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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Political term for a state that is based around a nation}}
{{for multi|2018 Israeli legislation|Nation-State Bill|the government simulation browser game|NationStates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Westfaelischer Friede in Muenster (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpg|thumb|Portrait of "The Ratification of the [[Peace of Münster|Treaty of Münster]]", one of the treaties leading to the [[Peace of Westphalia]], where the concept of the "nation state" was born.]]
{{Basic forms of government}}
{{Nationalism sidebar|Development}}
{{politics}}
A '''nation state''' is a political unit where the [[State (polity)|state]] and [[nation]] are congruent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cederman|first=Lars-Erik|jstor=j.ctv1416488 |title=Emergent Actors in World Politics: How States and Nations Develop and Dissolve|date=1997|volume=39|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02148-5|pages=19|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1416488 |s2cid=140438685 |quote=When the state and the nation coincide territorially and demographically, the resulting unit is a nation-state.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brubaker|first=Rogers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXP7DwAAQBAJ|title=Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany|date=1992|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-25299-8|pages=28|language=en|quote=A state is a nation-state in this minimal sense insofar as it claims (and is understood) to be a nation's state: the state 'of' and 'for' a particular, distinctive, bounded nation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hechter|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3jnCwAAQBAJ|title=Containing Nationalism|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-829742-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gellner|first=Ernest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPHpUSUAsF0C|title=Nations and Nationalism|date=2008|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-7500-9|language=en}}</ref> It is a more precise concept than "[[country]]", since a country does not need to have a predominant [[ethnic group]].
A [[nation]], in the sense of a common [[ethnicity]], may include a [[diaspora]] or [[refugee]]s who live outside the nation state; some nations of this sense do not have a state where that ethnicity predominates. In a more general sense, a nation state is simply a large, politically sovereign country or administrative territory. A nation state may be contrasted with:
* A [[multinational state]], where no one ethnic group dominates (such a state may also be considered a [[multicultural]] state depending on the degree of [[cultural assimilation]] of various groups).
* A [[city-state]], which is both smaller than a "nation" in the sense of "large sovereign country" and which may or may not be dominated by all or part of a single "nation" in the sense of a common ethnicity.<ref name="Radan2002">{{cite book |author=Peter Radan |title=The break-up of Yugoslavia and international law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e5ciqlbvcwC&pg=PA14 |access-date=25 November 2010 |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-25352-9 |page=14}}</ref><ref name="Boll2007">{{cite book |author=Alfred Michael Boll |title=Multiple nationality and international law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C&pg=PA67 |access-date=25 November 2010 |year=2007 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-14838-3 |page=67}}</ref><ref name="Elazar1998">{{cite book |author=Daniel Judah Elazar |title=Covenant and civil society: the constitutional matrix of modern democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiOpZbl0eXIC&pg=PA129 |access-date=25 November 2010 |year=1998 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-56000-311-3 |page=129}}</ref>
* An [[empire]], which is composed of many countries (possibly non-sovereign states) and nations under a single [[monarch]] or ruling state [[government]].
* A [[confederation]], a league of sovereign states, which might or might not include nation-states.
* A [[federated state]], which may or may not be a nation-state, and which is only partially self-governing within a larger [[federation]] (for example, the state boundaries of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] are drawn along ethnic lines, but those of the [[United States]] are not).
This article mainly discusses the more specific definition of a nation-state as a typically sovereign country dominated by a particular ethnicity.
==Complexity==
The relationship between a nation (in the ethnic sense) and a state can be complex. The presence of a state can encourage [[ethnogenesis]], and a group with a pre-existing ethnic identity can influence the drawing of territorial boundaries or argue for [[Legitimacy (political)|political legitimacy]].
This definition of a "nation-state" is not universally accepted. "All attempts to develop terminological consensus around "nation" resulted in failure", concludes academic [[Valery Tishkov]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Valery |last=Tishkov |s2cid=145643597 |title=Forget the 'nation': post-nationalist understanding of nationalism |journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=2000 |pages=625–650 [p. 627] |doi=10.1080/01419870050033658}}</ref>
[[Walker Connor]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=Walker |last=Connor |title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a... |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=1 |issue= 4|year=1978 |pages=377–400 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240}}</ref> discusses the impressions surrounding the characters of "[[nation]]", "[[Sovereign state|(sovereign) state]]", "nation state", and "[[nationalism]]". Connor, who gave the term "[[ethnonationalism]]" wide currency, also discusses the tendency to confuse nation and state and the treatment of all states as if nation states.
== History and origins ==
{{main|Nation}}
The origins and early [[history]] of nation states are disputed. A major theoretical question is: "Which came first, the nation or the nation state?" Scholars such as [[Steven Weber (professor)|Steven Weber]], [[David Woodward (cartographer)|David Woodward]], [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]]<ref>Jeremy Black Maps and Politics pp.59–98 1998</ref><ref>Maps and Politics pp.100–147 1998</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robert|first=L Carneiro|s2cid=11536431|date=21 August 1970|title=A Theory Of The Origin Of The State|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c52e7e3539fbf4dbc163c20907e931424e91a78|journal=Science|volume=169|issue=3947|pages=733–738|doi=10.1126/science.169.3947.733|pmid=17820299|bibcode=1970Sci...169..733C}}</ref><ref>Michel Foucault Lectures at the Collège de France Security, Territory, Population 2007</ref> have advanced the hypothesis that the nation state did not arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it a political invention; but is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in [[political economy]], [[capitalism]], [[mercantilism]], [[political geography]], and [[geography]]<ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Direct Georeferencing : A New Standard in Photogrammetry for High Accuracy Mapping Volume XXXIX pp.5–9 2012</ref><ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry On Borders:From Ancient to Postmodern Times Volume 40 pp.1–7 2013</ref> combined with [[cartography]]<ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry Borderlines: Maps and the spread of the Westphalian state from Europe to Asia Part One –The European Context Volume 40 pp.111–116 2013</ref><ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry Appearance and Appliance of the Twin-Cities Concept on the Russian-Chinese Border Volume 40 pp.105–110 2013</ref> and [[Cartography#Technological changes|advances in map-making technologies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Maps Made the World |url=http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992 |newspaper=[[Wilson Quarterly]] |date=Summer 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |quote=Source: 'Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change' by Jordan Branch, in ''[[International Organization]]'', Volume 65, Issue 1, Winter 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811005805/http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tt0p94m |title= Mapping the Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change |author=Branch, Jordan Nathaniel |year=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |access-date=5 March 2012 |quote='''Abstract''': How did modern territorial states come to replace earlier forms of organization, defined by a wide variety of territorial and non-territorial forms of authority? Answering this question can help to explain both where our international political system came from and where it might be going ...}}</ref> It was with these intellectual discoveries and technological advances that the nation state arose. For others, the nation existed first, then nationalist movements arose for [[sovereignty]], and the nation state was created to meet that demand. Some "[[Modernization theory|modernization theories]]" of nationalism see it as a product of government policies to unify and modernize an already existing state. Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass [[literacy]] and [[mass media]]. However, historians{{Who|date=August 2014}} also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in [[Portugal]] and the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richards|first=Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344|title=Understanding the Global Economy|date=2004|publisher=Peace Education Books|isbn=978-0-9748961-0-6|language=en}}</ref>
In France, [[Eric Hobsbawm]] argues, the French state preceded the formation of the [[French people]]. Hobsbawm considers that the state made the French nation, not [[French nationalism]], which emerged at the end of the 19th century, the time of the [[Dreyfus Affair]]. At the time of the 1789 [[French Revolution]], only half of the French people spoke some French, and 12–13% spoke the version of it that was to be found in literature and in educational facilities, according to Hobsbawm.<ref name="hobsbawm1">{{cite book|last1=Hobsbawm|first1=Eric|title=Nations and nationalism since 1780|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521439612|page=60|edition=2nd}}</ref>
During the [[Italian unification]], the number of people speaking the [[Italian language]] was even lower. The French state promoted the replacement of various regional dialects and languages by a centralised [[French language]], and so did, and still does, Italy. The introduction of [[conscription]] and the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]'s [[Jules Ferry laws|1880s laws on public instruction]] facilitated the creation of a national identity under this theory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-04 |title=French language law: The attempted ruination of France's linguistic diversity. |url=https://trinitycollegelawreview.org/french-language-law-the-attempted-ruination-of-frances-linguistic-diversity/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Trinity College Law Review (TCLR) {{!}} Trinity College Dublin |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Europe 1848 map en.png|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Revolutions of 1848]] were democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old [[Monarchy|monarchical]] structures and creating independent nation-states.]]
Some nation states, such as [[Germany]] and [[Italy]], came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by [[Nationalism|nationalists]], during the 19th century. In both cases, the territory was previously divided among other states, some of them very small. The sense of common identity was at first a cultural movement, such as in the ''[[Völkisch movement]]'' in German-speaking states, which rapidly acquired a political significance. In these cases, the nationalist sentiment and the nationalist movement clearly precede the unification of the German and Italian nation states.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
Historians Hans Kohn, Liah Greenfeld, Philip White and others have classified nations such as Germany or Italy, where cultural unification preceded state unification, as ''ethnic nations'' or ''ethnic nationalities''. However, "state-driven" national unifications, such as in France, England or China, are more likely to flourish in multiethnic societies, producing a traditional national heritage of ''civic nations'', or ''territory-based nationalities''.<ref>Kohn, Hans (1955). ''Nationalism: Its Meaning & History''</ref><ref>Greenfeld, Liah (1992). ''Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity''</ref><ref name="ref1">White, Philip L. (2006). 'Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State', In A.G. Hopkins, ed. ''Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local'' Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284</ref>
The idea of a nation state was and is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the "[[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian system]]" in reference to the [[Peace of Westphalia|Treaty of Westphalia]] (1648). The [[Balance of power in international relations|balance of power]], which characterized that system, depended on its effectiveness upon clearly defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether [[empire]]s or nation states, which recognize each other's sovereignty and territory. The Westphalian system did not create the nation state, but the nation state meets the criteria for its component states (by assuming that there is no disputed territory).{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Before the Westphalian system, the closest geopolitical system was the "Chanyuan system" established in East Asia in 1005 through the [[Chanyuan Treaty|Treaty of Chanyuan]], which, like the Westphalian peace treaties, designated national borders between the independent regimes of China's [[Song dynasty]] and the nomadic [[Liao dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |date=July 2018 |title=Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century |url=https://www.academia.edu/37471839 |journal=Journal of Chinese History |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=313–334 |doi=10.1017/jch.2018.7 |s2cid=133980555 |issn=2059-1632}}</ref> This system was copied and developed in East Asia in the following centuries until the establishment of the pan-Eurasian [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pakhomov |first=Oleg |title=Political Culture of East Asia – a civilization of total power |date=2022 |publisher=Springer-Verlag, Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-0778-4 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1304248303}}</ref>
The nation state received a philosophical underpinning in the era of [[Romanticism]], at first as the "natural" expression of the individual peoples ([[romantic nationalism]]: see [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]]'s conception of the ''[[People|Volk]]'', later opposed by [[Ernest Renan]]). The increasing emphasis during the 19th century on the ethnic and racial origins of the nation, led to a redefinition of the nation state in these terms.<ref name="ref1"/> [[Racism]], which in [[Henri de Boulainvilliers|Boulainvilliers]]'s theories was inherently anti[[Patriotism|patriotic]] and antinationalist, joined itself with [[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[imperialism]] and "continental imperialism", most notably in [[pan-Germanic]] and [[pan-Slavic]] movements.<ref>See [[Hannah Arendt]]'s ''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951)</ref>
The relation between racism and ethnic nationalism reached its height in the 20th century [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]]. The specific combination of "nation" ("people") and "state" expressed in such terms as the ''Völkische Staat'' and implemented in laws such as the 1935 [[Nuremberg laws]] made fascist states such as early [[Nazi Germany]] qualitatively different from non-fascist nation states. [[Minorities]] were not considered part of the people (''Volk''), and were consequently denied to have an authentic or legitimate role in such a state. In Germany, neither [[Jews]] nor the [[Romani people|Roma]] were considered part of the people and both were specifically targeted for persecution. German [[nationality law]] defined "German" on the basis of German ancestry, excluding ''all'' non-Germans from the people.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
In recent years, a nation state's claim to absolute [[sovereignty]] within its borders has been criticized.<ref name="ref1"/> A global political system based on [[International law|international agreements]] and supra-national blocs characterized the post-war era. Non-state actors, such as international [[corporation]]s and [[non-governmental organizations]], are widely seen as eroding the economic and political power of nation states.
According to Andreas Wimmer and Yuval Feinstein, nation-states tended to emerge when power shifts allowed nationalists to overthrow existing regimes or absorb existing administrative units.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wimmer|first1=Andreas|last2=Feinstein|first2=Yuval|s2cid=10075481|date=2010|title=The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001|journal=American Sociological Review|language=en|volume=75|issue=5|pages=764–790|doi=10.1177/0003122410382639|issn=0003-1224}}</ref> Xue Li and Alexander Hicks links the frequency of nation-state creation to processes of diffusion that emanate from international organizations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xue|last2=Hicks|first2=Alexander|s2cid=147753503|date=2016|title=World Polity Matters: Another Look at the Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001|journal=American Sociological Review|language=en|volume=81|issue=3|pages=596–607|doi=10.1177/0003122416641371|issn=0003-1224}}</ref>
== Before the nation state ==
[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Dissolution of the multiethnic [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1918)]]
In [[Europe]], during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the ''multiethnic'' [[empire]]s, the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of France]] (and its [[French colonial empire|empire]]), the [[Kingdom of Hungary]],<ref>^ Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990; {{ISBN|0-521-43961-2}}) chapter II "The popular protonationalism", pp.80–81 French edition (Gallimard, 1992). According to Hobsbawm, the main source for this subject is Ferdinand Brunot (ed.), Histoire de la langue française, Paris, 1927–1943, 13 volumes, in particular volume IX. He also refers to Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire, Paris, 1975. For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a widespread national language during and after the French Revolution, see Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République, Paris, 1985 (also Le co-linguisme, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1994, but out of print) ("The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the Carolingian to the Republic. Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution, Paris, 1974.</ref> the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Portuguese Empire]], the [[Spanish Empire]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[British Empire]], the [[Dutch Empire]] and smaller nations at what would now be called sub-state level. The multi-ethnic empire was an [[absolute monarchy]] ruled by a king, [[emperor]] or [[sultan]]{{efn|The Dutch Empire of the time was a monarchy in all but name, ruled (mostly) by a hereditary [[stadtholder]].}}. The population belonged to many ethnic groups, and they spoke many languages. The empire was dominated by one ethnic group, and their language was usually the language of public administration. The ruling [[dynasty]] was usually, but not always, from that group.
This type of state is not specifically European: such empires existed in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Chinese dynasties, such as the [[Tang dynasty]], the [[Ming dynasty]], and the [[Qing dynasty]], were all multiethnic regimes governed by a ruling ethnic group. In the three examples, their ruling ethnic groups were the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], the [[Han Chinese|Han-Chinese]], and the [[Manchu people|Manchus]], respectively. In the [[Muslim world]], immediately after Muhammad's death in 632, [[Caliphate]]s were established.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo|url-access=registration|title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices|last=Nigosian|first=Solomon A.|date=29 January 2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11074-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/18 18]}}</ref> Caliphates were [[Islamic state]]s under the leadership of a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="khalifate">{{Cite journal|title = Caliph, caliphate|last1 = Kadi|first1 = Wadad|date = 2013|journal = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|last2 = Shahin|first2 = Aram A.|pages = 81–86}}</ref> These [[polities]] developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|title=Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts|last1=Al-Rasheed|first1=Madawi|last2=Kersten|first2=Carool|last3=Shterin|first3=Marat|date=11 December 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932795-9|page=3}}</ref> The Ottoman sultan, [[Selim I]] (1512–1520) reclaimed the title of caliph, which had been in dispute and asserted by a diversity of rulers and "shadow caliphs" in the centuries of the [[Abbasid]]-[[Mamluk]] Caliphate since the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Mongols' sacking of Baghdad]] and the killing of the [[al-Musta'sim|last Abbasid Caliph]] in Baghdad, Iraq 1258.
The [[Ottoman Caliphate]] as an office of the [[Ottoman Empire]] was abolished under [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in 1924 as part of [[Atatürk's Reforms]].
Some of the smaller European states were not so ethnically diverse, but were also [[Dynasty|dynastic]] states, ruled by a [[dynasty|royal house]]. Their territory could expand by [[royal intermarriage]] or merge with another state when the dynasty merged. In some parts of Europe, notably [[Germany]], very small territorial units existed. They were recognized by their neighbors as independent, and had their own government and laws. Some were ruled by [[prince]]s or other hereditary rulers, some were governed by [[bishop]]s or [[abbot]]s. Because they were so small, however, they had no separate language or culture: the inhabitants shared the language of the surrounding region.
In some cases, these states were simply overthrown by nationalist uprisings in the 19th century. Liberal ideas of [[free trade]] played a role in German unification, which was preceded by a [[customs union]], the [[Zollverein]]. However, the [[Austro-Prussian War]], and the German alliances in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], were decisive in the unification. The [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] broke up after the [[First World War]], and the [[Russian Empire]] became the [[Soviet Union]] after the [[Russian Civil War]].
A few of the smaller states survived: the independent principalities of [[Liechtenstein]], [[Andorra]], [[Monaco]], and the republic of [[San Marino]]. ([[Vatican City]] is a special case. All of the larger [[Papal State]]s save the Vatican itself were occupied and absorbed by Italy by 1870. The resulting [[Roman Question]] was resolved with the rise of the modern state under the 1929 [[Lateran treaties]] between [[Italy]] and the [[Holy See]].)
== Characteristics ==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2015}}
"Legitimate states that govern effectively and dynamic industrial economies are widely regarded today as the defining characteristics of a modern nation-state."<ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Atul |year=2004 |title=State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_r7wLD--VoC&pg=PA1|page=1|isbn=978-0-521-54525-9 }}</ref>
Nation states have their own characteristics, differing from those of the pre-national states. For a start, they have a different attitude to their territory when compared with dynastic monarchies: it is semisacred and nontransferable. No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter married. They have a different type of [[border]], in principle defined only by the area of settlement of the national group, although many nation states also sought natural borders (rivers, mountain ranges). They are constantly changing in population size and power because of the limited restrictions of their borders.
The most noticeable characteristic is the degree to which nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity, in economic, social and cultural life.
The nation state promoted economic unity, by abolishing internal [[customs]] and [[Toll road|tolls]]. In Germany, that process, the creation of the [[Zollverein]], preceded formal national unity. Nation states typically have a policy to create and maintain a national transportation infrastructure, facilitating trade and travel. In 19th-century Europe, the expansion of the [[rail transport]] networks was at first largely a matter for [[Private enterprise|private]] railway companies, but gradually came under control of the national governments. The French rail network, with its main lines radiating from Paris to all corners of France, is often seen as a reflection of the centralised French nation state, which [[History of rail transport in France|directed its construction]]. Nation states continue to build, for instance, specifically national [[motorway]] networks. Specifically transnational infrastructure programmes, such as the [[Trans-European Networks]], are a recent innovation.
The nation states typically had a more centralised and uniform [[public administration]] than its imperial predecessors: they were smaller, and the population less diverse. (The internal diversity of the [[Ottoman Empire]], for instance, was very great.) After the 19th-century triumph of the nation state in Europe, regional identity was subordinate to national identity, in regions such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]], [[Catalonia]], [[Brittany]] and [[Corsica]]. In many cases, the regional administration was also subordinated to central (national) government. This process was partially reversed from the 1970s onward, with the introduction of various forms of [[regional autonomy]], in formerly [[Centralised government|centralised]] states such as [[Spain]] or [[Italy]].
The most obvious impact of the nation state, as compared to its non-national predecessors, is the creation of a uniform national [[culture]], through state policy. The model of the nation state implies that its population constitutes a [[nation]], united by a common descent, a common language and many forms of shared culture. When the implied unity was absent, the nation state often tried to create it. It promoted a uniform national language, through [[language policy]]. The creation of national systems of compulsory [[primary education]] and a relatively uniform [[curriculum]] in secondary schools, was the most effective instrument in the spread of the [[national language]]s. The schools also taught the national history, often in a [[Historiography and nationalism|propagandistic and mythologised version]], and (especially during conflicts) some nation states still teach this kind of history.<ref>'''Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers''' Recommendation Rec(2001)15 on history teaching in 21st-century Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 31 October 2001 at the 771st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4|title=History Interpretation as a Cause of Conflicts in Europe|publisher=UNITED for Intercultural Action|work=united.non-profit.nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025938/http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4|archive-date=4 October 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Eric |last1=Hobsbawm |first2=Terence |last2=Ranger |year=1992 |title=The Invention of Tradition |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43773-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Billie |last=Melman |s2cid=162362628 |title=Claiming the Nation's Past: The Invention of an Anglo-Saxon Tradition |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |jstor=260661 |year=1991 |pages=575–595 |doi=10.1177/002200949102600312}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Hughes |title=Robert Stone Nation-Building and Curriculum Reform in Hong Kong and Taiwan |journal=China Quarterly |volume=160 |year=1999 |pages=977–991 |doi=10.1017/s0305741000001405|s2cid=155033800 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23033/2/Nation-building_and_curriculum_reform_in_Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan.pdf }}</ref>
Language and cultural policy was sometimes negative, aimed at the suppression of non-national elements. Language [[prohibition]]s were sometimes used to accelerate the adoption of national languages and the decline of [[minority language]]s (see examples: [[Anglicisation]], [[Bulgarization]], [[Croatization]], [[Czechization]], [[Dutchification]], [[Francisation]], [[Germanisation]], [[Hellenization]], [[Hispanicization]], [[Italianization]], [[Lithuanization]], [[Magyarisation]], [[Polonisation]], [[Russification]], [[Serbization]], [[Slovakisation]], [[Swedification]], [[Turkification]]).
In some cases, these policies triggered bitter conflicts and further ethnic [[separatism]]. But where it worked, the cultural uniformity and homogeneity of the population increased. Conversely, the cultural divergence at the border became sharper: in theory, a uniform French identity extends from the Atlantic coast to the [[Rhine]], and on the other bank of the Rhine, a uniform German identity begins. To enforce that model, both sides have divergent [[language policy]] and educational systems.
== In practice ==
{{See also|Monoethnicity}}
{{original research|section|date=May 2016}}
The notion of a unifying "national identity" also extends to countries that host multiple ethnic or language groups, such as [[India]]. For example, [[Switzerland]] is constitutionally a confederation of [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]], and has four official languages, but it has also a "Swiss" national identity, a national history and a classic national hero, [[Wilhelm Tell]].<ref>{{cite web|first =Thomas |last = Riklin|date = 2005|title = Worin unterscheidet sich die schweizerische "Nation" von der Französischen bzw. Deutschen "Nation"? |url=http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013204126/http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2006 |df=dmy-all |language = de}}</ref>
Innumerable conflicts have arisen where political boundaries did not correspond with ethnic or cultural boundaries.
After World War II in the [[Josip Broz Tito]] era, nationalism was appealed to for uniting [[South Slav]] peoples. Later in the 20th century, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, leaders appealed to ancient ethnic feuds or tensions that ignited conflict between the [[Serbs]], [[Croats]] and [[Slovenes]], as well as [[Bosniaks]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], eventually breaking up the long collaboration of peoples. Ethnic cleansing was carried out in the Balkans, resulting in the destruction of the formerly [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] and producing the civil wars in [[Croatian War of Independence|Croatia]] and [[Bosnian War|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in 1992–95, resulting in mass population displacements and segregation that radically altered what was once a highly diverse and intermixed ethnic makeup of the region. These conflicts were largely about creating a new political framework of states, each of which would be ethnically and politically homogeneous. Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks insisted they were ethnically distinct although many communities had a long history of intermarriage. Presently Croatia (90,42%), Slovenia (83,1<ref name="2002census">{{cite web |url= http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7 |title= Census 2002: 7. Population by ethnic affiliation, Slovenia, Census 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002 |publisher= Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date= 2 February 2011}}</ref>-88%<ref name="SURS">{{cite web |url=http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/dialog/statfile1.asp |title=SI-Stat Data Portal |publisher=SURS |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613133216/http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/statfile1.asp |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) and [[Serbia]] (83,3% Serb) could be classified as monoethnic states, whereas [[North Macedonia]] (66% Macedonian), [[Montenegro]] (42% Montenegrin) and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (50.1% Bosniak) are multiethnic states.
[[Belgium]] is a classic example of a state that is not a nation state. The state was formed by [[secession]] from the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in 1830, whose neutrality and integrity was protected by the [[Treaty of London 1839]]; thus it served as a [[buffer state]] after the Napoleonic Wars between the European powers [[France]], [[Prussia]] (after 1871 the [[German Empire]]) and the [[United Kingdom]] until [[World War I]], when its neutrality was breached by the Germans. Currently, Belgium is divided between the [[Flemings]] in the north, the [[French-speaking]] population in the south, and the German-speaking population in the east. The [[Flanders|Flemish]] population in the north speaks Dutch, the [[Wallonia|Walloon]] population in the south speaks either [[French language|French]] or, in the east of [[Liège Province]], German. The Brussels population speaks French or Dutch.
The Flemish identity is also cultural, and there is a strong separatist movement espoused by the political parties, the right-wing [[Vlaams Belang]] and the [[Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie]]. The Francophone [[Wallonia|Walloon]] identity of Belgium is linguistically distinct and [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalist]]. There is also unitary [[Belgian nationalism]], several versions of a [[Greater Netherlands]] ideal, and a [[German-speaking community of Belgium]] annexed from [[Germany]] in 1920, and re-annexed by Germany in 1940–1944. However, these ideologies are all very marginal and politically insignificant during elections.
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of China 1983.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Ethnolinguistic map of mainland China and Taiwan<ref>Source: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to age-long internal migration and assimilation.</ref>]]
[[China]] covers a large geographic area and uses the concept of "[[Zhonghua minzu]]" or Chinese nationality, in the sense of [[ethnic group]]s, but it also officially recognizes the majority [[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnic group which accounts for over 90% of the population, and no fewer than 55 [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic national minorities]].
According to Philip G. Roeder, [[Moldova]] is an example of a Soviet era "segment-state" ([[Moldavian SSR]]), where the "nation-state project of the segment-state trumped the nation-state project of prior statehood. In Moldova, despite strong agitation from university faculty and students for reunification with [[Romania]], the nation-state project forged within the Moldavian SSR trumped the project for a return to the interwar nation-state project of [[Greater Romania]]."<ref name="Roeder2007">{{cite book |author=Philip G. Roeder |title=Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism |year=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13467-3 |page=126}}</ref> See [[Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova]] for further details.
== Exceptional cases ==
=== Israel ===
[[Israel]] was founded as a [[Jewish state]] in 1948. Its "[[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Laws]]" describe it as both a Jewish and a democratic state. The [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People]] (2018) explicitly specifies the nature of the [[State of Israel]] as the [[nation-state]] of the [[Jews|Jewish people]].<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-text-of-jewish-nation-state-bill-set-to-become-law// "Final text of Jewish nation-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19"], ''[[The Times of Israel]]''</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/7/19/israel-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-law "Israel passes controversial 'Jewish nation-state' law"], ''[[Al Jazeera]]''</ref> According to the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]], 75.7% of Israel's population are Jews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3877574,00.html |title=Israel at 62: Population of 7,587,000 |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref> [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]], who make up 20.4% of the population, are the largest ethnic minority in Israel. Israel also has very small communities of [[Armenians in Israel|Armenians]], [[Circassians in Israel|Circassians]], [[Assyrians in Israel|Assyrians]], [[Samaritans]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2019|title=Israel's Independence Day 2019|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf|journal=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> There are also some non-Jewish spouses of Israeli Jews. However, these communities are very small, and usually number only in the hundreds or thousands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lustick|first=Ian S.|date=1999|title=Israel as a Non-Arab State: The Political Implications of Mass Immigration of Non-Jews|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=53|issue=3|pages=417–433|jstor=4329354|issn=0026-3141}}</ref>
=== Kingdom of the Netherlands ===
The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] presents an unusual example in which one kingdom represents four distinct countries. The four countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/news/regional/10/09/netherlands-antilles-no-more/ |title=Netherlands Antilles no more — Stabroek News — Guyana |newspaper=Stabroek News |date=9 October 2010 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[Netherlands]] (including the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|provinces in continental Europe]] and the [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of [[Bonaire]], [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]])
* [[Aruba]]
* [[Curaçao]]
* [[Sint Maarten]]
Each is expressly designated as a ''land'' in [[Law of the Netherlands|Dutch law]] by the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1 |title=Article 1 of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands |publisher=Lexius.nl |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724160451/http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Unlike the German ''Länder'' and the Austrian ''Bundesländer'', ''landen'' is consistently translated as "countries" by the Dutch government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the |title=Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations -Aruba |publisher=English.minbzk.nl |date=24 January 2003 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118183700/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= SMN>{{cite web|url=http://www.smn-news.com/st-maarten-st-martin-news/5291-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-new-constitutional-structure.html|title=St Martin News Network|work=smn-news.com|date=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref name= Newstatus>{{cite web |url=http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the |title=Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations — New Status |publisher=English.minbzk.nl |date=1 October 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815180310/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Spain ===
While historical monarchies often brought together different kingdoms/territories/ethnic groups under the same crown, in modern nation states political elites seek a uniformity of the population, leading to state nationalism.<ref>{{cite book|date=2014|author=Michel Pastoureau|chapter=Des armoiries aux drapeaux|edition=du Seuil|isbn=978-2-7578-4106-8|title=Une histoire symbolique du Moyen Âge}}</ref><ref>[{{cite news|date=1978|last=Connor|doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240|issue=4|first=Walker|work=Ethnic and Racial Studies|pages=377–400|title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a...|volume=1}}</ref> In the case of the Christian territories of the future [[Spain]], neighboring [[Al-Andalus]], there was an early perception of ethnicity, faith and shared territory in the Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries), as documented by the [[Chronicle of Muntaner]] in the proposal of the [[Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)|Castilian king]] to the other Christian kings of the peninsula: "...''if these four Kings of Spain whom he named, who are of one flesh and blood, held together, little need they fear all the other powers of the world.''..".<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/muntaner_goodenough.pdf#page=206 Muntaner's Chronicle-p.206, L.Goodenough-Hakluyt-London-1921]</ref><ref>Margarit i Pau, Joan: ''Paralipomenon Hispaniae libri decem''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervantes Virtual; f. LXXXIIIv. |url=http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121190623/http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |archive-date=2014-11-21 |access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref> After the dynastic union of the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]] in the 15th century, the Spanish Monarchy ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and the kings had to swear by the [[Laws]] of each territory before the respective [[Parliament]]s.
After the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], rooted in the political position of the [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares|Count-Duke of Olivares]] and the absolutism of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], the assimilation of the [[Crown of Aragon]] by the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian Crown]] through the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Decrees of Nova planta]] was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state. As in other contemporary European states, political union was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group, in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, who became [[Minority group|national minorities]] to be assimilated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sales Vives|date=2020-09-22|publisher=El Gall editor|isbn=9788416416707|language=ca|first=Pere|pages=422|title=L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808-1932}}</ref><ref>Antoni Simon, [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme], páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València</ref> In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards Catalan-speaking territories ([[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], part of [[Aragon]]) and other national minorities have been a historical constant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mayans Balcells|edition=del 1979|isbn=978-84-947201-4-7|language=ca|first=Pere|pages=230|title=Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola|year=2019 }}</ref><ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con">{{cite book|last=Lluís|publisher=Base|isbn=9788418434983|language=ca|first=García Sevilla|pages=300|title=Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana|year=2021 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book|last=Bea Seguí|publisher=Cossetània|isbn=9788490341339|language=ca|first=Ignaci|pages=216|title=En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana|year=2013 }}</ref><ref name="galeusca2">{{cite web|archive-date=2008-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788|access-date=2008-08-02|title=Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català.|url=http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788}}</ref>
[[File:Mapa político de España, 1850.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|School map of Spain from 1850. On it, the State is shown divided into four parts:- "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and Andalusia, but also the Galician-speaking territories. - "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the larger part of which, with the exception of Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories-, and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.]]
The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada">{{cite book|last=de la Cierva|date=1981|publisher=Planeta|isbn=8485753003|language=ca|first=Ricardo|pages=78|title=Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones}}</ref> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada"/> These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sobrequés Callicó|date=2021-01-29|publisher=Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya|isbn=978-84-18601-20-0|language=ca|first=Jaume|page=410|title=Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ferrer Gironès|edition=62|isbn=978-8429723632|language=ca|first=Francesc|page=320|title=La persecució política de la llengua catalana|year=1985 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Benet|date=1995|publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat|isbn=84-7826-620-8|language=ca|first=Josep|title=L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya}}</ref><ref name=":0222">{{cite book|last=Llaudó Avila|date=2021|edition=7th|publisher=Parcir|isbn=9788418849107|location=Manresa|first=Eduard|title=Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània}}</ref> and still in force,<ref name=":3">{{cite web|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana|url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=2019|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna|last=Moreno Cabrera|first=Juan Carlos|publisher=Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya |book-title=VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia |url=https://www.cicac.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Espanyolisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_Juan-Carlos-Moreno.pdf |language=ca}}</ref> have been, and still are, the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State.
The nationalization process accelerated in the 19th century, in parallel to the origin of [[Spanish nationalism]], the social, political and ideological movement that tried to shape a Spanish national identity based on the Castilian model, in conflict with the other historical nations of the State. Politicians of the time were aware that despite the aggressive policies pursued up to that time, the uniform and monocultural "Spanish nation" did not exist, as indicated in 1835 by [[Antonio Alcalá Galiano|Antonio Alcalà Galiano]], when in the [[Cortes del Estatuto Real]] he defended the effort <blockquote>"To make the Spanish nation a nation that neither is nor has been until now."</blockquote> In 1906, the Catalanist party [[Catalan Solidarity (1906)|Solidaritat Catalana]] was founded to try to mitigate the economically and culturally oppressive treatment of Spain towards the Catalans. One of the responses of [[Spanish nationalism]] came from the military state with statements such as that of the publication [[La Correspondencia Militar|La Correspondencia militar]]: "The Catalan problem is not solved, well, by freedom, but by restriction; not by palliatives and pacts, but by iron and fire". Another came from important Spanish intellectuals, such [[Pío Baroja|Pio Baroja]] and [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blasco Ibañez]], calling the Catalans "[[Jews]]", considered a serious insult at that time when [[Racism in Europe|racism]] was gaining strength.<ref name=":0222" />
Building the nation (as in [[France]], it was the state that created the nation, and not the opposite process) is an ideal that the Spanish elites constantly reiterated, and, one hundred years later than Alcalá Galiano, for example, we can also find it in the mouth of the fascist [[José Pemartín]], who admired the German and Italian modeling policies:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"There is an intimate and decisive dualism, both in Italian fascism and in German National Socialism. On the one hand the Hegelian doctrine of the absolutism of the state is felt. The State originates in the Nation, educates and shapes the mentality of the individual; is, in Mussolini's words, the soul of the soul »</blockquote> The turn of the 20th century, and the first half of that century, have seen the most ethnic violence, coinciding with a racism that even came to identify states with races; in the case of Spain, with a supposed Spanish race sublimated in Castilian, of which national minorities were degenerate forms, and the first of those that needed to be exterminated.<ref name=":0222" />
In this sense, one can find discourses on the alienation of [[Catalan language|Catalan speakers]], such as, for example, an article entitled «Cataluña bilingüe», by [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal|Menéndez Pidal]], in which he defends the [[Romanones decree]] against the [[Catalan language]], published in [[El Imparcial (1867–1933)|El Imparcial]], on 15 December 1902:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>«… There they will see that the Courts of the Catalan-Aragonese Confederation never had Catalan as their official language; that the kings of Aragon, even those of the Catalan dynasty, used Catalan only in Catalonia, and used Spanish not only in the Cortes of Aragon, but also in foreign relations, the same with Castile or Navarre as with the infidel kings of Granada , from Africa or Asia, because even in the most important days of Catalonia, Spanish prevailed as the language of the Aragonese kingdom and Catalan was reserved for the peculiar affairs of the Catalan county..."</blockquote>or the article "Los Catalanes. A las Cortes Constituyentes », appeared in several newspapers, among others: [[El Dia de Alicante]], June 23, 1931, [[El Porvenir Castellano]] and [[El Noticiero de Soria]], July 2, 1931, in the [[Heraldo de Almeria]] on June 4, 1931, sent by the "Pro-Justice Committee", with a post office box in [[Madrid]]:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"The Catalanists have recently declared that they are not Spanish, nor do they want to be, nor can they be. They have also been saying for a long time that they are an oppressed, enslaved, exploited people. It is imperative to do them justice... That they return to Phenicia or that they go wherever they want to admit them. When the Catalan tribes saw Spain and settled in the Spanish territory that is now occupied by the provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, how little they imagined that the case of the captivity of the tribes of Israel in Egypt would be repeated there! !... Let us respect his most holy will. They are eternally inadaptable... Their cowardice and selfishness leaves them no room for fraternity... So, we propose to the Constituent Cortes the expulsion of the Catalanists... You are free! The Republic opens wide the doors of Spain, your prison. go away Get out of here. Go back to Phenicia, or go wherever you want, how big is the world."</blockquote>The main scapegoat of Spanish nationalism is the non-Spanish languages, which over the last three hundred years have been tried to be replaced by Spanish with hundreds of laws and regulations,<ref name=":2" /> but also with acts of great violence, such as during the civil war. For example, the statements of [[Gonzalo Queipo de Llano|Queipo de Llano]] can be found in the article entitled "Against Catalonia, the Israel of the Modern World", published in the [[Diario Palentino]] on November 26, 1936, where it is dropped that in [[Americas|America]] Catalans are considered a race of [[Jews]], because they use the same procedures that the [[Hebrews]] perform in all the nations of the Globe. And considering the Catalans as Hebrews and considering his [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] "Our struggle is not a civil war, but a war for Western civilization against the Jewish world," it is not surprising that Queipo de Llano expressed his [[Anti-Catalanism|anti-Catalan]] intentions: "When the war is over, Pompeu Fabra and his works will be dragged along the Ramblas"<ref name=":0222" /> (it was not talk to talk, the house of [[Pompeu Fabra]], the standardizer of Catalan language, was raided and his huge personal library burned in the middle of the street. Pompeu Fabra was able to escape into exile).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabra, diccionari d'un home sense biografia |url=https://www.ccma.cat/tv3/alacarta/sense-ficcio/fabra-diccionari-dun-home-sense-biografia/video/5845287/ |website=TV3 - Sense ficció |publisher=TV3 |language=ca}}</ref>
Another example of [[Fascism|fascis]]<nowiki/>t aggression towards the Catalan language is pointed out by [[Paul Preston]] in "The Spanish Holocaust",<ref name="Holo2">{{cite book|date=2012|last=Preston|first=Paul|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-06476-6|title=The Spanish Holocaust}}</ref> given that during the civil war it practically led to an ethnic conflict:<blockquote>"In the days following the occupation of Lleida (…), the republican prisoners identified as Catalans were executed without trial. Anyone who heard them speak Catalan was very likely to be arrested. The arbitrary brutality of the anti-Catalan repression reached such a point that Franco himself had to issue an order ordering that mistakes that could later be regretted be avoided ".
"There are examples of the murder of peasants for no other apparent reason than that of speaking Catalan"</blockquote>After a possible attempt at [[ethnic cleansing]],<ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con" /><ref name=":0222" /> the [[Biopolitics|biopolitical]] imposition of Spanish during the [[Francoist Spain|Franco dictatorship]], to the point of being considered an attempt at [[cultural genocide]], democracy consolidated an apparent asymmetric regime of [[bilingualism]] of sorts, wherein the Spanish government has employed a system of laws that favored Spanish over Cataln,<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2014 que afecten Catalunya |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/infornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2015 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2017 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":333">{{cite web |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":433">{{cite web |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Informe discriminacions lingüístiques 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/informediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":533">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref> which becomes the weaker of the two languages, and therefore, in the absence of other states where it is spoken, is doomed to extinction in the medium or short term. In the same vein, its use in the Spanish Congress is prevented,<ref>{{cite web |date=2013 |title=El Congrés a Bosch i Jordà: el català hi "està prohibit" |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit |publisher=Naciódigital}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=La presidenta del Congrés de Diputats, Meritxell Batet, prohibeix parlar en català a Albert Botran (CUP) i li talla el micròfon |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2020/11/18/345765/video-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html |publisher=Diari de les Balears}}</ref> and it is prevented from achieving official status Europe, unlike less spoken languages such as [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=L'oficialització del gaèlic a la UE torna a evidenciar la discriminació del català |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/loficialitzacio-del-gaelic-a-la-ue-torna-a-evidenciar-la-discriminacio-del-catala/noticia/3138529/ |publisher=CCMA}}</ref> In other institutional areas, such as justice, [[Plataforma per la Llengua]] has denounced [[Anti-Catalanism|Catalanophobia]]. The association [[Soberania i Justícia]] have also denounced it in an act in the [[European Parliament]]. It also takes the form of [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish extreme right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |newspaper=El Nacional |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sallés |first=Quico |date=2022-10-22 |title=El CNP, a un advocat: “No estem obligats a conèixer el dialecte català” |url=https://elmon.cat/societat/llengua/cnp-advocat-no-obligats-dialecte-catala-501969/ |url-status=live |archive-date= |access-date= |website=El Mon |publisher=}}</ref>
In November 2005, [[Òmnium Cultural|Omnium Cultural]] organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the [[Círculo de Bellas Artes|Círculo de bellas artes]] in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except [[Santiago Carrillo]], a politician from the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]], did not attend any more.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2013-07-26|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=El suport explícit de la societat civil de Madrid a l'Estatut es limita a Santiago Carrillo|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4136130/20130726/suport-explicit-societat-civil-madrid-lestatut-limita-santiago-carrillo.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 2 November 2005|title=En busca de la "España educada" |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2005/11/03/espana/1130972416_850215.html |url-status=live |newspaper=El País}}</ref> The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2017-07-10|publisher=Nació digital|language=ca|title=Fotos – Set anys de la manifestació del 10-J, punt de partida del procés sobiranista|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/134582/fotos-set-anys-manifestacio-10-j-punt-partida-proces-sobiranista}}</ref>
Apart from language discrimination by public officials,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2021|date=23 December 2021|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|language=ca|title=Informe de discriminacions lingüístiques 2020: "Habla en castellano, cojones, que estamos en España"|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/que-fem/estudis-i-publicacions/293/informe-de-discriminacions-linguistiques-2020-habla-en-castellano-cojones-que-estamos-en-espana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Jordi |date=13 March 2020 |title=Garrotada de l'ONU a Espanya: reconeix els catalans com a "minoria nacional" |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/garrotada-onu-espanya-reconeix-catalans-minoria-nacional_479247_102.html |url-status=live |archive-date= |language=catalan}}</ref> e.g. in the hospitals,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2022|date=24 May 2022|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title="En espanyol, perquè no t'entenc": obligada a parlar en castellà mentre visitava un familiar a l'hospital|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/discriminacio-linguistica-hospital-vila-joiosa-plataforma-llengua/}}</ref> the current prohibition of using the Catalan language in state institutions such as Court,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2022-05-17|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=Batet talla la paraula a Botran perquè parlava en català: "La llengua castellana és la de tots"|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/batet-botran-catala-congres-espanyol-llengua-castellana/}}</ref> despite being the former [[Crown of Aragon]], with three Catalan-speaking territories, one of the co-founders of the current Spanish state, is nothing more than the continuation of the foreignization of Catalan-speaking people from the first third of the 20th century, in full swing of state racism and [[fascism]]. It also can be pointed the [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish far right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html |newspaper=El Nacional}}</ref> By fragmenting Catalan language into as many languages as territories, it becomes inoperative, economically suffocated, and becomes a political toy in the hands of territorial politicians.
Susceptible to be classified as an [[ethnic democracy]], the Spanish State currently only recognizes the [[Names of the Romani people|gypsies]] as a national minority, excluding [[Catalans]] (and, of course, Valencians and Balearic), [[Basques]] and [[Galicians]]. However, it is evident to any external observer that there are social diversities within the Spanish State that qualify as manifestations of national minorities, such as, for example, the existence of the main three linguistic minorities in their ancestral territories.<ref name=":042">{{cite web|publisher=Biblioteca de cultura jurídica|language=es|first=Eduardo J. |last=Ruiz Vieytez|title=España y el Convenio Marco para la Protección de las Minorías Nacionales: Una reflexión crítica|url=http://bibliotecaculturajuridica.com/EDIT/1209/espa%C3%B1a-y-el-convenio-marco-para-la-proteccion-de-las-minorias-nacionales-una-reflexion-critica.html/}}</ref>
=== United Kingdom ===
{{Home Nations}}
The [[United Kingdom]] is an unusual example of a nation state due to its "countries within a [[country]]". The United Kingdom is formed by the union of [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]], but it is a [[unitary state]] formed initially by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the [[Kingdom of England]] (which already included Wales) and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], but the [[Treaty of Union]] (1707) that set out the agreed terms has ensured the continuation of distinct features of each state, including separate [[Law in the United Kingdom|legal systems]] and separate [[Religion in the United Kingdom|national churches]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doherty |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=065TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Public Law |date=2016 |publisher=Rutledge |isbn=978-1317206651 |pages=198–201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McCann |first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAi4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT372 |title=The UK Regional–National Economic Problem: Geography, globalisation and governance |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317237174 |page=372}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names |title=UK Toponnymic Guidelines |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf |publisher=UK Government |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012455/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2003, the [[British Government]] described the United Kingdom as "countries within a country".<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2003 |title=Countries within a country, number10.gov.uk |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> While the [[Office for National Statistics]] and others describe the United Kingdom as a "nation state",<ref>{{cite web |title=ONS Glossary of economic terms |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/about/glossary/economic_terms.asp |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110907093405/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/glossary/glossary-u.html |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Giddens |first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd |title=Sociology |publisher=Polity Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7456-3379-4 |location=Cambridge |page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd/page/41 41]}}</ref> others, including a then Prime Minister, describe it as a "[[multinational state]]",<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogwood |first=Brian |title=Regulatory Reform in a Multinational State: The Emergence of Multilevel Regulation in the United Kingdom |url=https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=5567&EventID=45 |access-date=27 February 2017 |website=European Consortium for Political Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Gordon |date=25 March 2008 |title=Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union |work=telegraph.co.uk |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/pdfs/2007-ajegbo-report-citizenship.pdf |access-date=27 February 2017 |publisher=Department for Education and Skills}}</ref> and the term [[Home Nations]] is used to describe the four national teams that represent the four nations of the United Kingdom ([[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Magnay |first=Jacquelin |date=26 May 2010 |title=London 2012: Hugh Robertson puts Home Nations football team on agenda |newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some refer to it as a "Union State".<ref>{{cite web |author=Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain (IWGB) |author-link=Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain |date=2016 |title=Written Intervention for the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/independent-workers-union-great-britain.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McLean |first1=Iain |url=https://archive.org/details/stateofunion00mcle/page/1 |title=State of the Union |last2=McMillan |first2=Alistair |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199258208 |pages=1–12 |chapter=The United Kingdom as a Union State |doi=10.1093/0199258201.003.0001 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
There has been academic debate over whether the United Kingdom can be legally dissolved, as it is recognized internationally as a single nation state. English law jurist [[A.V. Dicey]] wrote from an English legal perspective that the question is based on whether the legislation giving rise to the union (the Union with Scotland Act), one of the two pieces of legislation which created the state, can be repealed. Dicey claimed because the Law of England does not acknowledge the word "unconstitutional", as a matter of [[English law]] it can be repealed. He also stated any tampering with the [[Acts of Union 1707]] would be political madness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dicey |first1=A.V. |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030503720 |title=Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution |date=1915 |edition=8th}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2017}}{{Better source needed|date=March 2017}}
== Minorities ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
The most obvious deviation from the ideal of "one nation, one state" is the presence of minorities, especially [[ethnic minorities]], which are clearly not members of the majority nation. An ethnic nationalist definition of a [[nation]] is necessarily exclusive: ethnic nations typically do not have open membership. In most cases, there is a clear idea that surrounding nations are different, and that includes members of those nations who live on the "wrong side" of the border. Historical examples of groups who have been specifically singled out as ''outsiders'' are the [[Romani people|Roma]] and [[Jews]] in Europe.
Negative responses to minorities within the nation state have ranged from [[cultural assimilation]] enforced by the state, to [[Ethnic cleansing|expulsion]], persecution, violence, and [[Genocide|extermination]]. The assimilation policies are usually enforced by the state, but violence against minorities is not always state-initiated: it can occur in the form of [[mob violence]] such as [[lynching]] or [[pogrom]]s. Nation states are responsible for some of the worst historical examples of violence against minorities not considered part of the nation.
However, many nation states accept specific minorities as being part of the nation, and the term ''national minority'' is often used in this sense. The [[Sorbs]] in Germany are an example: for centuries they have lived in German-speaking states, surrounded by a much larger ethnic German population, and they have no other historical territory. They are now generally considered to be part of the German nation and are accepted as such by the Federal Republic of Germany, which constitutionally guarantees their cultural rights. Of the thousands of ethnic and cultural minorities in nation states across the world, only a few have this level of acceptance and protection.
[[Multiculturalism]] is an official policy in some states, establishing the ideal of coexisting existence among multiple and separate ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups. Other states preffer the [[interculturalism]] (or "[[melting pot]]" approach) alternative to multiculturalism, citing [[Criticism of multiculturalism|problems]] with latter as promoting [[self-segregation]] tendencies among minority groups, challenging national cohesion, polarizing society in groups that can't relate to one another, generating problems in regard to minorities and immigrants' fluency in the national language of use and integration with the rest of society (generating hate and persecution against them from the "otherness" they would generate in such a case according to its adherants), without minorities having to give up certain parts of their culture before being absorbed into a now changed majority culture by their contribution. Many nations have laws protecting [[minority rights]].
When national boundaries that do not match ethnic boundaries are drawn, such as in the [[Balkans]] and [[Central Asia]], ethnic tension, massacres and even [[genocide]], sometimes has occurred historically (see [[Bosnian genocide]] and [[2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes]]).
== Irredentism ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
{{main|Irredentism}}
[[File:Nazi Germany.svg|thumb|left|The Greater German Reich under [[Nazi Germany]] in 1943]]
In principle, the border of a nation state would extend far enough to include all the members of the nation, and all of the national [[homeland]]. Again, in practice, some of them always live on the 'wrong side' of the border. Part of the national homeland may be there too, and it may be governed by the 'wrong' nation. The response to the non-inclusion of territory and population may take the form of [[irredentism]]: demands to annex ''unredeemed'' territory and incorporate it into the nation state.
Irredentist claims are usually based on the fact that an identifiable part of the national group lives across the border. However, they can include claims to territory where no members of that nation live at present, because they lived there in the past, the national language is spoken in that region, the national culture has influenced it, geographical unity with the existing territory, or a wide variety of other reasons. Past grievances are usually involved and can cause [[revanchism]].
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish irredentism from [[pan-nationalism]], since both claim that all members of an ethnic and cultural nation belong in one specific state. Pan-nationalism is less likely to specify the nation ethnically. For instance, variants of [[Pan-Germanism]] have different ideas about what constituted [[Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], including the confusing term ''Grossdeutschland'', which, in fact, implied the inclusion of huge [[Slav]]ic minorities from the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].
Typically, irredentist demands are at first made by members of non-state nationalist movements. When they are adopted by a state, they typically result in tensions, and actual attempts at annexation are always considered a ''[[casus belli]]'', a cause for [[war]]. In many cases, such claims result in long-term hostile relations between neighbouring states. Irredentist movements typically circulate maps of the claimed national territory, the ''greater'' nation state. That territory, which is often much larger than the existing state, plays a central role in their propaganda.
Irredentism should not be confused with claims to overseas colonies, which are not generally considered part of the national homeland. Some French overseas colonies would be an exception: [[French rule in Algeria]] unsuccessfully treated the colony as a ''[[Département in France|département]]'' of France.
== Future ==
It has been speculated by both proponents of [[globalization]] and various [[science fiction]] writers that the concept of a nation state may disappear with the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world.<ref name="ref1"/> Such ideas are sometimes expressed around concepts of a [[world government]]. Another possibility is a [[societal collapse]] and move into communal anarchy or [[zero world government]], in which nation states no longer exist.
=== Clash of civilizations ===
The theory of the [[clash of civilizations]] lies in direct contrast to [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] theories about an ever more connected world that no longer requires nation states. According to [[political scientist]] [[Samuel P. Huntington]], people's cultural and religious [[Identity (social science)|identities]] will be the primary source of conflict in the post–[[Cold War]] world.
The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aei.org/issue/29196 |title=U.S. Trade Policy — Economics |publisher=AEI |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629170348/http://www.aei.org/issue/29196 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], which was then developed in a 1993 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",<ref name="FAarticle">Official copy (free preview): {{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html|title=The Clash of Civilizations?|work=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=Summer 1993|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629022856/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html|archive-date=29 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in response to [[Francis Fukuyama]]'s 1992 book, ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]''. Huntington later expanded his [[thesis]] in a 1996 book ''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order''.
Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–[[Cold War]] period. Some theorists and writers argued that [[human rights]], [[liberal democracy]] and capitalist [[free market]] economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, [[Francis Fukuyama]], in ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]'', argued that the world had reached a [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegelian]] "end of history".
Huntington believed that while the age of [[ideology]] had ended, the world had reverted only to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.
As an extension, he posits that the concept of different [[civilization]]s, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict.
In the 1993 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article, Huntington writes:
:''It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.''<ref name="FAarticle"/>
Sandra Joireman suggests that Huntington may be characterised as a neo-[[Primordialism|primordialist]], as, while he sees people as having strong ties to their ethnicity, he does not believe that these ties have always existed.<ref name="Joireman">{{cite book |author=Sandra Fullerton Joireman|title=Nationalism and Political Identity |publisher=Continuum |location=London |year=2003 |page=30 |isbn=0-8264-6591-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFT4HYDUlh0C&q=Samuel%20Huntington%20primordialist&pg=PA30}}</ref>
== Historiography ==
Historians often look to the past to find the origins of a particular nation state. Indeed, they often put so much emphasis on the importance of the nation state in modern times, that they distort the history of earlier periods in order to emphasize the question of origins. Lansing and English argue that much of the medieval history of Europe was structured to follow the historical winners—especially the nation states that emerged around Paris and London. Important developments that did not directly lead to a nation state get neglected, they argue:
:one effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners, aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries, above all the nation state.... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was the Mediterranean, centered on [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]'s polyglot court and administration in Palermo...Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality. Textbook narratives, therefore, focus not on medieval Palermo, with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic-speaking monarch, but on the historical winners, Paris and London.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Carol Lansing and Edward D. English|title=A Companion to the Medieval World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re-1YpI9ObsC&pg=PA1964|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=4|isbn=9781118499467}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Balkanization]]
* [[Caliphate]]
* [[City-state]]
* [[Civilization state]]
* [[Islamic state]]
* [[Nation]]
* [[Nationalism]]
* [[National personification]]
* [[Titular nation]]
* [[Westphalian sovereignty]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
=== General references ===
* [[Benedict Anderson|Anderson, Benedict]]. 1991. ''[[Imagined Communities]]''. {{ISBN|0-86091-329-5}}.
* [[Josep Colomer|Colomer, Josep M]]. 2007. ''Great Empires, Small Nations: The Uncertain Future of the Sovereign State''. {{ISBN|0-415-43775-X}}.
* Gellner, Ernest (1983). ''Nations and Nationalism''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|0-8014-1662-0}}.
* Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1992). ''Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality''. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-43961-2}}.
* {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |author-link=Paul James (academic) |title=Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url=https://archive.org/details/nationformationt00jame
|url-access=registration |publisher=Sage Publications |location=London |year=1996 |isbn=0-7619-5072-9 }}
* Khan, Ali (1992). [https://ssrn.com/abstract=990885 "The Extinction of Nation States"].
* [[Ernest Renan|Renan, Ernest]]. 1882. [[s:fr:Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ?|"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"]] ("[[What Is a Nation?]]")
* Malesevic, Sinisa (2006). ''Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism''. New York: Palgrave.
* Smith, Anthony D. (1986). ''The Ethnic Origins of Nations''. London: Basil Blackwell. pp 6–18. {{ISBN|0-631-15205-9}}.
* White, Philip L. (2006). [http://www.nationalityinworldhistory.net/ch1.html "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State"]. In A. G. Hopkins, ed. ''Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local''. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284.
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* [http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/opinions2.htm From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated] on identity and the nation state.
* [[:ca:Cronologia de la repressi%C3%B3 del catal%C3%A0|Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language]] in catalan language
{{Ethnicity}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nation State}}
[[Category:Nation|State]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Political term for a state that is based around a nation}}
{{for multi|2018 Israeli legislation|Nation-State Bill|the government simulation browser game|NationStates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Westfaelischer Friede in Muenster (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpg|thumb|Portrait of "The Ratification of the [[Peace of Münster|Treaty of Münster]]", one of the treaties leading to the [[Peace of Westphalia]], where the concept of the "nation state" was born.]]
{{Basic forms of government}}
{{Nationalism sidebar|Development}}
{{politics}}
A '''nation state''' is a political unit where the [[State (polity)|state]] and [[nation]] are congruent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cederman|first=Lars-Erik|jstor=j.ctv1416488 |title=Emergent Actors in World Politics: How States and Nations Develop and Dissolve|date=1997|volume=39|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02148-5|pages=19|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1416488 |s2cid=140438685 |quote=When the state and the nation coincide territorially and demographically, the resulting unit is a nation-state.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brubaker|first=Rogers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXP7DwAAQBAJ|title=Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany|date=1992|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-25299-8|pages=28|language=en|quote=A state is a nation-state in this minimal sense insofar as it claims (and is understood) to be a nation's state: the state 'of' and 'for' a particular, distinctive, bounded nation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hechter|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3jnCwAAQBAJ|title=Containing Nationalism|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-829742-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gellner|first=Ernest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPHpUSUAsF0C|title=Nations and Nationalism|date=2008|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-7500-9|language=en}}</ref> It is a more precise concept than "[[country]]", since a country does not need to have a predominant [[ethnic group]].
A [[nation]], in the sense of a common [[ethnicity]], may include a [[diaspora]] or [[refugee]]s who live outside the nation state; some nations of this sense do not have a state where that ethnicity predominates. In a more general sense, a nation state is simply a large, politically sovereign country or administrative territory. A nation state may be contrasted with:
* A [[multinational state]], where no one ethnic group dominates (such a state may also be considered a [[multicultural]] state depending on the degree of [[cultural assimilation]] of various groups).
* A [[city-state]], which is both smaller than a "nation" in the sense of "large sovereign country" and which may or may not be dominated by all or part of a single "nation" in the sense of a common ethnicity.<ref name="Radan2002">{{cite book |author=Peter Radan |title=The break-up of Yugoslavia and international law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e5ciqlbvcwC&pg=PA14 |access-date=25 November 2010 |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-25352-9 |page=14}}</ref><ref name="Boll2007">{{cite book |author=Alfred Michael Boll |title=Multiple nationality and international law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C&pg=PA67 |access-date=25 November 2010 |year=2007 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-14838-3 |page=67}}</ref><ref name="Elazar1998">{{cite book |author=Daniel Judah Elazar |title=Covenant and civil society: the constitutional matrix of modern democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiOpZbl0eXIC&pg=PA129 |access-date=25 November 2010 |year=1998 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-56000-311-3 |page=129}}</ref>
* An [[empire]], which is composed of many countries (possibly non-sovereign states) and nations under a single [[monarch]] or ruling state [[government]].
* A [[confederation]], a league of sovereign states, which might or might not include nation-states.
* A [[federated state]], which may or may not be a nation-state, and which is only partially self-governing within a larger [[federation]] (for example, the state boundaries of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] are drawn along ethnic lines, but those of the [[United States]] are not).
This article mainly discusses the more specific definition of a nation-state as a typically sovereign country dominated by a particular ethnicity.
==Complexity==
The relationship between a nation (in the ethnic sense) and a state can be complex. The presence of a state can encourage [[ethnogenesis]], and a group with a pre-existing ethnic identity can influence the drawing of territorial boundaries or argue for [[Legitimacy (political)|political legitimacy]].
This definition of a "nation-state" is not universally accepted. "All attempts to develop terminological consensus around "nation" resulted in failure", concludes academic [[Valery Tishkov]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Valery |last=Tishkov |s2cid=145643597 |title=Forget the 'nation': post-nationalist understanding of nationalism |journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=2000 |pages=625–650 [p. 627] |doi=10.1080/01419870050033658}}</ref>
[[Walker Connor]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=Walker |last=Connor |title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a... |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=1 |issue= 4|year=1978 |pages=377–400 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240}}</ref> discusses the impressions surrounding the characters of "[[nation]]", "[[Sovereign state|(sovereign) state]]", "nation state", and "[[nationalism]]". Connor, who gave the term "[[ethnonationalism]]" wide currency, also discusses the tendency to confuse nation and state and the treatment of all states as if nation states.
== History and origins ==
{{main|Nation}}
The origins and early [[history]] of nation states are disputed. A major theoretical question is: "Which came first, the nation or the nation state?" Scholars such as [[Steven Weber (professor)|Steven Weber]], [[David Woodward (cartographer)|David Woodward]], [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]]<ref>Jeremy Black Maps and Politics pp.59–98 1998</ref><ref>Maps and Politics pp.100–147 1998</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robert|first=L Carneiro|s2cid=11536431|date=21 August 1970|title=A Theory Of The Origin Of The State|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c52e7e3539fbf4dbc163c20907e931424e91a78|journal=Science|volume=169|issue=3947|pages=733–738|doi=10.1126/science.169.3947.733|pmid=17820299|bibcode=1970Sci...169..733C}}</ref><ref>Michel Foucault Lectures at the Collège de France Security, Territory, Population 2007</ref> have advanced the hypothesis that the nation state did not arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it a political invention; but is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in [[political economy]], [[capitalism]], [[mercantilism]], [[political geography]], and [[geography]]<ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Direct Georeferencing : A New Standard in Photogrammetry for High Accuracy Mapping Volume XXXIX pp.5–9 2012</ref><ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry On Borders:From Ancient to Postmodern Times Volume 40 pp.1–7 2013</ref> combined with [[cartography]]<ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry Borderlines: Maps and the spread of the Westphalian state from Europe to Asia Part One –The European Context Volume 40 pp.111–116 2013</ref><ref>International Archives of the Photogrammetry Appearance and Appliance of the Twin-Cities Concept on the Russian-Chinese Border Volume 40 pp.105–110 2013</ref> and [[Cartography#Technological changes|advances in map-making technologies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Maps Made the World |url=http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992 |newspaper=[[Wilson Quarterly]] |date=Summer 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |quote=Source: 'Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change' by Jordan Branch, in ''[[International Organization]]'', Volume 65, Issue 1, Winter 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811005805/http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tt0p94m |title= Mapping the Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change |author=Branch, Jordan Nathaniel |year=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |access-date=5 March 2012 |quote='''Abstract''': How did modern territorial states come to replace earlier forms of organization, defined by a wide variety of territorial and non-territorial forms of authority? Answering this question can help to explain both where our international political system came from and where it might be going ...}}</ref> It was with these intellectual discoveries and technological advances that the nation state arose. For others, the nation existed first, then nationalist movements arose for [[sovereignty]], and the nation state was created to meet that demand. Some "[[Modernization theory|modernization theories]]" of nationalism see it as a product of government policies to unify and modernize an already existing state. Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass [[literacy]] and [[mass media]]. However, historians{{Who|date=August 2014}} also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in [[Portugal]] and the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richards|first=Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344|title=Understanding the Global Economy|date=2004|publisher=Peace Education Books|isbn=978-0-9748961-0-6|language=en}}</ref>
In France, [[Eric Hobsbawm]] argues, the French state preceded the formation of the [[French people]]. Hobsbawm considers that the state made the French nation, not [[French nationalism]], which emerged at the end of the 19th century, the time of the [[Dreyfus Affair]]. At the time of the 1789 [[French Revolution]], only half of the French people spoke some French, and 12–13% spoke the version of it that was to be found in literature and in educational facilities, according to Hobsbawm.<ref name="hobsbawm1">{{cite book|last1=Hobsbawm|first1=Eric|title=Nations and nationalism since 1780|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521439612|page=60|edition=2nd}}</ref>
During the [[Italian unification]], the number of people speaking the [[Italian language]] was even lower. The French state promoted the replacement of various regional dialects and languages by a centralised [[French language]], and so did, and still does, Italy. The introduction of [[conscription]] and the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]'s [[Jules Ferry laws|1880s laws on public instruction]] facilitated the creation of a national identity under this theory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-04 |title=French language law: The attempted ruination of France's linguistic diversity. |url=https://trinitycollegelawreview.org/french-language-law-the-attempted-ruination-of-frances-linguistic-diversity/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Trinity College Law Review (TCLR) {{!}} Trinity College Dublin |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Europe 1848 map en.png|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Revolutions of 1848]] were democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old [[Monarchy|monarchical]] structures and creating independent nation-states.]]
Some nation states, such as [[Germany]] and [[Italy]], came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by [[Nationalism|nationalists]], during the 19th century. In both cases, the territory was previously divided among other states, some of them very small. The sense of common identity was at first a cultural movement, such as in the ''[[Völkisch movement]]'' in German-speaking states, which rapidly acquired a political significance. In these cases, the nationalist sentiment and the nationalist movement clearly precede the unification of the German and Italian nation states.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
Historians Hans Kohn, Liah Greenfeld, Philip White and others have classified nations such as Germany or Italy, where cultural unification preceded state unification, as ''ethnic nations'' or ''ethnic nationalities''. However, "state-driven" national unifications, such as in France, England or China, are more likely to flourish in multiethnic societies, producing a traditional national heritage of ''civic nations'', or ''territory-based nationalities''.<ref>Kohn, Hans (1955). ''Nationalism: Its Meaning & History''</ref><ref>Greenfeld, Liah (1992). ''Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity''</ref><ref name="ref1">White, Philip L. (2006). 'Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State', In A.G. Hopkins, ed. ''Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local'' Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284</ref>
The idea of a nation state was and is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the "[[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian system]]" in reference to the [[Peace of Westphalia|Treaty of Westphalia]] (1648). The [[Balance of power in international relations|balance of power]], which characterized that system, depended on its effectiveness upon clearly defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether [[empire]]s or nation states, which recognize each other's sovereignty and territory. The Westphalian system did not create the nation state, but the nation state meets the criteria for its component states (by assuming that there is no disputed territory).{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Before the Westphalian system, the closest geopolitical system was the "Chanyuan system" established in East Asia in 1005 through the [[Chanyuan Treaty|Treaty of Chanyuan]], which, like the Westphalian peace treaties, designated national borders between the independent regimes of China's [[Song dynasty]] and the nomadic [[Liao dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |date=July 2018 |title=Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century |url=https://www.academia.edu/37471839 |journal=Journal of Chinese History |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=313–334 |doi=10.1017/jch.2018.7 |s2cid=133980555 |issn=2059-1632}}</ref> This system was copied and developed in East Asia in the following centuries until the establishment of the pan-Eurasian [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pakhomov |first=Oleg |title=Political Culture of East Asia – a civilization of total power |date=2022 |publisher=Springer-Verlag, Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-0778-4 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1304248303}}</ref>
The nation state received a philosophical underpinning in the era of [[Romanticism]], at first as the "natural" expression of the individual peoples ([[romantic nationalism]]: see [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]]'s conception of the ''[[People|Volk]]'', later opposed by [[Ernest Renan]]). The increasing emphasis during the 19th century on the ethnic and racial origins of the nation, led to a redefinition of the nation state in these terms.<ref name="ref1"/> [[Racism]], which in [[Henri de Boulainvilliers|Boulainvilliers]]'s theories was inherently anti[[Patriotism|patriotic]] and antinationalist, joined itself with [[Colonialism|colonialist]] [[imperialism]] and "continental imperialism", most notably in [[pan-Germanic]] and [[pan-Slavic]] movements.<ref>See [[Hannah Arendt]]'s ''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951)</ref>
The relation between racism and ethnic nationalism reached its height in the 20th century [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]]. The specific combination of "nation" ("people") and "state" expressed in such terms as the ''Völkische Staat'' and implemented in laws such as the 1935 [[Nuremberg laws]] made fascist states such as early [[Nazi Germany]] qualitatively different from non-fascist nation states. [[Minorities]] were not considered part of the people (''Volk''), and were consequently denied to have an authentic or legitimate role in such a state. In Germany, neither [[Jews]] nor the [[Romani people|Roma]] were considered part of the people and both were specifically targeted for persecution. German [[nationality law]] defined "German" on the basis of German ancestry, excluding ''all'' non-Germans from the people.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
In recent years, a nation state's claim to absolute [[sovereignty]] within its borders has been criticized.<ref name="ref1"/> A global political system based on [[International law|international agreements]] and supra-national blocs characterized the post-war era. Non-state actors, such as international [[corporation]]s and [[non-governmental organizations]], are widely seen as eroding the economic and political power of nation states.
According to Andreas Wimmer and Yuval Feinstein, nation-states tended to emerge when power shifts allowed nationalists to overthrow existing regimes or absorb existing administrative units.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wimmer|first1=Andreas|last2=Feinstein|first2=Yuval|s2cid=10075481|date=2010|title=The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001|journal=American Sociological Review|language=en|volume=75|issue=5|pages=764–790|doi=10.1177/0003122410382639|issn=0003-1224}}</ref> Xue Li and Alexander Hicks links the frequency of nation-state creation to processes of diffusion that emanate from international organizations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xue|last2=Hicks|first2=Alexander|s2cid=147753503|date=2016|title=World Polity Matters: Another Look at the Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001|journal=American Sociological Review|language=en|volume=81|issue=3|pages=596–607|doi=10.1177/0003122416641371|issn=0003-1224}}</ref>
== Before the nation state ==
[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Dissolution of the multiethnic [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1918)]]
In [[Europe]], during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the ''multiethnic'' [[empire]]s, the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of France]] (and its [[French colonial empire|empire]]), the [[Kingdom of Hungary]],<ref>^ Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990; {{ISBN|0-521-43961-2}}) chapter II "The popular protonationalism", pp.80–81 French edition (Gallimard, 1992). According to Hobsbawm, the main source for this subject is Ferdinand Brunot (ed.), Histoire de la langue française, Paris, 1927–1943, 13 volumes, in particular volume IX. He also refers to Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire, Paris, 1975. For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a widespread national language during and after the French Revolution, see Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République, Paris, 1985 (also Le co-linguisme, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1994, but out of print) ("The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the Carolingian to the Republic. Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution, Paris, 1974.</ref> the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Portuguese Empire]], the [[Spanish Empire]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[British Empire]], the [[Dutch Empire]] and smaller nations at what would now be called sub-state level. The multi-ethnic empire was an [[absolute monarchy]] ruled by a king, [[emperor]] or [[sultan]]{{efn|The Dutch Empire of the time was a monarchy in all but name, ruled (mostly) by a hereditary [[stadtholder]].}}. The population belonged to many ethnic groups, and they spoke many languages. The empire was dominated by one ethnic group, and their language was usually the language of public administration. The ruling [[dynasty]] was usually, but not always, from that group.
This type of state is not specifically European: such empires existed in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Chinese dynasties, such as the [[Tang dynasty]], the [[Ming dynasty]], and the [[Qing dynasty]], were all multiethnic regimes governed by a ruling ethnic group. In the three examples, their ruling ethnic groups were the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], the [[Han Chinese|Han-Chinese]], and the [[Manchu people|Manchus]], respectively. In the [[Muslim world]], immediately after Muhammad's death in 632, [[Caliphate]]s were established.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo|url-access=registration|title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices|last=Nigosian|first=Solomon A.|date=29 January 2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11074-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/18 18]}}</ref> Caliphates were [[Islamic state]]s under the leadership of a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="khalifate">{{Cite journal|title = Caliph, caliphate|last1 = Kadi|first1 = Wadad|date = 2013|journal = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|last2 = Shahin|first2 = Aram A.|pages = 81–86}}</ref> These [[polities]] developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|title=Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts|last1=Al-Rasheed|first1=Madawi|last2=Kersten|first2=Carool|last3=Shterin|first3=Marat|date=11 December 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932795-9|page=3}}</ref> The Ottoman sultan, [[Selim I]] (1512–1520) reclaimed the title of caliph, which had been in dispute and asserted by a diversity of rulers and "shadow caliphs" in the centuries of the [[Abbasid]]-[[Mamluk]] Caliphate since the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Mongols' sacking of Baghdad]] and the killing of the [[al-Musta'sim|last Abbasid Caliph]] in Baghdad, Iraq 1258.
The [[Ottoman Caliphate]] as an office of the [[Ottoman Empire]] was abolished under [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in 1924 as part of [[Atatürk's Reforms]].
Some of the smaller European states were not so ethnically diverse, but were also [[Dynasty|dynastic]] states, ruled by a [[dynasty|royal house]]. Their territory could expand by [[royal intermarriage]] or merge with another state when the dynasty merged. In some parts of Europe, notably [[Germany]], very small territorial units existed. They were recognized by their neighbors as independent, and had their own government and laws. Some were ruled by [[prince]]s or other hereditary rulers, some were governed by [[bishop]]s or [[abbot]]s. Because they were so small, however, they had no separate language or culture: the inhabitants shared the language of the surrounding region.
In some cases, these states were simply overthrown by nationalist uprisings in the 19th century. Liberal ideas of [[free trade]] played a role in German unification, which was preceded by a [[customs union]], the [[Zollverein]]. However, the [[Austro-Prussian War]], and the German alliances in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], were decisive in the unification. The [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] broke up after the [[First World War]], and the [[Russian Empire]] became the [[Soviet Union]] after the [[Russian Civil War]].
A few of the smaller states survived: the independent principalities of [[Liechtenstein]], [[Andorra]], [[Monaco]], and the republic of [[San Marino]]. ([[Vatican City]] is a special case. All of the larger [[Papal State]]s save the Vatican itself were occupied and absorbed by Italy by 1870. The resulting [[Roman Question]] was resolved with the rise of the modern state under the 1929 [[Lateran treaties]] between [[Italy]] and the [[Holy See]].)
== Characteristics ==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2015}}
"Legitimate states that govern effectively and dynamic industrial economies are widely regarded today as the defining characteristics of a modern nation-state."<ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Atul |year=2004 |title=State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_r7wLD--VoC&pg=PA1|page=1|isbn=978-0-521-54525-9 }}</ref>
Nation states have their own characteristics, differing from those of the pre-national states. For a start, they have a different attitude to their territory when compared with dynastic monarchies: it is semisacred and nontransferable. No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter married. They have a different type of [[border]], in principle defined only by the area of settlement of the national group, although many nation states also sought natural borders (rivers, mountain ranges). They are constantly changing in population size and power because of the limited restrictions of their borders.
The most noticeable characteristic is the degree to which nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity, in economic, social and cultural life.
The nation state promoted economic unity, by abolishing internal [[customs]] and [[Toll road|tolls]]. In Germany, that process, the creation of the [[Zollverein]], preceded formal national unity. Nation states typically have a policy to create and maintain a national transportation infrastructure, facilitating trade and travel. In 19th-century Europe, the expansion of the [[rail transport]] networks was at first largely a matter for [[Private enterprise|private]] railway companies, but gradually came under control of the national governments. The French rail network, with its main lines radiating from Paris to all corners of France, is often seen as a reflection of the centralised French nation state, which [[History of rail transport in France|directed its construction]]. Nation states continue to build, for instance, specifically national [[motorway]] networks. Specifically transnational infrastructure programmes, such as the [[Trans-European Networks]], are a recent innovation.
The nation states typically had a more centralised and uniform [[public administration]] than its imperial predecessors: they were smaller, and the population less diverse. (The internal diversity of the [[Ottoman Empire]], for instance, was very great.) After the 19th-century triumph of the nation state in Europe, regional identity was subordinate to national identity, in regions such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]], [[Catalonia]], [[Brittany]] and [[Corsica]]. In many cases, the regional administration was also subordinated to central (national) government. This process was partially reversed from the 1970s onward, with the introduction of various forms of [[regional autonomy]], in formerly [[Centralised government|centralised]] states such as [[Spain]] or [[Italy]].
The most obvious impact of the nation state, as compared to its non-national predecessors, is the creation of a uniform national [[culture]], through state policy. The model of the nation state implies that its population constitutes a [[nation]], united by a common descent, a common language and many forms of shared culture. When the implied unity was absent, the nation state often tried to create it. It promoted a uniform national language, through [[language policy]]. The creation of national systems of compulsory [[primary education]] and a relatively uniform [[curriculum]] in secondary schools, was the most effective instrument in the spread of the [[national language]]s. The schools also taught the national history, often in a [[Historiography and nationalism|propagandistic and mythologised version]], and (especially during conflicts) some nation states still teach this kind of history.<ref>'''Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers''' Recommendation Rec(2001)15 on history teaching in 21st-century Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 31 October 2001 at the 771st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4|title=History Interpretation as a Cause of Conflicts in Europe|publisher=UNITED for Intercultural Action|work=united.non-profit.nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025938/http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4|archive-date=4 October 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Eric |last1=Hobsbawm |first2=Terence |last2=Ranger |year=1992 |title=The Invention of Tradition |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43773-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Billie |last=Melman |s2cid=162362628 |title=Claiming the Nation's Past: The Invention of an Anglo-Saxon Tradition |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |jstor=260661 |year=1991 |pages=575–595 |doi=10.1177/002200949102600312}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Hughes |title=Robert Stone Nation-Building and Curriculum Reform in Hong Kong and Taiwan |journal=China Quarterly |volume=160 |year=1999 |pages=977–991 |doi=10.1017/s0305741000001405|s2cid=155033800 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23033/2/Nation-building_and_curriculum_reform_in_Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan.pdf }}</ref>
Language and cultural policy was sometimes negative, aimed at the suppression of non-national elements. Language [[prohibition]]s were sometimes used to accelerate the adoption of national languages and the decline of [[minority language]]s (see examples: [[Anglicisation]], [[Bulgarization]], [[Croatization]], [[Czechization]], [[Dutchification]], [[Francisation]], [[Germanisation]], [[Hellenization]], [[Hispanicization]], [[Italianization]], [[Lithuanization]], [[Magyarisation]], [[Polonisation]], [[Russification]], [[Serbization]], [[Slovakisation]], [[Swedification]], [[Turkification]]).
In some cases, these policies triggered bitter conflicts and further ethnic [[separatism]]. But where it worked, the cultural uniformity and homogeneity of the population increased. Conversely, the cultural divergence at the border became sharper: in theory, a uniform French identity extends from the Atlantic coast to the [[Rhine]], and on the other bank of the Rhine, a uniform German identity begins. To enforce that model, both sides have divergent [[language policy]] and educational systems.
== In practice ==
{{See also|Monoethnicity}}
{{original research|section|date=May 2016}}
The notion of a unifying "national identity" also extends to countries that host multiple ethnic or language groups, such as [[India]]. For example, [[Switzerland]] is constitutionally a confederation of [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]], and has four official languages, but it has also a "Swiss" national identity, a national history and a classic national hero, [[Wilhelm Tell]].<ref>{{cite web|first =Thomas |last = Riklin|date = 2005|title = Worin unterscheidet sich die schweizerische "Nation" von der Französischen bzw. Deutschen "Nation"? |url=http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013204126/http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2006 |df=dmy-all |language = de}}</ref>
Innumerable conflicts have arisen where political boundaries did not correspond with ethnic or cultural boundaries.
After World War II in the [[Josip Broz Tito]] era, nationalism was appealed to for uniting [[South Slav]] peoples. Later in the 20th century, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, leaders appealed to ancient ethnic feuds or tensions that ignited conflict between the [[Serbs]], [[Croats]] and [[Slovenes]], as well as [[Bosniaks]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], eventually breaking up the long collaboration of peoples. Ethnic cleansing was carried out in the Balkans, resulting in the destruction of the formerly [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] and producing the civil wars in [[Croatian War of Independence|Croatia]] and [[Bosnian War|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in 1992–95, resulting in mass population displacements and segregation that radically altered what was once a highly diverse and intermixed ethnic makeup of the region. These conflicts were largely about creating a new political framework of states, each of which would be ethnically and politically homogeneous. Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks insisted they were ethnically distinct although many communities had a long history of intermarriage. Presently Croatia (90,42%), Slovenia (83,1<ref name="2002census">{{cite web |url= http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7 |title= Census 2002: 7. Population by ethnic affiliation, Slovenia, Census 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002 |publisher= Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date= 2 February 2011}}</ref>-88%<ref name="SURS">{{cite web |url=http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/dialog/statfile1.asp |title=SI-Stat Data Portal |publisher=SURS |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613133216/http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/statfile1.asp |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) and [[Serbia]] (83,3% Serb) could be classified as monoethnic states, whereas [[North Macedonia]] (66% Macedonian), [[Montenegro]] (42% Montenegrin) and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (50.1% Bosniak) are multiethnic states.
[[Belgium]] is a classic example of a state that is not a nation state. The state was formed by [[secession]] from the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in 1830, whose neutrality and integrity was protected by the [[Treaty of London 1839]]; thus it served as a [[buffer state]] after the Napoleonic Wars between the European powers [[France]], [[Prussia]] (after 1871 the [[German Empire]]) and the [[United Kingdom]] until [[World War I]], when its neutrality was breached by the Germans. Currently, Belgium is divided between the [[Flemings]] in the north, the [[French-speaking]] population in the south, and the German-speaking population in the east. The [[Flanders|Flemish]] population in the north speaks Dutch, the [[Wallonia|Walloon]] population in the south speaks either [[French language|French]] or, in the east of [[Liège Province]], German. The Brussels population speaks French or Dutch.
The Flemish identity is also cultural, and there is a strong separatist movement espoused by the political parties, the right-wing [[Vlaams Belang]] and the [[Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie]]. The Francophone [[Wallonia|Walloon]] identity of Belgium is linguistically distinct and [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalist]]. There is also unitary [[Belgian nationalism]], several versions of a [[Greater Netherlands]] ideal, and a [[German-speaking community of Belgium]] annexed from [[Germany]] in 1920, and re-annexed by Germany in 1940–1944. However, these ideologies are all very marginal and politically insignificant during elections.
[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of China 1983.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Ethnolinguistic map of mainland China and Taiwan<ref>Source: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to age-long internal migration and assimilation.</ref>]]
[[China]] covers a large geographic area and uses the concept of "[[Zhonghua minzu]]" or Chinese nationality, in the sense of [[ethnic group]]s, but it also officially recognizes the majority [[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnic group which accounts for over 90% of the population, and no fewer than 55 [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic national minorities]].
According to Philip G. Roeder, [[Moldova]] is an example of a Soviet era "segment-state" ([[Moldavian SSR]]), where the "nation-state project of the segment-state trumped the nation-state project of prior statehood. In Moldova, despite strong agitation from university faculty and students for reunification with [[Romania]], the nation-state project forged within the Moldavian SSR trumped the project for a return to the interwar nation-state project of [[Greater Romania]]."<ref name="Roeder2007">{{cite book |author=Philip G. Roeder |title=Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism |year=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13467-3 |page=126}}</ref> See [[Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova]] for further details.
== Exceptional cases ==
=== Israel ===
[[Israel]] was founded as a [[Jewish state]] in 1948. Its "[[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Laws]]" describe it as both a Jewish and a democratic state. The [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People]] (2018) explicitly specifies the nature of the [[State of Israel]] as the [[nation-state]] of the [[Jews|Jewish people]].<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-text-of-jewish-nation-state-bill-set-to-become-law// "Final text of Jewish nation-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19"], ''[[The Times of Israel]]''</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/7/19/israel-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-law "Israel passes controversial 'Jewish nation-state' law"], ''[[Al Jazeera]]''</ref> According to the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]], 75.7% of Israel's population are Jews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3877574,00.html |title=Israel at 62: Population of 7,587,000 |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref> [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]], who make up 20.4% of the population, are the largest ethnic minority in Israel. Israel also has very small communities of [[Armenians in Israel|Armenians]], [[Circassians in Israel|Circassians]], [[Assyrians in Israel|Assyrians]], [[Samaritans]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2019|title=Israel's Independence Day 2019|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf|journal=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> There are also some non-Jewish spouses of Israeli Jews. However, these communities are very small, and usually number only in the hundreds or thousands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lustick|first=Ian S.|date=1999|title=Israel as a Non-Arab State: The Political Implications of Mass Immigration of Non-Jews|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=53|issue=3|pages=417–433|jstor=4329354|issn=0026-3141}}</ref>
=== Kingdom of the Netherlands ===
The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] presents an unusual example in which one kingdom represents four distinct countries. The four countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/news/regional/10/09/netherlands-antilles-no-more/ |title=Netherlands Antilles no more — Stabroek News — Guyana |newspaper=Stabroek News |date=9 October 2010 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[Netherlands]] (including the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|provinces in continental Europe]] and the [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of [[Bonaire]], [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]])
* [[Aruba]]
* [[Curaçao]]
* [[Sint Maarten]]
Each is expressly designated as a ''land'' in [[Law of the Netherlands|Dutch law]] by the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1 |title=Article 1 of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands |publisher=Lexius.nl |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724160451/http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Unlike the German ''Länder'' and the Austrian ''Bundesländer'', ''landen'' is consistently translated as "countries" by the Dutch government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the |title=Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations -Aruba |publisher=English.minbzk.nl |date=24 January 2003 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118183700/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= SMN>{{cite web|url=http://www.smn-news.com/st-maarten-st-martin-news/5291-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-new-constitutional-structure.html|title=St Martin News Network|work=smn-news.com|date=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref name= Newstatus>{{cite web |url=http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the |title=Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations — New Status |publisher=English.minbzk.nl |date=1 October 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815180310/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== United Kingdom ===
{{Home Nations}}
The [[United Kingdom]] is an unusual example of a nation state due to its "countries within a [[country]]". The United Kingdom is formed by the union of [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]], but it is a [[unitary state]] formed initially by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the [[Kingdom of England]] (which already included Wales) and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], but the [[Treaty of Union]] (1707) that set out the agreed terms has ensured the continuation of distinct features of each state, including separate [[Law in the United Kingdom|legal systems]] and separate [[Religion in the United Kingdom|national churches]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doherty |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=065TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Public Law |date=2016 |publisher=Rutledge |isbn=978-1317206651 |pages=198–201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McCann |first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAi4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT372 |title=The UK Regional–National Economic Problem: Geography, globalisation and governance |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317237174 |page=372}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names |title=UK Toponnymic Guidelines |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf |publisher=UK Government |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012455/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2003, the [[British Government]] described the United Kingdom as "countries within a country".<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2003 |title=Countries within a country, number10.gov.uk |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> While the [[Office for National Statistics]] and others describe the United Kingdom as a "nation state",<ref>{{cite web |title=ONS Glossary of economic terms |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/about/glossary/economic_terms.asp |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110907093405/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/glossary/glossary-u.html |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Giddens |first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd |title=Sociology |publisher=Polity Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7456-3379-4 |location=Cambridge |page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd/page/41 41]}}</ref> others, including a then Prime Minister, describe it as a "[[multinational state]]",<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogwood |first=Brian |title=Regulatory Reform in a Multinational State: The Emergence of Multilevel Regulation in the United Kingdom |url=https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=5567&EventID=45 |access-date=27 February 2017 |website=European Consortium for Political Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Gordon |date=25 March 2008 |title=Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union |work=telegraph.co.uk |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/pdfs/2007-ajegbo-report-citizenship.pdf |access-date=27 February 2017 |publisher=Department for Education and Skills}}</ref> and the term [[Home Nations]] is used to describe the four national teams that represent the four nations of the United Kingdom ([[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Magnay |first=Jacquelin |date=26 May 2010 |title=London 2012: Hugh Robertson puts Home Nations football team on agenda |newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some refer to it as a "Union State".<ref>{{cite web |author=Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain (IWGB) |author-link=Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain |date=2016 |title=Written Intervention for the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/independent-workers-union-great-britain.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McLean |first1=Iain |url=https://archive.org/details/stateofunion00mcle/page/1 |title=State of the Union |last2=McMillan |first2=Alistair |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199258208 |pages=1–12 |chapter=The United Kingdom as a Union State |doi=10.1093/0199258201.003.0001 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
There has been academic debate over whether the United Kingdom can be legally dissolved, as it is recognized internationally as a single nation state. English law jurist [[A.V. Dicey]] wrote from an English legal perspective that the question is based on whether the legislation giving rise to the union (the Union with Scotland Act), one of the two pieces of legislation which created the state, can be repealed. Dicey claimed because the Law of England does not acknowledge the word "unconstitutional", as a matter of [[English law]] it can be repealed. He also stated any tampering with the [[Acts of Union 1707]] would be political madness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dicey |first1=A.V. |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030503720 |title=Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution |date=1915 |edition=8th}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2017}}{{Better source needed|date=March 2017}}
== Minorities ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
The most obvious deviation from the ideal of "one nation, one state" is the presence of minorities, especially [[ethnic minorities]], which are clearly not members of the majority nation. An ethnic nationalist definition of a [[nation]] is necessarily exclusive: ethnic nations typically do not have open membership. In most cases, there is a clear idea that surrounding nations are different, and that includes members of those nations who live on the "wrong side" of the border. Historical examples of groups who have been specifically singled out as ''outsiders'' are the [[Romani people|Roma]] and [[Jews]] in Europe.
Negative responses to minorities within the nation state have ranged from [[cultural assimilation]] enforced by the state, to [[Ethnic cleansing|expulsion]], persecution, violence, and [[Genocide|extermination]]. The assimilation policies are usually enforced by the state, but violence against minorities is not always state-initiated: it can occur in the form of [[mob violence]] such as [[lynching]] or [[pogrom]]s. Nation states are responsible for some of the worst historical examples of violence against minorities not considered part of the nation.
However, many nation states accept specific minorities as being part of the nation, and the term ''national minority'' is often used in this sense. The [[Sorbs]] in Germany are an example: for centuries they have lived in German-speaking states, surrounded by a much larger ethnic German population, and they have no other historical territory. They are now generally considered to be part of the German nation and are accepted as such by the Federal Republic of Germany, which constitutionally guarantees their cultural rights. Of the thousands of ethnic and cultural minorities in nation states across the world, only a few have this level of acceptance and protection.
[[Multiculturalism]] is an official policy in some states, establishing the ideal of coexisting existence among multiple and separate ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups. Other states preffer the [[interculturalism]] (or "[[melting pot]]" approach) alternative to multiculturalism, citing [[Criticism of multiculturalism|problems]] with latter as promoting [[self-segregation]] tendencies among minority groups, challenging national cohesion, polarizing society in groups that can't relate to one another, generating problems in regard to minorities and immigrants' fluency in the national language of use and integration with the rest of society (generating hate and persecution against them from the "otherness" they would generate in such a case according to its adherants), without minorities having to give up certain parts of their culture before being absorbed into a now changed majority culture by their contribution. Many nations have laws protecting [[minority rights]].
When national boundaries that do not match ethnic boundaries are drawn, such as in the [[Balkans]] and [[Central Asia]], ethnic tension, massacres and even [[genocide]], sometimes has occurred historically (see [[Bosnian genocide]] and [[2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes]]).
== Irredentism ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
{{main|Irredentism}}
[[File:Nazi Germany.svg|thumb|left|The Greater German Reich under [[Nazi Germany]] in 1943]]
In principle, the border of a nation state would extend far enough to include all the members of the nation, and all of the national [[homeland]]. Again, in practice, some of them always live on the 'wrong side' of the border. Part of the national homeland may be there too, and it may be governed by the 'wrong' nation. The response to the non-inclusion of territory and population may take the form of [[irredentism]]: demands to annex ''unredeemed'' territory and incorporate it into the nation state.
Irredentist claims are usually based on the fact that an identifiable part of the national group lives across the border. However, they can include claims to territory where no members of that nation live at present, because they lived there in the past, the national language is spoken in that region, the national culture has influenced it, geographical unity with the existing territory, or a wide variety of other reasons. Past grievances are usually involved and can cause [[revanchism]].
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish irredentism from [[pan-nationalism]], since both claim that all members of an ethnic and cultural nation belong in one specific state. Pan-nationalism is less likely to specify the nation ethnically. For instance, variants of [[Pan-Germanism]] have different ideas about what constituted [[Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], including the confusing term ''Grossdeutschland'', which, in fact, implied the inclusion of huge [[Slav]]ic minorities from the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].
Typically, irredentist demands are at first made by members of non-state nationalist movements. When they are adopted by a state, they typically result in tensions, and actual attempts at annexation are always considered a ''[[casus belli]]'', a cause for [[war]]. In many cases, such claims result in long-term hostile relations between neighbouring states. Irredentist movements typically circulate maps of the claimed national territory, the ''greater'' nation state. That territory, which is often much larger than the existing state, plays a central role in their propaganda.
Irredentism should not be confused with claims to overseas colonies, which are not generally considered part of the national homeland. Some French overseas colonies would be an exception: [[French rule in Algeria]] unsuccessfully treated the colony as a ''[[Département in France|département]]'' of France.
== Future ==
It has been speculated by both proponents of [[globalization]] and various [[science fiction]] writers that the concept of a nation state may disappear with the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world.<ref name="ref1"/> Such ideas are sometimes expressed around concepts of a [[world government]]. Another possibility is a [[societal collapse]] and move into communal anarchy or [[zero world government]], in which nation states no longer exist.
=== Clash of civilizations ===
The theory of the [[clash of civilizations]] lies in direct contrast to [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] theories about an ever more connected world that no longer requires nation states. According to [[political scientist]] [[Samuel P. Huntington]], people's cultural and religious [[Identity (social science)|identities]] will be the primary source of conflict in the post–[[Cold War]] world.
The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aei.org/issue/29196 |title=U.S. Trade Policy — Economics |publisher=AEI |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629170348/http://www.aei.org/issue/29196 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], which was then developed in a 1993 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",<ref name="FAarticle">Official copy (free preview): {{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html|title=The Clash of Civilizations?|work=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=Summer 1993|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629022856/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html|archive-date=29 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in response to [[Francis Fukuyama]]'s 1992 book, ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]''. Huntington later expanded his [[thesis]] in a 1996 book ''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order''.
Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–[[Cold War]] period. Some theorists and writers argued that [[human rights]], [[liberal democracy]] and capitalist [[free market]] economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, [[Francis Fukuyama]], in ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]'', argued that the world had reached a [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegelian]] "end of history".
Huntington believed that while the age of [[ideology]] had ended, the world had reverted only to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.
As an extension, he posits that the concept of different [[civilization]]s, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict.
In the 1993 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article, Huntington writes:
:''It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.''<ref name="FAarticle"/>
Sandra Joireman suggests that Huntington may be characterised as a neo-[[Primordialism|primordialist]], as, while he sees people as having strong ties to their ethnicity, he does not believe that these ties have always existed.<ref name="Joireman">{{cite book |author=Sandra Fullerton Joireman|title=Nationalism and Political Identity |publisher=Continuum |location=London |year=2003 |page=30 |isbn=0-8264-6591-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFT4HYDUlh0C&q=Samuel%20Huntington%20primordialist&pg=PA30}}</ref>
== Historiography ==
Historians often look to the past to find the origins of a particular nation state. Indeed, they often put so much emphasis on the importance of the nation state in modern times, that they distort the history of earlier periods in order to emphasize the question of origins. Lansing and English argue that much of the medieval history of Europe was structured to follow the historical winners—especially the nation states that emerged around Paris and London. Important developments that did not directly lead to a nation state get neglected, they argue:
:one effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners, aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries, above all the nation state.... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was the Mediterranean, centered on [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]'s polyglot court and administration in Palermo...Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality. Textbook narratives, therefore, focus not on medieval Palermo, with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic-speaking monarch, but on the historical winners, Paris and London.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Carol Lansing and Edward D. English|title=A Companion to the Medieval World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re-1YpI9ObsC&pg=PA1964|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=4|isbn=9781118499467}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Balkanization]]
* [[Caliphate]]
* [[City-state]]
* [[Civilization state]]
* [[Islamic state]]
* [[Nation]]
* [[Nationalism]]
* [[National personification]]
* [[Titular nation]]
* [[Westphalian sovereignty]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
=== General references ===
* [[Benedict Anderson|Anderson, Benedict]]. 1991. ''[[Imagined Communities]]''. {{ISBN|0-86091-329-5}}.
* [[Josep Colomer|Colomer, Josep M]]. 2007. ''Great Empires, Small Nations: The Uncertain Future of the Sovereign State''. {{ISBN|0-415-43775-X}}.
* Gellner, Ernest (1983). ''Nations and Nationalism''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|0-8014-1662-0}}.
* Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1992). ''Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality''. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-43961-2}}.
* {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |author-link=Paul James (academic) |title=Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url=https://archive.org/details/nationformationt00jame
|url-access=registration |publisher=Sage Publications |location=London |year=1996 |isbn=0-7619-5072-9 }}
* Khan, Ali (1992). [https://ssrn.com/abstract=990885 "The Extinction of Nation States"].
* [[Ernest Renan|Renan, Ernest]]. 1882. [[s:fr:Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ?|"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"]] ("[[What Is a Nation?]]")
* Malesevic, Sinisa (2006). ''Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism''. New York: Palgrave.
* Smith, Anthony D. (1986). ''The Ethnic Origins of Nations''. London: Basil Blackwell. pp 6–18. {{ISBN|0-631-15205-9}}.
* White, Philip L. (2006). [http://www.nationalityinworldhistory.net/ch1.html "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State"]. In A. G. Hopkins, ed. ''Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local''. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284.
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* [http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/opinions2.htm From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated] on identity and the nation state.
* [[:ca:Cronologia de la repressi%C3%B3 del catal%C3%A0|Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language]] in catalan language
{{Ethnicity}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nation State}}
[[Category:Nation|State]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -114,28 +114,4 @@
Each is expressly designated as a ''land'' in [[Law of the Netherlands|Dutch law]] by the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1 |title=Article 1 of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands |publisher=Lexius.nl |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724160451/http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Unlike the German ''Länder'' and the Austrian ''Bundesländer'', ''landen'' is consistently translated as "countries" by the Dutch government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the |title=Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations -Aruba |publisher=English.minbzk.nl |date=24 January 2003 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118183700/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name= SMN>{{cite web|url=http://www.smn-news.com/st-maarten-st-martin-news/5291-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-new-constitutional-structure.html|title=St Martin News Network|work=smn-news.com|date=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref name= Newstatus>{{cite web |url=http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the |title=Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations — New Status |publisher=English.minbzk.nl |date=1 October 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815180310/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-
-=== Spain ===
-While historical monarchies often brought together different kingdoms/territories/ethnic groups under the same crown, in modern nation states political elites seek a uniformity of the population, leading to state nationalism.<ref>{{cite book|date=2014|author=Michel Pastoureau|chapter=Des armoiries aux drapeaux|edition=du Seuil|isbn=978-2-7578-4106-8|title=Une histoire symbolique du Moyen Âge}}</ref><ref>[{{cite news|date=1978|last=Connor|doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240|issue=4|first=Walker|work=Ethnic and Racial Studies|pages=377–400|title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a...|volume=1}}</ref> In the case of the Christian territories of the future [[Spain]], neighboring [[Al-Andalus]], there was an early perception of ethnicity, faith and shared territory in the Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries), as documented by the [[Chronicle of Muntaner]] in the proposal of the [[Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)|Castilian king]] to the other Christian kings of the peninsula: "...''if these four Kings of Spain whom he named, who are of one flesh and blood, held together, little need they fear all the other powers of the world.''..".<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/muntaner_goodenough.pdf#page=206 Muntaner's Chronicle-p.206, L.Goodenough-Hakluyt-London-1921]</ref><ref>Margarit i Pau, Joan: ''Paralipomenon Hispaniae libri decem''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervantes Virtual; f. LXXXIIIv. |url=http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121190623/http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |archive-date=2014-11-21 |access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref> After the dynastic union of the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]] in the 15th century, the Spanish Monarchy ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and the kings had to swear by the [[Laws]] of each territory before the respective [[Parliament]]s.
-
-After the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], rooted in the political position of the [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares|Count-Duke of Olivares]] and the absolutism of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], the assimilation of the [[Crown of Aragon]] by the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian Crown]] through the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Decrees of Nova planta]] was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state. As in other contemporary European states, political union was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group, in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, who became [[Minority group|national minorities]] to be assimilated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sales Vives|date=2020-09-22|publisher=El Gall editor|isbn=9788416416707|language=ca|first=Pere|pages=422|title=L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808-1932}}</ref><ref>Antoni Simon, [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme], páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València</ref> In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards Catalan-speaking territories ([[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], part of [[Aragon]]) and other national minorities have been a historical constant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mayans Balcells|edition=del 1979|isbn=978-84-947201-4-7|language=ca|first=Pere|pages=230|title=Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola|year=2019 }}</ref><ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con">{{cite book|last=Lluís|publisher=Base|isbn=9788418434983|language=ca|first=García Sevilla|pages=300|title=Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana|year=2021 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book|last=Bea Seguí|publisher=Cossetània|isbn=9788490341339|language=ca|first=Ignaci|pages=216|title=En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana|year=2013 }}</ref><ref name="galeusca2">{{cite web|archive-date=2008-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788|access-date=2008-08-02|title=Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català.|url=http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788}}</ref>
-
-[[File:Mapa político de España, 1850.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|School map of Spain from 1850. On it, the State is shown divided into four parts:- "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and Andalusia, but also the Galician-speaking territories. - "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the larger part of which, with the exception of Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories-, and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.]]
-The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada">{{cite book|last=de la Cierva|date=1981|publisher=Planeta|isbn=8485753003|language=ca|first=Ricardo|pages=78|title=Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones}}</ref> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada"/> These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sobrequés Callicó|date=2021-01-29|publisher=Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya|isbn=978-84-18601-20-0|language=ca|first=Jaume|page=410|title=Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ferrer Gironès|edition=62|isbn=978-8429723632|language=ca|first=Francesc|page=320|title=La persecució política de la llengua catalana|year=1985 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Benet|date=1995|publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat|isbn=84-7826-620-8|language=ca|first=Josep|title=L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya}}</ref><ref name=":0222">{{cite book|last=Llaudó Avila|date=2021|edition=7th|publisher=Parcir|isbn=9788418849107|location=Manresa|first=Eduard|title=Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània}}</ref> and still in force,<ref name=":3">{{cite web|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana|url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=2019|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna|last=Moreno Cabrera|first=Juan Carlos|publisher=Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya |book-title=VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia |url=https://www.cicac.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Espanyolisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_Juan-Carlos-Moreno.pdf |language=ca}}</ref> have been, and still are, the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State.
-
-The nationalization process accelerated in the 19th century, in parallel to the origin of [[Spanish nationalism]], the social, political and ideological movement that tried to shape a Spanish national identity based on the Castilian model, in conflict with the other historical nations of the State. Politicians of the time were aware that despite the aggressive policies pursued up to that time, the uniform and monocultural "Spanish nation" did not exist, as indicated in 1835 by [[Antonio Alcalá Galiano|Antonio Alcalà Galiano]], when in the [[Cortes del Estatuto Real]] he defended the effort <blockquote>"To make the Spanish nation a nation that neither is nor has been until now."</blockquote> In 1906, the Catalanist party [[Catalan Solidarity (1906)|Solidaritat Catalana]] was founded to try to mitigate the economically and culturally oppressive treatment of Spain towards the Catalans. One of the responses of [[Spanish nationalism]] came from the military state with statements such as that of the publication [[La Correspondencia Militar|La Correspondencia militar]]: "The Catalan problem is not solved, well, by freedom, but by restriction; not by palliatives and pacts, but by iron and fire". Another came from important Spanish intellectuals, such [[Pío Baroja|Pio Baroja]] and [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blasco Ibañez]], calling the Catalans "[[Jews]]", considered a serious insult at that time when [[Racism in Europe|racism]] was gaining strength.<ref name=":0222" />
-
-Building the nation (as in [[France]], it was the state that created the nation, and not the opposite process) is an ideal that the Spanish elites constantly reiterated, and, one hundred years later than Alcalá Galiano, for example, we can also find it in the mouth of the fascist [[José Pemartín]], who admired the German and Italian modeling policies:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"There is an intimate and decisive dualism, both in Italian fascism and in German National Socialism. On the one hand the Hegelian doctrine of the absolutism of the state is felt. The State originates in the Nation, educates and shapes the mentality of the individual; is, in Mussolini's words, the soul of the soul »</blockquote> The turn of the 20th century, and the first half of that century, have seen the most ethnic violence, coinciding with a racism that even came to identify states with races; in the case of Spain, with a supposed Spanish race sublimated in Castilian, of which national minorities were degenerate forms, and the first of those that needed to be exterminated.<ref name=":0222" />
-
-In this sense, one can find discourses on the alienation of [[Catalan language|Catalan speakers]], such as, for example, an article entitled «Cataluña bilingüe», by [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal|Menéndez Pidal]], in which he defends the [[Romanones decree]] against the [[Catalan language]], published in [[El Imparcial (1867–1933)|El Imparcial]], on 15 December 1902:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>«… There they will see that the Courts of the Catalan-Aragonese Confederation never had Catalan as their official language; that the kings of Aragon, even those of the Catalan dynasty, used Catalan only in Catalonia, and used Spanish not only in the Cortes of Aragon, but also in foreign relations, the same with Castile or Navarre as with the infidel kings of Granada , from Africa or Asia, because even in the most important days of Catalonia, Spanish prevailed as the language of the Aragonese kingdom and Catalan was reserved for the peculiar affairs of the Catalan county..."</blockquote>or the article "Los Catalanes. A las Cortes Constituyentes », appeared in several newspapers, among others: [[El Dia de Alicante]], June 23, 1931, [[El Porvenir Castellano]] and [[El Noticiero de Soria]], July 2, 1931, in the [[Heraldo de Almeria]] on June 4, 1931, sent by the "Pro-Justice Committee", with a post office box in [[Madrid]]:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"The Catalanists have recently declared that they are not Spanish, nor do they want to be, nor can they be. They have also been saying for a long time that they are an oppressed, enslaved, exploited people. It is imperative to do them justice... That they return to Phenicia or that they go wherever they want to admit them. When the Catalan tribes saw Spain and settled in the Spanish territory that is now occupied by the provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, how little they imagined that the case of the captivity of the tribes of Israel in Egypt would be repeated there! !... Let us respect his most holy will. They are eternally inadaptable... Their cowardice and selfishness leaves them no room for fraternity... So, we propose to the Constituent Cortes the expulsion of the Catalanists... You are free! The Republic opens wide the doors of Spain, your prison. go away Get out of here. Go back to Phenicia, or go wherever you want, how big is the world."</blockquote>The main scapegoat of Spanish nationalism is the non-Spanish languages, which over the last three hundred years have been tried to be replaced by Spanish with hundreds of laws and regulations,<ref name=":2" /> but also with acts of great violence, such as during the civil war. For example, the statements of [[Gonzalo Queipo de Llano|Queipo de Llano]] can be found in the article entitled "Against Catalonia, the Israel of the Modern World", published in the [[Diario Palentino]] on November 26, 1936, where it is dropped that in [[Americas|America]] Catalans are considered a race of [[Jews]], because they use the same procedures that the [[Hebrews]] perform in all the nations of the Globe. And considering the Catalans as Hebrews and considering his [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] "Our struggle is not a civil war, but a war for Western civilization against the Jewish world," it is not surprising that Queipo de Llano expressed his [[Anti-Catalanism|anti-Catalan]] intentions: "When the war is over, Pompeu Fabra and his works will be dragged along the Ramblas"<ref name=":0222" /> (it was not talk to talk, the house of [[Pompeu Fabra]], the standardizer of Catalan language, was raided and his huge personal library burned in the middle of the street. Pompeu Fabra was able to escape into exile).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabra, diccionari d'un home sense biografia |url=https://www.ccma.cat/tv3/alacarta/sense-ficcio/fabra-diccionari-dun-home-sense-biografia/video/5845287/ |website=TV3 - Sense ficció |publisher=TV3 |language=ca}}</ref>
-
-Another example of [[Fascism|fascis]]<nowiki/>t aggression towards the Catalan language is pointed out by [[Paul Preston]] in "The Spanish Holocaust",<ref name="Holo2">{{cite book|date=2012|last=Preston|first=Paul|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-06476-6|title=The Spanish Holocaust}}</ref> given that during the civil war it practically led to an ethnic conflict:<blockquote>"In the days following the occupation of Lleida (…), the republican prisoners identified as Catalans were executed without trial. Anyone who heard them speak Catalan was very likely to be arrested. The arbitrary brutality of the anti-Catalan repression reached such a point that Franco himself had to issue an order ordering that mistakes that could later be regretted be avoided ".
-
-"There are examples of the murder of peasants for no other apparent reason than that of speaking Catalan"</blockquote>After a possible attempt at [[ethnic cleansing]],<ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con" /><ref name=":0222" /> the [[Biopolitics|biopolitical]] imposition of Spanish during the [[Francoist Spain|Franco dictatorship]], to the point of being considered an attempt at [[cultural genocide]], democracy consolidated an apparent asymmetric regime of [[bilingualism]] of sorts, wherein the Spanish government has employed a system of laws that favored Spanish over Cataln,<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2014 que afecten Catalunya |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/infornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2015 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2017 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":333">{{cite web |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":433">{{cite web |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Informe discriminacions lingüístiques 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/informediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":533">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref> which becomes the weaker of the two languages, and therefore, in the absence of other states where it is spoken, is doomed to extinction in the medium or short term. In the same vein, its use in the Spanish Congress is prevented,<ref>{{cite web |date=2013 |title=El Congrés a Bosch i Jordà: el català hi "està prohibit" |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit |publisher=Naciódigital}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=La presidenta del Congrés de Diputats, Meritxell Batet, prohibeix parlar en català a Albert Botran (CUP) i li talla el micròfon |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2020/11/18/345765/video-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html |publisher=Diari de les Balears}}</ref> and it is prevented from achieving official status Europe, unlike less spoken languages such as [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=L'oficialització del gaèlic a la UE torna a evidenciar la discriminació del català |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/loficialitzacio-del-gaelic-a-la-ue-torna-a-evidenciar-la-discriminacio-del-catala/noticia/3138529/ |publisher=CCMA}}</ref> In other institutional areas, such as justice, [[Plataforma per la Llengua]] has denounced [[Anti-Catalanism|Catalanophobia]]. The association [[Soberania i Justícia]] have also denounced it in an act in the [[European Parliament]]. It also takes the form of [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish extreme right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |newspaper=El Nacional |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sallés |first=Quico |date=2022-10-22 |title=El CNP, a un advocat: “No estem obligats a conèixer el dialecte català” |url=https://elmon.cat/societat/llengua/cnp-advocat-no-obligats-dialecte-catala-501969/ |url-status=live |archive-date= |access-date= |website=El Mon |publisher=}}</ref>
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-In November 2005, [[Òmnium Cultural|Omnium Cultural]] organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the [[Círculo de Bellas Artes|Círculo de bellas artes]] in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except [[Santiago Carrillo]], a politician from the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]], did not attend any more.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2013-07-26|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=El suport explícit de la societat civil de Madrid a l'Estatut es limita a Santiago Carrillo|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4136130/20130726/suport-explicit-societat-civil-madrid-lestatut-limita-santiago-carrillo.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 2 November 2005|title=En busca de la "España educada" |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2005/11/03/espana/1130972416_850215.html |url-status=live |newspaper=El País}}</ref> The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2017-07-10|publisher=Nació digital|language=ca|title=Fotos – Set anys de la manifestació del 10-J, punt de partida del procés sobiranista|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/134582/fotos-set-anys-manifestacio-10-j-punt-partida-proces-sobiranista}}</ref>
-
-Apart from language discrimination by public officials,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2021|date=23 December 2021|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|language=ca|title=Informe de discriminacions lingüístiques 2020: "Habla en castellano, cojones, que estamos en España"|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/que-fem/estudis-i-publicacions/293/informe-de-discriminacions-linguistiques-2020-habla-en-castellano-cojones-que-estamos-en-espana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Jordi |date=13 March 2020 |title=Garrotada de l'ONU a Espanya: reconeix els catalans com a "minoria nacional" |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/garrotada-onu-espanya-reconeix-catalans-minoria-nacional_479247_102.html |url-status=live |archive-date= |language=catalan}}</ref> e.g. in the hospitals,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2022|date=24 May 2022|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title="En espanyol, perquè no t'entenc": obligada a parlar en castellà mentre visitava un familiar a l'hospital|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/discriminacio-linguistica-hospital-vila-joiosa-plataforma-llengua/}}</ref> the current prohibition of using the Catalan language in state institutions such as Court,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2022-05-17|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=Batet talla la paraula a Botran perquè parlava en català: "La llengua castellana és la de tots"|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/batet-botran-catala-congres-espanyol-llengua-castellana/}}</ref> despite being the former [[Crown of Aragon]], with three Catalan-speaking territories, one of the co-founders of the current Spanish state, is nothing more than the continuation of the foreignization of Catalan-speaking people from the first third of the 20th century, in full swing of state racism and [[fascism]]. It also can be pointed the [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish far right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html |newspaper=El Nacional}}</ref> By fragmenting Catalan language into as many languages as territories, it becomes inoperative, economically suffocated, and becomes a political toy in the hands of territorial politicians.
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-Susceptible to be classified as an [[ethnic democracy]], the Spanish State currently only recognizes the [[Names of the Romani people|gypsies]] as a national minority, excluding [[Catalans]] (and, of course, Valencians and Balearic), [[Basques]] and [[Galicians]]. However, it is evident to any external observer that there are social diversities within the Spanish State that qualify as manifestations of national minorities, such as, for example, the existence of the main three linguistic minorities in their ancestral territories.<ref name=":042">{{cite web|publisher=Biblioteca de cultura jurídica|language=es|first=Eduardo J. |last=Ruiz Vieytez|title=España y el Convenio Marco para la Protección de las Minorías Nacionales: Una reflexión crítica|url=http://bibliotecaculturajuridica.com/EDIT/1209/espa%C3%B1a-y-el-convenio-marco-para-la-proteccion-de-las-minorias-nacionales-una-reflexion-critica.html/}}</ref>
=== United Kingdom ===
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0 => '',
1 => '=== Spain ===',
2 => 'While historical monarchies often brought together different kingdoms/territories/ethnic groups under the same crown, in modern nation states political elites seek a uniformity of the population, leading to state nationalism.<ref>{{cite book|date=2014|author=Michel Pastoureau|chapter=Des armoiries aux drapeaux|edition=du Seuil|isbn=978-2-7578-4106-8|title=Une histoire symbolique du Moyen Âge}}</ref><ref>[{{cite news|date=1978|last=Connor|doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240|issue=4|first=Walker|work=Ethnic and Racial Studies|pages=377–400|title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a...|volume=1}}</ref> In the case of the Christian territories of the future [[Spain]], neighboring [[Al-Andalus]], there was an early perception of ethnicity, faith and shared territory in the Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries), as documented by the [[Chronicle of Muntaner]] in the proposal of the [[Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)|Castilian king]] to the other Christian kings of the peninsula: "...''if these four Kings of Spain whom he named, who are of one flesh and blood, held together, little need they fear all the other powers of the world.''..".<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/muntaner_goodenough.pdf#page=206 Muntaner's Chronicle-p.206, L.Goodenough-Hakluyt-London-1921]</ref><ref>Margarit i Pau, Joan: ''Paralipomenon Hispaniae libri decem''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervantes Virtual; f. LXXXIIIv. |url=http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121190623/http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |archive-date=2014-11-21 |access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref> After the dynastic union of the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]] in the 15th century, the Spanish Monarchy ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and the kings had to swear by the [[Laws]] of each territory before the respective [[Parliament]]s.',
3 => '',
4 => 'After the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], rooted in the political position of the [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares|Count-Duke of Olivares]] and the absolutism of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], the assimilation of the [[Crown of Aragon]] by the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian Crown]] through the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Decrees of Nova planta]] was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state. As in other contemporary European states, political union was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group, in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, who became [[Minority group|national minorities]] to be assimilated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sales Vives|date=2020-09-22|publisher=El Gall editor|isbn=9788416416707|language=ca|first=Pere|pages=422|title=L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808-1932}}</ref><ref>Antoni Simon, [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme], páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València</ref> In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards Catalan-speaking territories ([[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], part of [[Aragon]]) and other national minorities have been a historical constant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mayans Balcells|edition=del 1979|isbn=978-84-947201-4-7|language=ca|first=Pere|pages=230|title=Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola|year=2019 }}</ref><ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con">{{cite book|last=Lluís|publisher=Base|isbn=9788418434983|language=ca|first=García Sevilla|pages=300|title=Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana|year=2021 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book|last=Bea Seguí|publisher=Cossetània|isbn=9788490341339|language=ca|first=Ignaci|pages=216|title=En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana|year=2013 }}</ref><ref name="galeusca2">{{cite web|archive-date=2008-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788|access-date=2008-08-02|title=Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català.|url=http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788}}</ref>',
5 => '',
6 => '[[File:Mapa político de España, 1850.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|School map of Spain from 1850. On it, the State is shown divided into four parts:- "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and Andalusia, but also the Galician-speaking territories. - "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the larger part of which, with the exception of Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories-, and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.]]',
7 => 'The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada">{{cite book|last=de la Cierva|date=1981|publisher=Planeta|isbn=8485753003|language=ca|first=Ricardo|pages=78|title=Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones}}</ref> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada"/> These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sobrequés Callicó|date=2021-01-29|publisher=Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya|isbn=978-84-18601-20-0|language=ca|first=Jaume|page=410|title=Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ferrer Gironès|edition=62|isbn=978-8429723632|language=ca|first=Francesc|page=320|title=La persecució política de la llengua catalana|year=1985 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Benet|date=1995|publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat|isbn=84-7826-620-8|language=ca|first=Josep|title=L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya}}</ref><ref name=":0222">{{cite book|last=Llaudó Avila|date=2021|edition=7th|publisher=Parcir|isbn=9788418849107|location=Manresa|first=Eduard|title=Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània}}</ref> and still in force,<ref name=":3">{{cite web|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana|url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=2019|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna|last=Moreno Cabrera|first=Juan Carlos|publisher=Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya |book-title=VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia |url=https://www.cicac.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Espanyolisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_Juan-Carlos-Moreno.pdf |language=ca}}</ref> have been, and still are, the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State.',
8 => '',
9 => 'The nationalization process accelerated in the 19th century, in parallel to the origin of [[Spanish nationalism]], the social, political and ideological movement that tried to shape a Spanish national identity based on the Castilian model, in conflict with the other historical nations of the State. Politicians of the time were aware that despite the aggressive policies pursued up to that time, the uniform and monocultural "Spanish nation" did not exist, as indicated in 1835 by [[Antonio Alcalá Galiano|Antonio Alcalà Galiano]], when in the [[Cortes del Estatuto Real]] he defended the effort <blockquote>"To make the Spanish nation a nation that neither is nor has been until now."</blockquote> In 1906, the Catalanist party [[Catalan Solidarity (1906)|Solidaritat Catalana]] was founded to try to mitigate the economically and culturally oppressive treatment of Spain towards the Catalans. One of the responses of [[Spanish nationalism]] came from the military state with statements such as that of the publication [[La Correspondencia Militar|La Correspondencia militar]]: "The Catalan problem is not solved, well, by freedom, but by restriction; not by palliatives and pacts, but by iron and fire". Another came from important Spanish intellectuals, such [[Pío Baroja|Pio Baroja]] and [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blasco Ibañez]], calling the Catalans "[[Jews]]", considered a serious insult at that time when [[Racism in Europe|racism]] was gaining strength.<ref name=":0222" /> ',
10 => '',
11 => 'Building the nation (as in [[France]], it was the state that created the nation, and not the opposite process) is an ideal that the Spanish elites constantly reiterated, and, one hundred years later than Alcalá Galiano, for example, we can also find it in the mouth of the fascist [[José Pemartín]], who admired the German and Italian modeling policies:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"There is an intimate and decisive dualism, both in Italian fascism and in German National Socialism. On the one hand the Hegelian doctrine of the absolutism of the state is felt. The State originates in the Nation, educates and shapes the mentality of the individual; is, in Mussolini's words, the soul of the soul »</blockquote> The turn of the 20th century, and the first half of that century, have seen the most ethnic violence, coinciding with a racism that even came to identify states with races; in the case of Spain, with a supposed Spanish race sublimated in Castilian, of which national minorities were degenerate forms, and the first of those that needed to be exterminated.<ref name=":0222" />',
12 => '',
13 => 'In this sense, one can find discourses on the alienation of [[Catalan language|Catalan speakers]], such as, for example, an article entitled «Cataluña bilingüe», by [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal|Menéndez Pidal]], in which he defends the [[Romanones decree]] against the [[Catalan language]], published in [[El Imparcial (1867–1933)|El Imparcial]], on 15 December 1902:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>«… There they will see that the Courts of the Catalan-Aragonese Confederation never had Catalan as their official language; that the kings of Aragon, even those of the Catalan dynasty, used Catalan only in Catalonia, and used Spanish not only in the Cortes of Aragon, but also in foreign relations, the same with Castile or Navarre as with the infidel kings of Granada , from Africa or Asia, because even in the most important days of Catalonia, Spanish prevailed as the language of the Aragonese kingdom and Catalan was reserved for the peculiar affairs of the Catalan county..."</blockquote>or the article "Los Catalanes. A las Cortes Constituyentes », appeared in several newspapers, among others: [[El Dia de Alicante]], June 23, 1931, [[El Porvenir Castellano]] and [[El Noticiero de Soria]], July 2, 1931, in the [[Heraldo de Almeria]] on June 4, 1931, sent by the "Pro-Justice Committee", with a post office box in [[Madrid]]:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"The Catalanists have recently declared that they are not Spanish, nor do they want to be, nor can they be. They have also been saying for a long time that they are an oppressed, enslaved, exploited people. It is imperative to do them justice... That they return to Phenicia or that they go wherever they want to admit them. When the Catalan tribes saw Spain and settled in the Spanish territory that is now occupied by the provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, how little they imagined that the case of the captivity of the tribes of Israel in Egypt would be repeated there! !... Let us respect his most holy will. They are eternally inadaptable... Their cowardice and selfishness leaves them no room for fraternity... So, we propose to the Constituent Cortes the expulsion of the Catalanists... You are free! The Republic opens wide the doors of Spain, your prison. go away Get out of here. Go back to Phenicia, or go wherever you want, how big is the world."</blockquote>The main scapegoat of Spanish nationalism is the non-Spanish languages, which over the last three hundred years have been tried to be replaced by Spanish with hundreds of laws and regulations,<ref name=":2" /> but also with acts of great violence, such as during the civil war. For example, the statements of [[Gonzalo Queipo de Llano|Queipo de Llano]] can be found in the article entitled "Against Catalonia, the Israel of the Modern World", published in the [[Diario Palentino]] on November 26, 1936, where it is dropped that in [[Americas|America]] Catalans are considered a race of [[Jews]], because they use the same procedures that the [[Hebrews]] perform in all the nations of the Globe. And considering the Catalans as Hebrews and considering his [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] "Our struggle is not a civil war, but a war for Western civilization against the Jewish world," it is not surprising that Queipo de Llano expressed his [[Anti-Catalanism|anti-Catalan]] intentions: "When the war is over, Pompeu Fabra and his works will be dragged along the Ramblas"<ref name=":0222" /> (it was not talk to talk, the house of [[Pompeu Fabra]], the standardizer of Catalan language, was raided and his huge personal library burned in the middle of the street. Pompeu Fabra was able to escape into exile).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabra, diccionari d'un home sense biografia |url=https://www.ccma.cat/tv3/alacarta/sense-ficcio/fabra-diccionari-dun-home-sense-biografia/video/5845287/ |website=TV3 - Sense ficció |publisher=TV3 |language=ca}}</ref>',
14 => '',
15 => 'Another example of [[Fascism|fascis]]<nowiki/>t aggression towards the Catalan language is pointed out by [[Paul Preston]] in "The Spanish Holocaust",<ref name="Holo2">{{cite book|date=2012|last=Preston|first=Paul|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-06476-6|title=The Spanish Holocaust}}</ref> given that during the civil war it practically led to an ethnic conflict:<blockquote>"In the days following the occupation of Lleida (…), the republican prisoners identified as Catalans were executed without trial. Anyone who heard them speak Catalan was very likely to be arrested. The arbitrary brutality of the anti-Catalan repression reached such a point that Franco himself had to issue an order ordering that mistakes that could later be regretted be avoided ".',
16 => '',
17 => '"There are examples of the murder of peasants for no other apparent reason than that of speaking Catalan"</blockquote>After a possible attempt at [[ethnic cleansing]],<ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con" /><ref name=":0222" /> the [[Biopolitics|biopolitical]] imposition of Spanish during the [[Francoist Spain|Franco dictatorship]], to the point of being considered an attempt at [[cultural genocide]], democracy consolidated an apparent asymmetric regime of [[bilingualism]] of sorts, wherein the Spanish government has employed a system of laws that favored Spanish over Cataln,<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2014 que afecten Catalunya |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/infornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2015 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2017 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":333">{{cite web |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":433">{{cite web |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Informe discriminacions lingüístiques 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/informediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":533">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref> which becomes the weaker of the two languages, and therefore, in the absence of other states where it is spoken, is doomed to extinction in the medium or short term. In the same vein, its use in the Spanish Congress is prevented,<ref>{{cite web |date=2013 |title=El Congrés a Bosch i Jordà: el català hi "està prohibit" |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit |publisher=Naciódigital}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=La presidenta del Congrés de Diputats, Meritxell Batet, prohibeix parlar en català a Albert Botran (CUP) i li talla el micròfon |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2020/11/18/345765/video-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html |publisher=Diari de les Balears}}</ref> and it is prevented from achieving official status Europe, unlike less spoken languages such as [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=L'oficialització del gaèlic a la UE torna a evidenciar la discriminació del català |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/loficialitzacio-del-gaelic-a-la-ue-torna-a-evidenciar-la-discriminacio-del-catala/noticia/3138529/ |publisher=CCMA}}</ref> In other institutional areas, such as justice, [[Plataforma per la Llengua]] has denounced [[Anti-Catalanism|Catalanophobia]]. The association [[Soberania i Justícia]] have also denounced it in an act in the [[European Parliament]]. It also takes the form of [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish extreme right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |newspaper=El Nacional |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sallés |first=Quico |date=2022-10-22 |title=El CNP, a un advocat: “No estem obligats a conèixer el dialecte català” |url=https://elmon.cat/societat/llengua/cnp-advocat-no-obligats-dialecte-catala-501969/ |url-status=live |archive-date= |access-date= |website=El Mon |publisher=}}</ref>',
18 => '',
19 => 'In November 2005, [[Òmnium Cultural|Omnium Cultural]] organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the [[Círculo de Bellas Artes|Círculo de bellas artes]] in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except [[Santiago Carrillo]], a politician from the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]], did not attend any more.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2013-07-26|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=El suport explícit de la societat civil de Madrid a l'Estatut es limita a Santiago Carrillo|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4136130/20130726/suport-explicit-societat-civil-madrid-lestatut-limita-santiago-carrillo.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 2 November 2005|title=En busca de la "España educada" |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2005/11/03/espana/1130972416_850215.html |url-status=live |newspaper=El País}}</ref> The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2017-07-10|publisher=Nació digital|language=ca|title=Fotos – Set anys de la manifestació del 10-J, punt de partida del procés sobiranista|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/134582/fotos-set-anys-manifestacio-10-j-punt-partida-proces-sobiranista}}</ref>',
20 => '',
21 => 'Apart from language discrimination by public officials,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2021|date=23 December 2021|publisher=Plataforma per la llengua|language=ca|title=Informe de discriminacions lingüístiques 2020: "Habla en castellano, cojones, que estamos en España"|url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/que-fem/estudis-i-publicacions/293/informe-de-discriminacions-linguistiques-2020-habla-en-castellano-cojones-que-estamos-en-espana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Jordi |date=13 March 2020 |title=Garrotada de l'ONU a Espanya: reconeix els catalans com a "minoria nacional" |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/garrotada-onu-espanya-reconeix-catalans-minoria-nacional_479247_102.html |url-status=live |archive-date= |language=catalan}}</ref> e.g. in the hospitals,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2022|date=24 May 2022|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title="En espanyol, perquè no t'entenc": obligada a parlar en castellà mentre visitava un familiar a l'hospital|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/discriminacio-linguistica-hospital-vila-joiosa-plataforma-llengua/}}</ref> the current prohibition of using the Catalan language in state institutions such as Court,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2022-05-17|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=Batet talla la paraula a Botran perquè parlava en català: "La llengua castellana és la de tots"|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/batet-botran-catala-congres-espanyol-llengua-castellana/}}</ref> despite being the former [[Crown of Aragon]], with three Catalan-speaking territories, one of the co-founders of the current Spanish state, is nothing more than the continuation of the foreignization of Catalan-speaking people from the first third of the 20th century, in full swing of state racism and [[fascism]]. It also can be pointed the [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish far right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html |newspaper=El Nacional}}</ref> By fragmenting Catalan language into as many languages as territories, it becomes inoperative, economically suffocated, and becomes a political toy in the hands of territorial politicians.',
22 => '',
23 => 'Susceptible to be classified as an [[ethnic democracy]], the Spanish State currently only recognizes the [[Names of the Romani people|gypsies]] as a national minority, excluding [[Catalans]] (and, of course, Valencians and Balearic), [[Basques]] and [[Galicians]]. However, it is evident to any external observer that there are social diversities within the Spanish State that qualify as manifestations of national minorities, such as, for example, the existence of the main three linguistic minorities in their ancestral territories.<ref name=":042">{{cite web|publisher=Biblioteca de cultura jurídica|language=es|first=Eduardo J. |last=Ruiz Vieytez|title=España y el Convenio Marco para la Protección de las Minorías Nacionales: Una reflexión crítica|url=http://bibliotecaculturajuridica.com/EDIT/1209/espa%C3%B1a-y-el-convenio-marco-para-la-proteccion-de-las-minorias-nacionales-una-reflexion-critica.html/}}</ref>'
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All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
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28 => 'https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/batet-botran-catala-congres-espanyol-llengua-castellana/',
29 => 'https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/discriminacio-linguistica-hospital-vila-joiosa-plataforma-llengua/'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political term for a state that is based around a nation</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For 2018 Israeli legislation, see <a href="/wiki/Nation-State_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-State Bill">Nation-State Bill</a>. For the government simulation browser game, see <a href="/wiki/NationStates" title="NationStates">NationStates</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/220px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/330px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/440px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4649" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Portrait of "The Ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Treaty of Münster</a>", one of the treaties leading to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, where the concept of the "nation state" was born.</div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;">
<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(rule by many)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(rule by one)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">Semi-presidential</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer State">Buffer State</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpower" title="Hyperpower">Hyperpower</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;">
<a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Basic_forms_of_government&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">Conservative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_nationalism" title="Moderate nationalism">Moderate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">Liberal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Transnationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid; border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid; border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist hlist-separated">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li>
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<ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li>
<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid; border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist">
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<li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li></ul>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid; border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist hlist-separated">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul>
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<p>A <b>nation state</b> is a political unit where the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> are congruent.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> It is a more precise concept than "<a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>", since a country does not need to have a predominant <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.
</p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, in the sense of a common <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, may include a <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> or <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> who live outside the nation state; some nations of this sense do not have a state where that ethnicity predominates. In a more general sense, a nation state is simply a large, politically sovereign country or administrative territory. A nation state may be contrasted with:
</p>
<ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a>, where no one ethnic group dominates (such a state may also be considered a <a href="/wiki/Multicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural">multicultural</a> state depending on the degree of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> of various groups).</li>
<li>A <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>, which is both smaller than a "nation" in the sense of "large sovereign country" and which may or may not be dominated by all or part of a single "nation" in the sense of a common ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Radan2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radan2002-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boll2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boll2007-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elazar1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elazar1998-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li>An <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>, which is composed of many countries (possibly non-sovereign states) and nations under a single <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> or ruling state <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>.</li>
<li>A <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>, a league of sovereign states, which might or might not include nation-states.</li>
<li>A <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a>, which may or may not be a nation-state, and which is only partially self-governing within a larger <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> (for example, the state boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> are drawn along ethnic lines, but those of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are not).</li></ul>
<p>This article mainly discusses the more specific definition of a nation-state as a typically sovereign country dominated by a particular ethnicity.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Complexity"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Complexity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History_and_origins"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History and origins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Before_the_nation_state"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Before the nation state</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_practice"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">In practice</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Exceptional_cases"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Exceptional cases</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kingdom of the Netherlands</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Minorities"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Minorities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Irredentism"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Irredentism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Future"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Future</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Clash_of_civilizations"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Clash of civilizations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Historiography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Historiography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#General_references"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">General references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Complexity">Complexity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Complexity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The relationship between a nation (in the ethnic sense) and a state can be complex. The presence of a state can encourage <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>, and a group with a pre-existing ethnic identity can influence the drawing of territorial boundaries or argue for <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a>.
</p><p>This definition of a "nation-state" is not universally accepted. "All attempts to develop terminological consensus around "nation" resulted in failure", concludes academic <a href="/wiki/Valery_Tishkov" title="Valery Tishkov">Valery Tishkov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Walker_Connor" title="Walker Connor">Walker Connor</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> discusses the impressions surrounding the characters of "<a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">(sovereign) state</a>", "nation state", and "<a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>". Connor, who gave the term "<a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalism">ethnonationalism</a>" wide currency, also discusses the tendency to confuse nation and state and the treatment of all states as if nation states.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_origins">History and origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></div>
<p>The origins and early <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of nation states are disputed. A major theoretical question is: "Which came first, the nation or the nation state?" Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weber_(professor)" title="Steven Weber (professor)">Steven Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Woodward_(cartographer)" title="David Woodward (cartographer)">David Woodward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> have advanced the hypothesis that the nation state did not arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it a political invention; but is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> combined with <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cartography#Technological_changes" title="Cartography">advances in map-making technologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> It was with these intellectual discoveries and technological advances that the nation state arose. For others, the nation existed first, then nationalist movements arose for <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, and the nation state was created to meet that demand. Some "<a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization theories</a>" of nationalism see it as a product of government policies to unify and modernize an already existing state. Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>. However, historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> argues, the French state preceded the formation of the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a>. Hobsbawm considers that the state made the French nation, not <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a>, which emerged at the end of the 19th century, the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>. At the time of the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, only half of the French people spoke some French, and 12–13% spoke the version of it that was to be found in literature and in educational facilities, according to Hobsbawm.<sup id="cite_ref-hobsbawm1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobsbawm1-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, the number of people speaking the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> was even lower. The French state promoted the replacement of various regional dialects and languages by a centralised <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, and so did, and still does, Italy. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">1880s laws on public instruction</a> facilitated the creation of a national identity under this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1848_map_en.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/250px-Europe_1848_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/375px-Europe_1848_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/500px-Europe_1848_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1848_map_en.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> were democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical</a> structures and creating independent nation-states.</div></div></div>
<p>Some nation states, such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a>, during the 19th century. In both cases, the territory was previously divided among other states, some of them very small. The sense of common identity was at first a cultural movement, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></i> in German-speaking states, which rapidly acquired a political significance. In these cases, the nationalist sentiment and the nationalist movement clearly precede the unification of the German and Italian nation states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Historians Hans Kohn, Liah Greenfeld, Philip White and others have classified nations such as Germany or Italy, where cultural unification preceded state unification, as <i>ethnic nations</i> or <i>ethnic nationalities</i>. However, "state-driven" national unifications, such as in France, England or China, are more likely to flourish in multiethnic societies, producing a traditional national heritage of <i>civic nations</i>, or <i>territory-based nationalities</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>The idea of a nation state was and is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the "<a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian system</a>" in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> (1648). The <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a>, which characterized that system, depended on its effectiveness upon clearly defined, centrally controlled, independent entities, whether <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a> or nation states, which recognize each other's sovereignty and territory. The Westphalian system did not create the nation state, but the nation state meets the criteria for its component states (by assuming that there is no disputed territory).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before the Westphalian system, the closest geopolitical system was the "Chanyuan system" established in East Asia in 1005 through the <a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Treaty of Chanyuan</a>, which, like the Westphalian peace treaties, designated national borders between the independent regimes of China's <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> This system was copied and developed in East Asia in the following centuries until the establishment of the pan-Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>The nation state received a philosophical underpinning in the era of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, at first as the "natural" expression of the individual peoples (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>'s conception of the <i><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">Volk</a></i>, later opposed by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>). The increasing emphasis during the 19th century on the ethnic and racial origins of the nation, led to a redefinition of the nation state in these terms.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25">[25]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a>, which in <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Boulainvilliers" title="Henri de Boulainvilliers">Boulainvilliers</a>'s theories was inherently anti<a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotic</a> and antinationalist, joined itself with <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and "continental imperialism", most notably in <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Germanic">pan-Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavic">pan-Slavic</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The relation between racism and ethnic nationalism reached its height in the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. The specific combination of "nation" ("people") and "state" expressed in such terms as the <i>Völkische Staat</i> and implemented in laws such as the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg laws">Nuremberg laws</a> made fascist states such as early <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> qualitatively different from non-fascist nation states. <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">Minorities</a> were not considered part of the people (<i>Volk</i>), and were consequently denied to have an authentic or legitimate role in such a state. In Germany, neither <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> were considered part of the people and both were specifically targeted for persecution. German <a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">nationality law</a> defined "German" on the basis of German ancestry, excluding <i>all</i> non-Germans from the people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In recent years, a nation state's claim to absolute <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> within its borders has been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25">[25]</a></sup> A global political system based on <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international agreements</a> and supra-national blocs characterized the post-war era. Non-state actors, such as international <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a>, are widely seen as eroding the economic and political power of nation states.
</p><p>According to Andreas Wimmer and Yuval Feinstein, nation-states tended to emerge when power shifts allowed nationalists to overthrow existing regimes or absorb existing administrative units.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Xue Li and Alexander Hicks links the frequency of nation-state creation to processes of diffusion that emanate from international organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Before_the_nation_state">Before the nation state</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before the nation state">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/300px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/450px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/600px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="970" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Dissolution of the multiethnic <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (1918)</div></div></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the <i>multiethnic</i> <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">empire</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> and smaller nations at what would now be called sub-state level. The multi-ethnic empire was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> ruled by a king, <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[a]</a></sup>. The population belonged to many ethnic groups, and they spoke many languages. The empire was dominated by one ethnic group, and their language was usually the language of public administration. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> was usually, but not always, from that group.
</p><p>This type of state is not specifically European: such empires existed in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Chinese dynasties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, were all multiethnic regimes governed by a ruling ethnic group. In the three examples, their ruling ethnic groups were the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han-Chinese</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>, respectively. In the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, immediately after Muhammad's death in 632, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> were established.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> Caliphates were <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a> under the leadership of a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khalifate_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khalifate-34">[33]</a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> The Ottoman sultan, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (1512–1520) reclaimed the title of caliph, which had been in dispute and asserted by a diversity of rulers and "shadow caliphs" in the centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> Caliphate since the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Mongols' sacking of Baghdad</a> and the killing of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">last Abbasid Caliph</a> in Baghdad, Iraq 1258.
The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> as an office of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was abolished under <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in 1924 as part of <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">Atatürk's Reforms</a>.
</p><p>Some of the smaller European states were not so ethnically diverse, but were also <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic</a> states, ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">royal house</a>. Their territory could expand by <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriage</a> or merge with another state when the dynasty merged. In some parts of Europe, notably <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, very small territorial units existed. They were recognized by their neighbors as independent, and had their own government and laws. Some were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">princes</a> or other hereditary rulers, some were governed by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>. Because they were so small, however, they had no separate language or culture: the inhabitants shared the language of the surrounding region.
</p><p>In some cases, these states were simply overthrown by nationalist uprisings in the 19th century. Liberal ideas of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> played a role in German unification, which was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, and the German alliances in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, were decisive in the unification. The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> broke up after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.
</p><p>A few of the smaller states survived: the independent principalities of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and the republic of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> is a special case. All of the larger <a href="/wiki/Papal_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal State">Papal States</a> save the Vatican itself were occupied and absorbed by Italy by 1870. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> was resolved with the rise of the modern state under the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Lateran_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran treaties">Lateran treaties</a> between <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.)
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>"Legitimate states that govern effectively and dynamic industrial economies are widely regarded today as the defining characteristics of a modern nation-state."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>Nation states have their own characteristics, differing from those of the pre-national states. For a start, they have a different attitude to their territory when compared with dynastic monarchies: it is semisacred and nontransferable. No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter married. They have a different type of <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a>, in principle defined only by the area of settlement of the national group, although many nation states also sought natural borders (rivers, mountain ranges). They are constantly changing in population size and power because of the limited restrictions of their borders.
</p><p>The most noticeable characteristic is the degree to which nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity, in economic, social and cultural life.
</p><p>The nation state promoted economic unity, by abolishing internal <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">tolls</a>. In Germany, that process, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>, preceded formal national unity. Nation states typically have a policy to create and maintain a national transportation infrastructure, facilitating trade and travel. In 19th-century Europe, the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> networks was at first largely a matter for <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private</a> railway companies, but gradually came under control of the national governments. The French rail network, with its main lines radiating from Paris to all corners of France, is often seen as a reflection of the centralised French nation state, which <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_France" title="History of rail transport in France">directed its construction</a>. Nation states continue to build, for instance, specifically national <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> networks. Specifically transnational infrastructure programmes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Networks" title="Trans-European Networks">Trans-European Networks</a>, are a recent innovation.
</p><p>The nation states typically had a more centralised and uniform <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> than its imperial predecessors: they were smaller, and the population less diverse. (The internal diversity of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, for instance, was very great.) After the 19th-century triumph of the nation state in Europe, regional identity was subordinate to national identity, in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. In many cases, the regional administration was also subordinated to central (national) government. This process was partially reversed from the 1970s onward, with the introduction of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Regional_autonomy" title="Regional autonomy">regional autonomy</a>, in formerly <a href="/wiki/Centralised_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised government">centralised</a> states such as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.
</p><p>The most obvious impact of the nation state, as compared to its non-national predecessors, is the creation of a uniform national <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, through state policy. The model of the nation state implies that its population constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, united by a common descent, a common language and many forms of shared culture. When the implied unity was absent, the nation state often tried to create it. It promoted a uniform national language, through <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a>. The creation of national systems of compulsory <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> and a relatively uniform <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> in secondary schools, was the most effective instrument in the spread of the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a>. The schools also taught the national history, often in a <a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">propagandistic and mythologised version</a>, and (especially during conflicts) some nation states still teach this kind of history.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Language and cultural policy was sometimes negative, aimed at the suppression of non-national elements. Language <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibitions</a> were sometimes used to accelerate the adoption of national languages and the decline of <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a> (see examples: <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarization">Bulgarization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatization">Croatization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisation">Francisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyarisation">Magyarisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonisation">Polonisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbization" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbization">Serbization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovakisation">Slovakisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>).
</p><p>In some cases, these policies triggered bitter conflicts and further ethnic <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>. But where it worked, the cultural uniformity and homogeneity of the population increased. Conversely, the cultural divergence at the border became sharper: in theory, a uniform French identity extends from the Atlantic coast to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and on the other bank of the Rhine, a uniform German identity begins. To enforce that model, both sides have divergent <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a> and educational systems.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_practice">In practice</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In practice">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The notion of a unifying "national identity" also extends to countries that host multiple ethnic or language groups, such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> is constitutionally a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>, and has four official languages, but it has also a "Swiss" national identity, a national history and a classic national hero, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Tell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Tell">Wilhelm Tell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Innumerable conflicts have arisen where political boundaries did not correspond with ethnic or cultural boundaries.
</p><p>After World War II in the <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> era, nationalism was appealed to for uniting <a href="/wiki/South_Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="South Slav">South Slav</a> peoples. Later in the 20th century, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, leaders appealed to ancient ethnic feuds or tensions that ignited conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, eventually breaking up the long collaboration of peoples. Ethnic cleansing was carried out in the Balkans, resulting in the destruction of the formerly <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a> and producing the civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> in 1992–95, resulting in mass population displacements and segregation that radically altered what was once a highly diverse and intermixed ethnic makeup of the region. These conflicts were largely about creating a new political framework of states, each of which would be ethnically and politically homogeneous. Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks insisted they were ethnically distinct although many communities had a long history of intermarriage. Presently Croatia (90,42%), Slovenia (83,1<sup id="cite_ref-2002census_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002census-43">[42]</a></sup>-88%<sup id="cite_ref-SURS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SURS-44">[43]</a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (83,3% Serb) could be classified as monoethnic states, whereas <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (66% Macedonian), <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (42% Montenegrin) and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (50.1% Bosniak) are multiethnic states.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is a classic example of a state that is not a nation state. The state was formed by <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> in 1830, whose neutrality and integrity was protected by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London 1839">Treaty of London 1839</a>; thus it served as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> after the Napoleonic Wars between the European powers <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (after 1871 the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when its neutrality was breached by the Germans. Currently, Belgium is divided between the <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/French-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking">French-speaking</a> population in the south, and the German-speaking population in the east. The <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> population in the north speaks Dutch, the <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon</a> population in the south speaks either <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> or, in the east of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a>, German. The Brussels population speaks French or Dutch.
</p><p>The Flemish identity is also cultural, and there is a strong separatist movement espoused by the political parties, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Vlaamse_Alliantie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie">Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie</a>. The Francophone <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon</a> identity of Belgium is linguistically distinct and <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalist</a>. There is also unitary <a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationalism" title="Belgian nationalism">Belgian nationalism</a>, several versions of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a> ideal, and a <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_community_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking community of Belgium">German-speaking community of Belgium</a> annexed from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1920, and re-annexed by Germany in 1940–1944. However, these ideologies are all very marginal and politically insignificant during elections.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/300px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/450px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/600px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ethnolinguistic map of mainland China and Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> covers a large geographic area and uses the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a>" or Chinese nationality, in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>, but it also officially recognizes the majority <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> ethnic group which accounts for over 90% of the population, and no fewer than 55 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic national minorities</a>.
</p><p>According to Philip G. Roeder, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> is an example of a Soviet era "segment-state" (<a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a>), where the "nation-state project of the segment-state trumped the nation-state project of prior statehood. In Moldova, despite strong agitation from university faculty and students for reunification with <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, the nation-state project forged within the Moldavian SSR trumped the project for a return to the interwar nation-state project of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Roeder2007_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roeder2007-46">[45]</a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_linguistic_and_ethnic_identity_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova">Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova</a> for further details.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Exceptional_cases">Exceptional cases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exceptional cases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Israel">Israel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in 1948. Its "<a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a>" describe it as both a Jewish and a democratic state. The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People</a> (2018) explicitly specifies the nature of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, 75.7% of Israel's population are Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a>, who make up 20.4% of the population, are the largest ethnic minority in Israel. Israel also has very small communities of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> There are also some non-Jewish spouses of Israeli Jews. However, these communities are very small, and usually number only in the hundreds or thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kingdom of the Netherlands">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> presents an unusual example in which one kingdom represents four distinct countries. The four countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">provinces in continental Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">special municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul>
<p>Each is expressly designated as a <i>land</i> in <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Dutch law</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> Unlike the German <i>Länder</i> and the Austrian <i>Bundesländer</i>, <i>landen</i> is consistently translated as "countries" by the Dutch government.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMN_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-55">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newstatus_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newstatus-56">[55]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997900035">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="locmap noviewer thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Nation state is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Nation state is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369" /></a><div class="od" style="top:65.53%;left:75.758%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Royal_Arms_of_England.svg/34px-Royal_Arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" title="England" width="34" height="40" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Royal_Arms_of_England.svg/51px-Royal_Arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Royal_Arms_of_England.svg/69px-Royal_Arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></div><div class="pv" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></div></div><div class="od" style="top:33.191%;left:51.042%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/34px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Scotland" width="34" height="40" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/51px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/68px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="599" /></div><div class="pv" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></div></div><div class="od" style="top:52.5%;left:30.303%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="Northern Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NI_shield.svg/32px-NI_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Northern Ireland" width="32" height="40" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NI_shield.svg/47px-NI_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NI_shield.svg/63px-NI_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="291" /></div><div class="pv" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div></div></div><div class="od" style="top:71.799%;left:53.889%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg/33px-Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wales" width="33" height="40" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg/50px-Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg/66px-Arms_of_Llywelyn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="508" /></div><div class="pv" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:United Kingdom adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is an unusual example of a nation state due to its "countries within a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>". The United Kingdom is formed by the union of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, but it is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> formed initially by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (which already included Wales) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> (1707) that set out the agreed terms has ensured the continuation of distinct features of each state, including separate <a href="/wiki/Law_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Law in the United Kingdom">legal systems</a> and separate <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">national churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> described the United Kingdom as "countries within a country".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> and others describe the United Kingdom as a "nation state",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> others, including a then Prime Minister, describe it as a "<a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> and the term <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> is used to describe the four national teams that represent the four nations of the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> Some refer to it as a "Union State".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup>
</p><p>There has been academic debate over whether the United Kingdom can be legally dissolved, as it is recognized internationally as a single nation state. English law jurist <a href="/wiki/A.V._Dicey" class="mw-redirect" title="A.V. Dicey">A.V. Dicey</a> wrote from an English legal perspective that the question is based on whether the legislation giving rise to the union (the Union with Scotland Act), one of the two pieces of legislation which created the state, can be repealed. Dicey claimed because the Law of England does not acknowledge the word "unconstitutional", as a matter of <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> it can be repealed. He also stated any tampering with the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> would be political madness.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Minorities">Minorities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Minorities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The most obvious deviation from the ideal of "one nation, one state" is the presence of minorities, especially <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, which are clearly not members of the majority nation. An ethnic nationalist definition of a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is necessarily exclusive: ethnic nations typically do not have open membership. In most cases, there is a clear idea that surrounding nations are different, and that includes members of those nations who live on the "wrong side" of the border. Historical examples of groups who have been specifically singled out as <i>outsiders</i> are the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in Europe.
</p><p>Negative responses to minorities within the nation state have ranged from <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> enforced by the state, to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">expulsion</a>, persecution, violence, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">extermination</a>. The assimilation policies are usually enforced by the state, but violence against minorities is not always state-initiated: it can occur in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mob_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob violence">mob violence</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>. Nation states are responsible for some of the worst historical examples of violence against minorities not considered part of the nation.
</p><p>However, many nation states accept specific minorities as being part of the nation, and the term <i>national minority</i> is often used in this sense. The <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> in Germany are an example: for centuries they have lived in German-speaking states, surrounded by a much larger ethnic German population, and they have no other historical territory. They are now generally considered to be part of the German nation and are accepted as such by the Federal Republic of Germany, which constitutionally guarantees their cultural rights. Of the thousands of ethnic and cultural minorities in nation states across the world, only a few have this level of acceptance and protection.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> is an official policy in some states, establishing the ideal of coexisting existence among multiple and separate ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups. Other states preffer the <a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">interculturalism</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>" approach) alternative to multiculturalism, citing <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">problems</a> with latter as promoting <a href="/wiki/Self-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-segregation">self-segregation</a> tendencies among minority groups, challenging national cohesion, polarizing society in groups that can't relate to one another, generating problems in regard to minorities and immigrants' fluency in the national language of use and integration with the rest of society (generating hate and persecution against them from the "otherness" they would generate in such a case according to its adherants), without minorities having to give up certain parts of their culture before being absorbed into a now changed majority culture by their contribution. Many nations have laws protecting <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a>.
</p><p>When national boundaries that do not match ethnic boundaries are drawn, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, ethnic tension, massacres and even <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, sometimes has occurred historically (see <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a>).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Irredentism">Irredentism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Irredentism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazi_Germany.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/220px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/330px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/440px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1101" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazi_Germany.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Greater German Reich under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1943</div></div></div>
<p>In principle, the border of a nation state would extend far enough to include all the members of the nation, and all of the national <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a>. Again, in practice, some of them always live on the 'wrong side' of the border. Part of the national homeland may be there too, and it may be governed by the 'wrong' nation. The response to the non-inclusion of territory and population may take the form of <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>: demands to annex <i>unredeemed</i> territory and incorporate it into the nation state.
</p><p>Irredentist claims are usually based on the fact that an identifiable part of the national group lives across the border. However, they can include claims to territory where no members of that nation live at present, because they lived there in the past, the national language is spoken in that region, the national culture has influenced it, geographical unity with the existing territory, or a wide variety of other reasons. Past grievances are usually involved and can cause <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a>.
</p><p>It is sometimes difficult to distinguish irredentism from <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">pan-nationalism</a>, since both claim that all members of an ethnic and cultural nation belong in one specific state. Pan-nationalism is less likely to specify the nation ethnically. For instance, variants of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> have different ideas about what constituted <a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland_and_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland">Greater Germany</a>, including the confusing term <i>Grossdeutschland</i>, which, in fact, implied the inclusion of huge <a href="/wiki/Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav">Slavic</a> minorities from the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>.
</p><p>Typically, irredentist demands are at first made by members of non-state nationalist movements. When they are adopted by a state, they typically result in tensions, and actual attempts at annexation are always considered a <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i>, a cause for <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. In many cases, such claims result in long-term hostile relations between neighbouring states. Irredentist movements typically circulate maps of the claimed national territory, the <i>greater</i> nation state. That territory, which is often much larger than the existing state, plays a central role in their propaganda.
</p><p>Irredentism should not be confused with claims to overseas colonies, which are not generally considered part of the national homeland. Some French overseas colonies would be an exception: <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">French rule in Algeria</a> unsuccessfully treated the colony as a <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Département in France">département</a></i> of France.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Future">Future</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Future">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It has been speculated by both proponents of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writers that the concept of a nation state may disappear with the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-25">[25]</a></sup> Such ideas are sometimes expressed around concepts of a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>. Another possibility is a <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a> and move into communal anarchy or <a href="/wiki/Zero_world_government" title="Zero world government">zero world government</a>, in which nation states no longer exist.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Clash_of_civilizations">Clash of civilizations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clash of civilizations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The theory of the <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of civilizations">clash of civilizations</a> lies in direct contrast to <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> theories about an ever more connected world that no longer requires nation states. According to <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, people's cultural and religious <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identities</a> will be the primary source of conflict in the post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> world.
</p><p>The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, which was then developed in a 1993 <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",<sup id="cite_ref-FAarticle_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAarticle-71">[70]</a></sup> in response to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>'s 1992 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i>. Huntington later expanded his <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> in a 1996 book <i>The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</i>.
</p><p>Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period. Some theorists and writers argued that <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and capitalist <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economics had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i>, argued that the world had reached a <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegelian</a> "end of history".
</p><p>Huntington believed that while the age of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> had ended, the world had reverted only to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.
</p><p>As an extension, he posits that the concept of different <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict.
</p><p>In the 1993 <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> article, Huntington writes:
</p>
<dl><dd><i>It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FAarticle_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAarticle-71">[70]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>Sandra Joireman suggests that Huntington may be characterised as a neo-<a href="/wiki/Primordialism" title="Primordialism">primordialist</a>, as, while he sees people as having strong ties to their ethnicity, he does not believe that these ties have always existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Joireman_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joireman-72">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historiography">Historiography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Historians often look to the past to find the origins of a particular nation state. Indeed, they often put so much emphasis on the importance of the nation state in modern times, that they distort the history of earlier periods in order to emphasize the question of origins. Lansing and English argue that much of the medieval history of Europe was structured to follow the historical winners—especially the nation states that emerged around Paris and London. Important developments that did not directly lead to a nation state get neglected, they argue:
</p>
<dl><dd>one effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners, aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries, above all the nation state.... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was the Mediterranean, centered on <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>'s polyglot court and administration in Palermo...Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality. Textbook narratives, therefore, focus not on medieval Palermo, with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic-speaking monarch, but on the historical winners, Paris and London.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">Titular nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dutch Empire of the time was a monarchy in all but name, ruled (mostly) by a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_references">General references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict</a>. 1991. <i><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></i>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-329-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-329-5">0-86091-329-5</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep M</a>. 2007. <i>Great Empires, Small Nations: The Uncertain Future of the Sovereign State</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-43775-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-43775-X">0-415-43775-X</a>.</li>
<li>Gellner, Ernest (1983). <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1662-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1662-0">0-8014-1662-0</a>.</li>
<li>Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1992). <i>Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality</i>. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2">0-521-43961-2</a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (1996). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationformationt00jame"><i>Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community</i></a></span>. London: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-5072-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-5072-9"><bdi>0-7619-5072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Formation%3A+Towards+a+Theory+of+Abstract+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7619-5072-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationformationt00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Khan, Ali (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=990885">"The Extinction of Nation States"</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan, Ernest</a>. 1882. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation_%3F" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ?">"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"</a> ("<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>")</li>
<li>Malesevic, Sinisa (2006). <i>Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism</i>. New York: Palgrave.</li>
<li>Smith, Anthony D. (1986). <i>The Ethnic Origins of Nations</i>. London: Basil Blackwell. pp 6–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15205-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-15205-9">0-631-15205-9</a>.</li>
<li>White, Philip L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalityinworldhistory.net/ch1.html">"Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State"</a>. In A. G. Hopkins, ed. <i>Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCederman1997" class="citation book cs1">Cederman, Lars-Erik (1997). <i>Emergent Actors in World Politics: How States and Nations Develop and Dissolve</i>. Vol. 39. Princeton University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1416488">10.2307/j.ctv1416488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02148-5"><bdi>978-0-691-02148-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1416488">j.ctv1416488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140438685">140438685</a>. <q>When the state and the nation coincide territorially and demographically, the resulting unit is a nation-state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergent+Actors+in+World+Politics%3A+How+States+and+Nations+Develop+and+Dissolve&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1416488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140438685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1416488%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02148-5&rft.aulast=Cederman&rft.aufirst=Lars-Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker1992" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, Rogers (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXP7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25299-8"><bdi>978-0-674-25299-8</bdi></a>. <q>A state is a nation-state in this minimal sense insofar as it claims (and is understood) to be a nation's state: the state 'of' and 'for' a particular, distinctive, bounded nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Nationhood+in+France+and+Germany&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-25299-8&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPXP7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHechter2000" class="citation book cs1">Hechter, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3jnCwAAQBAJ"><i>Containing Nationalism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829742-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829742-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829742-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+Nationalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829742-0&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3jnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGellner2008" class="citation book cs1">Gellner, Ernest (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPHpUSUAsF0C"><i>Nations and Nationalism</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7500-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-7500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7500-9&rft.aulast=Gellner&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPHpUSUAsF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Radan2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radan2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Radan2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Radan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-e5ciqlbvcwC&pg=PA14"><i>The break-up of Yugoslavia and international law</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25352-9"><bdi>978-0-415-25352-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+break-up+of+Yugoslavia+and+international+law&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25352-9&rft.au=Peter+Radan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-e5ciqlbvcwC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Boll2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boll2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Michael_Boll2007" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Michael Boll (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C&pg=PA67"><i>Multiple nationality and international law</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14838-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14838-3"><bdi>978-90-04-14838-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiple+nationality+and+international+law&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14838-3&rft.au=Alfred+Michael+Boll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMr6Y45439A0C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Elazar1998-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elazar1998_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Judah_Elazar1998" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Judah Elazar (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EiOpZbl0eXIC&pg=PA129"><i>Covenant and civil society: the constitutional matrix of modern democracy</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-311-3"><bdi>978-1-56000-311-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+and+civil+society%3A+the+constitutional+matrix+of+modern+democracy&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-311-3&rft.au=Daniel+Judah+Elazar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEiOpZbl0eXIC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTishkov2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tishkov, Valery (2000). "Forget the 'nation': post-nationalist understanding of nationalism". <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies" title="Ethnic and Racial Studies">Ethnic and Racial Studies</a></i>. <b>23</b> (4): 625–650 [p. 627]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870050033658">10.1080/01419870050033658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145643597">145643597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Forget+the+%27nation%27%3A+post-nationalist+understanding+of+nationalism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=625-650+p.+627&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870050033658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145643597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tishkov&rft.aufirst=Valery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFConnor1978" class="citation journal cs1">Connor, Walker (1978). "A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a...". <i>Ethnic and Racial Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 377–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.1978.9993240">10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Nation+is+a+Nation%2C+is+a+State%2C+is+an+Ethnic+Group%2C+is+a...&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=377-400&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.1978.9993240&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Black Maps and Politics pp.59–98 1998</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maps and Politics pp.100–147 1998</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRobert1970" class="citation journal cs1">Robert, L Carneiro (21 August 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c52e7e3539fbf4dbc163c20907e931424e91a78">"A Theory Of The Origin Of The State"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>169</b> (3947): 733–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...169..733C">1970Sci...169..733C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733">10.1126/science.169.3947.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17820299">17820299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11536431">11536431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Theory+Of+The+Origin+Of+The+State&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3947&rft.pages=733-738&rft.date=1970-08-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11536431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17820299&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...169..733C&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=L+Carneiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F4c52e7e3539fbf4dbc163c20907e931424e91a78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault Lectures at the Collège de France Security, Territory, Population 2007</span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Direct Georeferencing : A New Standard in Photogrammetry for High Accuracy Mapping Volume XXXIX pp.5–9 2012</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Archives of the Photogrammetry On Borders:From Ancient to Postmodern Times Volume 40 pp.1–7 2013</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Archives of the Photogrammetry Borderlines: Maps and the spread of the Westphalian state from Europe to Asia Part One –The European Context Volume 40 pp.111–116 2013</span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Archives of the Photogrammetry Appearance and Appliance of the Twin-Cities Concept on the Russian-Chinese Border Volume 40 pp.105–110 2013</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811005805/http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992">"How Maps Made the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson Quarterly">Wilson Quarterly</a></i>. Summer 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=1992">the original</a> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>. <q>Source: 'Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change' by Jordan Branch, in <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization">International Organization</a></i>, Volume 65, Issue 1, Winter 2011</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=How+Maps+Made+the+World&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonquarterly.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FAID%3D1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBranch,_Jordan_Nathaniel2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Branch, Jordan Nathaniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tt0p94m"><i>Mapping the Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>. <q><b>Abstract</b>: How did modern territorial states come to replace earlier forms of organization, defined by a wide variety of territorial and non-territorial forms of authority? Answering this question can help to explain both where our international political system came from and where it might be going ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mapping+the+Sovereign+State%3A+Cartographic+Technology%2C+Political+Authority%2C+and+Systemic+Change&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Branch%2C+Jordan+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2tt0p94m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Howard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344"><i>Understanding the Global Economy</i></a>. Peace Education Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748961-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748961-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9748961-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Global+Economy&rft.pub=Peace+Education+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9748961-0-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Kw5vLbYq-4C%26q%3Dearly%2Bemergence%2Bof%2Ba%2Brelatively%2Bunified%2Bstate%2C%2Band%2Ba%2Bsense%2Bof%2Bcommon%2Bidentity%2C%2Bin%2BPortugal%2Band%2Bthe%2BDutch%2BRepublic.%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-hobsbawm1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hobsbawm1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1992" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric (1992). <i>Nations and nationalism since 1780</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521439612" title="Special:BookSources/0521439612"><bdi>0521439612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+nationalism+since+1780&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521439612&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trinitycollegelawreview.org/french-language-law-the-attempted-ruination-of-frances-linguistic-diversity/">"French language law: The attempted ruination of France's linguistic diversity"</a>. <i>Trinity College Law Review (TCLR) | Trinity College Dublin</i>. 4 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinity+College+Law+Review+%28TCLR%29+%7C+Trinity+College+Dublin&rft.atitle=French+language+law%3A+The+attempted+ruination+of+France%27s+linguistic+diversity.&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrinitycollegelawreview.org%2Ffrench-language-law-the-attempted-ruination-of-frances-linguistic-diversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohn, Hans (1955). <i>Nationalism: Its Meaning & History</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfeld, Liah (1992). <i>Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ref1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Philip L. (2006). 'Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State', In A.G. Hopkins, ed. <i>Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local</i> Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yuan Julian (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37471839">"Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese History</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 313–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2018.7">10.1017/jch.2018.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2059-1632">2059-1632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133980555">133980555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History&rft.atitle=Frontier%2C+Fortification%2C+and+Forestation%3A+Defensive+Woodland+on+the+Song%E2%80%93Liao+Border+in+the+Long+Eleventh+Century&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-334&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133980555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2059-1632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2018.7&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37471839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPakhomov2022" class="citation book cs1">Pakhomov, Oleg (2022). <i>Political Culture of East Asia – a civilization of total power</i>. [S.l.]: Springer-Verlag, Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-0778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-0778-4"><bdi>978-981-19-0778-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1304248303">1304248303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+of+East+Asia+%E2%80%93+a+civilization+of+total+power&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1304248303&rft.isbn=978-981-19-0778-4&rft.aulast=Pakhomov&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> (1951)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWimmerFeinstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wimmer, Andreas; Feinstein, Yuval (2010). "The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>75</b> (5): 764–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122410382639">10.1177/0003122410382639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10075481">10075481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Nation-State+across+the+World%2C+1816+to+2001&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=764-790&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10075481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122410382639&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+Yuval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLiHicks2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Xue; Hicks, Alexander (2016). "World Polity Matters: Another Look at the Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 596–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122416641371">10.1177/0003122416641371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147753503">147753503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=World+Polity+Matters%3A+Another+Look+at+the+Rise+of+the+Nation-State+across+the+World%2C+1816+to+2001&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=596-607&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147753503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122416641371&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xue&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2">0-521-43961-2</a>) chapter II "The popular protonationalism", pp.80–81 French edition (Gallimard, 1992). According to Hobsbawm, the main source for this subject is Ferdinand Brunot (ed.), Histoire de la langue française, Paris, 1927–1943, 13 volumes, in particular volume IX. He also refers to Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire, Paris, 1975. For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a widespread national language during and after the French Revolution, see Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République, Paris, 1985 (also Le co-linguisme, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1994, but out of print) ("The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the Carolingian to the Republic. Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution, Paris, 1974.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNigosian2004" class="citation book cs1">Nigosian, Solomon A. (29 January 2004). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo"><i>Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11074-9"><bdi>978-0-253-11074-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Its+History%2C+Teaching%2C+and+Practices&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-29&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11074-9&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=Solomon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamitshistoryt0000nigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-khalifate-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khalifate_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKadiShahin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate". <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>: 81–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=Caliph%2C+caliphate&rft.pages=81-86&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kadi&rft.aufirst=Wadad&rft.au=Shahin%2C+Aram+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAl-RasheedKerstenShterin2012" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9"><bdi>978-0-19-932795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+the+Caliphate%3A+Historical+Memory+and+Contemporary+Contexts&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932795-9&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rft.au=Kersten%2C+Carool&rft.au=Shterin%2C+Marat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEAMqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKohli2004" class="citation book cs1">Kohli, Atul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_r7wLD--VoC&pg=PA1"><i>State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-521-54525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Directed+Development%3A+Political+Power+and+Industrialization+in+the+Global+Periphery&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54525-9&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Atul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_r7wLD--VoC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers</b> Recommendation Rec(2001)15 on history teaching in 21st-century Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 31 October 2001 at the 771st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025938/http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4">"History Interpretation as a Cause of Conflicts in Europe"</a>. <i>united.non-profit.nl</i>. UNITED for Intercultural Action. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/thema01.htm#4">the original</a> on 4 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=united.non-profit.nl&rft.atitle=History+Interpretation+as+a+Cause+of+Conflicts+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.united.non-profit.nl%2Fpages%2Fthema01.htm%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawmRanger1992" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric; Ranger, Terence (1992). <i>The Invention of Tradition</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43773-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43773-3"><bdi>0-521-43773-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-43773-3&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Ranger%2C+Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMelman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Melman, Billie (1991). "Claiming the Nation's Past: The Invention of an Anglo-Saxon Tradition". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>26</b> (3/4): 575–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949102600312">10.1177/002200949102600312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/260661">260661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162362628">162362628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Claiming+the+Nation%27s+Past%3A+The+Invention+of+an+Anglo-Saxon+Tradition&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=575-595&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162362628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260661%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949102600312&rft.aulast=Melman&rft.aufirst=Billie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHughes1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Christopher (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23033/2/Nation-building_and_curriculum_reform_in_Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan.pdf">"Robert Stone Nation-Building and Curriculum Reform in Hong Kong and Taiwan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Quarterly</i>. <b>160</b>: 977–991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0305741000001405">10.1017/s0305741000001405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155033800">155033800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Robert+Stone+Nation-Building+and+Curriculum+Reform+in+Hong+Kong+and+Taiwan&rft.volume=160&rft.pages=977-991&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0305741000001405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155033800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F23033%2F2%2FNation-building_and_curriculum_reform_in_Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRiklin2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riklin, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013204126/http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf">"Worin unterscheidet sich die schweizerische "Nation" von der Französischen bzw. Deutschen "Nation"?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federalism.ch/files/documents/Nation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worin+unterscheidet+sich+die+schweizerische+%22Nation%22+von+der+Franz%C3%B6sischen+bzw.+Deutschen+%22Nation%22%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Riklin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalism.ch%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FNation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2002census-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2002census_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7">"Census 2002: 7. Population by ethnic affiliation, Slovenia, Census 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002"</a>. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2002%3A+7.+Population+by+ethnic+affiliation%2C+Slovenia%2C+Census+1953%2C+1961%2C+1971%2C+1981%2C+1991+and+2002&rft.pub=Statistical+Office+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.si%2Fpopis2002%2Fen%2Frezultati%2Frezultati_red.asp%3Fter%3DSLO%26st%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SURS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SURS_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613133216/http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/statfile1.asp">"SI-Stat Data Portal"</a>. SURS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/dialog/statfile1.asp">the original</a> on 13 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SI-Stat+Data+Portal&rft.pub=SURS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpxweb.stat.si%2Fpxweb%2Fdialog%2Fstatfile1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to age-long internal migration and assimilation.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roeder2007-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roeder2007_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_G._Roeder2007" class="citation book cs1">Philip G. Roeder (2007). <i>Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3"><bdi>978-0-691-13467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Nation-States+Come+From%3A+Institutional+Change+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13467-3&rft.au=Philip+G.+Roeder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-text-of-jewish-nation-state-bill-set-to-become-law//">"Final text of Jewish nation-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/7/19/israel-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-law">"Israel passes controversial 'Jewish nation-state' law"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a></i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3877574,00.html">"Israel at 62: Population of 7,587,000"</a>. Ynet.co.il. 20 June 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+at+62%3A+Population+of+7%2C587%2C000&rft.pub=Ynet.co.il&rft.date=1995-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Fenglish%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3877574%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf">"Israel's Independence Day 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a></i>. 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Independence+Day+2019&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F134%2F11_19_134b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLustick1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lustick, Ian S. (1999). "Israel as a Non-Arab State: The Political Implications of Mass Immigration of Non-Jews". <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 417–433. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4329354">4329354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Israel+as+a+Non-Arab+State%3A+The+Political+Implications+of+Mass+Immigration+of+Non-Jews&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=417-433&rft.date=1999&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4329354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/news/regional/10/09/netherlands-antilles-no-more/">"Netherlands Antilles no more — Stabroek News — Guyana"</a>. <i>Stabroek News</i>. 9 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stabroek+News&rft.atitle=Netherlands+Antilles+no+more+%E2%80%94+Stabroek+News+%E2%80%94+Guyana&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stabroeknews.com%2F2010%2Fnews%2Fregional%2F10%2F09%2Fnetherlands-antilles-no-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724160451/http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1">"Article 1 of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands"</a>. Lexius.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexius.nl/statuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden/artikel1">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+1+of+the+Charter+for+the+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Lexius.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexius.nl%2Fstatuut-voor-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden%2Fartikel1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118183700/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the">"Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations -Aruba"</a>. English.minbzk.nl. 24 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Ministry+of+the+Interior+and+Kingdom+Relations+-Aruba&rft.pub=English.minbzk.nl&rft.date=2003-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.minbzk.nl%2Fsubjects%2Faruba-and-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SMN-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMN_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smn-news.com/st-maarten-st-martin-news/5291-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-new-constitutional-structure.html">"St Martin News Network"</a>. <i>smn-news.com</i>. 18 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smn-news.com&rft.atitle=St+Martin+News+Network&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smn-news.com%2Fst-maarten-st-martin-news%2F5291-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-new-constitutional-structure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Newstatus-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newstatus_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815180310/http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the">"Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations — New Status"</a>. English.minbzk.nl. 1 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.minbzk.nl/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/@122971/10-10-10-end-of-the">the original</a> on 15 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Ministry+of+the+Interior+and+Kingdom+Relations+%E2%80%94+New+Status&rft.pub=English.minbzk.nl&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.minbzk.nl%2Fsubjects%2Faruba-and-the%2Fnew-status-for-the%2F%40122971%2F10-10-10-end-of-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2016" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=065TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198"><i>Public Law</i></a>. Rutledge. pp. 198–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317206651" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317206651"><bdi>978-1317206651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Law&rft.pages=198-201&rft.pub=Rutledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317206651&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D065TDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMcCann2016" class="citation book cs1">McCann, Philip (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uAi4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT372"><i>The UK Regional–National Economic Problem: Geography, globalisation and governance</i></a>. Routledge. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317237174" title="Special:BookSources/9781317237174"><bdi>9781317237174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UK+Regional%E2%80%93National+Economic+Problem%3A+Geography%2C+globalisation+and+governance&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317237174&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuAi4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThe_Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names" class="citation web cs1">The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012455/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf">"UK Toponnymic Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UK Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326664/UK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Toponnymic+Guidelines&rft.pub=UK+Government&rft.au=The+Permanent+Committee+on+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F326664%2FUK_Toponymic_Guidelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823">"Countries within a country, number10.gov.uk"</a>. Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 10 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823">the original</a> on 9 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+within+a+country%2C+number10.gov.uk&rft.pub=Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.date=2003-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2FPage823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110907093405/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/glossary/glossary-u.html">"ONS Glossary of economic terms"</a>. Office for National Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/about/glossary/economic_terms.asp">the original</a> on 7 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ONS+Glossary+of+economic+terms&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fglossary%2Feconomic_terms.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGiddens2006" class="citation book cs1">Giddens, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd"><i>Sociology</i></a>. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociology0005gidd/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3379-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3379-4"><bdi>978-0-7456-3379-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3379-4&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociology0005gidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHogwood" class="citation web cs1">Hogwood, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=5567&EventID=45">"Regulatory Reform in a Multinational State: The Emergence of Multilevel Regulation in the United Kingdom"</a>. <i>European Consortium for Political Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Consortium+for+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Regulatory+Reform+in+a+Multinational+State%3A+The+Emergence+of+Multilevel+Regulation+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.aulast=Hogwood&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecpr.eu%2FEvents%2FPaperDetails.aspx%3FPaperID%3D5567%26EventID%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Gordon (25 March 2008). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html">"Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union"</a></span>. <i>telegraph.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Gordon+Brown%3A+We+must+defend+the+Union&rft.date=2008-03-25&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2F3556535%2FGordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/pdfs/2007-ajegbo-report-citizenship.pdf">"Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department for Education and Skills<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Citizenship+Curriculum+Review&rft.pub=Department+for+Education+and+Skills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationengland.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fpdfs%2F2007-ajegbo-report-citizenship.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMagnay2010" class="citation news cs1">Magnay, Jacquelin (26 May 2010). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html">"London 2012: Hugh Robertson puts Home Nations football team on agenda"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/7768436/London-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=London+2012%3A+Hugh+Robertson+puts+Home+Nations+football+team+on+agenda&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft.aulast=Magnay&rft.aufirst=Jacquelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Folympics%2Flondon-2012%2F7768436%2FLondon-2012-Hugh-Robertson-puts-Home-Nations-football-team-on-agenda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFIndependent_Worker's_Union_of_Great_Britain_(IWGB)2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Worker%27s_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain">Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain (IWGB)</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/independent-workers-union-great-britain.pdf">"Written Intervention for the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Written+Intervention+for+the+Independent+Workers+Union+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Independent+Worker%27s+Union+of+Great+Britain+%28IWGB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.uk%2Fdocs%2Findependent-workers-union-great-britain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2006" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2006). "The United Kingdom as a Union State". <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofunion00mcle/page/1"><i>State of the Union</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199258201.003.0001">10.1093/0199258201.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199258208" title="Special:BookSources/9780199258208"><bdi>9780199258208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+Kingdom+as+a+Union+State&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Union&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0199258201.003.0001&rft.isbn=9780199258208&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofunion00mcle%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDicey1915" class="citation book cs1">Dicey, A.V. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030503720"><i>Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</i></a> (8th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Study+of+the+Law+of+the+Constitution&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Dicey&rft.aufirst=A.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030503720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629170348/http://www.aei.org/issue/29196">"U.S. Trade Policy — Economics"</a>. AEI. 15 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/issue/29196">the original</a> on 29 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Trade+Policy+%E2%80%94+Economics&rft.pub=AEI&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fissue%2F29196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FAarticle-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAarticle_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAarticle_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official copy (free preview): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629022856/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html">"The Clash of Civilizations?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. Summer 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5188/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F19930601faessay5188%2Fsamuel-p-huntington%2Fthe-clash-of-civilizations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Joireman-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joireman_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Fullerton_Joireman2003" class="citation book cs1">Sandra Fullerton Joireman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFT4HYDUlh0C&q=Samuel%20Huntington%20primordialist&pg=PA30"><i>Nationalism and Political Identity</i></a>. London: Continuum. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6591-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6591-9"><bdi>0-8264-6591-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Political+Identity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-6591-9&rft.au=Sandra+Fullerton+Joireman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFT4HYDUlh0C%26q%3DSamuel%2520Huntington%2520primordialist%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Lansing_and_Edward_D._English2012" class="citation book cs1">Carol Lansing and Edward D. English, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Re-1YpI9ObsC&pg=PA1964"><i>A Companion to the Medieval World</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118499467" title="Special:BookSources/9781118499467"><bdi>9781118499467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Medieval+World&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781118499467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe-1YpI9ObsC%26pg%3DPA1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANation+state" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/opinions2.htm">From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated</a> on identity and the nation state.</li>
<li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="ca:Cronologia de la repressió del català">Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language</a> in catalan language</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnicity&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ingroups_and_outgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingroups and outgroups">Ingroups and outgroups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">Cyber-</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li>
<li><b>Americas</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li>
<li><b>Oceania</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in census</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lineage-bonded_society" title="Lineage-bonded society">Lineage-bonded society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nation state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Tribalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Tribalism">Neo-Tribalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179671#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=26114">Ukraine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041331-7">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560774705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85090144">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01193237">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123439&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1668031648' |