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User:π π π/List of remotest islands

< User:Π π π

This list of remotest islands was compiled by me in many hours of research. I expect it to be complete at least up to 200 km, and hopefully also entirely.

Remoteness is the distance to the nearest landmass. In order to not disqualify remote islands with small offshore rocks or islets, I had to come up with a new definition for island for this list: An archipelago is considered an island if the minimal distance of any land in the archipelago to any land outside of it is at least twice as big as the maximal distance of any land in the archipelago to the shore of the archipelago's largest island. In other words, the archipelago has to be at least twice as far from the nearest landmass as the group's main island is from its most outlying island.

Unsurprisingly, this definition excludes some classic archipelagos while some groups of islands that are usually not considered archipelagos appear in the list. However, this is unavoidable if one strives for an objective list independent of arbitrary, historically and culturally arisen names. In all, the definition is very simple and deviations from designations roughly keep their balance in both directions, so I am content with this methodology.

Some islands or archipelagos, mostly in and around the Coral and Tasman Seas, have multiple distances listed; this is because the landmass of some atolls is only periodically above sea level or the data available to me is not good enough to determine the nearest landmass with certainty. Every isolation range has an explanatory note (currently in German, will translate soon).

Eleven islands or archipelagos appear on their own as well as as part of a bigger archipelago: Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Isla Salas y Gómez, Gough Island, Bounty Islands, Starbuck Island, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Robinson Crusoe Island, Okidaitōjima, Wolf Island, Bassas da India, and Roca Partida.

If you have questions or find a mistake in the list, please contact me on the talk page. I appreciate any kind of feedback.

R. Island Archipelago Isolation
(km) 		Land Sea E.
(km) 		Nearest land
1 Bouvetinsel 1844  Norwegen Atlantic/Southern 1 Gough Island
Tristan da Cunha Island Tristan da Cunha  Vereinigtes Königreich (SHATdC) Atlantic 411 Bouvetinsel
3 Easter Island incl. Salas y Gómez 1559  Chile Pacific 391 Acadia Islet (Ducie Island)
4 Sankt Helena 1284  Vereinigtes Königreich (SHATdC) Atlantic 1 Ascension Island
Ascension Island 1 Sankt Helena
6 Amsterdam Island Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands 1277  Frankreich (TAAF) Indian 95 Île de Castries (Kerguelen Islands)
7 Grande Terre Kerguelen Islands &
Heard Island and McDonald Islands 		1247  Frankreich (TAAF)
(&  Australien) 		Indian/Southern 456 Île de l'Est
8 Grand Bermuda Bermuda 1037  Vereinigtes Königreich Atlantic 6 Hatteras Island (USA)
9 Trindade Trindade and Martim Vaz 1022  Brasilien Atlantic 47 Santa Bárbara
10 Minamitorishima 1017  Japan Pacific 0 Maug East Island
11 West Island Cocos Islands 957  Australien Indian 35 Weihnachtsinsel
12 Clipperton Island 948  Frankreich Pacific 0 Socorro Island
13 Île de la Possession Crozet Islands 937  Frankreich (TAAF) Indian/Southern 119 Prince Edward Island
Marion Island Prince Edward Islands  Südafrika 28 Île aux Cochons
15 Johnston Island Johnston Atoll 837  Vereinigte Staaten (USMOI) Pacific 4 Disappearing Island
(French Frigate Shoals)
16 San Ambrosio Desventuradas Islands 810  Chile Pacific 23 Robinson Crusoe Island
17 Norfolkinsel incl. Phillip Island 668 / 680  Australien Pacific 8 Nogumatiugi Reef / West Princes
Island (Three Kings Islands)
18 Kita-Kojima Okinotorishima 672  Japan Philippine 1 Okidaitōjima
19 Isabela Island Galápagos Islands 653  Ecuador Pacific 183 Cocos Island
20 Belmonte Saint Peter and
Saint Paul Archipelago 		621  Brasilien Atlantic 0 Ilha Rata (Fernando de Noronha)
