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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Country in Southeast Asia}}
{{about|the modern country in Southeast Asia|the First Kingdom of Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|the song|Cambodia (song)}}
{{redirect|Kampuchea|other uses|Kampuchea (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Cambodia
| common_name = Cambodia
| native_name = {{native name|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}} ([[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]])}}
| image_flag = Flag of Cambodia.svg
| image_coat = Royal arms of Cambodia.svg
| symbol_type = Royal arms
| national_motto = {{lang|km|ជាតិ សាសនា ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ}}<br />{{transliteration|km|Chéatĕ, Sasânéa, Preăh Môhaksâtr}}<br />"Nation, Religion, King"
| national_anthem = {{lang|km|បទនគររាជ}} <br />{{transliteration|km|[[Nokor Reach|Nôkôr Réach]]}}<br />"Majestic Kingdom"<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Nokoreach.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}}
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg}}
| capital = [[Phnom Penh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|33|N|104|55|E|type:city|display=inline}}
| largest_city = capital
| languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}}
| languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539 |website=Office of the Council of Ministers |publisher=អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
| languages2_type = Official script
| languages2 = [[Khmer script|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution" />
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 95.6% [[Khmer people|Khmer]]
| 2.4% [[Cham people|Cham]]
| 1.5% [[Chinese Cambodians|Chinese]]
| 0.2% [[Vietnamese Cambodians|Vietnamese]]
| 0.3% [[Ethnic groups in Cambodia|Other]]<ref name="CSES2019">{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202019-20_EN.pdf|title=Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2019–20|work=Ministry of Planning|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2020|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2019
| religion = {{unbulleted list
| 97.1% [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Buddhism]] ([[state religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia |url=https://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791 |website=Constitutional Council of Cambodia |publisher=Constitutional Council of Cambodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |at=p. 14 Article 43 |language=en |format=PDF |date=October 2015 |quote="Buddhism is State's religion"}}</ref>
| 2.0% [[Islam in Cambodia|Islam]]
| 0.3% [[Catholic Church in Cambodia|Christianity]]
| 0.5% [[Religion in Cambodia|Other]]s<ref name="Census 2019">{{Cite report |url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – National Report on Final Census Results |last=[[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]], National Institute of Statistics |date=2020 |publisher=Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
}}
| religion_year = 2019
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of Cambodia|Cambodian]]|[[Khmer people|Khmer]]|[[Demographics of Cambodia|Kampuchean]] (historical)}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] and [[de facto]] [[one-party state|one-party]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Cambodia|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Norodom Sihamoni]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly (Cambodia)|President of the National Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = [[Heng Samrin]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Senate (Cambodia)|President of the Senate]]
| leader_name3 = [[Say Chhum]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Cambodia)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Cambodia)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Cambodia|Formation]]
| established_event5 = [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French protectorate]]
| established_date5 = 11 August 1863
| established_event6 = [[Independence Day of Cambodia|Independence from France]]
| established_date6 = 9 November 1953
| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Cambodia|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date7 = 24 September 1993
| area_km2 = 181,035
| area_rank = 88th
| area_sq_mi = 69,898 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 2.5
| population_estimate = 16,713,015<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cambodia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 72nd
| population_density_km2 = 87
| population_density_sq_mi = 211.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$89.2 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2022
| GDP_PPP_rank = 100th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,583<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 145th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$28.030 billion<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2022
| GDP_nominal_rank = 108th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,771<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 152nd
| Gini = 36.0 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2013
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |title=Income Gini coefficient |publisher=World Bank |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.593 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 146th
| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Cambodian riel|Riel]] (៛) ([[ISO 4217|KHR]]; ''de jure'')|[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]]; ''de facto'')}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nay Im |first1=Tal |last2=Dabadie |first2=Michel |title=Dollarization in Cambodia |url=https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf |website=National Bank of Cambodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |language=en|date=31 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagumo |first1=Jada |title=Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=4 August 2021 |quote="Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest."}}</ref>
| utc_offset = +07:00
| time_zone = [[Indochina Time|ICT]]
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cambodia|+855]]
| cctld = [[.kh]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Khmer|compact=yes}}
'''Cambodia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cambodia.ogg|k|æ|m|ˈ|b|oʊ|d|i|ə}};<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cambodia |title=Cambodia |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> also '''Kampuchea''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|m|p|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|iː|ə}}; {{lang-km|កម្ពុជា}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|Kâmpŭchéa}} {{IPA-km|kampuciə|}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Cambodia''', is a country located in the southern portion of the [[Indochinese Peninsula]] in [[Southeast Asia]], spanning an area of {{Convert|181035|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, bordered by [[Thailand]] to [[Cambodia–Thailand border|the northwest]], [[Laos]] to [[Cambodia–Laos border|the north]], [[Vietnam]] to [[Cambodia–Vietnam border|the east]], and the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the southwest. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]].
The [[sovereign state]] of Cambodia has a population of over 17 million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204506/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2022 |title=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Buddhism]] is enshrined in the constitution as the official [[state religion]], and is practised by more than 97% of the population.<ref name="CIACB" /> Cambodia's minority groups include [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Chams]] and 30 [[Khmer Loeu|hill tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |title=Cambodia to celebrate day for indigenous people near Angkor Wat |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825133021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Cambodia has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] of two seasons, and the country is made up of a [[Geography of Cambodia|central floodplain]] around the [[Tonlé Sap]] lake and [[Mekong Delta]], surrounded by mountainous regions. The capital and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]], the political, economic and cultural centre of Cambodia. The kingdom is an [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Monarchy of Cambodia|monarch]], currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]], chosen by the [[Royal Council of the Throne]] as [[head of state]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]], currently [[Hun Sen]], the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985.
The region now known as Cambodia has been [[Early history of Cambodia|inhabited since prehistoric times]]. In 802 AD, [[Jayavarman II]] declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of [[Chenla Kingdom|Chenla]] under the name "Kambuja".<ref name="CHANDLER">Chandler, David P. (1992) ''History of Cambodia''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, {{ISBN|0813335116}}.</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Khmer Empire]], which flourished for over 600 years. The [[Indianised kingdom]] facilitated the spread of first [[Hinduism]] and then [[Buddhism]] to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. [[Angkor Wat]] is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]]. In the fifteenth century, Cambodia experienced a [[Post-Angkor Period|decline of power]], while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Cambodia became a [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate of France]], and later was part of [[French Indochina]].
After a period of [[Japanese occupation of Cambodia|Japanese occupation]] during the Second World War, Cambodia gained [[Cambodia (1953–1970)|independence]] from France in 1953. Despite Cambodia's neutrality, the [[Vietnam War]] extended into the country in 1965 via the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Sihanouk Trail|Sihanouk trails]]. A [[1970 Cambodian coup d'état|1970 coup]] installed the US-aligned [[Khmer Republic]], until being overthrown by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in 1975. The Khmer Rouge [[Democratic Kampuchea|ruled the country]] and carried out the [[Cambodian genocide]] from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]]. The Vietnamese-occupied [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] became the ''de facto'' government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict.
Following the [[1991 Paris Peace Accords]] which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Cambodia was governed briefly by a [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|United Nations mission]] (1992–93). The UN withdrew after [[1993 Cambodian general election|holding elections]] in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The [[1997 Cambodian coup d'état|1997 coup d'état]] consolidated power under Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] and the [[Cambodian People's Party]] (CPP), who remain in power. Although constitutionally a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=pressocm.gov.kh |publisher=Office of the Council of Ministers}}</ref> the CPP dominates the [[Politics of Cambodia|political system]] and dissolved its [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|main opposition party]] in 2017, making Cambodia a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-11-10 |title=Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
The [[United Nations]] designates Cambodia as a [[least developed country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UN list of Least Developed Countries |url=https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=UNCTAD}}</ref> Cambodia is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[WTO]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Cambodia has one of the fastest-growing [[Economy of Cambodia|economies]] in Asia. [[Agriculture in Cambodia|Agriculture]] remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and [[Tourism in Cambodia|tourism]] leading to increased foreign investment and international trade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |title=Cambodia to outgrow LDC status by 2020 |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rich in [[biodiversity]] and [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, Cambodia has a high rate of [[Deforestation in Cambodia|deforestation]] and is considered among the most vulnerable countries to [[Climate change in Cambodia|climate change]].
== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Cambodia}}
The ''Kingdom of Cambodia'' is the official English name of the country. The English ''Cambodia'' is an anglicisation of the French ''Cambodge'', which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|kampuciə|pron}}). ''Kâmpŭchéa'' is the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer {{lang|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|preah riəciənaːcak kampuciə|pron}}. The Khmer [[endonym]] {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ''Kâmpŭchéa'' derives from the Sanskrit name {{lang|sa|कम्बोजदेश}} ''Kambojadeśa'', composed of {{lang|sa|देश}} ''Deśa'' ("land of" or "country of") and {{lang|sa|कम्बोज}} (''Kamboja''), referring to the descendants of [[Kambu Swayambhuva|Kambu]] (a legendary Indian sage from the ancient [[Mahajanapadas|Indian kingdom]] of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]]), whose descendant [[Kaundinya I]] ''(Hùntián (混塡) and Preah Thong (Khmer: ព្រះថោង)),'' a warrior belonging to the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kamboja-Pala dynasty]], ruling over the historical region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], situated on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]], went to war with the [[Nāga]] [[Queen Soma]] of the [[Funan]] region, resulting in a victory, which was eventually turned into a marriage proposal (holy union) by [[Queen Soma]] herself, resulting in the foundation of the first ancient [[Chenla|Khmer kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chad|first1=Raymond|title=Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities|journal=Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers|date=1 April 2005|page=137|url=http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> The term ''Cambodia'' was already in use in Europe as early as 1524, since [[Antonio Pigafetta]] (an Italian explorer who followed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in his [[circumnavigation of the globe]]) cites it in his work ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'' (1524–1525) as ''Camogia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo – Wikisource |url=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Relazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo |website=it.wikisource.org}}</ref>
Scholar [[George Coedes]] refers to a 10th-century inscription of a Cambodian dynastic legend in which the [[hermit]] ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' and the celestial nymph ''Mera'' unite and establish the Cambodian ''Solar'' royal dynasty (Kambu-Mera), that begins with the [[Chenla]] ruler ''Srutavarman'' and his son ''Sreshthavarman''. Coedes suggests that the ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' legend has its origins in southern India, as a version of the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] [[Pallava dynasty]] creation myth.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66 | title= The Indianized States of South-East Asia |author= George Coedès | year= 1968 | isbn= 9780824803681 | access-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |title=9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Cambodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story |author=Miriam T. Stark |author-link1=Miriam Stark |publisher=University of Hawaii |date=2006 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Colloquially, Cambodians refer to their country as either '''''Srok Khmer''''' ({{lang|km|ស្រុកខ្មែរ}} {{transliteration|km|Srŏk Khmêr}}, {{IPA-km|srok kʰmae|pron}}; meaning "Land of the Khmers"), or the slightly more formal {{lang|km|ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា}} ({{lang|km-Latn|Prâtés Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|prɑteh kampuciə|pron}}; "Country of Kampuchea"). The name ''Cambodia'' is used most often in the Western world while ''Kampuchea'' is more widely used in the East.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea|title= kampuchea. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.|dictionary= Dictionary.com|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3|title= Cambodia|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9|title=On some Cambodian Words|work=Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter No. 20., Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University by Serge Thion|publisher=Nectec|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Cambodia}}
=== Pre-history ===
{{Main|Early history of Cambodia}}
[[File:Ewer from Cambodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG|thumb|Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century]]
There exists sparse evidence for a [[Pleistocene]] human occupation of present-day Cambodia, which includes [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]] pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] provinces, and in [[Kampot Province]], although their dating is unreliable.<ref name=stark2004>{{Cite book|author=Stark, Miriam|editor1-first=Ian|editor1-last=Glover|editor2-first=Peter S.|editor2-last=Bellwood|title=Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39117-7|chapter=Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia|chapter-url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|access-date=18 November 2009|archive-date=10 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170734/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s inhabited the region during [[Holocene]]: the most ancient archaeological discovery site in Cambodia is considered to be the cave of [[Laang Spean]], in [[Battambang Province]], which belongs to the [[Hoabinhian]] period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of [[radiocarbon]] dates around 6000 BC.<ref name=stark2004 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)|first=Michel|last=Tranet|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174655/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to [[Neolithic]], containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Oldest Ceramic in Cambodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>
Archaeological records for the period between Holocene and [[Iron Age]] remain equally limited. A pivotal event in Cambodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late third millennium BC.<ref name=higham2001pre>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The civilization of Angkor|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-1-84212-584-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C|date=January 2002}}, pp.13–22</ref> The most curious prehistoric evidence in Cambodia are the various "circular [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]]" discovered in the [[red soil]]s near [[Memot]] and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from second millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html|title=Research History|publisher=Memot Centre for Archaeology|access-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Albrecht|first1=Gerd|author2=Miriam Noel Haidle|author3=Chhor Sivleng|author4=Heang Leang Hong|author5=Heng Sophady|author6=Heng Than|author7=Mao Someaphyvath|author8=Sirik Kada|author9=Som Sophal|author10=Thuy Chanthourn|author11=Vin Laychour|year=2000|title=Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Cambodia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=39|issue=1–2|issn=0066-8435|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|access-date=15 November 2009|display-authors=1|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Bayon Angkor Relief1.jpg|thumb|[[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] army going to war against the [[Champa|Cham]], from a relief on the [[Bayon]] ]]
Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are ''Samrong Sen'' (not far from the ancient capital of [[Oudong]]), where the first investigations began in 1875,<ref name=higham1989>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27525-5}}, p.120</ref> and ''Phum Snay'', in the northern province of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. |author2=von den Driesch, Angela |author3=Voeun, Vuthy |year=2006|title=Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Cambodia|journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=45|issue=2|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> An excavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons and cranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possible with larger cities in Angkor.<ref name=higham2001pre /><ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Cambodia. Antiquity, 85(328).441–458</ref>
<ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Cambodia. Antiquity, 85(328)</ref> Prehistoric artefacts are often found during mining activities in [[Ratanakiri]].<ref name=stark2004 />
Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the [[Khorat Plateau]], in modern-day Thailand. In Cambodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath [[Baksei Chamkrong]] and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks at the site of [[Lovea]] a few kilometres north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labour organisation.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011">Carter, A. K. (2011). Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 178–188.</ref>
Among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glass beads recovered from several sites across Cambodia, such as the Phum Snay site in the northwest and the Prohear site in the southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networks were separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other at about 2nd–4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011" />
=== Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian era ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Funan|Chenla|Khmer Empire}}
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During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the [[Indianised kingdom|Indianised states]] of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] and its successor, [[Chenla]], coalesced in present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, what was to become Cambodia absorbed influences from [[India]], passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand and Laos.<ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia |title=History of Cambodia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory of Funan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]] as "[[Kattigara]]". The Chinese chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 681, turmoil ensued which resulted in the division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of [[Java]].
The [[Khmer Empire]] grew out of these remnants of Chenla, becoming firmly established in 802 when [[Jayavarman II]] (reigned {{Circa|790}} – {{Circa|835}}) declared independence from [[Java]] and proclaimed himself a [[Devaraja]]. He and his followers instituted the cult of the [[God-king]] and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html |title=Khmer Empire Map |publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> During the rule of [[Jayavarman VIII]] the Angkor empire was attacked by the [[Mongol]] army of [[Kublai Khan]], however, the king was able to buy peace.<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]]. (1956) ''The Making of South East Asia,'' pp.127–128.</ref> Around the 13th century, Theravavada missionaries from [[Sri Lanka]] reintroduced [[Theravada Buddhism]] to Southeast Asia; having sent missionaries previously in 1190s.<ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |title=Windows on Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295 when [[Indravarman III]] took power.<ref>[http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm Angkor Era – Part III (1181–1309 A.D)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201053806/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm |date=1 December 2012 }}, Cambodia Travel.</ref>
The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's centre of power was [[Angkor]], where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of {{convert|2,980|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702525104 |pmid=17717084 |volume=104 |issue=36 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=14277–14282 |year=2007 | last1 = Evans | first1 = D.|pmc=1964867 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10414277E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city], The Independent, 15 August 2007</ref> and [[Angkor Wat]], the best known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serves as a reminder of Cambodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.
=== Post-Angkor Period ===
{{Main|Post-Angkor Period}}
[[File:Vietnam 1760.jpg|thumb|A map of [[Indochina]] in 1760]]
After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<ref name="Chan">[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David P.]] (1991) ''The Land and the People of Cambodia'', HarperCollins. New York, New York. p. 77, {{ISBN|0060211296}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041225132009/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall], The Associated Press, 13 June 2004</ref> This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbours. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faiths such as [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and the [[Hindu]] system of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism.
The court moved the capital to [[Longvek]] where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The first mention of Cambodia in European documents was in 1511 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. Portuguese travellers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and [[foreign trade]]. Continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and [[Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)|Longvek being conquered and destroyed]] by King [[Naresuan]] the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. A new Khmer capital was established at [[Oudong]] south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating [[vassal]] relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.
The [[Khmer Leu|hill tribe]] people in Cambodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as [[Slavery in Asia|slaves]] by the Siamese (Thai), the Annamites (Vietnamese), and the Cambodians".<ref>Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans (p. 53). London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford. https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132129/http://kyotoreviewsea.org/slavery4.htm Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand (Page 4 of 6)]". ''Kyoto Review of South East Asia''; (Colquhoun 1885:53).</ref>
In the nineteenth century, a renewed struggle between Siam and [[Vietnam]] for control of Cambodia resulted in a period when Cambodia became the [[Tây Thành Province]] of [[Kingdom of Vietnam|Nguyễn Vietnam]], during which Vietnamese officials attempted to force the [[Khmers]] to adopt Vietnamese customs. This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)]] ended with an agreement to place the country under [[Suzerainty|joint suzerainty]]. This later led to the signing of a treaty for [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French Protection of Cambodia]] by King [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom Prohmborirak]].
