ungarn • Norwegen |
1 June 2022 | Gibraltar[a] |
3 June 2022 | Lettland |
8 June 2022 | Griechenland |
9 June 2022 | Island |
10 June 2022 | Polen |
13 June 2022 | Rumänien |
15 June 2022 | Luxemburg • Georgien |
17 June 2022 | Serbien |
23 June 2022 | Bulgarien • Kroatien |
28 June 2022 | Estland |
2 July 2022 | Andorra |
7 July 2022 | Slowakei |
12 July 2022 | Russland |
13 July 2022 | Bosnien und Herzegowina |
15 September 2022 | Ukraine |
Timeline of suspected cases by country or territory
editCountries listed below had only suspected cases at the time of reporting. Some countries reported confirmed cases after reporting suspected cases. Countries listed several times reported suspected cases again after they discarded suspected cases before.
Date | Countries / Territories |
---|---|
20 May 2022 | Griechenland (discounted on 22 May) |
5 June 2022 | Georgien (confirmed on 15 June)[95] |
As of 11 July 2022,[update] 33 European countries and territories have been affected by the pandemic.
See also
edit- Mpox
- Monkeypox virus
- Mpox in Nigeria
- Mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak
- Timeline of the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Asia
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Canada
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Germany
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the Netherlands
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Portugal
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Spain
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the United Kingdom
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in the United States
Notes
editReferences
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- ^ "Monkeypox (apenpokken) | RIVM". www.rivm.nl. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "FHI Statistikkbanker". FHI Statistikkbanker (in Norwegian). Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "2022 Monkeypox Outbreak Global Map | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ "Informação semanal sobre Infeção Humana por vírus Monkeypox – Nº 002". www.dgs.pt. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "Monkeypox. Já há 14 casos de varíola dos macacos em Portugal" [Monkeypox. There are already 14 cases of monkeypox in Portugal]. www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ "Factbox: Monkeypox cases around the world". Reuters. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "2022 Monkeypox Outbreak Global Map | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "Okužbe z virusom opičjih koz v Sloveniji" [Infections with the monkey goat (pox) virus in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Spain cases can be aggregated from the following sources:
- Andalusia: "Los casos activos de viruela del mono ascienden a 171 en Andalucía, con 60 más en investigación". Diario Sur (in Spanish). 8 July 2022.
- Canary Islands: "Sanidad comunica tres casos confirmados y tres en estudio de viruela del mono desde ayer" (in Spanish). Gobierno de Canarias. 8 July 2022.
- Madrid: "La Comunidad de Madrid suma 1.199 casos de viruela del mono y 89 vacunas administradas". Europa Press (news agency) (in Spanish). 8 July 2022.
- Valencian Community: "Veintiún casos más de viruela del mono elevan a 58 los positivos en Comunitat". EFE (in Spanish). 8 July 2022.
- National report: "Alerta sobre infección de viruela de los monos en España y otros países no endémicos" (PDF). Ministry of Health (in Spanish). 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Monkeypox cases investigated in Europe, US and Canada". BBC News. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ "Apkoppor (Internationellt maj 2022-) — Folkhälsomyndigheten". www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "Ett fall av apkoppor rapporterat i Sverige" [A case of monkeypox reported in Sweden] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ "Sweden reports first case of monkeypox". The News International. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ "Monkeypox". Federal Office of Public Health. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "В Україні підтвердився третій випадок віспи мавп". Слово і Діло (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Monkeypox outbreak: epidemiological overview, 15 July 2022". GOV.UK. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ "В соседней Грузии выявлены случаи с подозрением на оспу обезьян". 1news.az (in Russian). Retrieved 30 June 2022.