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Connacht Irish

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Connacht Irish (Irish: Gaeilge Chonnacht) is the dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Connacht. Gaeltacht regions in Connacht are found in Counties Mayo (notably Tourmakeady, Achill Island and Erris) and Galway (notably in parts of Connemara and on the Aran Islands). Connacht Irish is also spoken in the Meath Gealtacht Ráth Chairn and Baile Ghib. The dialects of Irish in Connacht are extremely diverse, with the pronunciation, forms and lexicon being different even within each county.

Connacht Irish
Connacht Gaelic
Gaeilge Chonnacht
PronunciationGalway: [ˈɡeːlʲɟə ˌxʊn̪ˠəxt̪ˠ] Mayo: [ˈɡeːlʲɪc ˌxʊn̪ˠəxt̪ˠ]
EthnicityIrish
Early forms
Latin (Irish alphabet)
Irish Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-1ga
ISO 639-2gle
ISO 639-3gle
Glottologconn1243
The three dialects of Irish. Connacht's speakers are spread from Galway and Mayo to Meath.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
An Irish-language sign in County Galway

The Irish of South Connemara is often considered the "standard" Connacht Irish owing to the number of speakers however it is unique within Connacht and has a lot more idiomatic connection to extinct dialects in North Clare (for example "acab" instead of "acu" in the rest of Connacht). Words such as dubh and snámh tend to be pronounced with a Munster accent in South Connemara whereas in Joyce Country, Galway City and Mayo they are pronounced with the Ulster pronunciation. In addition to this the standard in Connacht would be to pronounce the words leo and dóibh as "leofa" and "dófa" however in South Connemara and Aran they are pronounced "leothab" and "dóib". Lexical and pronunciation differences exist within Mayo with Tourmakeady featuring an "í" sound in vowel endings much more commonly. In addition to this the lexicon of Dún Chaocháin to the east of Belmullet tends to be far more Ulster influenced than that of Eachléim (murlas vs ronnach) and there is a huge Ulster influence on the dialect of North Mayo in general owing to historic migration. The Irish of Eachréidh na Gaillimhe and Dúiche Sheoigheach tend to share more phonetic commonalities with neighbouring Mayo than with South Connemara

Documented sub-dialects include those of Cois Fharraige[a] and Conamara Theas,[b] both of which are in Galway, and Erris in Mayo.

Lexicon

Some differences between Mayo and Galway are seen in the lexicon:

Mayo Galway Gloss
Cluinim / Cloisim / Moithím / Airím Cloisim I hear
Doiligh Deacair Difficult
Úr Nua New
Nimhneach Tinn Sore

Some words used in Connacht Irish that aren't found in other dialects include:[1]

Connacht Standard Gloss
Cas Buail, Bualadh Meet, uses verbal noun of casadh
Gasúr - Young child; Mayo, Munster & Ulster: Young boy
Cisteanach / Cistinidh Munster: Cistin Kitchen

Variant spellings include:

Connacht Standard Gloss
Tíocht Teacht verbal noun of tar: To come
Aríst Arís Again
Caiptín Captaen Captain
Col ceathrar Col ceathrair Cousin
Feilm, Feilméar Feirm, Feirmeoir Farm, Farmer
Ariamh / Iriamh Riamh Ever / Never

Variants distinctive of, but not unique to Connacht include:

  • fata, fataí, "potato", "potatoes"
  • fuisce, "whiskey"
  • muid, emphatic form muide/muidí for the first person plural pronoun, Ulster Irish uses this form as well, whereas Munster Irish uses sinn, sinne although sinn, sinne are used in Mayo, particularly in the Erris dialect.
  • chuile, "every" (contraction of gach + uile)

Phonology

The phonemic inventory of Connacht Irish (based on the accent of Tourmakeady in Mayo[2]) is as shown in the following chart (see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are velarized (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are palatalized ("slender"). The consonant /h/ is neither broad nor slender.

