La Lutte ('The Struggle') was a left-wing paper published (in French to get around print restrictions on Vietnamese) in Saigon, French-colonial Cochin-China (southern Vietnam), in the 1930s..[1] It was launched ahead of the April-May 1933 Saigon municipal council election as a joint organ of the Indochinese Communist Party (PCI) and a grouping of Trotskyists (which became known as Nhom Tran Dau, the 'Struggle Group', after La Lutte) and others who agreed to run a joint "Workers' slate" of candidates for the polls.[2][3][4] This kind of cooperation between Trotskyists and Comintern-linked communists was a phenomenon unique to Vietnam.[5] The editorial line of La Lutte fluctuated between Trotskyist and Communist Party positions.[6] The supporters of La Lutte were known as lutteurs.[7]
1933 election
La Lutte opposed both colonial rule and the Constitutionalist Party.[8] The first issue of La Lutte was published on April 24, 1933. In the election the La Lutte grouping called its slate of candidates the 'Workers' List'. Two of the candidates of the Workers' List, Nguyen Van Tao and Tran Van Thach, were elected (there were six elected seats in total), but their election was invalidated in August 1933. Publication of La Lutte was discontinued after the election.[3][4]
Revival
With the conciliation of the charismatic and independent revolutionary figure of Nguyen An Ninh, the collaboration was revived in October 1934. A Stalinist-Trotskyist entente was reached on the basis of: "struggle oriented against the colonial power and its constitutionalist allies, support of the demands of workers and peasants without regard to which of the two groups they were affiliated with, diffusion of classic Marxist thought, [and] rejection of all attacks against the USSR and against either current."[9]. The editorial board consisted of Nguyen An Ninh, Le Van Thu, Tran Van Thach (left-wing nationalists), Nguyen Van Tao, Duong Bach Mai, Nguyen Van Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Luu (Communist Party), and Ta Thu Thau, Phan Van Huu, Phan Van Chang and Huynh Van Phuong (Trotskyists). Edgar Ganofsky was the manager of the newspaper.[3] The united front formed around La Lutte ran various campaigns and participated in elections. In the March 1935 Cochinchina assembly election, albeit with restricted suffrage and government interference, leftist candidates obtained 17% of the votes. There was a joint La Lutte candidate slate for the May 1935 municipal election, and Tran Van Thach, Nguyen Van Tao, Ta Thu Thau and Doung Bach Mai were elected. The election of the latter three was, however, invalidated.[3] Moreover, the election was preceded by a controversy within the La Lutte alliance regarding the candidature of Doung Bach Mai, a Communist Party leader. He was labelled 'reformist' by Trotskyists, but defended by Ta Thu Thau.[6] In late 1936 and 1937 the grouping organized various strikes.[3]
Struggle for amnesty
La Lutte gave a large amount of attention to political prisoners held by the French colonial regime and campaigned for an amnesty for political prisoners.[3] Prisoners' protests were frequently reported in the pages of La Lutte.[10]
Division over the Popular Front
The Communist Party members and the Trotskyists divided in their response to the new Popular Front government in France, which had the support of the French Communist Party and the blessing of Moscow.[11] Ta Thu Thau argued that the leftward shift in the French national Assembly had brought nothing. In the labour unrest he and other activists continued to be arrested, and preparations for a popular congress in response to the government's promise of colonial consultation had been suppressed.[12]
By 1937 the Trotskyists had become the dominant force in La Lutte.[13] In May 1937 the Communist Party launched a new newspaper of its own, L'Avant Garde ('The Vanguard'), in which the Trotskyists were attacked. The split in La Lutte was finalized on June 14, 1937, when the Communist Party refused to support a motion of Ta Thu Thau against the Popular Front government.[14] The Trotskyists publicly blamed the French Communist Party for the break.[15]
The fate of the lutteurs
With La Lutte now an openly Trotskyist paper, and with a Vietnamese-language edition (Tranh Dau),[16] Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the Constitutionalists and the PCI's Democratic Front in the April 1939 Cochinchina Council elections. The partisans of the Fourth International, however, may have triumphed for reasons relatively mundane. In spite of their radical programme, the election could be understood, at least in part, as a tax payers' protest against the new national defence levy that the Communist Party, in the spirit of Franco-Soviet accord, had felt obliged to support[17]
With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Communists of every stripe were repressed. The French law of September 26, 1939, which legally dissolved the French Communist Party, was applied in Indochina to Stalinists and Trotskyists aiike. The Indochinese Communist Party and the Trotskyist groups were driven completely underground.
In the general uprising in Saigon against the restoration of the French in September 1945, lutteurs formed a workers militia. The Trotskyist Ngô Văn records two hundred of these being "massacred" by the French, October 3rd, at the Thi Nghe bridge. Caught between the French and the Communist Viet Minh, there would be few survivors. Tạ Thu Thâu had been captured and executed by the Viet Minh some weeks before.[18]
References
- ^ Steinberg, David Joel. In Search of Southeast Asia; A Modern History. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971. p. 322
- ^ Bousquet, Gisèle L. Behind the Bamboo Hedge: The Impact of Homeland Politics in the Parisian Vietnamese Community. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991. pp. 34-35
- ^ a b c d e f Alexander, Robert J. International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. pp. 961-962
- ^ a b Trager, Frank N (ed.). Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 134
- ^ McConnell, Scott. Leftward Journey: The Education of Vietnamese Students in France, 1919-1939. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers, 1989. p. 145
- ^ a b Trager, Frank N (ed.). Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 139
- ^ McHale, Shawn Frederick. Print and Power: Confuciansim, Communism, and Buddhism in the Making of Modern Vietnam. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2004. p. 126
- ^ Quinn-Judge, Sophie. Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years ; 1919 - 1941. Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press, 2002. p. 200
- ^ Hémery, Révolutionaires vietnamiens, p. 63
- ^ Zinoman, Peter. The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862 - 1940. Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press, 2001. p. 231
- ^ Alexander, Robert J. International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. p. 964
- ^ Daniel Hemery Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, p. 388
- ^ Dunn, Peter M. The First Vietnam War. London: C. Hurst, 1985. p. 7
- ^ Trager, Frank N (ed.). Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 142
- ^ Quinn-Judge, Sophie. Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years ; 1919 - 1941. Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press, 2002. p. 227
- ^ Patti, Archimedes L.A. Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. p. 522
- ^ Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Lights: a Vietnamese Tragedy," New Politics, Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, pp. 131-136 , p. 134
- ^ Ngô Văn, In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary. AK Press, Oakland CA, 2010, p. 131, p. 162