The Germain's langur (Trachypithecus germaini) is a lutung native to Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.[1][2] The Old World monkey was previously included in Trachypithecus cristatus[1] and Trachypithecus villosus.[2]
Indochinese lutung[1] | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Primates |
Suborder: | Haplorhini |
Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
Family: | Cercopithecidae |
Genus: | Trachypithecus |
Species group: | Trachypithecus cristatus group |
Species: | T. germaini
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Binomial name | |
Trachypithecus germaini (Milne-Edwards, 1876)
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Indochinese lutung range |
Two subspecies were recognized:[1]
- Trachypithecus germaini germaini
- Trachypithecus germaini caudalis
Taxonomy and Evolutionary History
The Indochinese lutung is part of the silvered langur subfamily Colobinae.[3] Two subspecies of the Indochinese lutung are recognized: Trachypithecus germaini germaini and Trachypithecus germaini caudalis.[3][4][5] However, the classification of the Indochinese lutung has been contested, with T. germaini being grouped with other species in its subfamily.[3][6] T. germaini and T. margarita were considered to be a single species, T. villosus, but morphological and genetic evidence has shown that they are distinct.[3][6][7][8] T. germaini has also been grouped with T. cristatus until recent reclassifications.[3]
T. germaini goes by several common names such as the Indochinese lutung, Germain’s langur, Germain’s silver langur, Indochinese leaf monkey, and Indochinese silvered langur.[9]
Description
The Indochinese lutung has black colouration on its hands and feet, as well as the upper part of its body which fades into paler grey on its underparts.[3] They have long grey tails and white hairs on its round face.[3] Their young have bright orange fur. [3]
Distribution and Habitat
The limits of the distribution of Indochinese lutung are not well known, but they are currently found in Asia, specifically Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Thailand.[2] Populations in Vietnam are severely reduced, with few sightings in the last 50 years.[2][10] In Lao PDR, the species has no continuous range, rather multiple patches of higher relative abundance.[2][10] Its distribution in Cambodia is widespread, but its abundance will vary from common to rare.[2] In Thailand, the species is common, with many protected areas supporting large populations.[2] The Indochinese lutung is a terrestrial arboreal species, often found in lowlands.[2] They prefer evergreen and semi-evergreen, riverine, mixed deciduous, and galley forests.[2] They are not commonly found at high elevations or hilly areas.[2]
Behaviour
The diet of the Indochinese lutung is folivorous consisting of leaves, shoots, and fruits.[3][11] This diet dictates a resting period, in which they can undergo the process of rumination.[11][12]
T. germaini, and other Asian colobines, are unsocial primates.[11][13] They have a lower affinity to social behaviour in comparison to feeding and resting which makes up the majority of their day.[11] However, T. germaini is often found in troops of 10 to 50 individuals in close social proximity.[3][11]
Predators and Threats
Predators of lutungs, including the Indochinese lutung, include leopards, tigers, dholes, and large snakes.[14] A variety of small carnivores will feed on lutung young.[14]
Prevalent threats to the Indochinese lutung include hunting, exotic pet trading, and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.[2]
Status and Conservation
T. germaini is considered endangered by the IUCN, with a greater than 50% decline in the past three generations.[2] It is listed under CITES Appendix II, meaning that trade of the species must be controlled to avoid endangerment.[2][15]
Little conservation efforts have been made, despite the species designation.[6][11] Several protected areas have been established across its range which aids in the conservation of the species. The species has been recorded in numerous protected areas in Vietnam and Thailand.[2] In Vietnam, their populations have increased in two protected areas, Phú Quốc National Park and Kiên Lương Karst Area, demonstrating the importance conservation efforts.[16]
References
- ^ a b c d Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 176. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nadler, T.; Timmins, R. J.; Richardson, M. (2008). "Trachypithecus germaini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T39874A10278272. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39874A10278272.en.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Supanuam, Praween; Tanomtong, Alongklod; Khunsook, Sumpars; Khrueanet, Wilailuk; Pinthong, Krit; Wonkaonoi, Weeranuch (2015). "The First Report on Standardized Karyotype and Idiogram of Indochinese Silvered Langur, Trachypithecus germaini germaini (Primates, Colobinae) in Thailand". CYTOLOGIA. 80 (2): 183–192. doi:10.1508/cytologia.80.183. ISSN 0011-4545.
- ^ Parr, John W. K. (2003). A Guide to the Large Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok: Sarakadee Press. ISBN 9744840404.
- ^ Francis, Charles M. (2001). A photographic guide to mammals of Thailand & South-East Asia. Asia Books. OCLC 45914721.
- ^ a b c Timmins, R. J.; Steinmetz, R.; Poulsen, M. K.; Evans, T. D.; Duckworth, J. W.; Boonratana, R. (2013). "The Indochinese Silvered Leaf Monkey Trachypithecus germaini ( Sensu lato ) in Lao PDR". Primate Conservation. 26 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1896/052.026.0112. ISSN 0898-6207.
- ^ Roos, C.; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the silvered langur species group (Trachypithecus cristatus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 629–636. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006. PMID 18406631.[dead link]
- ^ Nadler, Tilo (2016). Rowe, Noel; Myers, Marc (eds.). All the World's Primates. Pogonias Press. pp. 601–602. ISBN 9781940496061.
- ^ "Checklist of CITES species". checklist.cites.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^ a b Duckworth, William (1964-). Compilation. Salter, Richard Edward. Compilation. Khamkhoun Khounboline. Compilation. (1999). Wildlife in Lao PDR : 1999 status report. World Conservation Union. ISBN 2-8317-0483-9. OCLC 799695132.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f de Groot, Brenda; Nekaris, Anna (2016). "Ecology of the Germain's Langur Trachypithecus germaini in a Pre-release Environment and the Implications for its conservation". Asian Primates Journal. 6 (1) – via Research Gate.
- ^ Korstjens, Amanda H.; Lehmann, Julia; Dunbar, R.I.M. (2010). "Resting time as an ecological constraint on primate biogeography". Animal Behaviour. 79 (2): 361–374. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.012. ISSN 0003-3472.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, R.C. 2011. The Asian colobines: diversity among leaf-eating monkeys. In: Primates in Perspective, C.J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K.C. MacKinnon and M. Panger (eds.), pp. 189–202. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
- ^ a b Harding, Lee E. (2010-01-25). "Trachypithecus cristatus (Primates: Cercopithecidae)". Mammalian Species. 42: 149–165. doi:10.1644/862.1. ISSN 0076-3519.
- ^ "How CITES works | CITES". www.cites.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^ Van Tran, Bang; Nguyen, Minh Anh; Nguyen, Dat Quoc; Truong, Quan Bich Thi; Ang, Andie; Covert, Herbert H.; Hoang, Duc Minh (2017). "Current conservation status of Germain's langur (Trachypithecus germaini) in Vietnam". Primates. 58 (3): 435–440. doi:10.1007/s10329-017-0610-2. ISSN 0032-8332.