118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).[1]
The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.
List
editElement | Origin of name[2][3] | Group | Period | Block | Standard atomic weight Ar°(E)[a] |
Density[b][c] | Melting point[d] | Boiling point[e] | Specific heat capacity[f] |
Electronegativity[g] | Abundance in Earth's crust[h] |
Origin[i] | Phase at r.t.[j] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atomic number Z |
Symbol | Name | (Da) | (g/cm3) | (K) | (K) | (J/g · K) | (mg/kg) | |||||||
1 | H | Hydrogen | Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming' | 1 | 1 | s-block | 1.0080 | 0.00008988 | 14.01 | 20.28 | 14.304 | 2.20 | 1400 | primordial | gas |
2 | He | Helium | Greek hḗlios 'sun' | 18 | 1 | s-block | 4.0026 | 0.0001785 | –[k] | 4.22 | 5.193 | - | 0.008 | primordial | gas |
3 | Li | Lithium | Greek líthos 'stone' | 1 | 2 | s-block | 6.94 | 0.534 | 453.69 | 1560 | 3.582 | 0.98 | 20 | primordial | solid |
4 | Be | Beryllium | Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4] | 2 | 2 | s-block | 9.0122 | 1.85 | 1560 | 2742 | 1.825 | 1.57 | 2.8 | primordial | solid |
5 | B | Boron | Borax, mineral (from Arabic bawraq, Middle Persian *bōrag) | 13 | 2 | p-block | 10.81 | 2.34 | 2349 | 4200 | 1.026 | 2.04 | 10 | primordial | solid |
6 | C | Carbon | Latin carbo 'coal' | 14 | 2 | p-block | 12.011 | 2.267 | >4000 | 4300 | 0.709 | 2.55 | 200 | primordial | solid |
7 | N | Nitrogen | Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming' | 15 | 2 | p-block | 14.007 | 0.0012506 | 63.15 | 77.36 | 1.04 | 3.04 | 19 | primordial | gas |
8 | O | Oxygen | Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming' | 16 | 2 | p-block | 15.999 | 0.001429 | 54.36 | 90.20 | 0.918 | 3.44 | 461000 | primordial | gas |
9 | F | Fluorine | Latin fluo 'to flow' | 17 | 2 | p-block | 18.998 | 0.001696 | 53.53 | 85.03 | 0.824 | 3.98 | 585 | primordial | gas |
10 | Ne | Neon | Greek néon 'new' | 18 | 2 | p-block | 20.180 | 0.0009002 | 24.56 | 27.07 | 1.03 | - | 0.005 | primordial | gas |
11 | Na | Sodium | Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache' · Symbol Na, from Neo-Latin natrium, coined from German Natron 'natron' |
1 | 3 | s-block | 22.990 | 0.968 | 370.87 | 1156 | 1.228 | 0.93 | 23600 | primordial | solid |
12 | Mg | Magnesium | Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece | 2 | 3 | s-block | 24.305 | 1.738 | 923 | 1363 | 1.023 | 1.31 | 23300 | primordial | solid |
13 | Al | Aluminium | Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum' | 13 | 3 | p-block | 26.982 | 2.70 | 933.47 | 2792 | 0.897 | 1.61 | 82300 | primordial | solid |
14 | Si | Silicon | Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium) | 14 | 3 | p-block | 28.085 | 2.3290 | 1687 | 3538 | 0.705 | 1.9 | 282000 | primordial | solid |
15 | P | Phosphorus | Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing' | 15 | 3 | p-block | 30.974 | 1.823 | 317.30 | 550 | 0.769 | 2.19 | 1050 | primordial | solid |
16 | S | Sulfur | Latin | 16 | 3 | p-block | 32.06 | 2.07 | 388.36 | 717.87 | 0.71 | 2.58 | 350 | primordial | solid |
17 | Cl | Chlorine | Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow' | 17 | 3 | p-block | 35.45 | 0.0032 | 171.6 | 239.11 | 0.479 | 3.16 | 145 | primordial | gas |
18 | Ar | Argon | Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert) | 18 | 3 | p-block | 39.95 | 0.001784 | 83.80 | 87.30 | 0.52 | - | 3.5 | primordial | gas |
19 | K | Potassium | Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash · Symbol K, from Neo-Latin kalium, from German |
1 | 4 | s-block | 39.098 | 0.89 | 336.53 | 1032 | 0.757 | 0.82 | 20900 | primordial | solid |
20 | Ca | Calcium | Latin calx 'lime' | 2 | 4 | s-block | 40.078 | 1.55 | 1115 | 1757 | 0.647 | 1.00 | 41500 | primordial | solid |
21 | Sc | Scandium | Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia' | 3 | 4 | d-block | 44.956 | 2.985 | 1814 | 3109 | 0.568 | 1.36 | 22 | primordial | solid |
22 | Ti | Titanium | Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos | 4 | 4 | d-block | 47.867 | 4.506 | 1941 | 3560 | 0.523 | 1.54 | 5650 | primordial | solid |
23 | V | Vanadium | Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja | 5 | 4 | d-block | 50.942 | 6.11 | 2183 | 3680 | 0.489 | 1.63 | 120 | primordial | solid |
