Wikipedia

East Liverpool, Ohio

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For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation).

East Liverpool is a city in southeastern Columbiana County, Ohio, United States. The population was 9,958 at the 2020 census.[5] It lies along the Ohio River within the Upper Ohio Valley and borders Pennsylvania to the east and West Virginia to the south. East Liverpool is included in the Salem micropolitan area, about 34 miles (55 km) from both Youngstown and downtown Pittsburgh.

East Liverpool, Ohio
City
City of East Liverpool
East Fifth Street Historic District
East Fifth Street Historic District
Nickname(s): 
Pottery Capital of the World, Crockery City
Motto: 
"We're Open for Business"
Location of East Liverpool in Columbiana County and in the State of Ohio
Location of East Liverpool in Columbiana County and in the State of Ohio
Coordinates: 40°37′43″N 80°34′9″W / 40.62861°N 80.56917°W / 40.62861; -80.56917
CountryUnited States
StateOhio
CountyColumbiana
Government
 • TypeMayor-Council
 • MayorGregory T. Bricker (R)[1]
 • Council PresidentJohn A. Torma (D)[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total4.90 sq mi (12.68 km2)
 • Land4.70 sq mi (12.18 km2)
 • Water0.20 sq mi (0.51 km2)
Elevation
[3]
768 ft (234 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total9,958
 • Density2,118.27/sq mi (817.86/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code
43920
Area code330, 234
FIPS code39-23730[4]
GNIS feature ID1061038[3]
School DistrictEast Liverpool City SD
Websitehttp://www.eastliverpool.com/

Historically, East Liverpool was known as the "Pottery Capital" of the United States due to its large number of potteries, but due to changes in the ceramics industry, only two remain in the area.[6][7] The city is also known as the hometown of former NCAA Division I football coach Lou Holtz. The Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey is just east of the city center, on the Ohio–Pennsylvania border. Because of its role in the ceramics industry, the town is one of the settings in author Holly Black's award-winning middle-grade novel Doll Bones.

History

Native American petroglyphs exist in the area surrounding East Liverpool, including on Babbs Island and near the Little Beaver Creek.[8] Before the arrival of European Americans, Mingo, Lenape, and Wyandot peoples lived in the area until the Battle of Fallen Timbers led to the Ohio Country's settlement. The Public Land Survey System of the United States was established by Congressional legislation in 1785, in order to provide an orderly mechanism for opening the Northwest Territory for settlement. The ordinance directed the Geographer of the United States, Thomas Hutchins, to survey an initial east–west base line. Hutchins began in 1786, using as his starting point a stake on north bank of the Ohio River placed by a 1785 survey team from Virginia and Pennsylvania to fix their common north–south boundary. Hutchins' work, completed in 1787, established the Seven Ranges, with a baseline about 45 miles (72 km) line. This survey is believed to be "the first mathematically designed system and nationally conducted cadastral survey in any modern country."[9]

 
The 1909 East Liverpool Post Office, which now houses the Museum of Ceramics.

East Liverpool traces its founding to 1798, when Irish immigrant Thomas Fawcett purchased 1,100 acres of land along the Ohio River in what was then Jefferson County. In 1802, he platted the town of St. Clair, named for Governor Arthur St. Clair of the Northwest Territory.[10] It was called Fawcettstown for a time, before being renamed Liverpool in 1816, after Liverpool, England. Over its first few decades, a grist mill, multiple stores, and wharves opened in the town.[11] The first schoolhouse opened in 1820, and the first religious center opened in 1834 when the Episcopalians erected a building on a 4th Street site provided by town developers.[11] Liverpool was incorporated as East Liverpool in 1834 when Liverpool Township in Medina County objected to possible confusion.[11]

Although Pittsburgh-based entrepreneurs invested in the town, it was smaller during this period than nearby Wellsville and New Lisbon. The arrival of English potter James Bennett in 1839 brought the establishment of the first bottle kiln site in East Liverpool, launching the town's largest industry and bringing in multiple waves of Western European immigration throughout the late 19th century.[11] Another large employer outside of that industry was the Crucible Steel Company in nearby Midland, Pennsylvania. In 1905, the first city hospital opened.[12] As of 1914, East Liverpool was served by the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad.[13] On October 22, 1934, local police and FBI agents led by Melvin Purvis shot and killed notorious bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd in a cornfield going toward Clarkson, Ohio, after Floyd fled East Liverpool, and his body was returned to the town for embalming.

