Shyamala Gopalan[a] (December 7, 1938 – February 11, 2009) was a biomedical scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,[5] whose work in isolating and characterizing the progesterone receptor gene stimulated advances in breast biology and oncology.[6] She was the mother of Vice President of the United States Kamala Harris and Maya Harris, a lawyer and political commentator.[7]
Shyamala Gopalan | |
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Born | |
Died | February 11, 2009 Oakland, California, U.S. | (aged 70)
Other names | Gopalan Shyamala, G. Shyamala, Shyamala Gopalan Harris |
Bildung | |
Known for | Progesterone receptor biology and applications to breast cancer, Mother of vice president of the United States Kamala Harris |
Spouse | |
Children | |
Parent(s) | P. V. Gopalan (father) Rajam Gopalan (mother) |
Scientific career | |
Institutions | |
Thesis | The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole wheat flour (1964) |
Doctoral advisor | Richard L. Lyman[1] |
Early life and education
Shyamala was born on December 7, 1938, in Madras, Madras Province, British India (present-day Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India) to P. V. Gopalan, a civil servant, and Rajam, her mother. Her parents were from two villages near the town of Mannargudi in Madras Province.[8] According to The Los Angeles Times, "Gopalan was a Tamil Brahmin, part of a privileged elite in Hinduism’s ancient caste hierarchy".[8] According to Shyamala's brother, Balachandran, their parents were broad-minded in raising the children, all of whom led somewhat unconventional lives.[8] Her father began his professional life as a stenographer, rising through the ranks in the civil service, moving the family every few years between Madras, New Delhi, Bombay, and Calcutta.[8]
A gifted singer of Carnatic music, Shyamala won a national competition in it as a teenager.[8] She studied for a BSc in Home Science at Lady Irwin College in Delhi. Her father thought the subject—which taught skills considered helpful in homemaking—was a mismatch for her abilities; her mother expected the children to seek careers in medicine, engineering, or the law.[8] In 1958, aged 19, Shyamala unexpectedly applied to a master's program in nutrition and endocrinology at the University of California, Berkeley, and was accepted. Her parents used some of their retirement savings to pay her tuition and board during the first year.[8] Not having a phone line at home, they communicated with her after her arrival in the US by aerogram. She earned a PhD in nutrition and endocrinology at UC Berkeley in 1964.[8] Shyamala's dissertation, which was supervised by Richard L. Lyman,[1] was titled The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole wheat flour.[9]
Career
Shyamala conducted research in UC Berkeley's Department of Zoology and Cancer Research Lab. She worked as a breast cancer researcher at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and University of Wisconsin. She worked for 16 years at Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill University Faculty of Medicine. She served as a peer reviewer for the National Institutes of Health and as a site visit team member for the Federal Advisory Committee. She also served on the President's Special Commission on Breast Cancer. She mentored dozens of students in her lab. For her last decade of research, Shyamala worked in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[10]
Forschung
Shyamala's research led to advancements in the knowledge of hormones pertaining to breast cancer.[11][6] Her work in the isolation and characterization of the progesterone receptor gene in mice changed research on the hormone-responsiveness of breast tissue.[6]
Personal life
In the fall of 1962, at a meeting of the Afro-American Association—a students' group at Berkeley whose members would go on to give structure to the discipline of Black studies, propose the holiday of Kwanzaa, and help establish the Black Panther Party—Shyamala met a graduate student in economics from Jamaica, Donald J. Harris, who was that day's speaker.[12] According to Donald Harris, who is now an emeritus professor of economics at Stanford University, "We talked then, continued to talk at a subsequent meeting, and at another, and another."[12] In 1963, they were married without following the convention of introducing Harris to Shyamala's parents beforehand or having the ceremony in her hometown.[8] In the later 1960s, Donald and Shyamala took their daughters, Kamala, then four or five years old, and Maya, two years younger, to newly independent Zambia, where Shyamala's father, Gopalan, was on an advisory assignment.[8] After Shyamala divorced Donald in the early 1970s, she took her daughters to India several times to visit her parents in Chennai, where they had retired.[8][13]
The children also visited their father's family in Jamaica as they grew up.[14]
Wanda Kagan, one of Kamala's high school friends in Montreal, described how after she told Kamala her stepfather was molesting her, Shyamala insisted she move in with them for her final year of high school.[15] Kagan said that Shyamala helped her navigate the system to get the support she needed to live independently of her family.