21 Macquarie Island incl. Judge and Clerk Islets,
Bishop and Clerk Islets 		607  Australien Pacific/Southern 39 Adams Island
22 Alejandro Selkirk Island Juan Fernández Islands 599  Chile Pacific 184 Islote Farallon (Chile)
23 Raoul Island Kermadec Islands 596–601 /
624–631 /
736[1] 		 Neuseeland (NZOI) Pacific 243 Minerva Reefs
/ North Island
24 Scott Island 580 Antarktis Ross 0 Antarktis
25 Santiago Kap Verde 569  Kap Verde Atlantic 258 Africa (Senegal)
26 Wake Island 567  Vereinigte Staaten (USMOI) Pacific 2 North Island (Bokak Atoll)
27 Lord Howe Island Lord Howe Island Group incl.
Elizabeth Reef & Middleton Reef 		533–551 /
568[2] 		 Australien Tasman Mainland Australia
28 Rapa Iti Bass Islands (incl. Marotiri) 522  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 86 Araoo (Raivavae)
29 Diego Garcia Chagos Archipelago 519  Vereinigtes Königreich (BIOT) Indian 232 Gan
30 Chatham Island Chatham Islands 518  Neuseeland (NZOI) Pacific 43 North Rock (Bounty Islands)
Antipodes Island Antipodes Islands & Bounty Islands 212 The Pyramid
32 Rodrigues 510  Mauritius Indian 4 St. Brandon
33 Howland Island incl. Baker Island 493  Vereinigte Staaten (USMOI) Pacific 69 McKean Island
34 Cocos Island 489  Costa Rica Pacific 1 Isla de Cabo Blanco (Costa Rica)
35 Jan Mayen 452  Norwegen Greenland /
Norwegian 		0 Immikkeertikajik (Greenland)
36 Tromelin Island 437  Frankreich (TAAF) Indian 0 Madagaskar
37 Malden Island incl. Starbuck Island 427  Kiribati Pacific 208 Ruahara (Penrhyn Atoll)
38 Niue 419  Neuseeland Pacific 0 ʻUtu Vavaʻu
39 Heard Island Heard Island und McDonald Islands 403  Australien Indian/Southern 45 Roches du Salamanca
(Kerguelen Islands)
40 Coronation Island South Orkney Islands 403 Antarktis Southern 45 Clarence Island
41 Salas y Gómez 390  Chile Pacific 0 Easter Island
42 Peter I Island 387 Antarktis Bellingshausen 0 Thurston Island
43 Gough Island 382  Vereinigtes Königreich (SHATdC) Atlantic 1 Sehan Rocks (Nightingale Island)
44 Chaloupe St. Brandon 376  Mauritius Indian 55 Serpent Island (Mauritius)
45 Jarvis Island 366  Vereinigte Staaten (USMOI) Pacific 0 Kiritimati
46 West Falkland Falklandinseln 364  Vereinigtes Königreich Atlantic/Southern 164 Isla de los Estados
47 Startseite Palmerston Island 359  Neuseeland (Cook Inseln) Pacific 10 Maina (Aitutaki)
48 Acadia Islet Ducie Island 355  Vereinigtes Königreich (Pitcairn Islands) Pacific 1 Henderson Island
49 Malpelo Island 353  Kolumbien Pacific 1 Isla Jicarita (Panama)
50 North Island Agaléga 352  Mauritius Indian 8 Coëtivy Island
51 Moananui Penrhyn Atoll 350  Neuseeland (Cook Inseln) Pacific 16 Teutokono (Rakahanga)
Tokerau Manihiki & Rakahanga 43 Moananui (Penrhyn Atoll)
53 Herald's Beacon Islet Mellish Reef 346  Australien Coral 0 Bampton Reef (Chesterfield Islands)
54 Weihnachtsinsel 344  Australien Indian 0 Java
55 Rotuma Island Rotuma Group 317  Fidschi Pacific 8 Niulakita
56 Minerva Reefs 309–315 /
343–353[3] 		 Tonga /  Fidschi Pacific Bird Rock (ʻAta)
57 Anchorage Island Suwarrow 305  Neuseeland (Cook Inseln) Pacific 16 Nassau
Pukapuka Pukapuka & Nassau 86 Manu Island (Suwarrow)
59 Saint Paul Island Pribilof Islands 304  Vereinigte Staaten Bering 78 Fire Island
60 Touhou Kapingamarangi 302  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 7 Olomanga (Nukuoro)