In the 1960s, much of the downtown area was cleared to make way for the 4-lane expansion of Ohio State Route 11.[14] The city reached its peak population of more than 26,000 in 1970, but its pottery industry had already begun to decline by the mid-1960s. As with other industries, production moved to developing countries where labor costs were cheaper. This cost many jobs and, ultimately, population in the Upper Ohio Valley area, as people moved away in search of work.

In the mid-1990s, the city renovated its downtown district. To improve its urban design, it installed Depression-era lightposts, developed a new center called Devon's Diamond, and reconstructed the old high school's clock tower. This building is now the home of the East Liverpool High School Alumni Association.

National Register of Historic Places listings

 
The Richard L. Cawood Residence, 1923; an example of Renaissance architecture.

Due to being the home of a large industry with many wealthy business owners, there are today 16 different properties and 3 districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in addition to the Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey, the only National Historic Landmark in Columbiana County.[15]

Historic districts

The Diamond Historic District is at the one-sided traffic diamond between Market Street and East Sixth Street. The area is triangular, bounded by three roads. Buildings at the Diamond date back to 1884.[16] The East Fifth Street Historic District consists of three blocks of downtown East Liverpool along East Fifth street between Market Street and Broadway, listed due to its examples of Neoclassical architecture.[17] East Liverpool Downtown Historic District covers the whole of downtown in 22 acres, and is noted for its Italianate and Second Empire architecture as well as its prominence as a commercial center in East Liverpool's history.[17]

Historic structures

Many historic properties in East Liverpool were the homesteads of prominent business owners throughout the late 19th century. These include the Cassius Clark Thompson House (1876), Ikirt House (1888), Homer Laughlin House (1882), Godwin-Knowles House (1890), and the Richard L. Cawood Residence (1923), all of unique architectural styles.[15]

The remaining structures on the listing are large, multi-story businesses that had historical significance in East Liverpool's economy and community during the 20th century, such as the original East Liverpool Post Office (1909), East Liverpool Pottery (1844), Andrew Carnegie's Public Library (1902), the original YMCA (1913), the Civil Works Administration's City Hall (1934), the Elks Club building (1916), Odd Fellows Temple (1907), Mary A. Patterson Memorial building (1924), Potters Savings and Loan (1904), the first Potters National Bank (1881), and the Travelers Hotel (1907).[15]

Geography

 
Spliced panoramic photo of East Liverpool, Ohio, from the east, taken August 11, 2000.

East Liverpool is located at 40°37′43″N 80°34′9″W / 40.62861°N 80.56917°W / 40.62861; -80.56917 (40.628510, −80.569063).[18] It lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau.[19]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.76 square miles (12.33 km2), of which 4.56 square miles (11.81 km2) is land and 0.20 square miles (0.52 km2) is water.[20]

Neighborhoods

  • Beechwood – The neighborhood situated above Maine Boulevard between Anderson Boulevard and Park Way.
  • Downtown – East Liverpool's centralized business district, on the "flats" in the river valley. Downtown is considered to lie between U.S. Route 30 in the west, college and Walnut streets in the east, West 2nd Street in the South, and Moore and Grant streets in the North. The heart of the business center during the first half of the 19th century was between the Ohio River and 3rd Street, but during the second half of the century, as East Liverpool attracted more industry and the population grew, the center of business moved north between 4th and 6th Streets. Business remained near the river until the regional economic depression beginning in the 1960s. A freeway was constructed between the river and downtown, leading to demolition of much of the original business center between 2nd and 3rd Streets. Only a few residents, a few small industries, and the Broadway Wharf remain near 2nd Street and the river, both now geographically separated from Downtown by the highway.
  • East End – The East End is within the city limits, but it is almost entirely isolated from the rest of East Liverpool, connected only by River Road and the Route 11/39 freeway. East End is considered to be all of the flats between St. George and State streets in the west and the border with Pennsylvania in the east. Like Jethro in the West End, East End originated as a few separate satellite communities that were absorbed in the 19th century by the growing city.
  • Fisher Park – A self-contained neighborhood between South and North Shadylane drives on the east side of Lisbon Street. Named for the Fisher Farm in the area, the farmhouse can still be found along Lisbon Street as a private residence.
 