=== French colonisation ===
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| caption2 = Coronation of [[Norodom Sihanouk]] in 1941
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In 1863, [[Norodom of Cambodia|King Norodom]], who had been installed by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]],<ref name="CHANDLER" /> sought the protection of Cambodia from Siam by French rule. In 1867, [[Rama IV]] signed a treaty with France, renouncing [[suzerainty]] over Cambodia in exchange for the control of [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of Siam. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1907.
Cambodia continued as a [[French protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate of France]] from 1867 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of [[French Indochina]], though [[Japanese occupation of Cambodia|occupied by the Japanese empire]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="Kamm" /> and briefly existing as the puppet state of [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]] in mid-1945. Between 1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.<ref name="Population">"[http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm Cambodia – Population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, [[Norodom Sihanouk]], a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia: report from a stricken land | url = https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm| url-access = registration | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm/page/27 27] | isbn = 1-55970-433-0}}</ref> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.<ref name="Kamm" />
=== Independence and Vietnam War ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)}}
Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King [[Norodom Sihanouk]]. When [[French Indochina]] was given independence, Cambodia lost hope of regaining control over the [[Mekong Delta]] as it was awarded to [[Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Noelle|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=12 November 2012|isbn=9781136639791|pages=354|quote=In 1691, the Vietnamese occupied Prey Nokor, renaming it Gia Dinh; in 1698 they annexed the remainder of the Mekong Delta and created two provinces, Tran Bien and Phien Tran}}</ref> with King [[Chey Chettha II]] granting the Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia Report from a Stricken Land | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 23| isbn = 1-55970-507-8 }}</ref> This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the [[Khmer Krom]]) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia and deposition of the Khmer Rouge.
[[File:Mao Sihanouk.jpg|thumb|left|[[Norodom Sihanouk]] and [[Mao Zedong]] in 1956]]
In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father to participate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the [[Vietnam War]] progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]]. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Cambodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Cambodians. In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Cambodians were killed.<ref>Washington Post, 29 December 1967</ref>
The same message was conveyed to [[Lyndon B. Johnson|US President Johnson's]] emissary [[Chester Bowles]] in January 1968.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 44, {{ISBN|0804730490}}.</ref> However, in public Sihanouk refuted the right of the U.S. to use air strikes in Cambodia, and on 26 March he said "these criminal attacks must immediately and definitively stop". On 28 March a press conference was held and Sihanouk appealed to the international media: "I appeal to you to publicise abroad this very clear stand of Cambodia—that is, I will, in any case, oppose all bombings on Cambodian territory under whatever pretext." Nevertheless, the public pleas of Sihanouk were ignored and the bombing continued.<ref>''Bombing in Cambodia: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess.'', July/August 1973, pp. 158–160, the primary source on the "secret bombings".</ref> Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States.
=== Khmer Republic (1970–75) ===
{{Main|Cambodian Civil War}}
While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was [[Cambodian coup of 1970|ousted by a military coup]] led by Prime Minister General [[Lon Nol]] and Prince Sisowath [[Sirik Matak]]. US support for the coup remains unproven.<ref>Clymer, K. J., ''The United States and Cambodia'', Routledge, 2004, p.22</ref> However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Cambodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of [[Cambodian Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="SIHNK">{{Cite book | author = Norodom Sihanouk | author-link = Norodom Sihanouk | title = My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-394-48543-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro }}</ref>
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| image1 = US aircraft LORAN bombing over Cambodia c1973.JPG
| caption1 = Tens of thousands of people were killed during the [[Operation Freedom Deal|US bombing of Cambodia]] between 1970 and 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owen |first1=Taylor |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |title=Bombs Over Cambodia |journal=The Walrus |date=October 2006 |url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |pages=32–36 |quote=The evidence of survivors from many parts of [Cambodia] suggests that at least tens of thousands, probably in the range of 50,000 to 150,000 deaths, resulted from the US bombing campaigns ..." |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2016 }} See {{cite web|author-link1=Ben Kiernan |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |work=The Asia-Pacific Journal |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>
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Soon [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels began using him to gain support. However, from 1970 until early 1972, the Cambodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Cambodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Cambodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Cambodian communists now referred to as the Khmer Rouge.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], pp. 48–51.</ref> Between 1969 and 1973, [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] and US forces [[Operation Menu|bombed]] Cambodia in an effort to disrupt the [[Viet Cong]] and Khmer Rouge.
Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by [[Pol Pot]]'s then second in command, [[Nuon Chea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosyakov|first=Dmitry|date=2004|chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-date=9 March 2013|access-date=13 April 2015|chapter=The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Susan E.|title=Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda|series=Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1|pages=54 ff|quote=In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.'}}</ref> NVA units overran many Cambodian army positions while the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication. In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, US President [[Richard Nixon]] announced that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Cambodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Cambodia (see [[Cambodian Incursion]]).<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 204, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref> Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized or destroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.
The Khmer Republic's leadership was plagued by disunity among its three principal figures: Lon Nol, Sihanouk's cousin [[Sirik Matak]], and National Assembly leader [[In Tam]]. Lon Nol remained in power in part because neither of the others was prepared to take his place. In 1972, a constitution was adopted, a parliament elected, and Lon Nol became president. But disunity, the problems of transforming a 30,000-man army into a national combat force of more than 200,000 men, and spreading corruption weakened the civilian administration and army.
The Communist insurgency inside Cambodia continued to grow, aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Pot and [[Ieng Sary]] asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom were purged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamese patrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no North Vietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Cambodia's territory and 25% of its population. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and main transportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in [[Phnom Penh]] and other cities.
On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardest fighting of the war, led to the collapse of the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refused additional aid for Cambodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, just five days after the US mission evacuated Cambodia.<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 4, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref>
=== Khmer Rouge regime, 1975–1978 ===
{{Main|Democratic Kampuchea|Khmer Rouge}}
[[File:TuolSlang3.jpg|thumb|Rooms of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]] contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims.]]
[[File:Buddhist Stupa at Choeung Ek killing fields, Cambodia.JPG|thumb|[[Choeung Ek]], a known site of mass grave for genocide victims during the Khmer Rouge era]]
The Khmer Rouge reached [[Phnom Penh]] and took power in 1975. Led by [[Pol Pot]], they changed the official name of the country to [[Democratic Kampuchea]]. The new regime modelled itself on Maoist China during the [[Great Leap Forward]], immediately evacuated the cities, and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century, discarded Western medicine, and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western.
Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (about a quarter of the population).<ref name="Locard">{{cite journal|last=Locard|first=Henri|title=State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)|journal=[[European Review of History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=121–143|date=March 2005|doi=10.1080/13507480500047811|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.8388|s2cid=144712717|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164305/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CAS">{{cite journal|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=585–597|year=2003|doi=10.1080/1467271032000147041|s2cid=143971159|quote=We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population.}}</ref><ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">{{cite book|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979|title=Forced Migration and Mortality|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|year=2001|pages=102–105|isbn=978-0-309-07334-9|quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}} cf. {{cite web|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/|title=Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge|publisher=[[World Peace Foundation]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This era gave rise to the term [[Killing Fields]], and the prison [[Tuol Sleng]] became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted [[Ethnic groups in Cambodia|ethnic minority]] groups. The [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]] Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<ref>Stanton, Gregory H. (22 February 1992) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm The Cambodian Genocide and International Law], Yale Law School.</ref> Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any enemies or potential threats, and thus increased his violent and aggressive actions against his people.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html ""The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot's Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104451/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html |date=14 July 2018 }}. Mount Holyoke University.</ref>
Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the [[Vietnamese Cambodian|Vietnamese]] population in Cambodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.<ref name="Population" /> However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], "eyeglasses were as deadly as the [[yellow badge|yellow star]]" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D. (1996) ''The Ends of the Earth'', Vintage, 1996, p. 406, {{ISBN|0679751238}}.</ref>
Religious institutions were targeted by the Khmer Rouge particularly fiercely. [[Religion]] was so viciously persecuted to such a terrifying extent that the vast majority of [[Khmer architecture|Cambodia's historic architecture]], 95% of Cambodia's Buddhist temples, was completely destroyed.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=la4kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 | title=The Worst World Disasters of All Time | author=Kevin Baker | page=23| isbn=978-1-4566-2343-2 | date=3 November 2014 }}</ref>
=== Vietnamese occupation and transition, 1978–1992 ===
{{Main|People's Republic of Kampuchea|Cambodian–Vietnamese War}}
In November 1978, Vietnamese troops [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] in response to border raids by the Khmer Rouge<ref name="CGG">{{cite web |url=https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |title=A Brief History of the Cambodian Genocide |publisher=cambodiangenocide.org |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |url-status=dead }}</ref> and conquered it. The [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] (PRK), a [[Eastern Bloc|pro-Soviet]] state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Cambodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and [[Ta Mok]], was established.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 220</ref> It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under the direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015">Bultmann, Daniel (2015) ''Inside Cambodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict'', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, {{ISBN|9781472443076}}.</ref>
In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]] (CGDK) was formed in 1981 from three factions.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015" /> This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]. Its credentials were recognised by the United Nations. The Khmer Rouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation with representatives of the noncommunist Cambodian parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/autobiography-thiounn-prasith|title=Autobiography of Thiounn Prasith – Cambodian Genocide Program – Yale University|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225016/http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/%24FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf Provisional verbatim record of the sixty-ninth meeting]. United Nations, General Assembly, New York, 8 November 1985.</ref> The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw from Cambodia led to [[economic sanctions]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsptch5&div=58&id=&page=|title=Lifting the US embargo against Cambodia |publisher=Department of State Dispatch 54|date=20 January 1992 }}</ref> by the US and its allies.{{specify|date=September 2012}}
[[Modern Cambodia#Peace efforts and the free elections|Peace efforts]] began in Paris in 1989 under the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Cambodia (1989–1993)|State of Cambodia]], culminating two years later in October 1991 in a [[1991 Paris Peace Accords|Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement]]. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] (UNTAC).<ref name="USDOS3">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm |title=Country Profile of Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
=== Modern Cambodia (1993–present) ===
{{Main|Modern Cambodia}}
In 1993, the [[Monarchy of Cambodia|monarchy]] was restored with [[Norodom Sihanouk]] reinstated as King, and the [[1993 Cambodian general election|first post-war election]] was coordinated by [[UNTAC]]. The election was won by [[FUNCINPEC]] led by Sihanouk's son [[Ranariddh]] in a [[hung parliament]]. A power-sharing agreement was agreed with Ranariddh and [[Hun Sen]] of the [[Cambodian People's Party]] both simultaneously being co-Prime Ministers after the CPP threatened to [[Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone|secede part of the country]] if power was fully transferred to FUNCINPEC. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a [[1997 clashes in Cambodia|coup d'état]] led by the co-Prime Minister Hun Sen, who ousted Ranariddh and other parties represented in the government and consolidated power for the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=A coup in Cambodia {{!}} Asia {{!}} The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=archive.is}}</ref><ref name="97COUP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627054853/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/Documents/Statements%20and%20Speeches/English/40.pdf STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR THOMAS HAMMARBERG, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN CAMBODIA]. UN OHCHR Cambodia (9 July 1997)</ref> After its government was able to stabilize under Sen, Cambodia was accepted into the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) on 30 April 1999.<ref name="enlargement">{{cite book|title=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications|author1=Carolyn L. Gates|author2=Mya Than|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|isbn=978-981-230-081-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|title=Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat|year=2008|work=ASEAN Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was crowned Cambodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-29|title=In Pictures: King Sihamoni's coronation|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3964277.stm|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, reconstruction efforts progressed which led to some political stability through a [[multi-party system|multiparty]] democracy under a [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="CIACB" /> although Sen's rule has been marred by [[Human rights in Cambodia|human rights abuses]] and [[Corruption in Cambodia|corruption]].<ref name="Strangio">{{cite book|last1=Strangio|first1=Sebastian|title=Hun Sen's Cambodia|date=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19072-4}}</ref> [[Economy of Cambodia|Cambodia's economy]] grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarath|first=Sorn|title=IMF: Cambodia's economic growth to be highest in Asean|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/imf-cambodias-economic-growth-be-highest-asean|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}</ref> and it received considerable investment and infrastructure development support from [[Cambodia–China relations|China]] as part of its [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese money is changing Cambodia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-chinese-money-is-changing-cambodia/a-50130240|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DW|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:CNRP protesters raise flags.jpg|thumb|[[2013–2014 Cambodian protests|Anti-government protests]] in support of opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|CNRP]] took place in Cambodia following the [[2013 Cambodian general election|2013 general election]].]]A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal]] sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders. However, Hun Sen has opposed extensive trials or investigations of former Khmer Rouge officials.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carmichael, Robert|title=Cambodian Premier says No More Khmer Rouge Trials | News | English|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|access-date=15 March 2013|publisher=Voanews.com}}</ref> In July 2010, [[Kang Kek Iew]] was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] in his role as the former commandant of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|S21 extermination camp]] and he was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="De Launey BBC 2010">{{Cite news |last=De Launey |first=Guy |date=26 July 2010 |title=Khmer Rouge Prison Chief Duch Found Guilty |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10757320 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/world/asia/cambodia-duch-appeal/index.html|title= Leader of Khmer Rouge torture prison gets life sentence|work=[[CNN]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, the tribunal sentenced [[Khieu Samphan]], the regime's 83-year-old former head of state, and [[Nuon Chea]], its 88-year-old chief ideologue, to life in prison on war crimes charges for their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s.{{Update inline|date=July 2021|reason=Further KR leaders were prosecuted in 2018 and 2020}}
After the [[2013 Cambodian general election]], allegations of voter fraud from opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] led to [[2013–2014 Cambodian protests|widespread anti-government protests]] that continued into the following year. The protests ended after a crackdown by government forces.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=2014-01-05|title=Cambodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] was dissolved ahead of the [[2018 Cambodian general election]] and the ruling [[Cambodian People's Party]] also enacted tighter curbs on [[Mass media in Cambodia|mass media]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Cambodia's Government Should Stop Silencing Journalists, Media Outlets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/11/02/cambodias-government-should-stop-silencing-journalists-media-outlets|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The CPP won every seat in the National Assembly without a major opposition, effectively solidifying ''de facto'' one-party rule in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Cambodia: Hun Sen re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/cambodia-hun-sen-re-elected-in-landslide-victory-after-brutal-crackdown|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin in rural Cambodia|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/authoritarian-rule-shedding-its-populist-skin-in-rural-cambodia/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref>
The global [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia|COVID-19 pandemic spread to Cambodia]] in early 2020. Despite minimising the disease's spread for much of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=How have Thailand and Cambodia kept Covid cases so low?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/thailand-cambodia-covid-19-cases-deaths-low|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> the country's health system was put under strain by a major outbreak in early 2021, which prompted several [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bopha|first=Phorn|title=COVID variant pushes Cambodia to brink of 'national tragedy'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/15/uk-covid-variant-pushes-cambodia-to-brink-of-national-tragedy|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> It also had a severe economic impact, with the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism#Cambodia|tourism industry]] particularly affected due to [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|international travel restrictions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunt|first=Luke|title=Cambodians Reclaim Angkor Wat as Global Lockdowns Continue to Bite|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/cambodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
Prime Minister Hun Sen, who assumed office {{Time ago|1984-12-26}} and is one of the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|world’s longest-serving leaders]], has a very firm grip on power. He has been accused of crackdowns on opponents and critics. In December 2021, Hun Sen announced his support for his son [[Hun Manet]] to succeed him after the [[2023 Cambodian general election|next general election in 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hun Sen, Cambodian leader for 36 years, backs son to succeed him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/cambodian-leader-hun-sen-says-he-backs-eldest-son-to-succeed-him |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPP confirmed Manet as its future candidate for prime minister on 24 December 2021. In October 2022, Hun Sen warned CPP members that the country's newest and largest opposition party, the [[Candlelight Party]], may be dissolved before the 2023 general election.<ref name=":4" /> The warning comes after a June 2022 lawsuit filed by the [[National Election Committee]] against the party's deputy president, [[Son Chhay]], accusing him of [[defamation]] by speaking out against [[electoral fraud]] by the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-08-15 |title=Former Australian school teacher faces criminal defamation charges over election comments |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/former-australian-school-teacher-faces-criminal-defamation-charges-over-election-comments-20220815-p5b9zk.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Cambodia}}
[[File:Cambodia Geographic map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographic map of Cambodia]]
[[File:Cambodia Regions Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Regional map of Cambodia]]
Cambodia has an area of {{convert|181,035|km2|0|abbr=off}} and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes [[10th parallel north|10°]] and [[15th parallel north|15°N]], and longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[108th meridian east|108°E]]. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and [[Vietnam]] to the east and southeast. It has a {{convert|443|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} coastline along the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
Cambodia's landscape is characterised by a low-lying central plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes the [[Tonle Sap]] (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the [[Mekong River]] delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about {{convert|650|ft|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].
To the north the Cambodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of {{convert|600|to(-)|1,800|ft|m|abbr=off}}. This cliff marks the southern limit of the [[Dângrêk Mountains]].
Flowing south through Cambodia's eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Cambodia two distinct upland blocks, the [[Cardamom Mountains|Krâvanh Mountains]] and the [[Dâmrei Mountains]], form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the [[Gulf of Thailand]].
