A software company is an organisation — owned either by the state or private — established for profit whose primary products are various forms of software, software technology, distribution, and software product development.[1] They make up the software industry.

Types

edit

There are a number of different types of software companies:

Common roles in a software company

edit

Organizing a software company is a very specialized type of management skill, where experienced persons can turn the organizational problem into a unique benefit. For example, having sub-teams spread in different time zones may allow a 24-hour company working day, if the teams, systems, and procedures are well established. A good example is the test team in a time zone 8 hours ahead or behind the development team, who fix software bugs found by the testers.

A professional software company normally consists of at least three dedicated sub-teams :

In bigger software companies, greater specialization is employed, and quite often there are also:

Structure

edit

The manager of a software company is usually called the Head Of Development (HOD),[2] and reports to the stakeholders. He or she leads the sub-teams directly or via the managers/leaders depending on the size of the organization. Usually teams of up to 10 person are the most operational. In bigger organizations, there are in general two models of the hierarchy:

 
Typical structure of a software company

All the teams are fully independent and they work separately on the different projects. The structure is quite simple and all the employees reports to one person, what make the situation quite clear however it is not a good solution in terms of knowledge exchange and optimal usage of human resources.

 
Matrix structure

In this model there are dedicated managers/leaders for each main specialization, "renting" their people for particular projects led by product/project managers, who formally or informally buy the people and pay for their time. This leads to each private employee having two bosses – the product/project manager and the specialized "resource" manager. On one hand it optimizes the usage of human resources, on the other hand it may give rise to conflicts about which one manager has priority in the structure.

There are also a number of variants of these structures, and a number of organizations have this structure spread and split within various departments and units.

Methodologies

edit

Software companies may use a number of various methodologies to produce the code. These can include:

There are also some methodologies which combine both, such as the spiral model, Rational Unified Process (RUP)[7] or MSF.[8]

Product life cycle

edit

Regardless of the methodology used, the product life cycle always consists of at least three stages:

  • Design – including both the business and technical specification
  • Coding – the development itself
  • Testing – the quality management

Each stage ideally takes 30% of the total time, with the remaining 10% in reserve.

The UML sequence diagram of interaction between these groups may look like:

 
The general interaction between the four main groups

At each stage a different group plays a key role, however each type of role must be involved throughout the whole development process:

  • Analysts, after completing the business specification, manage the changing business situation to minimize the possibility of change over time. They also support both programmers and testers during the whole development process to ensure that the final product fulfills the business needs specified at the start. The process ideally puts business analysts as the key players during final delivery of the solution to the customer, as they are best placed to provide the best business layer.
  • Programmers do the technical specification during the design phase, which is why they are called programmers/designers, and during testing time they fix bugs.
  • Testers complete the test scenarios during the design phase, and evaluate them during the coding phase

Systems and procedures

edit

Software companies possess various systems and procedures implemented and working internally across all the sub-teams. These include:

Business analysts

edit

Programmers

edit

Testers

edit

Project/product managers

edit

There are also Application Lifecycle Management (ALM), which embed some of these functionalities in one package and are used across the groups. They are delivered from various vendors like Borland, ECM or Compuware.

Efficiency audits

edit

Well-established software companies typically have some way of measuring their own efficiency. This is usually done by defining the set of key performance indicators (KPI), such as

  • The average number of bugs done by the developer per unit of time or source lines of code
  • The number of bugs found by tester per test cycle
  • The average number of test cycles until Zero Bug Bounce (ZBB)
  • The average time of test cycle
  • Estimated time of task comparing to the real time of the task (exactitude of planning)
  • Number of corrections to the baseline
 
Pyramid showing risk, time, and financial cost of introducing changes

A number of organizations are focused on reaching the optimum level of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), where "optimum" does not necessarily mean the highest. There are also other systems such as Carnegie-Mellon University's SEMA, or particular ISO standards. Small software companies will often use light-weight approaches to their process, formalized or not. Each organization works out its own style, which lies somewhere between total technocracy (where all is defined by numbers) and total anarchy (where there are no numbers at all). Whichever way the organization goes, they consider the pyramid describing the cost and risk of introducing change to already-begun development processes as a true model to manage changes.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "What is a Software Company Today?". RedMonk. 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  2. ^ Greenlit: Developing Factual/Reality TV Ideas from Concept to Pitch p.12
  3. ^ Managing successful projects with PRINCE2
  4. ^ A User's Manual to the PMBOK Guide
  5. ^ Planning extreme programming
  6. ^ Agile Project Management with Scrum
  7. ^ The rational unified process made easy: a practitioner's guide to the RUP
  8. ^ Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF): A Pocket Guide