East Liverpool vicinity, looking south
  • Klondyke – Overlaps with Thompson neighborhood in central East Liverpool.
  • Pleasant Heights – A neighborhood on top of a plateau above the West End to the south and the freeway to the east, Pleasant Heights surrounds Lisbon Street (Ohio State Route 267). Its southernmost point is the dead end of Oakwood Street, and it extends north to Myler Road. Pleasant Heights was one of the several neighborhoods developed during East Liverpool's expansion in early 20th century.
  • Thompson – This neighborhood borders the east end of Downtown. It extends east from College and Walnut streets and goes "up the hill" above the freeway. Its northern end is Bradshaw Avenue, and extends to the edge of the hill at Thompson Avenue and Vine Street.
  • West End – The western end of the city is between U.S. Route 30 in the east, Shadyside Road in the west, Riverside Park in the south and Hazel Street in the north. Until the freeway project in the 1960s, the West End was connected to Downtown, but like the riverfront area of Downtown, it is now geographically isolated on the other side of the freeway. It is home to Westgate Middle School and Patterson Field, the city's football stadium. The West End has two distinct small neighborhoods:
    • Sunnyside – Between Lisbon and West 9th streets to the south and Hazel Street in the north.
    • Jethro – South of West 8th Street, between Gaston Avenue in the east and Edwards Street in the west. Before the rapid growth of the city in the second half of the 19th century, Jethro was a separate village. It was later incorporated into the city. Residents used to live in the low-lying area to its west known as Jethro Hollow, but most have since moved out due to flood risks from the river.

Satellite communities

Though not within the city limits, a few communities share East Liverpool's 43920 ZIP code and have East Liverpool mailing addresses, including the census-designated places of Calcutta, Glenmoor and La Croft, and the unincorporated community of Fredericktown. The pottery towns of Wellsville, Ohio, and Chester and Newell, West Virginia are also in the city's orbit.

Demographics

 
Historical map of East Liverpool
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1830136—
1840503269.9%
185098796.2%
18601,30832.5%
18702,10560.9%
18805,568164.5%
189010,95696.8%
190016,48550.5%
191020,38723.7%
192021,4115.0%
193023,3299.0%
194023,5551.0%
195024,2172.8%
196022,306−7.9%
197026,24317.6%
198016,517−37.1%
199013,654−17.3%
200013,089−4.1%
201011,195−14.5%
20209,958−11.0%
Sources:[4][21][22]

2010 census

As of the census[23] of 2010, there were 11,195 people, 4,601 households, and 2,892 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,455.0 inhabitants per square mile (947.9/km2). There were 5,316 housing units at an average density of 1,165.8 per square mile (450.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.7% White, 4.6% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 4,601 households, of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 20.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.1% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the city was 37.6 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 26.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

2000 census

As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 13,089 people, 5,261 households, and 3,424 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,010.3 people per square mile (1,161.8/km2). There were 5,743 housing units at an average density of 1,320.8 per square mile (509.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.85% White, 4.81% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 5,261 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the city the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $23,138, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $27,346 versus $18,990 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,656. About 21.5% of families and 25.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.2% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

Toxic Waste Incinerator

In 1963, East Liverpool, Ohio became the home to the newly established toxic waste incinerator. The company that owns this facility is S. H. Bell Company. To S. H. Bell Company, this is their largest warehouse facility in current use. At the East Liverpool facility, toxic waste is dried, processed, crushed, screened and packaged, all of which is part of the process of disposing of toxic waste. At the facility, a plethora of materials are being processed. This toxic waste processing plant disposes of primary metals, which include nickel, copper, tin, aluminum, and zinc, along with specialty alloys and much more.[24]

Settled right on the bank of the Ohio River, the East Liverpool toxic waste incinerator is located on 92 acres of land. On this large area of land, there is a current facility that consists of warehouses, processing plants, and wide areas of asphalt. Outside areas are used to store materials that arrive in bulk and those that are packaged and prepared to be shipped to another location. Transportation of toxic waste and byproducts are shipped using three main modes of transportation, train, truck, and boat. Because of the riverside location of the facility, the waste is moved using river barges on the Ohio River.[25]

As the pottery industry, a main source of income and business for the area, in East Liverpool declined, the town’s wealthy individuals needed a new outlet to make their money and turned to the toxic incinerator to do so. As Thomas Shevory says in his book about East Liverpool’s toxic incinerator, “Local elites that managed and owned it [the toxic waste incinerator] were looking for new investments that might return them to power, prominence, and prestige”.[26] Shevory suggests in his book “Toxin Burn: The Grassroots Struggle against the WTI Incinerator” that the establishment of the toxic waste processing plant was due to the aspiration for affluence to persist in local individuals and for local wealth to continue in conversations with national and global wealth.[27]