In this remote and largely uninhabited area, [[Phnom Aural]], Cambodia's highest peak rises to an elevation of {{convert|5,949|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/cambodia/khland.htm|title=Geography of Cambodia – World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.
The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap, measuring about {{convert|2,590|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the dry season and expanding to about {{convert|24,605|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Cambodia/sub5_2f/entry-3506.html|title=TONLE SAP {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Much of this area has been designated as a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|biosphere reserve]].<ref name=":2" />
=== Climate ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map KHM present.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Cambodia]]
Cambodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, is dominated by [[monsoons]], which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.
Cambodia has a temperature range from {{convert|21|to|35|°C|°F|0}} and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.
According to the [[International Development Research Centre|International Development Research Center]] and [[The United Nations]], Cambodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, alongside the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/11754/climate-change--rainy-season-wild-card-/|title=Climate Change Hits Coastal Cambodia Hard|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|date=27 May 2015|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/documents-and-media/climate-change-in-the-news/211-un-reports-cambodia-at-high-risk-from-climate-change.html|title=UN Reports: Cambodia At High Risk From Climate Change – Cambodia's Official Climate Change Website|last=Reaksmey|website=www.camclimate.org.kh|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Nearly all provinces in Cambodia are [[Climate change in Cambodia|affected by climate change]].<ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier]'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).</ref> Rural coastal populations are particularly at risk. [[Water supply in Cambodia|Shortages of clean water]], extreme flooding, mudslides, higher sea levels and potentially destructive storms are of particular concern, according to the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance. Climate change has also had a major impact on water levels, ecology and productivity of the [[Tonlé Sap]] in recent years, affecting the food security and agriculture of a large proportion of Cambodia's population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=@NatGeoUK|date=2020-08-17|title=Cambodia's biggest lake is running dry, taking forests and fish with it|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/08/cambodias-biggest-lake-is-running-dry-taking-forests-and-fish|access-date=2020-12-10|website=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Zoe|date=2019-12-16|title=Mekong basin's vanishing fish signal tough times ahead in Cambodia|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/16/mekong-basins-vanishing-fish-signal-ill-times-ahead-for-cambodia-aoe|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Cambodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to {{convert|22|°C|0}} and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to {{convert|40|°C}} around April. Disastrous flooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobleman|first=Marc Tyler|title=Cambodia|year=2003|publisher=Bridgestone Books|location=Mankato, Minn|isbn=978-0-7368-1370-9|page=7}}</ref> Severe flooding also affected 17 provinces in Cambodia during the [[2020 Pacific typhoon season]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dara|first1=Mech|last2=Leakhena|first2=Khan|date=14 October 2020|title=Rising Rivers Flood Schools, Prisons, Over 180,000 Hectares of Farms|url=https://vodenglish.news/rising-rivers-flood-schools-prisons-over-180000-hectares-of-farms/|access-date=2020-12-10|newspaper=VOD}}</ref>
=== Biodiversity and conservation ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Cambodia}}{{see also|List of protected areas of Cambodia}}
[[File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Cambodia (48354787692).jpg|thumb|[[Macaques]] at Phnom Pros, [[Kampong Cham Province]]]]
Cambodia's [[biodiversity]] is largely founded on its [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, containing some [[List of trees of Cambodia|180 recorded tree species]], and [[riparian]] ecosystems. There are 212 [[mammal]] species, 536 bird species, 240 [[reptile]] species, 850 freshwater fish species ([[Tonle Sap]] Lake area), and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<ref>[https://archive.today/2011.07.28-131701/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/english/online_catalogue/textual_detail.asp?ref=141 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve: perspective 2000], Mekong River Commission (MRC), 1 March 2003.</ref>
The [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]] is a reserve surrounding the [[Tonle Sap]] lake. It encompasses the lake and nine provinces: [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]], [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]], [[Battambang Province|Battambang]], [[Pursat Province|Pursat]], [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]], [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]], [[Pailin]], [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] and [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]]. In 1997, it was successfully nominated as a [[UNESCO]] [[Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318002520/http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/brs/BRlist2008.pdf Complete list of biosphere reserves. Publication Date: 3 November 2008, retrieved from UNESCO website]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Other key habitats include the evergreen and dry [[Dipterocarp forest]]s of [[Mondolkiri]] province, protected by [[Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Mondulkiri Protected Forest|Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary]], as well as [[Ratanakiri]] province, and the [[Cardamom Mountains]] ecosystem, including [[Preah Monivong National Park]], [[Botum-Sakor National Park]], and the [[Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary]].
The [[Worldwide Fund for Nature]] recognises six distinct [[terrestrial ecoregions]] in Cambodia – the [[Cardamom Mountains rain forests]], [[Central Indochina dry forest]], Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forest, Southern [[Annamite Range]] tropical forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat [[swamp forest]].<ref>Eric Wikramanayake, Eric Dinerstein, Colby J. Loucks ''et al.'' (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC, {{ISBN|1559639237}}.</ref>
[[File:Cascade de la rivière sacrée (Phnom Kulen) (6825025205).jpg|thumb|Waterfall at [[Phnom Kulen]]]]
[[File:Prey Lang Forest Aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Prey Lang]] Forest]]
The rate of [[deforestation in Cambodia]] is one of the highest in the world and it is often perceived as the most destructive, singular environmental issue in the country.<ref name=GreenList>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranks-low-global-green-list|title=Kingdom ranks low on global green list|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|author=Handley, Erin |date=18 February 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Cambodia's [[primary forest]] cover fell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Cambodia lost {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} of forest between 1990 and 2005 – {{convert|3340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than {{convert|3220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of primary forest remain with the result that the future [[sustainability]] of the forest reserves of Cambodia is under severe threat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |title=Logging threatens Cambodian tragedy – UN |publisher=Planet Ark |date=6 March 2003 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014012856/http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20cambodia.htm|title=Cambodia|publisher=Mongabay|author=Butler, Rhett |date=15 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
In 2010–2015, the annual rate of deforestation was 1.3%. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Cambodia, which range from opportunistic [[illegal logging]]s to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. The global issue of [[land grabbing]] is particularly rampant in Cambodia. The deforestation involves the local population, Cambodian businesses and authorities as well as transnational corporations from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/cambodia|title=Cambodia|publisher=Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International affairs|date=2015|access-date= 6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/cambodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/|title=Cambodian Government Authorises Clear-Cutting in National Park|publisher=Global Witness|date=9 July 2004|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
Plans for [[Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin|hydroelectric development]] in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]], by [[Laos]] in particular, pose a "real danger to the food supply of [[Vietnam]] and Cambodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Cambodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its rice basket."
The rich fisheries of [[Tonle Sap]], the largest freshwater lake in [[Southeast Asia]], largely supply the impoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are so important for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally", said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor at the [[University of Washington]] who researches Cambodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of the dams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for the fisheries".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/06/cambodia_sleeps_with_the_fishes|title=Cambodia Sleeps With the Fishes|date=6 June 2014|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
In the 2010s, the Cambodian government and educational system has increased its involvement and co-operation with both national and international environmental groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|title=Mother Nature's Youthful Ambassadors Get to Work|work=Khmer Times|last=LalinDuch|date=9 December 2015|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010222149/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/content/cambodia-environmental-groups-given-chance-address-pm-hun-sen-forum|title=Cambodia: Environmental groups given chance to address PM Hun Sen at forum|publisher=chatham House|date=22 August 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unu.edu/publications/articles/boosting-research-capacity-for-environmental-management-in-cambodia.html|title=Environmental management: Boosting research in Cambodia|publisher=United Nations University|date=17 January 2012|author=Otsuki, Kei |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> A new National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) for Cambodia is to be implemented from late 2016 to 2023 and contains new ideas for how to incite a [[green growth|green]] and environmentally [[sustainability|sustainable]] growth for the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/17414/charting-the-next-seven-years-of-environmental-policy/|title=Charting the Next Seven Years of Environmental Policy|work=Khmer Times|last=Cox|first=Jonathan |date=2 November 2015|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Cambodia|List of political parties in Cambodia|}}
=== Government ===
[[File:Norodom king of Cambodia.jpg|thumb|[[Norodom Sihamoni]], King of Cambodia]]
National politics in Cambodia take place within the framework of the nation's [[Constitution of Cambodia|constitution of 1993]]. The government is a [[constitutional monarchy]] operated as a [[parliamentary democracy|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]], an office held by [[Hun Sen]] since 1985, is the [[head of government]], while the [[King of Cambodia]] (currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]]) is the [[head of state]]. The prime minister is appointed by the king, on the advice and with the approval of the [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]]. The prime minister and the ministerial appointees exercise [[executive power]].
