List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level

This is a list of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level, as per Fearon's analysis.

List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level. List based on Fearon's analysis

Methodology

The lists are commonly used in economics literature to compare the levels of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious fractionalization in different countries.

Fractionalization is the probability that two individuals drawn randomly from the country's groups are not from the same group (ethnic, religious, or whatever the criterion is). In Fearon's analysis, only groups containing over one percent of the country's population were considered. This limit made Papua New Guinea an outlier; as none of its thousands of groups included more than one percent of the population, it was considered to have zero groups and thus have a perfect fractionalization score of 1.

The two lists have been described by Alesina and Ferrara as follows:

Fearon and Alesina et al. have compiled various measures of ethnic heterogeneity which try to tackle the fact that the difference amongst groups manifests itself in different ways in different places. The two classifications are constructed differently. Alesina et al. do not take a stand on what ethnicity (or language or religion) are more salient than others and adopt the country breakdown suggested by original sources, mainly the Encyclopædia Britannica. Fearon instead is trying to construct the 'right list' of ethnic groups which 'depends on what people in the country identify as the most socially relevant ethnic groupings'. This approach has the advantage of being closer to what the theory would want and the disadvantage of having to make judgement calls (or adopt others' judgement calls) about what is the 'right list'.

List based on Fearon's analysis

In the Fearon list, ethnic fractionalization is approximated by a measure of similarity between languages, varying from 1 = the population speaks two or more unrelated languages to 0 = the entire population speaks the same language. This index of cultural diversity is biased towards linguistic variations as opposed to genetic diversity and other variations.

Ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization (2003)

