KHILAFAT MOVEMENT Topic And Presentation:
1.Commencement: The Khilafat Movement commenced in 1919. It was a political and religious movement in India that aimed to support the Ottoman Empire and the Caliph (spiritual leader of Islam) following World War I. It sought to protest against the harsh treatment of the Ottoman Empire by the Allied powers and protect the sanctity of the Caliphate.
2. Objective: The primary objective of the Khilafat Movement was to exert pressure on the British government to safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims in India and ensure the continued authority of the Ottoman Caliphate, which was under threat from the Allied powers after World War I. The movement aimed to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common cause against British colonial rule and in support of the Caliphate.
3.Leaders: Khilafat Movement ke leaders Mahatma Gandhi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Maulana Mohammad Ali, aur Maulana Shaukat Ali the, jo is movement ko netai karte the.
4.Protest Movement: A protest movement is a collective and organized effort by a group of people to express their grievances, objections, or demands in a public and often confrontational manner. It typically involves various forms of demonstration, such as rallies, marches, strikes, or other actions, with the goal of drawing attention to specific issues, advocating for change, or opposing a particular policy, system, or authority. Protest movements can address a wide range of social, political, economic, or environmental issues and are often driven by a desire to bring about positive change or raise awareness of an injustice.
5.Hindu-Muslim Unity: Hindu-Muslim unity refers to the concept of harmony, cooperation, and solidarity between the Hindu and Muslim communities in India. It embodies the idea of both religious groups coming together and coexisting peacefully, transcending religious differences and fostering a sense of shared identity as Indians. This unity has been historically significant, particularly during the Indian freedom struggle, when leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and others emphasized the importance of Hindus and Muslims working together in their common pursuit of independence from British colonial rule. It's a vision of communal harmony and cooperation in a diverse and multicultural society like India.
6.Non-Cooperation: Non-cooperation is a deliberate and organized strategy of refusing to participate or cooperate with a particular authority, government, or system as a form of protest or resistance. It typically involves various means of passive resistance, such as boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience, and non-engagement with governmental or institutional processes. Non-cooperation is often used to express dissent or dissatisfaction with prevailing conditions, policies, or actions, with the aim of achieving social, political, or economic change. It has been a common method in various movements for social justice and political change throughout history.
7.Charkha and Swadeshi:The movement also incorporated the Swadeshi movement, emphasizing the use of the charkha (spinning wheel.
8.Khilafat Committee: The Khilafat Committee was an organization formed during the Khilafat Movement in India. It was established to lead and coordinate the efforts of Muslims in India to support the Caliph of the Ottoman Empire and protect his position. The committee played a crucial role in mobilizing Indian Muslims and was an integral part of the broader non-cooperation movement against British colonial rule.
9.End of Ottoman Caliphate: The End of the Ottoman Caliphate refers to the termination of the centuries-old Islamic Caliphate, which was the political and religious leadership of the Muslim world. This event occurred in 1924 when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, abolished the Ottoman Caliphate, formally ending the authority and symbolic leadership of the Ottoman sultan as the Caliph. This decision marked a significant shift in the Islamic world's political landscape and contributed to the establishment of a secular Turkish state. The end of the Ottoman Caliphate had profound implications for Muslims worldwide and was a turning point in the history of the Islamic Caliphate.
10.Partial Success: Partial Success refers to a situation in which an endeavor or effort achieves some, but not all, of its intended objectives or goals. It means that while there has been progress or positive outcomes, there are still some aspects or goals that remain unfulfilled or incomplete. In essence, it represents a degree of accomplishment, but falls short of complete success.
11.Impact on Freedom Struggles: "Impact on Freedom Struggle" refers to the influence or consequences of a particular event, movement, or action on the broader struggle for independence and sovereignty of a nation. In the context of Indian history, it often relates to how various movements, leaders, or incidents, such as the Khilafat Movement, Gandhi's non-violent resistance, or other significant events, contributed to or shaped the overall struggle for India's independence from British colonial rule. Understanding the impact on the freedom struggle helps in assessing the historical significance and relevance of specific actions or movements in achieving national independence.
12.Social Reforms:Social reforms refer to deliberate and organized efforts aimed at bringing about positive changes in various aspects of society. These changes can include improvements in social practices, norms, customs, and institutions to address issues such as inequality, injustice, discrimination, and outdated or harmful traditions. Social reform movements seek to create a more equitable, just, and progressive society by challenging and modifying existing social structures and practices. They can encompass a wide range of issues, including those related to gender equality, caste discrimination, education, labor rights, and more. Social reforms are typically driven by individuals, groups, or organizations advocating for change to promote the betterment of society.
13.Gandhi-Mandela Award: As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, there is no widely recognized "Gandi Mandela Award" or a specific award with this name. It's possible that such an award may have been established or gained recognition after that date, or it might refer to a lesser-known or localized award. If you have more specific information or if this award was established after my last update, I would recommend checking the latest sources or news for details about the "Gandi Mandela Award" to get an accurate definition and understanding of its purpose and significance.
14.Legacy and Heritage: Legacy and heritage refer to the traditions, values, beliefs, knowledge, and physical or cultural artifacts that are passed down from one generation to the next. They represent the collective history and experiences of a group, community, or society and play a significant role in shaping its identity and continuity. Legacy encompasses the impact and contributions of previous generations on the present and future, while heritage relates to the tangible and intangible aspects of culture, including historical sites, language, rituals, art, and customs. Both legacy and heritage are essential in preserving and understanding the history and values of a particular group or society.
THE END
These points provide a comprehensive overview of the Khilafat Movement for your presentation.
Edition By MUHAMMAD HASSAN IN SINDH .