24 | Cr | Chromium | Greek chróma 'color' | 6 | 4 | d-block | 51.996 | 7.15 | 2180 | 2944 | 0.449 | 1.66 | 102 | primordial | solid |
25 | Mn | Manganese | Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium | 7 | 4 | d-block | 54.938 | 7.21 | 1519 | 2334 | 0.479 | 1.55 | 950 | primordial | solid |
26 | Fe | Iron | English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood' · Symbol Fe, from Latin ferrum |
8 | 4 | d-block | 55.845 | 7.874 | 1811 | 3134 | 0.449 | 1.83 | 56300 | primordial | solid |
27 | Co | Cobalt | German Kobold, 'goblin' | 9 | 4 | d-block | 58.933 | 8.90 | 1768 | 3200 | 0.421 | 1.88 | 25 | primordial | solid |
28 | Ni | Nickel | Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology | 10 | 4 | d-block | 58.693 | 8.908 | 1728 | 3186 | 0.444 | 1.91 | 84 | primordial | solid |
29 | Cu | Copper | English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus | 11 | 4 | d-block | 63.546 | 8.96 | 1357.77 | 2835 | 0.385 | 1.90 | 60 | primordial | solid |
30 | Zn | Zinc | Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone' | 12 | 4 | d-block | 65.38 | 7.14 | 692.88 | 1180 | 0.388 | 1.65 | 70 | primordial | solid |
31 | Ga | Gallium | Latin Gallia 'France' | 13 | 4 | p-block | 69.723 | 5.91 | 302.9146 | 2673 | 0.371 | 1.81 | 19 | primordial | solid |
32 | Ge | Germanium | Latin Germania 'Germany' | 14 | 4 | p-block | 72.630 | 5.323 | 1211.40 | 3106 | 0.32 | 2.01 | 1.5 | primordial | solid |
33 | As | Arsenic | Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka 'golden' | 15 | 4 | p-block | 74.922 | 5.727 | 1090[l] | 887 | 0.329 | 2.18 | 1.8 | primordial | solid |
34 | Se | Selenium | Greek selḗnē 'moon' | 16 | 4 | p-block | 78.971 | 4.81 | 453 | 958 | 0.321 | 2.55 | 0.05 | primordial | solid |
35 | Br | Bromine | Greek brômos 'stench' | 17 | 4 | p-block | 79.904 | 3.1028 | 265.8 | 332.0 | 0.474 | 2.96 | 2.4 | primordial | liquid |
36 | Kr | Krypton | Greek kryptós 'hidden' | 18 | 4 | p-block | 83.798 | 0.003749 | 115.79 | 119.93 | 0.248 | 3.00 | 1×10−4 | primordial | gas |
37 | Rb | Rubidium | Latin rubidus 'deep red' | 1 | 5 | s-block | 85.468 | 1.532 | 312.46 | 961 | 0.363 | 0.82 | 90 | primordial | solid |
38 | Sr | Strontium | Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found | 2 | 5 | s-block | 87.62 | 2.64 | 1050 | 1655 | 0.301 | 0.95 | 370 | primordial | solid |
39 | Y | Yttrium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium | 3 | 5 | d-block | 88.906 | 4.472 | 1799 | 3609 | 0.298 | 1.22 | 33 | primordial | solid |
40 | Zr | Zirconium | Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued' | 4 | 5 | d-block | 91.224 | 6.52 | 2128 | 4682 | 0.278 | 1.33 | 165 | primordial | solid |
41 | Nb | Niobium | Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum | 5 | 5 | d-block | 92.906 | 8.57 | 2750 | 5017 | 0.265 | 1.6 | 20 | primordial | solid |
42 | Mo | Molybdenum | Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) | 6 | 5 | d-block | 95.95 | 10.28 | 2896 | 4912 | 0.251 | 2.16 | 1.2 | primordial | solid |
43 | Tc | Technetium | Greek tekhnētós 'artificial' | 7 | 5 | d-block | [97][a] | 11 | 2430 | 4538 | - | 1.9 | ~ 3×10−9 | from decay | solid |
44 | Ru | Ruthenium | Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia' | 8 | 5 | d-block | 101.07 | 12.45 | 2607 | 4423 | 0.238 | 2.2 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
45 | Rh | Rhodium | Greek rhodóeis 'rose-colored', from rhódon 'rose' | 9 | 5 | d-block | 102.91 | 12.41 | 2237 | 3968 | 0.243 | 2.28 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
46 | Pd | Palladium | Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet | 10 | 5 | d-block | 106.42 | 12.023 | 1828.05 | 3236 | 0.244 | 2.20 | 0.015 | primordial | solid |
47 | Ag | Silver | English, from Proto-Germanic · Symbol Ag, from Latin argentum |
11 | 5 | d-block | 107.87 | 10.49 | 1234.93 | 2435 | 0.235 | 1.93 | 0.075 | primordial | solid |
48 | Cd | Cadmium | Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes | 12 | 5 | d-block | 112.41 | 8.65 | 594.22 | 1040 | 0.232 | 1.69 | 0.159 | primordial | solid |
49 | In | Indium | Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color found in its spectrum | 13 | 5 | p-block | 114.82 | 7.31 | 429.75 | 2345 | 0.233 | 1.78 | 0.25 | primordial | solid |