Land	Ethnic fractionalization	Linguistic fractionalization	Religious fractionalization
Afghanistan	0.7693	0.6141	0.2717
Albanien	0.2204	0.0399	0.4719
Algerien	0.3394	0.4427	0.0091
Amerikanisch-Samoa	0.0000	0.1733	0.6395
Andorra	0.7139	0.6848	0.2326
Angola	0.7867	0.7870	0.6276
Antigua und Barbuda	0.1643	0.1063	0.6840
Argentinien	0.2550	0.0618	0.2236
Armenien	0.1272	0.1291	0.4576
Aruba	0.0000	0.3889	0.4107
Australien	0.0929	0.3349	0.8211
Österreich	0.1068	0.1522	0.4146
Aserbaidschan	0.2047	0.2054	0.4899
Bahamas	0.4228	0.1855	0.6815
Bahrain	0.5021	0.4344	0.5528
Bangladesch	0.0454	0.0925	0.2090
Barbados	0.1423	0.0926	0.6934
Weißrussland	0.3222	0.4666	0.6116
Belgien	0.5554	0.5409	0.2127
Belize	0.7015	0.6303	0.5813
Benin	0.7872	0.7905	0.5544
Bermuda	0.0000	0.0000	0.7112
Bhutan	0.6050	0.6056	0.3787
Bolivien	0.7396	0.2240	0.2085
Bosnien und Herzegowina	0.6300	0.6751	0.6851
Botswana	0.4102	0.4110	0.5986
Brasilien	0.5408	0.0468	0.6054
Brunei	0.5416	0.3438	0.4404
Bulgarien	0.4021	0.3031	0.5965
Burkina Faso	0.7377	0.7228	0.5798
Burundi	0.2951	0.2977	0.5158
Kambodscha	0.2105	0.2104	0.0965
Kamerun	0.8635	0.8898	0.7338
Kanada	0.7124	0.5772	0.6958
Kap Verde	0.4174	0.0000	0.0766
Zentralafrikanische Republik	0.8295	0.8334	0.7916
Tschad	0.8620	0.8635	0.6411
Chile	0.1861	0.1871	0.3841
China	0.1538	0.1327	0.6643
Kolumbien	0.6014	0.0193	0.1478
Komoren	0.0000	0.0103	0.0137
DR Congo	0.8747	0.8705	0.7021
Congo	0.8747	0.6871	0.6642
Costa Rica	0.2368	0.0489	0.2410
Ivory Coast	0.8204	0.7842	0.7551
Kroatien	0.3690	0.0763	0.4447
Cuba	0.5908	0.0000	0.5059
Zypern	0.0939	0.3962	0.3962
Tschechische Republik	0.3222	0.3233	0.6591
Dänemark	0.0819	0.1049	0.2333
Dschibuti	0.7962	0.6558	0.0435
Dominica	0.2003	0.0000	0.4628
Dominikanische Republik	0.4294	0.0395	0.3118
Osttimor	0.0000	0.5261	0.4254
Ecuador	0.6550	0.1308	0.1417
Ägypten	0.1836	0.0237	0.1979
El Salvador	0.1978	0.0000	0.3559
Äquatorial-Guinea	0.3467	0.3220	0.1195
Eritrea	0.6524	0.6530	0.4253
Estland	0.5062	0.4944	0.4985
Äthiopien	0.7235	0.8073	0.6249
Färöer Inseln	0.0000	0.0000	0.3147
Fidschi	0.5479	0.5479	0.5682
Finnland	0.1315	0.1412	0.2531
Frankreich	0.1032	0.1221	0.4029
Französisch-Guayana	0.0000	0.1154	0.4959
Französisch-Polynesien	0.0000	0.6078	0.5813
Gabun	0.7690	0.7821	0.6674
Gambia	0.7864	0.8076	0.0970
Gaza Strip	0.0000	0.0104	0.0342
Georgien	0.4923	0.4749	0.6543
Deutschland	0.1682	0.1642	0.6571
Ghana	0.6733	0.6731	0.7987
Griechenland	0.1576	0.0300	0.1530
Grönland	0.0000	0.2188	0.4592
Grenada	0.2661	0.0000	0.5898
Guadeloupe	0.0000	0.0933	0.3069
Guam	0.0000	0.7320	0.4082
Guatemala	0.5122	0.4586	0.3753
Guinea	0.7389	0.7725	0.2649
Guinea-Bissau	0.8082	0.8141	0.6128
Guyana	0.6195	0.0688	0.7876
Haiti	0.0950	0.0000	0.4704
Honduras	0.1867	0.0553	0.2357
Hongkong	0.0620	0.2128	0.4191
Ungarn	0.1522	0.0297	0.5244
Island	0.0798	0.0820	0.1913
Indien	0.4182	0.8069	0.3260
Indonesien	0.7351	0.7680	0.2340
Iran	0.6684	0.7462	0.1152
Iraq	0.3689	0.3694	0.4844
Irland	0.1206	0.0312	0.1550
Isle of Man	0.0000	0.0000	0.4729
Israel	0.3436	0.5525	0.3469
Italien	0.1145	0.1147	0.3027
Jamaika	0.4129	0.1098	0.6160
Japan	0.0119	0.0178	0.5406
Jersey	0.0000	0.0000	0.5479
Jordanien	0.5926	0.0396	0.0659
Kasachstan	0.6171	0.6621	0.5898
Kenia	0.8588	0.8860	0.7765
Kiribati	0.0511	0.0237	0.5541
Südkorea	0.0020	0.0021	0.6604
North Korea	0.0392	0.0028	0.4891
Kirgisistan	0.6752	0.5949	0.4470
Kuwait	0.6604	0.3444	0.6745