DEP:SHAH LATIF UNIVERSITY KHAIRPUR MIRS
Hawk mews
Mews derives from the French muer, 'to moult', reflecting its original function to confine hawks while they moulted.[1] Shakespeare deploys to mew up to mean confine, coop up, or shut up in The Taming of the Shrew: "What, will you mew her up, Signor Baptista?"[2][3] and also Richard III: "This day should Clarence closely be mewed up".[4]
The term mews is still used today in falconry circles in English-speaking countries to refer to the housing of the birds of prey used in falconry.
From 1377 onwards the king's falconry birds were kept in the King's Mews at Charing Cross.
Mews stables
The first recorded use meaning stables is dated 1548, after the royal stables were built at Charing Cross, on the site of the royal hawk mews.[1] Those royal stables moved to Buckingham Palace Road in 1820. There were also royal mews at St James's Palace.
The name mews was taken up for domestic stables in the city during the 17th century.[1] The 18th-century Washington Mews in Greenwich Village, New York City matches the London buildings in period, purpose and name.
"Mews" has since been applied to any stable buildings in any space, lane, alley or back street onto which these buildings open,[1] and to any new residential buildings of similar character throughout the English-speaking world that have motor vehicles taking the place of horses and carriages.
Description
London
Mews was applied to service streets and the stables in them in cities, primarily London. In the 18th and 19th centuries, London housing for wealthy people generally consisted of streets of large terraced houses with stables at the back, which opened onto a small service street. The mews had horse stalls and a carriage house on the ground floor, and stable servants' living accommodation above. Generally this was mirrored by another row of stables on the opposite side of the service street, backing onto another row of terraced houses facing outward into the next street. Sometimes there were variations such as small courtyards. Most mews are named after one of the principal streets which they back onto. Most but not all have the word "mews" in their name.
Mews are often found in the boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster (particularly Mayfair and Marylebone).
Europa
This arrangement was different from most of Continental Europe, where the stables in wealthy urban residences were usually off a front or central courtyard. The advantage of the British system was that it hid the sounds and smells of the stables away from the family when they were not using the horses. Nevertheless 45 of the buildings in Kerkstraat in Amsterdam were originally the stables and coach houses of houses in Keizersgracht and Prinsengracht, between which it runs.
Stables not known as mews
Mews are not used for large individual non-royal British stable blocks, a feature of country houses. For example, the grand stable block at Chatsworth House is referred to as the stables, not the mews.
Cars
Mews lost their equestrian function in the early 20th century when motor cars were introduced. At the same time, after World War I and especially after World War II, the number of people who could afford to live in the type of houses which had a mews attached fell sharply.[citation needed] One place where a mews may still be in equestrian use is Bathurst Mews in Westminster, near Hyde Park, London, where several private horses are kept. Nearby, the mews' stables have been put to commercial use. Some mews were demolished or put to commercial use, but the majority were converted into homes.
Contemporary movements to revitalise and creatively re-use historical and traditional features of urban environments have also cast some appreciative light on mews. A contemporary presentation of the some 500 former horse stables in the city of London appears in the book The Mews of London: A Guide to the Hidden Byways of London's Past.[5]
In 2015 a survey of the mews in London estimated that there were 391 original and surviving mews properties still in existence, and 239 which had been redeveloped.[6] The survey classified an "Authentic Mews" property as "A property in a Mews – a lane, alley, court, narrow passage, cul de sac or back street originally built behind houses in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries to provide access for stables or coach house accommodation (often with associated living accommodation) – that is now most likely to be a modernised residential dwelling, possibly with commercial premises. An Authentic Mews property will still retain the approximate appearance, form and footprint of the original Mews but it may have been re-developed to a degree and no longer retains all original Mews features."[7]
In contemporary urban planning and construction
The use of mews in new urban development is advocated by Leon Krier, who is himself a strong influence on the New Urbanism movement in the United States.[8] (For his foundational contributions to the movement, Krier received the first Athena Medal awarded by the Congress for the New Urbanism in 2006.)[9]
In the Smart Growth, Traditional Neighborhood Development and New Urbanism movements, the term is used frequently, but definitions of the term are rare. The East Village Redevelopment Plan for Calgary, Alberta, Canada, explains that "Mews are narrow, intimate streets that balance the access and service functions of a lane with active building frontages, accessory uses, and a street space shared by cars and pedestrians."[10][11]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Oxford English Dictionary online, accessed 17 February 2019
- ^ Samuel Weller Singer, ed., The Dramatic Works of William Shakespeare, vol. III (Chiswick: Charles Whittinghame, College House, 1826), p.357, fn. 13
- ^ Ibid. p. 357
- ^ See mew up at Shakespeare's Words website. Accessed 26 March 2017
- ^ (Webb & Bower, London, 1982, ISBN 0-03-062419-3)The Mews of London at Open Library
- ^ "About". Everchanging Mews. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "Mews List". Everchanging Mews. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ Grant, Jill (2006). Planning the Good Community: New Urbanism in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 9780415700757.
- ^ "Athena Medals". Congress for the New Urbanism. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ East Village Area Redevelopment Plan (PDF). City of Calgary Planning, Development & Assessment Department. 2010. p. 39.
- ^ Steuteville, Robert. New Urbanism Best Practices Guide, Fourth Edition. New Urban News Publications. p. 71.
External links
- Part of Belgravia in London – There are numerous mews on this map of Belgravia. Belgrave Square has mews on each of its four sides, although one of them is called Montrose Place.
- Mews in New York City
- Illustrative explanation of mews as a contemporary street type: East Village Area Redevelopment Plan, see pages 39–40.
- Lurot Brand - London Mews Directory