Ohio EPA Assessment

Something that the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) commonly monitors is air quality. East Liverpool contains three outdoor air quality sites that the Ohio EPA uses to monitor the air quality of the town. The three testing sites where air quality monitors are located are Maryland Avenue, at the local Port Authority, and at the Michigan Avenue Water Plant, all of which have been active since the year 1999. In partnership with Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Ohio Department of Health (ODH), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), the Ohio EPA conducted an air quality survey of the metal toxins that were potentially impairing the health of East Liverpool community members, who were concerned about effects from the toxic waste incinerator. The testing of metal particles in the air was conducted in 2008 due to concern that toxic particles were affecting the health of the people who live in and around East Liverpool.[28] ATSDR flagged the concentration of manganese as a health concern. This assessment was on the basis of the organization’s 2010 consultation.[29]

Community Health Concerns

Upon completion of the risk assessment study, chromium and manganese were seen to cause health issues in the area. Manganese specifically was extremely high and was at a level that would cause health issues.[30] These high levels were observed throughout the community, but were most notably high at East Elementary, the elementary school where the children of East Liverpool attend and teaching staff work. These high levels of manganese can lead to adverse developments in the nervous system.[31] Additionally, high levels of airborne particles of manganese can lead to decreased motor function and tremors.[32] In one study, individuals from East Liverpool were evaluated based on finger tapping, which is an indicator for health and wellness of motor skills. Residents were seen to have a diminished reaction time due to exposure to metal particulates in the air.[33] Likewise, in one study conducted, which researched connections between East Liverpool residents and effects of high levels of manganese, significant cognitive impairments were discovered.[34][35] Residents in East Liverpool were seen to have “of concern” levels in delayed verbal memory and cognitive flexibility.[36] Furthermore, in a study looking at manganese, cadmium, and lead levels, residents tested in East Liverpool were seen to have higher levels of these respective metals in their blood than normal in respect to serum ferritin levels. Combining this result with the results from a test that looked at manganese and lead exposure, there can be detrimental effects on community members of East Liverpool, but children specifically, due to toxic material in the environment.[37] From the studies examined above, it is evident that the town of East Liverpool is the site of a health crisis due to exposure to dangerous levels of toxic elements in their environment.[38][39][40]

Avenues of Pollutants and Governmental Action

Due to the directionality of wind in East Liverpool, it could be assessed that S. H. Bell Company’s toxic waste incinerator is the source of toxic metals in the environment. At the toxic waste incinerator in East Liverpool, dust is the main culprit for how the toxic materials listed above are entering the environment.[41] Since the air quality assessment, the Ohio EPA and ATSDR have been working in partnership with S. H. Bell Company to decrease the levels of toxic metals leaching into the surrounding air and land. One example of a mitigation effort is to install misters, which spray water, which attaches to toxic particulates and keeps them contained within the area of treatment. Early efforts in 2006 up until 2013 showed improvement in air quality assessments because of successes in limiting the hazardous levels of toxic metals released in the environment. However, a turning point occurred in 2014, which resulted in an observed increase in hazardous and toxic particles in air quality assessments.[42]

Activism Against the Toxic Waste Incinerator

In 1994, a newspaper article was published in the National Catholic Reporter calling for actions to be brought against the toxic waste incinerator in East Liverpool, Ohio. The article outlines the identities of the community members of East Liverpool, Ohio saying, “East Liverpool, like many communities where most hazardous and toxic waste dumps and incinerators are located, is an economically depressed community of conservative, hardworking, essentially blue-color people, poor people and, often, people of color”.[43] The article continues by stressing the environmental burden placed on people of color in the East Liverpool community by stating that, “East Liverpool’s 500 blacks live in the incinerator area”.[44] Later in the writing, the author solidifies their argument that East Liverpool is the site of an extreme environmental injustice by adding that, “East Liverpool is simply one – just one – American community that is learning what it means when the government dumps the corporate environmental profiteers or the toxic and nuclear waste industry in its backyard”.[45] To a similar note that reinforces the words written in the aforementioned article, author Thomas Shevory writes in his book “Toxic Burn: The Grassroots Struggle against the WTI Incinerator” that, “In any case, it was evidence that deindustrialized cities such as East Liverpool had become a primary dumping ground for the detritus of industrial civilization”.[46] By it, Shevory is referring to the environmental destruction that he witnessed when visiting East Liverpool.[47] The author of the National Catholic Reporter article ends his argument with the idea that the fight for a better, cleaner future is what the people of East Liverpool are desperately fighting for. They are fighting for the health and environmental rights for themselves and their children. In East Liverpool, there was a group, who called themselves the “Housewives from Hell,” who advocated for their children’s right for a clean environment to live in.[48] One “Housewife from Hell” named Sandy Estell was arrested for her efforts against the toxic waste incinerator. Estell stated that, “I did it for the kids,” when interviewed about the arrest.[49] Estell lives with her husband and five kids just 800 yards from the toxic waste incinerator.[50]