Laos	0.5139	0.6382	0.5453
Lettland	0.5867	0.5795	0.5556
Libanon	0.1314	0.1312	0.7886
Lesotho	0.2550	0.2543	0.7211
Liberia	0.9084	0.9038	0.4883
Libyen	0.7920	0.0758	0.0570
Liechtenstein	0.5726	0.2246	0.3343
Litauen	0.3223	0.3219	0.4141
Luxemburg	0.5302	0.6440	0.0911
Macau	0.0000	0.2519	0.5511
North Macedonia	0.5023	0.5021	0.5899
Madagaskar	0.8791	0.0204	0.5191
Malawi	0.6744	0.6023	0.8192
Malaysia	0.5880	0.5970	0.6657
Mali	0.6906	0.8388	0.1820
Malta	0.0414	0.0907	0.1223
Marshallinseln	0.0603	0.0734	0.5207
Martinique	0.0000	0.0000	0.2336
Mauretanien	0.6150	0.3260	0.0149
Mauritius	0.4634	0.4547	0.6385
Mayotte	0.0000	0.7212	0.0620
Mexiko	0.5418	0.1511	0.1796
Mikronesien	0.7005	0.7483	0.6469
Moldawien	0.5535	0.5533	0.5603
Monaco	0.6838	0.7305	0.3047
Mongolei	0.3682	0.3734	0.0799
Marokko	0.4841	0.4683	0.0035
Mosambik	0.6932	0.8125	0.6759
Burma	0.5062	0.5072	0.1974
Namibia	0.6329	0.7005	0.6626
Nauru	0.5832	0.6161	0.6194
Nepal	0.6632	0.7167	0.1417
Netherlands Antilles	0.0000	0.2508	0.3866
Niederlande	0.1054	0.5143	0.7222
Neukaledonien	0.0000	0.6633	0.5462
Neuseeland	0.3969	0.1657	0.8110
Nicaragua	0.4844	0.0473	0.4290
Niger	0.6518	0.6519	0.2013
Nigeria	0.8505	0.8316	0.7421
Nördliche Marianen	0.0000	0.7754	0.4811
Norwegen	0.0586	0.0673	0.2048
Oman	0.4373	0.3567	0.4322
Pakistan	0.7098	0.7190	0.3848
Palau	0.4312	0.3157	0.7147
Panama	0.5528	0.3873	0.3338
Papua-Neuguinea	0.2718	0.3526	0.5523
Paraguay	0.1689	0.5975	0.2123
Peru	0.6566	0.3358	0.1988
Philippinen	0.2385	0.8360	0.3056
Polen	0.1183	0.0468	0.1712
Portugal	0.0468	0.0198	0.1438
Puerto Rico	0.0000	0.0352	0.4952
Katar	0.7456	0.4800	0.0950
Réunion	0.0000	0.1578	0.1952
Rumänien	0.3069	0.1723	0.2373
Russland	0.2452	0.2485	0.4398
Ruanda	0.3238	0.0000	0.5066
St. Lucia	0.1769	0.3169	0.3320
St. Vincent und die Grenadinen	0.3066	0.0175	0.7028
Western Samoa	0.1376	0.0111	0.7871
San Marino	0.2927	0.0000	0.1975
São Tomé and Príncipe	0.0000	0.2322	0.1866
Saudi-Arabien	0.1800	0.0949	0.1270
Senegal	0.6939	0.7081	0.1497
Serbien	0.5736	-	-
Seychellen	0.2025	0.1606	0.2323
Sierra Leone	0.8191	0.7634	0.5395
Singapur	0.3857	0.3835	0.6561
Slowakei	0.2539	0.2551	0.5655
Slowenien	0.2216	0.2201	0.2868
Salomonen	0.1110	0.5254	0.6708
Somalia	0.8117	0.0326	0.0028
Südafrika	0.7517	0.8652	0.8603
Spanien	0.4165	0.4132	0.4514
Sri Lanka	0.4150	0.4645	0.4853
St. Kitts und Nevis	0.1842	-	0.6614
Sudan	0.7147	0.7190	0.4307
Surinam	0.7332	0.3310	0.7910
Swasiland	0.0582	0.1722	0.4444
Schweden	0.0600	0.1968	0.2342
Schweiz	0.5314	0.5441	0.6083
Syria	0.5399	0.1817	0.4310
Taiwan	0.2744	0.5028	0.6845
Tadschikistan	0.5107	0.5473	0.3386
Tansania	0.7353	0.8983	0.6334
Thailand	0.6338	0.6344	0.0994
Togo	0.7099	0.8980	0.6596
Tonga	0.0869	0.3782	0.6214
Trinidad und Tobago	0.6475	0.1251	0.7936
Tunesien	0.0394	0.0124	0.0104
Türkei	0.3200	0.2216	0.0049
Turkmenistan	0.3918	0.3984	0.2327
Tuvalu	0.1629	0.1372	0.2524
Uganda	0.9302	0.9227	0.6332
Ukraine	0.4737	0.4741	0.6157
Vereinigte Arabische Emirate	0.6252	0.4874	0.3310
Vereinigtes Königreich	0.1211	0.0532	0.6944
Vereinigte Staaten	0.4901	0.5647	0.8241
Uruguay	0.2504	0.0817	0.3548
Usbekistan	0.4125	0.4120	0.2133
Vanuatu	0.0413	0.5794	0.7044
Venezuela	0.4966	0.0686	0.1350
Vietnam	0.2383	0.2377	0.5080
U.S. Jungferninseln	0.0000	0.3140	0.6359
West Bank	0.0000	0.1438	0.3095
Jemen	0.0000	0.0080	0.0023
Yugoslavia	0.8092	0.6064	0.5530
Sambia	0.7808	0.8734	0.7359
Simbabwe	0.3874	0.4472	0.7363