Proto-Polynesian (abbreviated PPn) is the hypothetical proto-language from which all the modern Polynesian languages descend. It is a daughter language of the Proto-Austronesian language. Historical linguists have reconstructed the language using the comparative method, in much the same manner as with Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic. This same method has also been used to support the archaeological and ethnographic evidence which indicates that the ancestral homeland of the people who spoke Proto-Polynesian was in the vicinity of Tonga, Samoa, and nearby islands.[1]
Proto-Polynesian | |
---|---|
PPn | |
Reconstruction of | Polynesian languages |
Region | Tonga, Samoa, and nearby islands |
Reconstructed ancestors |
Phonology
editProto-Polynesian has a small phonological inventory, with 13 consonants and 5 vowels.[2]
Consonants
editBilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | *p | *t | *k | *ʔ |
Nasal | *m | *n | *ŋ | |
Fricative | *f | *s | *h | |
Trill | *r | |||
Lateral | *l | |||
Glide | *w |
Vowels
editProto-Polynesian had five vowels, /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/, with no length distinction. In a number of daughter languages, successive sequences of vowels came together to produce long vowels and diphthongs, and in some languages these sounds later became phonemic.[3]
Sound correspondences
editProto-Polynesian | *p | *t | *k | *ʔ | *m | *n | *ŋ | *w | *f | *s | *h | *l | *r | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tongan | p | t | k | ʔ | m | n | ŋ | v | f | h | l | l/Ø | |||
Niuean | Ø | ||||||||||||||
Niuafoʻou | ʔ/Ø | h | h/Ø | ||||||||||||
Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian | *p | *t | *k | *ʔ | *m | *n | *ŋ | *w | *f | *s | *Ø | *l | |||
Samoan | p | t~k | ʔ | Ø | m | n | ŋ | v | f | s | Ø | l | |||
East Futunan | t | k | ʔ/Ø | ||||||||||||
Tikopian | Ø | ɾ | |||||||||||||
Nukuoroan | h | l | |||||||||||||
Proto-Eastern-Polynesian | *p | *t | *k | *ʔ/Ø | *m | *n | *ŋ | *w | *f | *h | *Ø | *l | |||
Rapa Nui | p | t | k | ʔ/Ø | m | n | ŋ | v | v/h | h | Ø | ɾ | |||
MVA, Cook Islands Māori | Ø | ʔ/v | ʔ | ||||||||||||
Tuamotuan | f/h/v | h | |||||||||||||
Māori | w | ɸ/h | |||||||||||||
Tahitian | ʔ | ʔ | v | f/v/h | |||||||||||
N. Marquesan | k | k | h | ʔ | |||||||||||
S. Marquesan | ʔ | n | f/h | ||||||||||||
Hawaiian | k | v/w | h/w | l |
Vocabulary
editThe following is a table of some sample vocabulary as it is represented orthographically in various languages.[4] All instances of ⟨ʻ⟩ represent a glottal stop, IPA /ʔ/. All instances of ⟨ng⟩ and Samoan ⟨g⟩ represent the single phoneme /ŋ/. The letter ⟨r⟩ in all cases represents voiced alveolar tap /ɾ/, not /r/.
Proto-Polynesian | Tongan | Niuean | Samoan | Rapa Nui | Tahitian | Māori | Cook Islands Māori | S. Marquesan | Hawaiian | Englisch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*taŋata | tangata | tangata | tagata | tangata | ta'ata | tangata | tangata | ʻenata | kanaka | person |
*sina | hina | hina | sina | hina | hinahina | hina | ʻina | hina | grey-haired | |
*kanahe | kanahe | kanahe | ʻanae | 'anae | kanae | kanae | ʻanae | mullet | ||
*tiale | siale | tiale | tiale | tiare | tiare | tīare | tiare | kiele | flower | |
*waka | vaka | vaka | vaʻa | vaka | va'a | waka | vaka | vaka | waʻa | canoe |
*fafine | fefine | fifine | fafine | vi'e/vahine | vahine | wahine | vaʻine | vehine | wahine | woman |
*matuʔa | mātu'a | motua | matua | matuʻa | metua | matua | metua, matua | motua | makua | parent |
*rua | ua | ua | lua | rua | rua[5] | rua | rua | ʻua | lua | two |
*tolu | tolu | tolu | tolu | toru | toru | toru | toru | toʻu | kolu | three |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Roger Green (2001). Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–119. ISBN 978-0-521-78309-5.
- ^ Marck, Jeff (2000). Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history (PDF). Pacific Linguistics 504. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^ Rolle, Nicholas (2009). "The Phonetic Nature of Niuean Vowel Length". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL). 31. ISSN 1718-3510.
- ^ Hockett, C.F. (May 1976), "The Reconstruction of Proto-Central Pacific", Anthropological Linguistics, 18 (5): 187–235
- ^ Archaic: the modern Tahitian word for two is piti, due to the practice of pi'i among Tahitians, a form of linguistic taboo. However, the cognate remains in the second-person dual pronoun ʻōrua, roughly translated you two.