[[Legislative power]]s are shared by the executive and the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Cambodia]] ({{lang|km|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ}}, {{transliteration|km|sâphéa tâmnang réastrâ}}), which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly ({{lang|km|រដ្ឋសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|rôdthâsâphéa}}) and an upper house, the Senate ({{lang|km|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|prœ̆tthôsâphéa}}). Members of the 123-seat National Assembly are elected through a system of [[proportional representation]] and serve for a maximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which are appointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the rest elected by the [[Commune Council (Cambodia)|commune councillors]] from the 24 [[provinces of Cambodia]]. Senators serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambodia 1993 (rev. 2008)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cambodia_2008?lang=en|website=Constitute|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
On 14 October 2004, King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was selected by a special nine-member [[Royal Council of the Throne|Royal Throne Council]], part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the abdication of King [[Norodom Sihanouk]] a week prior. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen and National Assembly Speaker Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (the king's half-brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.
Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality, "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the [[Cambodian People's Party]] and Prime Minister Hun Sen, a recast [[Khmer Rouge]] official in power since 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign have yielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife, [[Bun Rany]]."{{attribution needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2014/09/24/who-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple/|title=In Cambodia, A Close Friendship With The PM Leads To Vast Wealth For One Power Couple|author=Bahree, Megha |date=24 September 2014|work=Forbes|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Cambodia's government has been described by the Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |author=David Roberts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=Political Transition in Cambodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-85054-7}} (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")</ref>
Prime Minister Hun Sen has vowed to rule until he is 74.<ref>{{cite news|last=NEOU|first=VANNARIN|title=Hun Sen Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Cambodia Daily|date=7 May 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040413/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Thul|first=Prak Chan|title=As protest looms, Cambodia's strongman Hun Sen faces restive, tech-savvy youth|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cambodia-youth-idUKBRE98500G20130906|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=Reuters UK|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> He is a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government is regularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. The 2013 election results were disputed by Hun Sen's opposition, leading to demonstrations in the capital. Demonstrators were injured and killed in Phnom Penh where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926161920/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-protest-clashes/814406.html Cambodia protest clashes leave one dead, several wounded]. Channel Asia. 16 September 2013</ref> From a humble farming background, Hun Sen was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is by some considered a long-ruling [[dictator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|title=Analysis: Punished at the polls, Cambodia's long-serving PM is smiling again|work=Reuters|date=18 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018093328/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/18/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since the 2017 crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Cambodia has been described as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cambodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule|title=Cambodian Parliament launches era of one-party rule|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state/4505605.html|title=Cambodia Set to Become One Party State|first=David|last=Boyle|work=[[Voice of America]]|publisher=VOA Cambodia|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/cambodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report|title=Cambodian PM now 'fully fledged military dictator', says report|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Cambodia}}
[[File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg|left|thumb|240px|Prime minister Hun Sen meets with US president [[Joe Biden]] during the ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.]]
The foreign relations of Cambodia are handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Cambodia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] under [[Prak Sokhon]]. Cambodia is a member of the United Nations, the [[World Bank]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. It is a member of the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), [[ASEAN]], and joined the [[WTO]] in 2004. In 2005 Cambodia attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]] in Malaysia.
Cambodia has established [[diplomatic relations]] with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<ref>Royal Government of Cambodia.{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |title=Foreign Embassies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalpino, Catharin E. |author2=Timberman, David G. |url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |title=Cambodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028015243/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |archive-date=28 October 2005|work=Asia Society|date= 26 March 1998}}</ref> As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and [[Civil engineering|civil]] infrastructure needs.
[[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen.jpg|thumb|Prime minister [[Hun Sen]] with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, 19 May 2016.]]
While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed, several [[border dispute]]s between Cambodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam and undefined [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]]. Cambodia and Thailand also have border disputes, with troops [[Cambodian-Thai border dispute|clashing over land]] immediately adjacent to the [[Preah Vihear Temple|Preah Vihear temple]] in particular, leading to a deterioration in relations. Most of the territory belongs to Cambodia, but a combination of Thailand disrespecting international law, Thai troops upbuild in the area and lack of resources for the Cambodian military have left the situation unsettled since 1962.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24897805|title=Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Cambodian, court rules|work=BBC News|date=11 November 2013|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf|title=Judgment: Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (''Cambodia v. Thailand'')|date=11 November 2013|others=Recorded by L.Tanggahma|publisher=[[International Court of Justice]]|location=The Hague, Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111173337/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
Cambodia and China have cultivated ties in the 2010s. A Chinese company with the support of the [[People's Liberation Army]] built a deep-water seaport along {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} stretch of Cambodian coastline of the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in [[Koh Kong province]]; the port is sufficiently deep to be used by cruise ships, [[bulk carrier]]s or warships. Cambodia's diplomatic support has been invaluable to Beijing's [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|effort to claim disputed areas]] in the [[South China Sea]]. Because Cambodia is a member of ASEAN, and because under ASEAN rules "the objections of one member can thwart any group initiative", Cambodia is diplomatically useful to China as a counterweight to southeast Asian nations that have closer ties to the United States.<ref name="Kynge">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23968248-43a0-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d?mhq5j=e2|title=Investigation: How China bought its way into Cambodia|website=[[Financial Times]]|author=James Kynge, Leila Haddou and Michael Peel|date=8 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
=== Military ===
{{Main|Royal Cambodian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Royal Cambodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Royal Cambodian Army officers marching]]
The [[Royal Cambodian Army]], [[Royal Cambodian Navy]], [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]] and [[Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia|Royal Gendarmerie]] collectively form the [[Military of Cambodia|Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]], under the command of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Cambodia)|Ministry of National Defence]], presided over by the [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), and the country's Prime Minister Hun Sen effectively holds the position of [[commander-in-chief]].
The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the Cambodian military. This saw the defence ministry form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services under the High Command Headquarters (HCHQ).
The minister of National Defense is General [[Tea Banh]]. Banh has served as defence minister since 1979. The Secretaries of State for Defense are [[Chay Saing Yun]] and Por Bun Sreu.
In 2010, the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve). Total Cambodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia total more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism, and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest, and armed conflicts.
Hun Sen has accumulated highly centralised power in Cambodia, including a ''praetorian guard'' that 'appears to rival the capabilities of the country's regular military units', and is allegedly used by Hun Sen to quell political opposition.'<ref>Fuller, Thomas (6 January 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html Cambodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly]. New York Times</ref> Cambodia signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
=== Political culture ===
[[File:Cambodian Leaders 2019.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: Senate President [[Say Chhum]], National Assembly President [[Heng Samrin]] and Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]], on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.]]
The [[Cambodian People's Party]] (CPP) is the sole dominant-party in Cambodia. Since 2018, the CPP commands all but four seats in [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]], including all 125 seats in the National Assembly and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate.
Hun Sen and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen was a former Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by the Vietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his [[Strongman (politics)|strong man]] position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.<ref name=HRWAdams>{{cite web|author=Adams, Brad |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/10000-days-hun-sen |title=Adams, Brad, ''10,000 Days of Hun Sen'', International Herald Tribune, reprinted by Human Rights Watch.org |publisher=Hrw.org |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 1997, fearing the growing power of his co-prime minister, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun launched a [[1997 Cambodian Coup|coup]], using the army to purge Ranariddh and his supporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents of Hun Sen were arrested, tortured, and some summarily executed.<ref name=HRWAdams /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/060.html |title=Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen from Amnesty International|publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date=11 July 1997 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
In addition to [[Human rights in Cambodia|political oppression]], the Cambodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers<ref>{{cite news|author1=Levy, Adrian |author2=Scott-Clark, Cathy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/26/cambodia |title=Country for Sale|newspaper=Guardian |date=26 April 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Cambodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |title=Country for Sale |publisher=Global Witness |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306234201/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |archive-date=6 March 2013 }}</ref> Cambodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |title=Coverage of Transparency International's Corruption Report by ''Rasmei Kampuchea Daily'' carried on Asia News Network, 2 December 2011 |publisher=Asianewsnet.net |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810104123/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>Perrin, C.J. (30 March 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225719/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/128461/20110330/corruption-australia-signapore-china-cambodia-philippines-hong-kong-based-political-economic-risk-co.htm Australia, Singapore: Least Tainted with Corruption—survey], ''International Business Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/country#KHM |title=Transparency International's latest index |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] currently recognises one [[prisoner of conscience]] in the country: 33-year-old land rights activist [[Yorm Bopha]].<ref name=yorm>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|title=Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice|date=27 December 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163441/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say they were deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attack against the president of the Overseas Press Club of Cambodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.