50 | Sn | Tin | English, from Proto-Germanic · Symbol Sn, from Latin stannum |
14 | 5 | p-block | 118.71 | 7.265 | 505.08 | 2875 | 0.228 | 1.96 | 2.3 | primordial | solid |
51 | Sb | Antimony | Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony' · Symbol Sb, from Latin stibium 'stibnite' |
15 | 5 | p-block | 121.76 | 6.697 | 903.78 | 1860 | 0.207 | 2.05 | 0.2 | primordial | solid |
52 | Te | Tellurium | Latin tellus 'ground, earth' | 16 | 5 | p-block | 127.60 | 6.24 | 722.66 | 1261 | 0.202 | 2.1 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
53 | I | Iodine | French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet' | 17 | 5 | p-block | 126.90 | 4.933 | 386.85 | 457.4 | 0.214 | 2.66 | 0.45 | primordial | solid |
54 | Xe | Xenon | Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign' | 18 | 5 | p-block | 131.29 | 0.005894 | 161.4 | 165.03 | 0.158 | 2.60 | 3×10−5 | primordial | gas |
55 | Cs | Caesium | Latin caesius 'sky-blue' | 1 | 6 | s-block | 132.91 | 1.93 | 301.59 | 944 | 0.242 | 0.79 | 3 | primordial | solid |
56 | Ba | Barium | Greek barýs 'heavy' | 2 | 6 | s-block | 137.33 | 3.51 | 1000 | 2170 | 0.204 | 0.89 | 425 | primordial | solid |
57 | La | Lanthanum | Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 138.91 | 6.162 | 1193 | 3737 | 0.195 | 1.1 | 39 | primordial | solid |
58 | Ce | Cerium | Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 140.12 | 6.770 | 1068 | 3716 | 0.192 | 1.12 | 66.5 | primordial | solid |
59 | Pr | Praseodymium | Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 140.91 | 6.77 | 1208 | 3793 | 0.193 | 1.13 | 9.2 | primordial | solid |
60 | Nd | Neodymium | Greek néos dídymos 'new twin' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 144.24 | 7.01 | 1297 | 3347 | 0.19 | 1.14 | 41.5 | primordial | solid |
61 | Pm | Promethium | Prometheus, a Titan | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | [145] | 7.26 | 1315 | 3273 | - | 1.13 | 2×10−19 | from decay | solid |
62 | Sm | Samarium | Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 150.36 | 7.52 | 1345 | 2067 | 0.197 | 1.17 | 7.05 | primordial | solid |
63 | Eu | Europium | Europa | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 151.96 | 5.244 | 1099 | 1802 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 2 | primordial | solid |
64 | Gd | Gadolinium | Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 157.25 | 7.90 | 1585 | 3546 | 0.236 | 1.2 | 6.2 | primordial | solid |
65 | Tb | Terbium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 158.93 | 8.23 | 1629 | 3503 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 1.2 | primordial | solid |
66 | Dy | Dysprosium | Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 162.50 | 8.540 | 1680 | 2840 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 5.2 | primordial | solid |
67 | Ho | Holmium | Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 164.93 | 8.79 | 1734 | 2993 | 0.165 | 1.23 | 1.3 | primordial | solid |
68 | Er | Erbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 167.26 | 9.066 | 1802 | 3141 | 0.168 | 1.24 | 3.5 | primordial | solid |
69 | Tm | Thulium | Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 168.93 | 9.32 | 1818 | 2223 | 0.16 | 1.25 | 0.52 | primordial | solid |
70 | Yb | Ytterbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 173.05 | 6.90 | 1097 | 1469 | 0.155 | 1.1 | 3.2 | primordial | solid |
71 | Lu | Lutetium | Latin Lutetia 'Paris' | 3 | 6 | d-block | 174.97 | 9.841 | 1925 | 3675 | 0.154 | 1.27 | 0.8 | primordial | solid |
72 | Hf | Hafnium | Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor) | 4 | 6 | d-block | 178.49 | 13.31 | 2506 | 4876 | 0.144 | 1.3 | 3 | primordial | solid |
73 | Ta | Tantalum | King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium | 5 | 6 | d-block | 180.95 | 16.69 | 3290 | 5731 | 0.14 | 1.5 | 2 | primordial | solid |
74 | W | Tungsten | Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone' · Symbol W, from Wolfram, from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[5] |
6 | 6 | d-block | 183.84 | 19.25 | 3695 | 6203 | 0.132 | 2.36 | 1.3 | primordial | solid |
75 | Re | Rhenium | Latin Rhenus 'Rhine' | 7 | 6 | d-block | 186.21 | 21.02 | 3459 | 5869 | 0.137 | 1.9 | 7×10−4 | primordial | solid |