Consonant
phonemes 		Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Labio-
velar 		Dental Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal 		Palatal Velar
Plosive pˠ
pʲ		 bˠ
bʲ 		        t̪ˠ
 		 d̪ˠ
  		 
tʲ		  
dʲ 		     
c		  
ɟ 		k
 		 ɡ
  		   
Fricative/
Approximant 		    fˠ
fʲ		  
vʲ 		  w
  		    sˠ
 		    
ʃ		    
ç		  
j 		x
 		 ɣ
  		h  
Nasal   mˠ
mʲ 		          n̪ˠ
  		  nˠ
nʲ 		    n̠ʲ    
ɲ 		  ŋ
  		   
Tippen Sie auf                   ɾˠ
ɾʲ 		               
Lateral
approximant 		              l̪ˠ
  		  lˠ
lʲ 		    l̠ʲ            

The vowels of Connacht Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants.

 

In addition, Connacht has the diphthongs /iə, uə, əi, əu/.

Some characteristics of Connacht that distinguish it from the other dialects are:

  • In some varieties, vowel lengthening before word-internal clusters of voiced plosive + liquid (e.g. /ɑːɡləʃ/ eaglais "church")
  • In some varieties (e.g. in Erris Irish (County Mayo)[3] and, as seen in the table above, in Tourmakeady) a four-way distinction among coronal nasals and laterals: /n̪ˠ ~ nˠ ~ nʲ ~ n̠ʲ/, /l̪ˠ ~ lˠ ~ lʲ ~ l̠ʲ/, often without lengthening of orthographic short vowels before them.
  • In the variety spoken in Cois Fharraige (the area along the north shore of Galway Bay between Barna and Casla), underlying short /a/ is realized as a long front [aː] while underlying long /aː/ is realized as a back [ɑː].
  • /n/ is realized as [ɾ] (or is replaced by /ɾ/) after consonants other than [s]. This happens in Ulster as well.
  • Broad bh is rendered /w/ even in initial positions, with a few exceptions.
  • The inflected pronouns agam, agat and againn are usually reduced into monosyllables /amˠ/, /adˠ/, /an̠ʲ/.
  • The prepositions do, de are both realised as [gə] and their inflected forms are frequently pronounced (and sometimes written) in their lenited forms.
  • The preposition-article compound sa (i + an "in the") causes eclipsis, where it causes lenition in the Caighdeán and in the other dialects.

Morphology

Nouns

In some dialects of Connacht the plural endings -anna and -acha are always replaced by -annaí and -achaí. It is also common in many Gaelic-speaking areas of Connemara that the dative singular form of all 2nd declension nouns has been generally adopted as the nominative, giving these nouns the typical ending in palatalized consonants in the nominative singular. This is indicated in the spelling by the letter i before the final consonant.

Connemara form Standard form Gloss
-achaí, -annaí -acha, -anna Plural ending
bróig bróg Shoe
ceird ceard Craft
cluais cluas Ear
cois cos Foot, Leg
láimh lámh Hand

Verbs

Irish verbs are characterized by having a mixture of analytic/an fhoirm scartha forms (where information about person and number is provided by a pronoun) and synthetic/an fhoirm tháite forms (where this information is provided in an ending on the verb) in their conjugation. In Galway and Mayo, as in Ulster, the analytic forms are used in a variety of forms where the standard language has synthetic forms, e.g. molann muid "we praise" (standard molaimid) or mholfadh siad "they would praise" (standard mholfaidís). However, the synthetic forms, including those no longer included in the standard language, may be used in answering questions.

Connemara Standard Gloss
Díonaim Déanaim I make/do
Íosaim Ithim I eat

Connacht Irish favours the interrogative pronoun cén and forms based on it such as cén uair, "when" instead of Munster cathain, or céard instead of Munster/Ulster cad. Relative forms of the verb such as beas for beidh, "will be", or déananns/déanas, "do", for déanann are frequently used.

Notable speakers

Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Connacht Irish dialect include Seosamh Ó hÉanaí, MacDara O Conaola, Darach Ó Catháin, Seán Mac Donncha and Máire Áine Ní Dhonnchadha.

Notes

  1. ^ As documented in books such as Ó Siadhail (1980) and Ihde et al. (2008)
  2. ^ As documented in Wigger (2004), which recorded speakers from one town in the Conamara Theas district, Rosmuc

References

  1. ^ Ihde et al. 2008.
  2. ^ de Búrca 1958.
  3. ^ Mhac an Fhailigh 1968, pp. 38–42.