The violence came amid political tensions as the opposition boycotted the opening of [[Parliament]] due to concerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Cambodian protesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-24/an-cambodia-attacks-reax/4978738|title=Overseas Press Club of Cambodia condemns violent attack on journalists in Phnom Penh|work=Australia Network News|date=24 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
In 2017, Cambodia's Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] (CNRP), paving the way for a return to a yet more authoritarian political system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/cambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen |title=Guardian report on Hun Sen as strongman |newspaper=Guardian | date=3 December 2017}}</ref>
=== Corruption ===
{{Further|Corruption in Cambodia}}
The level of [[corruption]] in Cambodia exceeds most countries in the world. Despite adopting an 'Anti-Corruption Law' in 2010, corruption prevails throughout the country. Corruption affects the judiciary, the police, and other state institutions. Favouritism by government officials and impunity is commonplace. Lack of a clear distinction between the courts and the executive branch of government also makes for a deep politicisation of the judicial system.<ref name="globalwitness.org">[http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/corruption/oil-gas-and-mining/cambodia Retrieved November-14-2015]. Globalwitness.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
Examples of areas where Cambodians encounter corrupt practices in their everyday lives include obtaining medical services, dealing with alleged traffic violations, and pursuing fair court verdicts. Companies deal with extensive red tape when obtaining licenses and permits, especially construction-related permits, and the demand for and supply of bribes are commonplace in this process. The 2010 Anti-Corruption Law provided no protection to whistle-blowers, and whistle-blowers can be jailed for up to 6 months if they report corruption that cannot be proven.<ref name="globalwitness.org" />
=== Legal profession ===
The Cambodian legal profession was established in 1932. By 1978, due to the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, the entire legal system was eradicated. Judges and lawyers were executed after being deemed "class enemies" and only 6–12 legal professionals actually survived and remained in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/assets/pdf/court-filings/e51_7_1_en-1.pdf|title=CO-PROSECUTORS' SUBMISSION ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR NATIONAL CRIMES|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Lawyers did not reappear until 1995 when the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia was created.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to CAMBODIAN LAW|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Cambodia|year=2012|isbn=978-99950-982-1-6|editor-last=Peng|editor-first=Hor|pages=7–8, 15–16|editor-last2=Phallack|editor-first2=Kong|editor-last3=Menzel|editor-first3=Jörg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Chin|last2=Falt|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=1996|title=LAW OF THE BAR: KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA (STATUTORY UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT BAR IN CAMBODIA: CODE OF ETHICS; INTERNAL REGULATIONS)|journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=27: 2, Art. 5|pages=357–387|via=CWSL Scholarly Commons}}</ref>
=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Cambodia}}
[[File:Kem Sokha with Sam Rainsy.jpg|thumb|Cambodia's deputy opposition leader [[Kem Sokha]] (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader [[Sam Rainsy]] (right) has lived in exile since November 2015]]
A [[US State Department]] report says "forces under Hun Sen and the [[Cambodian People's Party]] have committed frequent and large-scale abuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".<ref>World Report 2014: Cambodia Human Right Watch</ref> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 256,800 people are [[Slavery in Asia|enslaved]] in modern-day Cambodia, or 1.65% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Bales|first1=Kevin |display-authors=et al|title=Cambodia|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|website=The Global Slavery Index 2016|publisher=The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314004151/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (Cambodia)|Forced land evictions]] by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders are commonplace in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid land grabs and evictions, Cambodia jails leading activist |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-landactivist/amid-land-grabs-and-evictions-cambodia-jails-leading-activist-idUSKBN164009 |work=Reuters |date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Cambodians over more than a decade for the purpose of self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of special interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia police arrest women protesting against forced evictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/02/cambodia-forced-evictions-land-grabs |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Credible non-governmental organisations estimate that "770,000 people have been adversely affected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that have been confiscated", says Paris-based [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (FIDH).<ref name="rfa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/complaint-10072014181216.html|title='Ruling Elite' in Cambodia Face ICC Complaint Over Land Grabs|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
On 14 March 2018, the UN expert on the human rights situation in Cambodia "expressed serious concerns about restrictions on the media, freedom of expression and political participation ahead of a national election in July".<ref>{{cite news |title="Cambodia at a crossroads": UN expert calls on Government to choose path of human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22820&LangID=E |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Some critics of the government have been [[COVID-19 misinformation#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]] about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia accused of political clampdown amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/cambodia-accused-political-clampdown-coronavirus-outbreak-200324063233803.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia: Covid-19 Spurs Bogus 'Fake News' Arrests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/cambodia-covid-19-spurs-bogus-fake-news-arrests |work=Human Rights Watch |date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Cambodia}}
The autonomous municipality ({{transliteration|km|reach thani}}) and provinces ({{transliteration|km|khaet}}) of Cambodia are first-level administrative divisions. Cambodia is divided into 25 [[Provinces of Cambodia|provinces]] including the autonomous municipality.
Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Cambodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes ({{transliteration|km|khum}}) and quarters ({{transliteration|km|sangkat}}).
{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="2"
|
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%;"
|- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
! scope="col" style="width:3px;" | Number
! scope="col" style="width:120px;" | Province/Capital
! scope="col" style="width:110px;" | City
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | Population<br />(2019)<ref name="Census 2019" />
|-
| 1 || [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]] ||[[Serei Saophoan Municipality|Serei Saophoan]] || style="text-align:right" |6,679|| style="text-align:right"|861,883
|-
| 2 || [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] || [[Battambang Municipality|Battambang]] || style="text-align:right"|11,702|| style="text-align:right"|997,169
|-
| 3 || [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]] || [[Kampong Cham Municipality|Kampong Cham]] ||style="text-align:right"|4,549 || style="text-align:right"|899,791
|-
| 4 || [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]] || [[Kampong Chhnang Municipality|Kampong Chhnang]] || style="text-align:right"|5,521|| style="text-align:right"|527,027
|-
| 5 || [[Kampong Speu Province|Kampong Speu]] || [[Chbar Mon Municipality|Chbar Mon]] || style="text-align:right"|7,017|| style="text-align:right"|877,523
|-
| 6 || [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]] || [[Stueng Saen Municipality|Stung Saen]] ||style="text-align:right"|13,814|| style="text-align:right"|681,549
|-
| 7 || [[Kampot Province|Kampot]] || [[Kampot Municipality|Kampot]] || style="text-align:right"|4,873|| style="text-align:right"|593,829
|-
| 8 || [[Kandal Province|Kandal]] || [[Ta Khmau Municipality|Ta Khmau]] || style="text-align:right"|3,179|| style="text-align:right"|1,201,581
|-
| 9 || [[Kep Province|Kep]] || [[Kep Municipality|Kep]] || style="text-align:right"|336|| style="text-align:right"|42,665
|-
| 10 || [[Koh Kong Province|Koh Kong]] || [[Khemarak Phoumin Municipality|Khemarak Phoumin]] || style="text-align:right"|10,090|| style="text-align:right"|125,902
|-
| 11 || [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] || [[Kratié Municipality|Kratié]] || style="text-align:right"|11,094|| style="text-align:right"|374,755
|-
| 12 || [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] || [[Senmonorom Municipality|Senmonorom]] || style="text-align:right"|14,288|| style="text-align:right"|92,213
|-
| 13 || [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] || [[Samraong Municipality|Samraong]] || style="text-align:right"|6,158|| style="text-align:right"|276,038
|-
| 14 || [[Pailin Province|Pailin]] || [[Pailin District|Pailin]] || style="text-align:right"|803|| style="text-align:right"|75,112
|-
| 15 || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Phnom Penh]] || style="text-align:right"|679|| style="text-align:right"|2,281,951
|-
| 16 || [[Sihanoukville Province|Preah Sihanouk]] || [[Preah Sihanouk Municipality|Preah Sihanouk]] || style="text-align:right"|1,938|| style="text-align:right"|310,072
|-
| 17 || [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] || [[Preah Vihear Municipality|Preah Vihear]] || style="text-align:right"|13,788|| style="text-align:right"|254,827
|-
| 18 || [[Pursat Province|Pursat]] || [[Pursat Municipality|Pursat]] || style="text-align:right"|12,692|| style="text-align:right"|419,952
|-
| 19 || [[Prey Veng Province|Prey Veng]] || [[Prey Veng Municipality|Prey Veng]] || style="text-align:right"|4,883|| style="text-align:right"|1,057,720
|-
| 20 || [[Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]] || [[Banlung Municipality|Banlung]] || style="text-align:right"|10,782|| style="text-align:right"|217,453
|-
| 21 || [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] || [[Siem Reap Municipality|Siem Reap]] || style="text-align:right"|10,299|| style="text-align:right"|1,014,234
|-
| 22 || [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] || [[Stung Treng Municipality|Stung Treng]] || style="text-align:right"|11,092|| style="text-align:right"|165,713
|-
| 23 || [[Svay Rieng Province|Svay Rieng]] || [[Svay Rieng Municipality|Svay Rieng]] || style="text-align:right" |2,966|| style="text-align:right"|525,497
|-
| 24 || [[Takéo Province|Takéo]] || [[Doun Kaev Municipality|Doun Kaev]] || style="text-align:right"|3,563|| style="text-align:right"|900,914
|-
| 25 || [[Tboung Khmum Province|Tboung Khmom]] || [[Suong Municipality|Suong]] || style="text-align:right"|5,250 || style="text-align:right"|776,841
|}
[[File:Provincial Boundaries in Cambodia.svg|center|upright=2]]
{{Clear}}
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Cambodia}}
[[File:GPD per capita development of Cambodia.jpg|thumb|305px|right|Real GDP per capita development of Cambodia]]
[[File:Cambodia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Cambodia exports, 2019]]
[[File:Cambodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|The Cambodian position on the [[Human Development Index]], 1970–2010]]
In 2017 Cambodia's per capita income is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal per capita. The United Nations designates Cambodia as a [[least developed country]]. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. [[Rice]], fish, timber, garments, and rubber are Cambodia's major exports. The [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194125/http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/RiceToday%206-2.pdf ''Rice Today'', April–June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2]. irri.org</ref> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.