In 2005, the EPA declared the area surrounding the East Liverpool toxic waste incinerator as a “potential environmental justice area”.[51] While this should have made the community of East Liverpool feel a sense of being seen and hope for the future, some community members of East Liverpool felt the declaration was not met with much action. In an interview with the Center for Public Integrity, the EPA conveyed that, “... the environmental justice label doesn’t require the agency to take special action in communities such as East Liverpool”.[52] The EPA went on to say that the label of being a “potential environmental justice area” is simply a way for the EPA to identify an area where there is an unbalance between a marginalized community and the amount of burdens placed upon them through pollution.[53]

The EPA’s reaction to environmental pollution and accidents at East Liverpool’s toxic waste incinerator was ”just another slap on the wrist” by many community members, including Alonzo Spencer, an activist for closing the plant.[54] Spencer is also a key member of the organization “Save our County,” a non-profit organization which strives for the closure of the toxic waste processing plant.[55] In 2020, this organization, along with others, filed a lawsuit against the federal government to prevent the processing of firefighting foam at the toxic waste incinerator.[56] “Save our County” chose to sue the federal government due to the federal government hiring the toxic waste incinerator located in East Liverpool to dispose of the firefighting foam, which contains toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl, used by the United States military without verifying that they would be able to dispose of them correctly. Firefighting foam is known to contain the aforementioned chemicals, or “forever chemicals, that do not naturally break down. Thus, they are sent to toxic waste treatment plants, such as the one located in East Liverpool.[57] As of February 2022, there have been no updates posted online regarding the outcome of this lawsuit.

Even with no public outcome of the lawsuit, in 2021, the United States Congress passed the Department of Defenses FY22 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). In this act, there is an amendment that the Department of Defense is required to meet criteria before toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances can be incinerated. This criteria includes finding safe and effective locations to dispose of, or incinerate, hazardous materials, such as firefighting foam. In response to this Alonzo Spencer said “It is time for Department of Defense to do the same. The Biden administration should stop burning PFAS in environmental justice communities and begin investigating and remediating the harm that Department of Defense’s past incineration has caused. We hope that this bill is the beginning of action that will help protect the health and safety of citizens living in Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania”.[58] While there is still more work to be done, Spencer believes that this may be the start towards action associated with the environmental injustice occurring in the East Liverpool, Ohio community.

Pottery industry

 
Pitcher, c. 1861, by William Bloor's East Liverpool Porcelain Works

The potteries of East Liverpool became the national center of ceramic toilet and table wares, with 85 firms operating at one time or another making two-thirds of the national output from 1880 to 1950. East Liverpool's pottery district encompasses East Liverpool and the surrounding towns of Wellsville, Ohio, and Chester and Newell, West Virginia, directly across the Ohio River. In 1887, East Liverpool had 21 general ware potteries that employed 2,558 operatives. By 1923 the 17 firms had 7,000 employees and operated 270 kilns, with $25,000,000 in annual output.[59]

Englishman James Bennett established the industry in 1839, making use of good transportation and rich local clays. It quickly became the community's leading industry. East Liverpool became known as "The Crockery City." Potters from Staffordshire, England, began pouring into East Liverpool, attracted by higher wages and the prospect of land ownership. By 1879, there were 24 potteries in East Liverpool, nearly all operated by English immigrants. As late as 1900, East Liverpool remained "essentially a transplanted potting town of Englishmen".[60] Until the turn of the century about 85% percent of the population could trace its heritage to England.[61] After the English, the second largest ethnic group in East Liverpool were German settlers.[62] From 1870 to 1890, the city more than doubled in population each decade as it attracted new industrial workers with the growth of the pottery industry. By 1910, its population exceeded 20,000. At various times, some of the largest potteries included the East Liverpool Pottery, Knowles, Taylor & Knowles; Taylor, Smith & Taylor; The Hall China Company, and Homer Laughlin China Company.