61 Rockall 301  Vereinigtes Königreich Atlantic 0 Soay
62 Europa Island incl. Bassas da India 289  Frankreich (TAAF) Mosambik 121 Nosy Hao (Madagascar)
63 Island Island 289  Island Atlantic 106 Grönland
64 Minami-daitō Daitō Islands 288  Japan Philippine 150 Kikaijima (Amami Islands)
65 Nauru 288  Nauru Pacific 0 Banaba
Banaba  Kiribati 0 Nauru
67 Sibylla Island Bokak Atoll 287  Marshallinseln Pacific 6 Jaboerukku (Bikar Atoll)
68 Clarion Island 284  Mexiko Pacific 1 Roca Partida
Socorro Island Revillagigedo Islands East
(incl. San Benedicto Island, Roca Partida) 		109 Clarion Island
70 Roca Sur Rocas Alijos 279  Mexiko Pacific 0 Isla San Roque (Mexiko)
71 Kiritimati Kiritimati 278  Kiribati Pacific 3 Motu o Tau (Tabuaeran)
72 Île du Nord Farquhar Group 275  Seychellen Indian 100 Madagaskar
73 Conway Reef 273  Fidschi Pacific 0 unnamed? (Hunter Island)
74 Babeldaob Palau 269  Palau Pacific 67 Fanna Island (Sonsorol)
75 Auckland Island Auckland Islands 267  Neuseeland (NZOI) Pacific/Southern 10 Hook Key North East
(Campbell Islands)
Campbell Island Campbell Islands 3 Adams Island
77 St. Matthew Island incl. Hall Island, Pinnacle Island 264  Vereinigte Staaten Bering 17 Nunivak Island
78 Kosrae Kosrae Islands 262  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 0 Pingelap Island
79 Madeira Madeira Archipelago 255  Portugal Atlantic 56 unnamed?
(Palheiro de Terra, Ilhas Selvagens)
80 Eysturoy Färöer Inseln 250  Dänemark Atlantic 67 Lisgear Mhor (North Rona)
81 Guadalupe Island 248  Mexiko Pacific 4 unnamed?
(Isla San Jerónimo, Mexiko)
82 Matthew Island Matthew Island and Hunter Island 247  Frankreich /  Vanuatu Pacific 75 Walpole Island
83 Pratas Island Pratas Islands 240  Taiwan /  China South China 1 unnamed? (China)
84 Shag Rocks 232  Vereinigtes Königreich (SGSSI) Atlantic/Southern 19 Ramp Rock West
South Georgia South Georgia 81 Black Rock
86 Bear Island 228  Norwegen Norwegian 1 Sørkappøya (Svalbard)
87 Rimapoto Caroline Island 227  Kiribati Pacific 7 Vostok Island
88 Lisianski Island 224  Vereinigte Staaten Pacific 0 Laysan
89 Iony Island 224  Russland Okhotsk 1 Sakhalin
90 Cooper Island Palmyra Atoll & Kingman Reef 223  Vereinigte Staaten (USMOI) Pacific 63 Teraina
91 Nanyan/South Rock Scarborough Shoal 220–233[4]  Philippinen /  China South China 0 Hermana Mayor Island (Philippines)
92 Wallis Wallis Islands 220  Frankreich (Wallis & Futuna) Pacific 5 Alofi Island
Futuna Hoorn Islands 7 Fenuafo’ou (Wallis Islands)
94 Flores Island Azores West (incl. Corvo Island) 219  Portugal Atlantic 24 Faial Island
95 Cunningham Islet Rowley Shoals 218  Australien Indian 91 Bedout Island
96 Eniwetok Enewetak Atoll 217  Marshallinseln Pacific 38 Daisu (Ujelang Atoll)
Ujelang Ujelang Atoll 18 Kiorenen (Enewetak Atoll)
98 Île du Northêt Maria 214  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 3 Rimatara
99 Big Rock Gardner Pinnacles 212  Vereinigte Staaten Pacific 0 Shark Island (French Frigate Shoals)
100 Nihoa 210  Vereinigte Staaten Pacific 0 Kaʻula
101 Depot Island Bounty Islands 209  Neuseeland (NZOI) Pacific 3 Archway Island (Antipodes Islands)
102 Nukuoro Islet Nukuoro 208  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 6 Satawan Island
