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Photodermatitis, sometimes referred to as sun poisoning or photoallergy, is a form of allergic contact dermatitis in which the allergen must be activated by light to sensitize the allergic response, and to cause a rash or other systemic effects on subsequent exposure. The second and subsequent exposures produce photoallergic skin conditions which are often eczematous. It is distinct from sunburn.
| Sun poisoning | |
|---|---|
 | |
| An image of a patch of sun poisoning on the left forearm | |
| Specialty | Dermatology, immunology  |
Signs and symptoms
Photodermatitis may result in swelling, difficulty breathing, a burning sensation, a red itchy rash sometimes resembling small blisters, and peeling of the skin. Nausea may also occur. There may also be blotches where the itching may persist for long periods of time. In these areas an unsightly orange to brown tint may form, usually near or on the face.
Causes
Many medications and conditions can cause sun sensitivity, including:
- Sulfa used in some drugs, among them some antibiotics, diuretics, COX-2 inhibitors, and diabetes drugs.[1]
- Psoralens, coal tars, photo-active dyes (eosin, acridine orange)
- Musk ambrette, methylcoumarin, lemon oil (may be present in fragrances)
- PABA (found in sunscreens)
- Oxybenzone (UVA and UVB chemical blocker also in sunscreens) [2]
- Salicylanilide (found in industrial cleaners)
- St John's Wort, used to treat clinical depression
- Hexachlorophene (found in some ℞ antibacterial soaps)
- Contact with sap from Giant Hogweed. Common Rue (Ruta graveolens) is another phototoxic plant commonly found in gardens. Phototoxicity caused by plants is called phytophotodermatitis.
- Tetracycline antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline)
- Benzoyl peroxide
- Retinoids (e.g., isotretinoin)
- Some NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen sodium)
- Fluoroquinolone antibiotic: Sparfloxacin in 2% of cases
- Amiodarone, used to treat atrial fibrillation
- Pellagra
Photodermatitis can also be caused by plants like the Dictamnus (commonly known as the "Burning Bush"), a genus of flowering plant in the Rutaceae family. This is called phytophotodermatitis.
Prevention
Prevention includes avoiding exposure to chemicals that can trigger the reaction, such as by wearing gloves, or avoiding sunlight or wearing sunscreen[3][4] preferably with at least factor 30 and with a high UVA protection level on the affected area.
See also
References
- ^ http://allergies.about.com/od/medicationallergies/a/sulfa.htm
- ^ Rodriguez E, Valbuena MC, Rey M, Porras de Quintana L. 2006. Causal agents of photoallergic contact dermatitis diagnosed in the national institute of dermatology of Colombia. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 22(4): 189-192.
- ^ Archived AAD - The Sun and Your Skin, "Allergic Reactions" section
- ^ AAD - Sunscreens