Death
Shyamala died of colon cancer in Oakland on February 11, 2009, at age 70.[6] She requested that donations be made to the organization Breast Cancer Action.[6] Later in 2009, Kamala Harris carried her ashes to Chennai on the southeastern coast of peninsular India and scattered them in the Indian Ocean waters.[16]
Notes
- ^ As per the cited sources and also the common naming conventions of her family, Gopalan Shyamala was her legal name in India,[2] while Shyamala Gopalan was a form to conform to Western name order. Shyamala Gopalan Harris, as the first, middle and last names, was her legal name in the United States.[3] In some U.S. government documents, she placed her given name in the surname field and her patronymic in the given name field. She worked jobs under her maiden name even after she married.[4]
Selected publications
- Shyamala, G., Y.-C. Chou, S. G. Louie, R. C. Guzman, G. H. Smith, and S. Nandi. 2002. "Cellular expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in mammary glands: Regulation by hormones, development and aging", Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 80:137–48.
- Shyamala, G.; Yang, X.; Cardiff, R. D.; Dale, E. (2000). "Impact of progesterone receptor on cell-fate decisions during mammary gland development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (7): 3044–49
- Shyamala, G. 1999. "Progesterone signaling and mammary gland morphogenesis". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 4:89–104.
- Shyamala, G., S. G. Louie, I. G. Camarillo, and F. Talamantes. 1999. The progesterone receptor and its isoforms in mammary development. Mol. Genet. Metab. 68:182–90.
- Shyamala, G.; Yang, X.; Silberstein, G.; Barcellos-Hoff, M. H.; Dale, E. (1998). "Transgenic mice carrying an imbalance in the native ratio of A to B forms of progesterone receptor exhibit developmental abnormalities in mammary glands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (2): 696–701.
- Shyamala, G., W. Schneider, and D. Schott. 1990. Developmental regulation of murine mammary progesterone receptor gene expression. Endocrinology 126:2882–89.
- Shyamala, G; Gauthier, Y; Moore, S K; Catelli, M G; Ullrich, S J (August 1989). "Estrogenic regulation of murine uterine 90-kilodalton heat shock protein gene expression". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 9 (8): pp. 3567–70. ISSN 0270-7306.
References
- ^ a b Gopalan, Shyamala (1964). The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole-wheat flour. University of California.
- ^ "Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. p. 14/154. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
Gopalan Shyamala [Maiden]
Also see: "Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. p. 23/154. Retrieved March 23, 2024. which is an Indian government document that uses the form "G. Shyamala". - ^ "Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. p. 8/154. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ "Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. p. 90/154. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ Tabasko, Michael (July–August 2021), "A Fortuitious Connection: Vice President Kamala Harris's Mother and Her NIH Collaborations" (PDF), NIH Catalyst: A Publication About NIH Intramural Research, 29 (4), National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: 1, 6,
Gopalan eventually left Canada and returned to California to continue her work on the role of hormone receptors in breast-cancer development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, California). She was awarded several NIH grants supporting her research through 2001, and her lab published their findings in 2006 (Cancer Res 66:10391–10398, 2006; DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0321). (Photo caption: Shyamala Gopalan Harris (left) in her lab at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)
- ^ a b c d e "In Memoriam: Dr. Shyamala G. Harris". Breast Cancer Action. June 21, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ Cadelago, Christopher; Oprysko, Caitlin (August 11, 2020). "Biden picks Kamala Harris as VP nominee". Politico. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bengali, Shashank; Mason, Melanie (October 25, 2019), "The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris", Los Angeles Times, retrieved April 24, 2020
- ^ Shyamala, Gopalan (1964). The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole-wheat flour. UC Berkeley.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Note: her given name "Shyamala" is put in the last name field, while her patronymic (father's name), "Gopalan", is put in the first name field. The name form given is "Shyamala, Gopalan". - ^ "Dr. G. Shyamala". crea.berkeley.edu. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ Carson, Susan (June 21, 1985). "Men still dominate the scientific field". The Gazette. Montreal. p. 27. Retrieved January 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Barry, Ellen (September 13, 2020), "How Kamala Harris's Immigrant Parents Found a Home, and Each Other, in a Black Study Group", New York Times, retrieved September 13, 2020
- ^ Finnegan, Michael (September 30, 2015). "How race helped shape the politics of Senate candidate Kamala Harris". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
- ^ Dolan, Casey (February 10, 2019). "How Kamala Harris' immigrant parents shaped her life—and her political outlook". The Mercury News. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
- ^ "Kamala Harris's friend reacts to her historic win". CBC News. November 7, 2020. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Raj, Suhasini (August 16, 2020). "How Kamala Harris's Family in India Helped Shape Her Values". New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2020.