Bibliography

  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1944). The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway: A Phonetic Study. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 978-0-901282-51-4.
  • —— (1953). Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [Cois Fharraige Irish: Morphology] (in Irish). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 1-85500-029-6.
  • —— (1985). Foirisiún Focal as Gaillimh (in Irish). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
  • de Búrca, Seán (1958). The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-49-9.
  • Hartmann, Hans; de Bhaldraithe, Tomás; Ó hUiginn, Ruairí, eds. (1996). Airneán: Ein Sammlung von Texted aus Carna, Co. na Gaillimhe (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-48442-913-0.
  • Ihde, Thomas; Ní Neachtain, Máire; Blyn-LaDrew, Roslyn; Gillen, John (2008). Colloquial Irish: The Complete Course for Beginners. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415381307.
  • Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
  • Ó Cadhain, Máirtín (2021) [written and compiled 1937-1946]. "Foclóir Mháirtín Uí Chadhain" (in Irish). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  • Ó Curnáin, Brian (2007). The Irish of Iorras Aithneach County Galway. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 978-1-85500-204-3. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  • Ó Direáin, Séamas (November 2015) [2014]. A Survey of Spoken Irish in the Aran Islands, Co. Galway (PDF) (Report) (2nd ed.). Moore Institute.
  • Ó Máille, Tomás Seosamh (1974). Liosta Focal as Ros Muc (in Irish). Dublin: Irish University Press.
  • Ó Murchú, Séamas (1982). de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (ed.). Liosta Focal as Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Deascán Foclóireachta. Vol. 2. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 978-0-90-171420-6.
  • —— (2009). Ó Baoill, Dónall P. (ed.). An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Chonamara (in Irish). Dublin: An Gúm.
  • Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1978). Téarmaí Tógála agus Tís as Inis Meáin (in Irish). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • —— (1980). Learning Irish. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30-006462-9.
  • Stockman, Gerard (1974). The Irish of Achill, Co. Mayo: a miscellaneous collection of linguistic material from the parish of Achill with a phonetic description of the dialect. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Quenn's University Belfast.
  • Wagner, Heinrich (1966). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects. Vol. III: The Dialects of Connaught. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-47-2.
  • Wigger, Arndt (1970). Nominalformen im Conamara-Irischen (in German). Hamburg: Lüdke.
  • ——, ed. (2004). Caint Ros Muc. photographs by Seán de Brún. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Literature