76 | Os | Osmium | Greek osmḗ 'smell' | 8 | 6 | d-block | 190.23 | 22.59 | 3306 | 5285 | 0.13 | 2.2 | 0.002 | primordial | solid |
77 | Ir | Iridium | Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow | 9 | 6 | d-block | 192.22 | 22.56 | 2719 | 4701 | 0.131 | 2.20 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
78 | Pt | Platinum | Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver' | 10 | 6 | d-block | 195.08 | 21.45 | 2041.4 | 4098 | 0.133 | 2.28 | 0.005 | primordial | solid |
79 | Au | Gold | English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow' · Symbol Au, from Latin aurum |
11 | 6 | d-block | 196.97 | 19.3 | 1337.33 | 3129 | 0.129 | 2.54 | 0.004 | primordial | solid |
80 | Hg | Mercury | Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility · Symbol Hg, from Latin hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros 'water-silver' |
12 | 6 | d-block | 200.59 | 13.534 | 234.43 | 629.88 | 0.14 | 2.00 | 0.085 | primordial | liquid |
81 | Tl | Thallium | Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig' | 13 | 6 | p-block | 204.38 | 11.85 | 577 | 1746 | 0.129 | 1.62 | 0.85 | primordial | solid |
82 | Pb | Lead | English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow' · Symbol Pb, from Latin plumbum |
14 | 6 | p-block | 207.2 | 11.34 | 600.61 | 2022 | 0.129 | 1.87 (2+) 2.33 (4+) |
14 | primordial | solid |
83 | Bi | Bismuth | German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead' | 15 | 6 | p-block | 208.98 | 9.78 | 544.7 | 1837 | 0.122 | 2.02 | 0.009 | primordial | solid |
84 | Po | Polonium | Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie | 16 | 6 | p-block | [209][a] | 9.196 | 527 | 1235 | - | 2.0 | 2×10−10 | from decay | solid |
85 | At | Astatine | Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes | 17 | 6 | p-block | [210] | (8.91–8.95) | 575 | 610 | - | 2.2 | 3×10−20 | from decay | unknown phase |
86 | Rn | Radon | Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn | 18 | 6 | p-block | [222] | 0.00973 | 202 | 211.3 | 0.094 | 2.2 | 4×10−13 | from decay | gas |
87 | Fr | Francium | France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey | 1 | 7 | s-block | [223] | (2.48) | 281 | 890 | - | >0.79[6] | ~ 1×10−18 | from decay | unknown phase |
88 | Ra | Radium | Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray' | 2 | 7 | s-block | [226] | 5.5 | 973 | 2010 | 0.094 | 0.9 | 9×10−7 | from decay | solid |
89 | Ac | Actinium | Greek aktís 'ray' | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [227] | 10 | 1323 | 3471 | 0.12 | 1.1 | 5.5×10−10 | from decay | solid |
90 | Th | Thorium | Thor, the Norse god of thunder | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 232.04 | 11.7 | 2115 | 5061 | 0.113 | 1.3 | 9.6 | primordial | solid |
91 | Pa | Protactinium | English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium. | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 231.04 | 15.37 | 1841 | 4300 | - | 1.5 | 1.4×10−6 | from decay | solid |
92 | U | Uranium | Uranus, the seventh planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 238.03 | 19.1 | 1405.3 | 4404 | 0.116 | 1.38 | 2.7 | primordial | solid |
93 | Np | Neptunium | Neptune, the eighth planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [237] | 20.45 | 917 | 4273 | - | 1.36 | ≤ 3×10−12 | from decay | solid |
94 | Pu | Plutonium | Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [244] | 19.85 | 912.5 | 3501 | - | 1.28 | ≤ 3×10−11 | from decay | solid |
95 | Am | Americium | Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [243] | 12 | 1449 | 2880 | - | 1.13 | - | synthetic | solid |
96 | Cm | Curium | Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [247] | 13.51 | 1613 | 3383 | - | 1.28 | - | synthetic | solid |
97 | Bk | Berkelium | Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [247] | 14.78 | 1259 | 2900 | - | 1.3 | - | synthetic | solid |
98 | Cf | Californium | California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [251] | 15.1 | 1173 | (1743)[b] | - | 1.3 | - | synthetic | solid |
99 | Es | Einsteinium | Albert Einstein, German physicist | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [252] | 8.84 | 1133 | (1269) | - | 1.3 | - | synthetic | solid |