Of these potteries, two continue to operate in the area: the American Mug & Stein Company and the Fiesta Tableware Company, formerly Homer Laughlin. In the mid-19th century, East Liverpool also produced most of the yellowware pottery used in the United States. Among the most famous of East Liverpool's ceramics was the porcelain known as Lotus Ware. Produced by Knowles, Taylor & Knowles in the 1890s, this Moorish- and Persian-influenced artware swept the competition at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. The Museum of Ceramics in downtown East Liverpool has the world's largest public display of Lotus Ware.

Sports

Because of its size, East Liverpool has never had a major professional sports team, but during its heyday, many semipro and company teams and city and area leagues thrived. Baseball, basketball and American football were all popular among residents, and games attracted many patrons. The semipro East Liverpool Potters basketball team of the Central Basketball League played in the city from 1906 to 1909. No semipro or company teams exist in the city today.

East Liverpool High School athletics have been consistently popular among students and residents for the past 100-plus years. All the teams are known as the Potters. The school fields American football, baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country running, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball and wrestling teams. Most of these teams have had team and/or individual successes. Athletic facilities include Patterson Field, a football stadium opened in 1924 on the Ohio River, and the Potter Fieldhouse next to the high school.

Parks and recreation

 
The first Downtown YMCA was built in 1913. It moved into the former East Liverpool High School auditorium in 2003.

There are two public parks within East Liverpool city limits.

  • Thompson Park – After Will Lamartine Thompson donated 100 acres of land to the city of East Liverpool in 1899,[63] Thompson Park opened in 1900 as a green space to get away from the industry of the city.[64] It has been open ever since, and amenities include picnic pavilions, a swimming pool, a football field, a baseball field, a disc golf course, a playground and walking trails. The main entrance is at the intersection of Park Way and Park Boulevard.
  • Broadway Wharf – A small public park and boat launch on the Ohio River at the end of Broadway.

Additionally, Beaver Creek State Park is outside the city limits but within the 43920 ZIP code.

The East Liverpool Country Club has a 9-hole golf course designed by Willie Park, Jr., that opened on July 14, 1921.

Government

East Liverpool operates under a mayor–council government. Eight council members are elected as a legislature for 2-year terms, comprising four separate wards, three at-large districts, and a council president.[1] In addition, an independently elected mayor serves as an executive.[1] The current mayor is Gregory T. Bricker, and the current council president is John A. Torma.[1] The mayor, auditor, treasurer, and law director are all elected to 4-year terms.

Education

 
Carnegie Public Library was the first philanthropic Carnegie library funded in Ohio.

Primary and secondary

Children in East Liverpool (and immediate surrounding areas in Liverpool Township) are served by the public East Liverpool City School District. The current schools in the district are:

Private schools include the East Liverpool Christian School for grades K-12 and the Lincoln Park Performing Arts Charter School for grades 7–12. In addition, two online schools, Buckeye Online School for Success and Quaker Digital Academy, operate out of downtown.

St. Aloysius School (K-8) operated for 130 years as a Roman Catholic School in the Diocese of Youngstown before closing on June 6, 2015.

Postsecondary

 
John J. Purinton Hall, Kent State University at East Liverpool.

Kent State University has been operating a satellite campus, Kent State University at East Liverpool, since 1965. It is clustered around 4th Street in Downtown, and grants associate's degrees and bachelor's degrees. A trade school, New Castle School of Trades, opened in Downtown in 2016. East Ohio College in nearby Calcutta also focuses on associate degrees and job training programs.

Media

East Liverpool was once home to several newspapers in the 1800s, but most were consolidated into The Review, which today serves chiefly southern Columbiana County and northern Hancock County. Additionally, the Morning Journal out of Lisbon reports in the area.

The radio station WOHI 1490 AM has broadcast from the city since December 1, 1949, and is marketed as a classic hits station. The city also had a station on the FM dial 104.3, WOGI, but its license was moved to Moon Township, Pennsylvania, in 2000 and now serves the Pittsburgh radio market. Both stations were launched by the former East Liverpool Broadcasting Company.[65]

Transportation

Highways

The following highways pass through East Liverpool:

Airports

The Columbiana County Airport is four miles northwest of the city.

Bridges

Since the 1890s, East Liverpool and the West Virginia communities of Chester and Newell have been connected by three different bridges spanning the Ohio River.

  • Chester Bridge (1896–1969) – Connected College Street in East Liverpool with 1st Street in Chester. It was the original bridge to carry U.S. Route 30. The bridge closed on May 14, 1969, and was demolished in 1970.[66]
  • Newell Bridge (1905–present) – Connects West 5th Street near East Liverpool City Hospital with West Virginia State Route 2. It is the only privately owned toll bridge on the Ohio River, owned and operated by the Homer Laughlin China Company out of Newell.[64]
  • Jennings Randolph Bridge (1977–present) – Replaced the demolished Chester Bridge in the 1970s as the span connecting East Liverpool and Chester, and carrying Route 30 over the river. Named for West Virginia congressman/senator Jennings Randolph (in office 1933–1947 and 1958–1985, respectively).[64]

Notable people

Sister cities

East Liverpool has one sister city:

References

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  2. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
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  4. ^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
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  6. ^ Museum of Ceramics
  7. ^ City of Easter Liverpool Website
  8. ^ "Indian Mounds & Petroglyphs". East Liverpool Historical Society. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  9. ^ Joseph S. Mendinghall (December 27, 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Beginning Point / Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ McCord, William B. (1905). History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens. Biographical Publishing Company. p. 286.
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  12. ^ "Memorable East Liverpool Dates". East Liverpool Historical Society. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
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  14. ^ "HOW EAST LIVERPOOL GOT HERE". East Liverpool Historical Society. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  15. ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions". Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  16. ^ Cutter, William Richard, ed. (1922). American Biography: A New Cyclopedia; Volume 11. American historical society. p. 172. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
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  25. ^ "East Liverpool Terminal | S.H. Bell Company".
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  31. ^ "Air News (Region 5): EPA Releases Final Report on - ProQuest". www.proquest.com.
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  33. ^ Bowler, Rosemarie M.; Beseler, Cheryl L.; Gocheva, Vihra V.; Colledge, Michelle; Kornblith, Erica S.; Julian, Jaime R.; Kim, Yangho; Bollweg, George; Lobdell, Danelle T. (January 15, 2016). "Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with tremor and motor function". Science of The Total Environment. pp. 646–654. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.084.
  34. ^ Haynes, Erin N.; Sucharew, Heidi; Hilbert, Timothy J.; Kuhnell, Pierce; Spencer, Alonzo; Newman, Nicholas C.; Burns, Roxanne; Wright, Robert; Parsons, Patrick J.; Dietrich, Kim N. (January 1, 2018). "Impact of air manganese on child neurodevelopment in East Liverpool, Ohio". NeuroToxicology. pp. 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.09.001.
  35. ^ Bowler, Rosemarie M.; Kornblith, Erica S.; Gocheva, Vihra V.; Colledge, Michelle A.; Bollweg, George; Kim, Yangho; Beseler, Cheryl L.; Wright, Chris W.; Adams, Shane W.; Lobdell, Danelle T. (July 1, 2015). "Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with cognitive functions". NeuroToxicology. pp. 139–148. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.004.
  36. ^ Bowler, Rosemarie M.; Kornblith, Erica S.; Gocheva, Vihra V.; Colledge, Michelle A.; Bollweg, George; Kim, Yangho; Beseler, Cheryl L.; Wright, Chris W.; Adams, Shane W.; Lobdell, Danelle T. (July 1, 2015). "Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with cognitive functions". NeuroToxicology. pp. 139–148. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.004.
  37. ^ Martin, Kaitlin Vollet; Sucharew, Heidi; Dietrich, Kim N.; Parsons, Patrick J.; Palmer, Christopher D.; Wright, Robert; Amarasiriwardena, Chitra; Smith, Donald R.; Haynes, Erin N. (November 1, 2021). "Co-exposure to manganese and lead and pediatric neurocognition in East Liverpool, Ohio". Environmental Research. p. 111644. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111644.
  38. ^ "Blood Metal Concentrations of Manganese, Lead, - ProQuest". www.proquest.com.