  • a Búrc, Éamon (1982). Eochair Mac Rí in Éirinn: Eochair, a King's Son in Ireland. Dublin: Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann, University College Dublin.
  • Mac Amhlaigh, Dónall (1960). Dialann Deoraí [Diary of an Exile]. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [autobiography]
  • —— (1981). Beoir Bhaile agus scéalta eile. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [short stories and journalism]
  • Mac an Iomaire, Séamas (1985). Cladaí Chonamara. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. ISBN 978-1-85-791447-4. [folklore, Connemara]
  • Mac Con Iomaire, Liam (2000). Breandán Ó hEithir: Iomramh Aonair. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. ISBN 1902420292. [biography, Aran Islands]
  • Mac Domhnaill, Tomás; Mac Énrí, Seán; Ó Tuairisg, Lochlann, eds. (2009). Mícheál Breathnach: Scríbhinní. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnacht. ISBN 978-1-90-556038-7. [collection of writings by Mícheál Breathnach, Cois Fhairrge]
  • Mac Giollarnáth, Seán (1941). Annála Beaga ó Iorrus Aithneach.
  • —— (1949). Mo Dhúthaigh Fhiáin.
  • Mac Lochlainn, Alf (1999). Fiáin na Bocs a Bhí ann an tAm Sin. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [local history, Connemara dialect]
  • Mac Ruairí, Mícheál (1993) [1908]. Ridire an Gháire Dhuibh agus scéalta eile. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [stories, Northern Mayo dialect]
  • Mag Ruaidhrí, Mícheál (2001). Le Linn m'Óige. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [memoirs, Northern Mayo dialect]
  • Mac Thuathaláin, Peadar (1934). Peadar Chois Fhairrge: scéalta nua agus seanscéalta d'innis Peadar Mac Thuathaláin nach maireann. collected by Seán Mac Giollarnáth.
  • Mag Uidhir, Séamas (1994). Fánaíocht i gContae Mhaigh Eo. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [Northern Mayo dialect]
  • Mná Fiontracha (2004). Ár nOileán: Tuile 's Trá [Our Island: Ebb & Flood]. Bailiúchán Bhéaloideas Árann. Árann: Mná Fiontracha. ISBN 0954606116. OCLC 56759040. [folklore from the Aran Islands]
  • Ó Baoill, Pádraig, ed. (2005). Glórtha ár Sinsear: Béaloideas Oirdheisceart na Gaillimhe. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [folklore, eastern Galway]
  • Ó Cadhain, Máirtín (1949). Cré na Cille. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1970). An tSraith dhá Tógáil. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1975). Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1977). An tSraith Tógtha. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1986). An tSraith ar Lár. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal — Ó Marcaigh. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1990). Ó Laighin, Seán (ed.). Ó Cadhain i bhFeasta. Baile Átha Cliath: Clódhanna Teoranta. [essays, journalism, history, politics, miscellany, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1991) [1948]. An Braon Broghach. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1995). Athnuachan. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1998). Ó Cathasaigh, Aindrias (ed.). Caiscín: Altanna san Irish Times 1953/56 [Wholemeal: Articles in the Irish Times 1953–56]. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [journalism, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1999). Prút, Liam (ed.). Caithfear Éisteacht! Aistí Mháirtín Uí Chadhain in Comhar. Baile Átha Cliath: Comhar Teoranta. [essays, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1999). Tone Inné agus Inniu. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [history, politics, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2002). Ó hÁinle, Cathal (ed.). Barbed Wire. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2002). Ó Laighin, Seán (ed.). An Ghaeilge Bheo: Destined to Pass. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [research and opinions, Connemara dialect & English]
  • —— (2004). Cois Caoláire. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal — Ó Marcaigh. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1995). Seanfhocail as Acaill. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [folklore, Achill Island dialect]
  • Ó Catháin, Séamas; Uí Sheighin, Caitlín, eds. (1987). A Mhuintir Dhú Chaocháin, Labhraigí Feasta!. Indreabhán: Cló Chonamara. [folklore, Northern Mayo dialect]
  • ——; Uí Sheighin, Caitlín, eds. (1996). Le Gradam is le Spraoi. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [folklore, Northern Mayo dialect]
  • Ó Ceallaigh, Colm (1995). Brídín. Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnachta. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2002). Meilt Mhuilte Dé. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2004). Clann na Feannóige. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Ceannabháin, Peadar, ed. (1983). Éamon a Búrc - Scéalta. Leabhar Thaighde. Vol. 42. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar. [folklore, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Coincheanainn, Peadar (1993). Ó Siadhail, Pádraig (ed.). Inis Meáin: seanchas agus scéalta. Bill Doyle (illustrations). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [local history, Aran Islands dialect]
  • Ó Conaire, Pádraic (1956). Scothscéalta. Dublin: Sáirséal agus Dill.
  • Ó Conaire, Pádraig Óg (1936). Éan Cuideáin.