100 | Fm | Fermium | Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [257] | (9.7)[b] | (1125)[7] (1800)[8] |
- | - | 1.3 | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
101 | Md | Mendelevium | Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [258] | (10.3) | (1100) | - | - | 1.3 | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
102 | No | Nobelium | Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [259] | (9.9) | (1100) | - | - | 1.3 | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
103 | Lr | Lawrencium | Ernest Lawrence, American physicist | 3 | 7 | d-block | [266] | (14.4) | (1900) | - | - | 1.3 | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand | 4 | 7 | d-block | [267] | (17) | (2400) | (5800) | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
105 | Db | Dubnium | Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR | 5 | 7 | d-block | [268] | (21.6) | - | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
106 | Sg | Seaborgium | Glenn Seaborg, American chemist | 6 | 7 | d-block | [267] | (23–24) | - | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
107 | Bh | Bohrium | Niels Bohr, Danish physicist | 7 | 7 | d-block | [270] | (26–27) | - | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
108 | Hs | Hassium | Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany | 8 | 7 | d-block | [271] | (27–29) | - | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
109 | Mt | Meitnerium | Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist | 9 | 7 | d-block | [278] | (27–28) | - | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs | 10 | 7 | d-block | [281] | (26–27) | - | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
111 | Rg | Roentgenium | Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist | 11 | 7 | d-block | [282] | (22–24) | - | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
112 | Cn | Copernicium | Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer | 12 | 7 | d-block | [285] | (14.0) | (283±11) | (340±10)[b] | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
113 | Nh | Nihonium | Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken | 13 | 7 | p-block | [286] | (16) | (700) | (1400) | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
114 | Fl | Flerovium | Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist | 14 | 7 | p-block | [289] | (11.4±0.3) | (284±50)[b] | - | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
115 | Mc | Moscovium | Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR | 15 | 7 | p-block | [290] | (13.5) | (700) | (1400) | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
116 | Lv | Livermorium | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California | 16 | 7 | p-block | [293] | (12.9) | (700) | (1100) | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
117 | Ts | Tennessine | Tennessee, US, home to ORNL | 17 | 7 | p-block | [294] | (7.1–7.3) | (700) | (883) | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
118 | Og | Oganesson | Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist | 18 | 7 | p-block | [294] | (7) | (325±15) | (450±10) | - | - | - | synthetic | unknown phase |
- ^ a b c Standard atomic weight
- '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
- '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope
- ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
- ^ Density (sources)
- ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
- ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
- ^ Heat capacity (sources)
- ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
- ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
- ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
- ^ Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
- ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
- ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
- ^ "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
- ^ "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ^ Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
- ^ Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
- ^ "Fermium". RSC.
External links
edit- Atoms made thinkable, an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared