North Efate, also known as Nakanamanga or Nguna, is an Oceanic language spoken on the northern area of Efate in Vanuatu, as well as on a number of islands off the northern coast – including Nguna, and parts of Tongoa, Emae and Epi.
North Efate | |
---|---|
Nakanamanga | |
Nguna | |
Region | Efate, Vanuatu |
Native speakers | 9,500 (2001)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | llp |
Glottolog | nort2836 |
![]() North Efate is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
The population of speakers is recorded to be 9,500.[2] This makes Nakanamanga one of the largest languages of Vanuatu, an archipelago known for having the world's highest linguistic density.[3]
Phonology
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2017) |
The consonant and vowels sounds of North Efate (Nguna).[4]
Labial | Dental | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | plain | p | t̪ | k |
implosive | ɓʷ | |||
Fricative | v | s | ||
Nasal | plain | m | n | ŋ |
prenasal | ᵑm | |||
Liquid | l r | |||
Semivowel | w |
Front | Central | Zurück | |
---|---|---|---|
Hoch | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Niedrig | a |
Subdialects of North Efate include:[5]
- Buninga
- Emau
- Livara
- Nguna
- Paunangis
- Sesake
Typology follows Subject Object Verb order as is observed in Nguna[2]
References
edit- Ray, Sidney H. (1887). "Sketch of Nguna Grammar". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 16. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 409–418. doi:10.2307/2841882. JSTOR 2841882.
- Schütz, Albert J. (1969). "Nguna Grammar". Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications.
Notes
edit- ^ North Efate at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b "Efate, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ^ François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu", in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235
- ^ Schütz, Albert J. (1969). Nguna Grammar. Vol. 5. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. ISBN 0-87022-744-0. ISSN 0078-3188. JSTOR 20019123. OCLC 70697.
- ^ "Glottolog 3.3 - North Efate". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2018-11-13.