  39. ^ Bowler, Rosemarie M.; Kornblith, Erica S.; Gocheva, Vihra V.; Colledge, Michelle A.; Bollweg, George; Kim, Yangho; Beseler, Cheryl L.; Wright, Chris W.; Adams, Shane W.; Lobdell, Danelle T. (July 1, 2015). "Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with cognitive functions". NeuroToxicology. pp. 139–148. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.004.
  40. ^ Bowler, Rosemarie M.; Beseler, Cheryl L.; Gocheva, Vihra V.; Colledge, Michelle; Kornblith, Erica S.; Julian, Jaime R.; Kim, Yangho; Bollweg, George; Lobdell, Danelle T. (January 15, 2016). "Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with tremor and motor function". Science of The Total Environment. pp. 646–654. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.084.
  41. ^ "High Levels of Manganese in the East Liverpool air in Ohio | ATSDR". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. January 26, 2021.
  42. ^ US EPA, REG 05 (October 7, 2016). "East Liverpool, Ohio and Glasgow Borough, Pennsylvania– Air Monitoring Data". www.epa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  45. ^ "Trump card in the environmental fight: The - ProQuest". www.proquest.com.
  46. ^ Shevory, Thomas (2007). "Toxic Burn: The Grassroots Struggle against the WTI Incinerator". University of Minnesota Press. doi:10.5749/j.ctttv9zz.4#metadata_info_tab_contents.
  47. ^ Shevory, Thomas (2007). "Toxic Burn: The Grassroots Struggle against the WTI Incinerator". University of Minnesota Press. doi:10.5749/j.ctttv9zz.4#metadata_info_tab_contents.
  48. ^ "Trump card in the environmental fight: The - ProQuest". www.proquest.com.
  49. ^ "Trump card in the environmental fight: The - ProQuest". www.proquest.com.
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  52. ^ Greene, Kristian Winfield, Ronnie (August 14, 2015). "Residents of Ohio town see 'environmental justice' as empty promise". Center for Public Integrity.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ Greene, Kristian Winfield, Ronnie (August 14, 2015). "Residents of Ohio town see 'environmental justice' as empty promise". Center for Public Integrity.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ Greene, Kristian Winfield, Ronnie (August 14, 2015). "Residents of Ohio town see 'environmental justice' as empty promise". Center for Public Integrity.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Kruzman, Diana. "Department of Defense Sued Amid 30-Year Fight Against East Liverpool Hazardous Waste Incinerator". Mahoning Matters.
  56. ^ Kruzman, Diana. "Department of Defense Sued Amid 30-Year Fight Against East Liverpool Hazardous Waste Incinerator". Mahoning Matters.
  57. ^ Kruzman, Diana. "Department of Defense Sued Amid 30-Year Fight Against East Liverpool Hazardous Waste Incinerator". Mahoning Matters.
  58. ^ "Earthjustice Applauds Inclusion of PFAS Incineration Provision in Final Passage of NDAA, Calls for Continued Action to Address PFAS Contamination". Earthjustice. December 9, 2021.
  59. ^ William C. Gates, and Dana E. Ormerod, "The East Liverpool pottery district: Identification of manufacturers and marks." Historical Archaeology 16.1–2 (1982): 1–358 at pp 1–3.
  60. ^ William E. Van Vugt. British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900. pp. 135–136, 137.
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  62. ^ "ELHistSoc - the People of East Liverpool".
  63. ^ [1] Archived March 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ a b c Judith A Allison, [email protected]. "ELHistSoc – Memorable East Liverpool Dates". Eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
  65. ^ "WOHI-FM First Air Date & Ownership" (PDF). Broadcasting Yearbook. 1960. pp. A-207. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  66. ^ "ELHistSoc -The Original Chester Bridge". www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  67. ^ Shuba. "East Liverpool, Hamlin have unique relationship". The Weirton Daily Times. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  68. ^ "Rest At Last: Death of Ex-Governor George Smith". St. Joseph Weekly Herald. St. Joseph, MO. July 21, 1881. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "East Liverpool High School Sports History Trivia". eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org. East Liverpool Historical Society. Retrieved January 6, 2022.

Further reading

  • Adler, Jerry. "It's not easy being green." Newsweek February 28, 1992. EBSCOhost. Web. April 17, 2010.
  • Gates, William C., and Dana E. Ormerod. "East Liverpool Pottery District: Identification of Manufacturers and Marks, 1840–1970.” Historical Archaeology, vol. 16, no. 1/2, 1982, pp. 1–358. online
  • Jones, Arthur. "Toxic-waste incinerator in the backyard: White House and church steer clear in Ohio." National Catholic Reporter February 18, 1994: 5+. Academic OneFile. Web. April 17, 2010.
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