103 Starbuck Island 203  Kiribati Pacific 0 Malden Island
104 Rarotonga 197  Neuseeland (Cook Inseln) Pacific 0 Mangaia
Mangaia 0 Koromiri (Rarotonga)
106 Niuatoputapu incl. Tafahi 196  Tonga Pacific 10 Niuafoʻou
Niuafoʻou 0 Hunganga (Niuatoputapu)
108 Marion Reef 186–203[5]  Australien Coral Lihou Reef
109 Henderson Island 192  Vereinigtes Königreich (Pitcairn Islands) Pacific 0 Adam's Rock (Pitcairn Islands)
110 Sandy Islet Scott and Seringapatam Reefs 191  Australien Indian 0 Browse Island (Australia)
111 Aves 187  Venezuela Caribbean 0 Montserrat
112 Puka-Puka 184  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 0 Fakahina Island
113 Annobón 182  Äquatorial-Guinea Atlantic 2 Rolas
114 (Napuka) Disappointment Islands 181  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 21 Fangatau Island
115 Tubuai Tubuai 180  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 5 Motu Tuitui (Raivavae)
Raivavae Raivavae 4 Îlot de Sable (Tubuai)
117 Pocklington Reef 146–179[6]  Papua-Neuguinea Solomon Loa Boloba (Rossel Island)
118 Swains Island 178  Neuseeland (Tokelau) /
 Vereinigte Staaten (Amerikanisch-Samoa) 		Pacific 0 Fenua Loa (Fakaofo)
119 Sorol Sorol 178  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 8 Fais Island
120 Elizabeth Reef & Middleton Reef 167–175 /
222–230[7] 		 Australien Tasman Flat Rock (Lord Howe Island Group)
121 Nukutoa Takuu Atoll 172  Papua-Neuguinea Pacific 1 Yeharnu (Carteret Islands)
122 Mauritius 172  Mauritius Indian 25 Réunion
Réunion  Frankreich 0 Mauritius
124 Faore Sikaiana 171  Salomonen Pacific 7 Ulawa Island
125 Pegun Mapia Atoll 171  Indonesien Pacific 10 Bepondi (Schouten Islands)
(Pingvin Island) (~170)[8] Antarktis Southern 0 Leskov Island
126 Coëtivy Island 169  Seychellen Indian 0 Île Platte
127 Reao North Reao & Pukarua 168  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 68 Tatakoto
128 Robinson Crusoe Island incl. Santa Clara Island 167  Chile Pacific 4 Alejandro Selkirk Island
(Rennell Island) incl. Bellona Island 86 / (167)[9]  Salomonen Coral Little Nottingham Islet / Makira
129 Mangareva Gambier Islands & Temoe 166  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 57 Maria Est East
130 Great Swan Island Swan Islands 163  Honduras Caribbean 3 Cayos Misquitos (Honduras)
131 ʻAta 160  Tonga Pacific 0 Kalau Island (ʻEua)
132 Tematagi 159  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 9 Mororoa
133 Flint Island 158  Kiribati Pacific 0 Vostok Island
Vostok Island 0 Flint Island
135 Selvagem Grande Island Savage Islands 158  Portugal Atlantic 21 Roque de Fuera (Tenerife)
136 Cayo Arenas 157  Mexiko Gulf of Mexico 2 Arrecifes Triangulos
137 Tobi incl. Helen Reef 157  Palau Pacific 76 Merir
138 Niulakita 155  Tuvalu Pacific 0 Motualama (Nukulaelae)
139 Tatakoto 155  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 5 Akiaki
140 Anuanuraro East Duke of Gloucester Islands 155  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 58 Hereheretue
Hereheretue 7 Anuanuraro
142 (Luconia Breakers) Luconia Shoals 129–173 /
87−173 /
129−218[10] 		 Malaysia /  China
(Spratly Islands) 		South China Pulau Bawai (Borneo) /
Louisa Reef
143 Sable Island 154  Kanada Atlantic 0 Millstone Island (Kanada)
144 Morane 154  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 4 Maria Est
145 Uyedineniya Island 154  Russland Kara 0 Slozhnyy (Kirov Islands)
146 Tern Island French Frigate Shoals 150  Vereinigte Staaten Pacific 28 Necker Island
Necker Island 0 Disappearing Island
(French Frigate Shoals)
148 Iwo Jima Volcano Islands 149  Japan Philippine/Pacific 70 Nihoniwa (Hahajima)
149 Fernando de Noronha Fernando de Noronha 149  Brasilien Atlantic 3 Ilha do Farol (Rocas Atoll)
Ilha do Farol Rocas Atoll 1 Fernando de Noronha
151 Okidaitōjima 149  Japan Philippine 0 Minamidaitōjima
152 Pulau Mai Penyu Islands & Lucipara Islands 147  Indonesien Banda 39 Gunungapi Wetar
153 Rimatara 147  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 0 Rurutu
Rurutu 0 Rimatara
155 Barbados 145  Barbados Atlantic 0 St. Lucia
156 Southeast Island Pearl and Hermes Atoll 144  Vereinigte Staaten Pacific 17 Eastern Island (Midway Atoll)
157 Wrangel Island incl. Herald Island 142  Russland Arctic 70 Eurasia
158 Wolf Island incl. Darwin Island 141  Ecuador Pacific 38 Pinta Island
159 Rose Island Rose Atoll 141  Vereinigte Staaten (Amerikanisch-Samoa) Pacific 1 Taʻū
160 Oeno Island Oeno Island 140  Vereinigtes Königreich (Pitcairn Islands) Pacific 0 Matt's Rocks (Pitcairn Island)
Pitcairn Island 0 Oeno Island
162 Walpole Island 136  Frankreich (Neukaledonien) Pacific 0 Maré Island
163 Henrietta Island incl. Jeannette Island 136  Russland East Siberian 50 Zhokhov Island
164 Motu o Tau Tabuaeran 136  Kiribati Pacific 9 Teraina
Teraina 0 Tabuaeran
166 Tikopia 133  Salomonen Pacific 0 Anuta
Anuta incl. Fatutaka 50 Tikopia
168 Browse Island 132  Australien Indian 0 unnamed (Booby Island)
169 Louisa Reef 127−138 /
87–127[11] 		 Brunei /  China
(Spratly Islands) 		South China Layang Layang (Swallow Reef) /
Luconia Shoals
170 Ushakov Island 131  Russland Kara 0 Wiese Island
Wiese Island 0 Ushakov Island
172 Minicoy 129  Indien Laccadive 3 Thuraakunu
173 Nishinoshima 127  Japan Pacific 0 Nishini-gansai Kojima (Chichijima)
174 Jabor Jaluit Atoll & Kili Island 126  Marshallinseln Pacific 54 Airuk (Ailinglaplap Atoll)
Holmes Reefs 126–152[12]  Australien Coral Flinders Reef
175 McKean Island 125  Kiribati Pacific 0 Nikumaroro
Nikumaroro 0 McKean Island
177 Butaritari Butaritari & Makin 121  Kiribati Pacific 34 Marakei
178 São Tomé Island 121  São Tomé and Príncipe Gulf of Guinea 5 Tinhosa Grande
Príncipe incl. Pedras Tinhosas 24 Ilhéu das Cabras
180 Fenua Tapu Nui 121  Tuvalu Pacific 6 Niutao
181 Attu Island Near Islands 120  Vereinigte Staaten Pacific/Bering 56 unnamed (Buldir Island)
182 Pohnpei Senyavin Islands 119  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 42 Bigen Karakar (Sapwuahfik)
Ngatik Sapwuahfik 20 Pamuk Imwintiati (Ant Atoll)
184 Paopao Nuguria 119  Papua-Neuguinea Pacific 43 Pinipel Island
185 Île Huon /
Île Le Leizour 		D'Entrecasteaux Reefs 119  Frankreich (Neukaledonien) Coral 50 Cook Reef
186 Cato Island Cato Reef 119  Australien Coral 0 Wreck Reefs
187 Juan de Nova Island 118  Frankreich (TAAF) Mosambik 0 Nosy Vao (Madagascar)
Madagaskar Madagaskar  Madagaskar 47 Juan de Nova Island
189 Nigaruyaru Faraulep 118  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 2 Gaferut
Gaferut 0 (Faraulep)
191 Grande Glorieuse Glorioso Islands 106−130 /
160[13] 		 Frankreich (TAAF) Mosambik 10 Banc du Geyser /
Nosy Hara
South Rock Banc du Geyser 106−130[14] 6 Grande Glorieuse (Glorioso Island)
193 Île Platte 117  Seychellen Indian 0 unnamed (Mahé)
194 Narcondam Island 116  Indien Andaman 0 Great Coco Island
195 Enggano Island 115  Indonesien Indian 3 Sumatra
196 Bassas da India 114[15]  Frankreich (TAAF) Mosambik 10 Europa Island
197 Pingelap Island Pingelap 114  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 2 Urak (Mokil Atoll)
Kahlap Mokil Atoll 2 Deke (Pingelap)
199 Laysan 110–132 /
224[16] 		 Vereinigte Staaten Pacific 0 Maro Reef /
Lisianski Island
Maro Reef 110–132[17] 0 Laysan
201 Eauripik Island Eauripik 110  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 7 Falalis (Woleai)
202 Flinders Reef 84−109[18]  Australien Coral 0 Herald Reef
203 Pétrie Reef 89−117[19]  Frankreich (Neukaledonien) Pacific Cook Reef
204 Roca Partida 108  Mexiko Pacific 0 unnamed (Socorro Island)
205 Beacon Cay Serranilla Bank 106–129 /
155–175[20] 		 Kolumbien Caribbean 14 Low Cay? (Bajo Nuevo Bank) /
Low Cay Bajo Nuevo Bank 106–129[21] 0 Northeast Breaker / East Cay
(Serranilla Bank)
207 Namorik Namdrik Atoll 108  Marshallinseln Pacific 3 Kili Island
208 Grand Cayman 108  Vereinigtes Königreich (Cayman-Inseln) Caribbean 0 Little Cayman
Cayman Brac incl. Little Cayman 23 Grand Cayman
210 Bawean 108  Indonesien Java 4 Java
211 Mayu Island incl. Tifore Island 108  Indonesien Molucca 45 Mount Hiri
212 Grand Terre Aldabra & Assumption Island 107  Seychellen Indian 33 Menai (Cosmoledo)
Astove Atoll incl. Cosmoledo 48 Assumption Island
214 Mororoa East Mororoa & Fangataufa 106  Frankreich (Französisch-Polynesien) Pacific 47 Tekaruga (Tureia)
215 Wotho Wotho Atoll 104  Marshallinseln Pacific 15 Enylamieg (Ujae Atoll)
216 Perak Island 103  Malaysia Malacca Strait 0 Singa Besar (Langkawi)
217 Kenn Reef 103  Australien Coral 9 Wreck Reefs
Wreck Reefs 29 Kenn Reef
219 Bennett Island 103  Russland East Siberian 0 Zhokhov Island
220 Bikar Atoll 102  Marshallinseln Pacific 8 Utirik Atoll
Berkner Island 102[22] Antarktis Weddell 25 (Henry Ice Rise)
221 Gunungapi Wetar 101  Indonesien Banda 0 Wetar
222 North East Island Snares Islands 101  Neuseeland (NZOI) Pacific/Tasman 7 Poutama Island (Muttonbird Islands)
223 Pikelot 101  Federated States of Micronesia Pacific 0 Piagailoe

Islands that narrowly miss the cut are e.g. Banda Besar (99 km), Buldir Island (98 km), Karakelong (97 km), Stolbovoy Island (97 km), Manra (97 km), Orona (97 km), Franklin Island (96 km), Ono Levu (Ono-i-Lau, 96 km), and Mejit Island (96 km).

  1. ^ The isolation depends on whether the Minerva Reefs have any land. The first two distance ranges point to Southern and Northern Minerva Reef.
  2. ^ The isolation depends on whether the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs have any land and its location.
  3. ^ The inclusion of the Minerva Reefs depends on whether there exists any land. The shorter isolation range applies if the Northern Minerva Reef has land and the longer if only the Southern Reef has islands. On satellite imagery, an elevated sand bank can maybe be seen in the west of the northern reef. The sand bar around the atoll is supposedly exposed at low tide.
  4. ^ The inclusion of Scarborough Shoal depends on whether it contains any land. Coral rocks mentioned to be permanently above water cannot be identified from satellite imagery. The isolation depends on the rocks' location.
  5. ^ The inclusion of Marion Reef depends on whether there is any land there. On satellite imagery, two small sand islets are visible. The isolation depends on the position of land areas in Lihou Reef.
  6. ^ The inclusion of Pocklington Reef depends on whether it has any land, the isolation depends on its location. On satellite images, a small sand cay can be seen in the utmost east.
  7. ^ The inclusion of the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs depends on whether they have any land. On satellite images, a tiny sand cay is visible in the north of Elizabeth Reef. The longer isolation range applies if only Middleton Reef also has land, where an alleged cay cannot be seen on imagery.
  8. ^ Pingvin Island is marked on several nautical maps [1][2]. However, a 2010 expedition did not find any land at the supposed location. [3] It is presumed that Soviet cartographers recorded an iceberg as an island in 1956 and 1960. ("On modern maps, […] ‘Pingvin Island’ is no longer shown. It is possible that in the early 1950s an iceberg was mistaken for an island.", Australia Antarctic Division, Polar Record 45 (235): 304–312 (2009).; "It is likely that Korotkevich (1964) confused Pingvin Island with a grounded iceberg, and that the feature has since floated away." Splettstoesser et al. (2000): Notes on Antarctic wildlife: Ross seals Ommatophoca rossii and emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri, 27:2, 137-142.)
  9. ^ Rennell Island is only included in the list if there is no land in the two northernmost Indispensable Reefs. Literature suggests that there is a small islet in Middle Reef, though it is hard to see on satellite imagery.
  10. ^ The inclusion of the Luconia Shoals depends on whether they have any land and its position. According to literature, only the Luconia Breakers have any land, which can be seen on satellite maps. However, the isolation depends on whether there is any land area farther north in the reef chain and whether neighbouring Louisa Reef has any islands.
  11. ^ The inclusion of Louisa Reef depends on whether there it has any land as well as whether there is any land in the northern Luconia Shoals. According to literature, some rocks in Louisa Reef protrude from the water, though they are not visible on satellite images. The only supposed land in the Luconia Shoals, the Luconia Breakers, are located in the south and therefore farther away than Swallow Reef.
  12. ^ The inclusion of Holmes Reef depends on whether it has any land. On satellite imagery, no land can definitively be identified. The isolation also depends on where there is land in Flinders Reef.
  13. ^ The isolation depends on whether and where there is land in Banc du Geyser reef.
  14. ^ The inclusion of the reef Banc du Geyser depends on whether there exists any land area. According to literature, some rocks protrude permanently from the water.
  15. ^ The inclusion of Bassas da India depends on whether it has any land. Records speak of coral rocks being permanently above water. On some satellite images, a low exposed sand bar can be seen.
  16. ^ The isolation depends on whether and where there is land in Maro Reef.
  17. ^ The inclusion of Maro Reef depends on whether there it has any land area. Reports speak of dry land above water except at high tide, but it cannot be definitively seen on satellite imagery.
  18. ^ The isolation depends on whether there is any other land in Flinders Reef beside the small and potentially not permanent sand cay in North Flinders Reef. None can be seen on satellite maps.
  19. ^ The inclusion of Pétrie Reef depends on whether it has dry land. On satellite images, a few small sand cays are visible. The isolation also depends on where there is land in Cook Reef.
  20. ^ The isolation depends the locations of islets in Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank. Satellite images indicate more sand cays than some maps, but rocks mentioned protruding from the sea are not visible. If Bajo Nuevo Bank has no land, it also depends on the location of islands in Serrana Bank.
  21. ^ The inclusion of Bajo Nuevo Bank depends on whether it contains any land area. Some miniscule exposed sand bars are visible on satellite maps, but not the bigger cay mentioned in the literature. The isolation depends on their position as well as the position of islands in Serranilla Bank.
  22. ^ Berkner Island and Henry Ice Rise are not islands in the strict sense, but ice rises.
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