  • Ó Conaola, Dara (1983). Cor in Aghaidh an Chaim. Inis Oírr: Ceardshiopa Inis Oírr Teoranta. [story, Aran Islands dialect]
  • —— (1988). Amuigh Liom Féin. Inis Oírr: Ceardshiopa Inis Oírr Teoranta. [story, Aran Islands dialect]
  • Ó Conaola, Máirtín (1994). Munch-Pedersen, Ole (ed.). Teideal. Holger Pedersen (collected by). Baile Átha Cliath: Comhairle Bhéaloideasa Éireann. [folklore, Aran Islands dialect]
  • Ó Conghaile, Mícheál (1986). Mac an tSagairt. Béal an Daingin: Cló Iar-Chonnachta. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1997). An Fear a Phléasc.
  • —— (1999). Sna Fir.
  • —— (2002). Seachrán Jeaic Sheáin Johnny. Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnachta. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Conghaile, Seán (1974). Cois Fharraige le mo Linnse. Baile Átha Cliath: Clódhanna Teoranta. [folklore, autobiography, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Corbáin, Seán (2005). Daoine Dathúla an Iarthair. Baile Átha Cliath: Cló Chaisil. [West Galway dialect]
  • Ó Curraoin, Seán, ed. (2000). Iascairín Chloch na Cora: Scéalta agus Seanchas ó Bhearna agus na Forbacha. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [folklore, Bearna/Na Forbacha dialect]
  • Ó Direáin, Máirtín (1969). Feamainn Bhealtaine. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [autobiography, Aran Islands dialect]
  • —— (2004). Dánta 1939-1979. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Teoranta. [poetry, Aran Islands dialect]
  • Ó Direáin, Peadar (1926). Ó Mocháin, Seán (ed.). Sgéalaidhe Leitir Mealláin. foreword by Tomás Ó Máille.
  • —— (1926). Ó Mocháin, Seán (ed.). Sgéalaidhe Leitir Mealláin. foreword by Tomás Ó Máille.
  • —— (1929). Sgéalta na n-Oileán : sgéalta agus dréachta.
  • —— (1929). Sgéalta na n-Oileán : sgéalta agus dréachta.
  • Ó Duinnshléibhe, Tomás (1995). Taidhgín. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [novel, Tourmakeady dialect]
  • Ó Finneadha, Cóil Learaí (1995). Tórramh an Bhardail agus Scéalta Eile. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Flaithearta, Liam (1970). Dúil. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal agus Dill. [short stories, Aran Islands dialect]
  • Ó Gaora, Colm (2008). Mise. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [autobiography, Ros Muc dialect]
  • Ó Giollagáin, Conchúir, ed. (1999). Stairsheanchas Mhicil Chonraí: Ón Máimín go Ráth Cairn. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [folklore, memoirs, autobiography, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Gráinne, Diarmuid, ed. (1995). Máire Phatch Mhóir Uí Churraoin: A Scéal Féin. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [autobiography, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó hEithir, Breandán (1983) [1976]. Lig Sinn i gCathú. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh. [novel, Aran Islands dialect]
  • —— (1988). Sionnach ar mo Dhuán. Baile Átha Cliath: Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh. [novel, Aran Islands dialect]
  • —— (1991). Nic Pháidín, Caoilfhionn (ed.). An Chaint sa tSráidbhaile. Baile Átha Cliath: Comhar Teoranta. [journalism, Aran Islands dialect]
  • Ó Laighin, Pádraig G. (1997). Bánú Phartraí agus Thuar Mhic Éadaigh. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim. [local history, Southern Mayo dialect]
  • Ó Máille, Tomás (2002) [1936]. An Béal Beo. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [lexicon, expressions, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2007) [1937]. Ó Cadhain, Máirtín (ed.). An tIomaire Rua: Cogadh na Saoirse i dTuaisceart Chonamara. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [history, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Máille, Tomás Seosamh (2010) [1948-1952]. Uí Bhraonáin, Donla (ed.). Seanfhocla Chonnacht. Cois Life. ISBN 978-1-901176-41-4.
  • Ó Neachtain, Joe Steve (1998). Clochmhóin. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [short stories, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2003). Scread Mhaidine. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2005). Lámh Láidir. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2014). Idir Neamh is Talamh.
  • Ó Ráighne, Mícheál (1994). Bóithrín na hAille Báine. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (1993). Deoir ón tSúil. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • —— (2002). Nach Iomaí Cor sa Saol. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnachta. [novel, Connemara dialect]
  • Ó Ruadháin, Seán (1994). Pádhraic Mháire Bhán. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. [Northern Mayo dialect]


  • Pedersen, Holger (1994). Munch-Pedersen, Ole (ed.). Scéalta Mháirtín Neile : bailiúchán scéalta ó Árainn.
  • Scríbhneoirí Ban Ros Muc (1995). Idir Mná. Ros Muc: Pléaráca Chonamara. [memoirs and folklore, Ros Muc]
  • William, Tony Catherine Antoine (1999). A Chomhairle Féin do Mhac Anna. Indreabhán: Cló Iar Chonnachta. [folklore, Achill Island dialect]

Music

  • Ní Fhátharta, Celia (2010). Irish Traditional Sean-Nós Songs (CD). Inverin: Cló Iar-Chonnacht.
  • Ó Fátharta, Meaití Jó Shéamuis (2003). Bóithríní an Locháin: Sean-Nós Songs from Connemara (CD). Inverin: Cló Iar-Chonnacht.
 
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