Based on the Economist, IMF: [[Annual average GDP growth]] for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest-growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and exports at US$1.6 billion.
[[File:Siem Reap Art Center Night Market, 2018 (06).jpg|thumb|Food stands in [[Siem Reap]].]]
In the Cambodia country assessment "Where Have All The Poor Gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013", the World Bank concludes: "Over the seven years from 2004 through 2011, Cambodian economic growth was tremendous, ranking amid the best in the world. Moreover, household consumption increased by nearly 40 percent. And this growth was pro-poor—not only reducing inequality but also proportionally boosting poor people's consumption further and faster than that of the non-poor. As a result, the poverty rate dropped from 52.2 to 20.5 percent, surpassing all expectations and far exceeding the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poverty target. However, the majority of these people escaped poverty only slightly: they remain highly vulnerable—even to small shocks—which could quickly bring them back into poverty."<ref>"Where Have All The Poor Gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013", World Bank May 2014</ref>
"Two decades of economic growth have helped make Cambodia a global leader in reducing poverty. The success story means the Southeast Asian nation that overcame a vicious civil war now is classified as a lower-middle income economy by the World Bank Group (WBG). Among 69 countries that have comparable data, Cambodia ranked fourth in terms of the fastest poverty reduction in the world from 2004 to 2008. (See more details of Cambodia's achievements on poverty reduction. The poverty rate fell to 10 percent in 2013, and further reduction of poverty is expected for both urban and rural households throughout 2015–2016. However, human development, particularly in the areas of health and education, remains an important challenge and development priority for Cambodia"<ref>[http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/cambodia-is-now-a-lower-middle-income-economy-what-does-this-mean Cambodia is now a lower-middle income economy: What does this mean? | East Asia & Pacific on the rise]. Blogs.worldbank.org (1 July 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
Oil and natural gas deposits found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters in 2005 yield great potential but remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputes with [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The struggle between Thailand and Cambodia over oil and gas resources|date=17 September 2010|agency=CLC Asia|url=http://www.clc-asia.com/the-struggle-between-thailand-and-cambodia-over-oil-and-gas-resources-2/|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia Aims for Offshore Production Next Year|author=Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob |date=26 September 2012|agency=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390443507204578020023711640726|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Cambodia's rice fields.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paddy field]] in [[Siem Reap Province]]]]
The [[National Bank of Cambodia]] is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to the country's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in the country. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increased from 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Cambodian banking and finance sector.
In 2012, Credit Bureau Cambodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank of Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |title=CBC's Mission |publisher=Creditbureaucambodia.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613093221/http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Cambodian Banking Sector as all banks and microfinance companies are now required by law to report accurate facts and figures relating to loan performance in the country.
One of the largest challenges facing Cambodia is still the fact that the older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<ref name="CIACB">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. CIA World FactBook.</ref> while the [[Asian Development Bank]] alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |title=A Fact Sheet: Cambodia and Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404015954/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |archive-date=4 April 2007 }}</ref> Bribes are often demanded from companies operating in Cambodia when obtaining licences and permits, such as construction-related permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-cambodia|title=Bribes hamper business in Cambodia – Asia-Pacific – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin}}</ref>
[[File:Battambang Provinz 01.jpg|thumb|Farmers harvesting rice in [[Battambang Province]]]]
Cambodia ranked among the worst places in the world for organised labour in the 2015 [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) Global Rights Index, landing in the category of countries with "no guarantee of rights".'<ref>Teehan, Sean (16 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranked-low-labour-rights-index Kingdom ranked low in labour rights index]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>
In April 2016 Cambodia's National Assembly has adopted a Law on Trade Unions. "The law was proposed at a time when workers have been staging sustained protests in factories and in the streets demanding wage increases and improvements in their working conditions".<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/the-trouble-with-cambodias-new-law-on-trade-unions The Trouble With Cambodia's New Law on Trade Unions]. The Diplomat. Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref> The concerns about Cambodia's new law are shared not only by labour and rights groups but international organisations more generally. The [[International Labour Organization]] Country Office for Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR, has noted that the law has "several key concerns and gaps".<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/asia/info/public/pr/WCMS_466553/lang--en/index.htm ILO's statement on Trade Unions law in Cambodia]. Ilo.org (4 April 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
Independent unions and employers remain divided. "How can a factory with 25 unions survive?" asked Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association in Cambodia (GMAC), adding that it was "incomprehensible to expect an employer to negotiate a dispute with 25 different union leaders. A law was necessary to rein in the country's unions, Van Sou Ieng said. According to GMAC, last year there were 3,166 unions for the more than 500,000 workers employed in the country's 557 garment and textile exporting factories, and 58 footwear factories. Though garment production is already Cambodia's largest industry, which accounts for 26.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, Van Sou Ieng said without the trade union law, foreign investors will not come to do business".<ref>[http://www.voacambodia.com/a/unions-and-employers-deeply-divided-over-cambodia-trade-union-law/3375693.html Unions and Employers Deeply Divided Over Cambodia's Trade Union Law]. Voacambodia.com (15 June 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
"Only with the trade union law will we, employers, be able to survive.... not only Cambodia, every country has trade union law. Those who criticise [the law] should do businesses, and [then] they will understand."
=== Textiles ===
[[File:Cambodia Exports Treemap 2017.svg|thumb|right|270px|Cambodian Exports Treemap in 2017.]]
The garment industry represents the largest portion of Cambodia's manufacturing sector, accounting for 80% of the country's exports. In 2012, the exports grew to $4.61 billion up 8% over 2011. In the first half of 2013, the garment industry reported exports worth $1.56 billion.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/cambodias-textile-industry-grew-32/|title=Cambodia's textile industry grew 32%|first=Arno|last=Maierbrugger|work=Inside Investor|date=11 July 2013|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The sector employs 335,400 workers, of which 91% are female.
Better Factories Cambodia was created in 2001 as a unique partnership between the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group. The programme engages with workers, employers, and governments to improve working conditions and boost the competitiveness of the garment industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Factories Cambodia Annual Report 2018: An Industry and Compliance Review |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/portfolio/better-factories-cambodia-annual-report-2018-an-industry-and-compliance-review/ |website=betterwork.org}}</ref> On 18 May 2018, the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the ILO Better Factories Cambodia Programme met in Phnom Penh to provide input into the draft conclusions and recommendations of the BFC's independent mid-term evaluation, as well as to discuss options on how to further strengthen the programme's transparent reporting initiative.
The members of the PAC concurred with the findings of the evaluation related to the impact the programme has had on the Cambodian garment sector and workers, including:
a. contributing to sustained overall growth of the garment industry
b. improving the lives of at least half a million Cambodian workers of factories in the BFC
programme and many more of their family members;
c. ensuring that workers receive correct wages and social protection benefits
d. virtually eliminating child labour in the sector
e. making Cambodia's garment factories safer overall
f. creating a "level playing field" for labour across garment sector
g. influencing business practices through (1) using factory data to highlight areas for
improvement and (2) being a core part of risk management strategies of international
brands/buyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Cambodia on its 47th Meeting – Better Work |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/2018/06/20/statement-from-the-project-advisory-committee-of-better-factories-cambodia-on-its-47th-meeting/ |website=betterwork.org|date=20 June 2018 }}</ref>
=== Tourism ===
{{Update|section|date=August 2019}}
{{Main|Tourism in Cambodia}}
[[File:Angkor Wat Tourists.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Every year, nearly 2.6 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/angkor-hosts-26m-visitors|title=Angkor hosts 2.6M visitors|website=www.phnompenhpost.com}}</ref> tourists visit [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Siem Reap]], Cambodia.]]
The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of [[hard currency]] after the textile industry.<ref name="USDOS3" /> International visitor arrivals in 2018 topped six million, a ten-fold increase since the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism Statistics Report Year 2018 |url=https://www.tourismcambodia.com/img/resources/cambodia_tourism_statistics_2018.pdf |website=Ministry of Tourism |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> Tourism employs 26% of the country's workforce, which translates into roughly 2.5 million jobs for Cambodians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=This Is Why Cambodia Is the BEST Place to Visit Post Coronavirus Pandemic!|url=https://thegotofamily.com/2021/04/this-is-why-cambodia-is-the-best-place-to-visit-post-coronavirus-pandemic/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Go To Family|language=en-US}}</ref>
Besides Phom Penh and Angkor Wat, other tourist destinations include [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in the southwest which has several popular beaches and [[Battambang]] in the northwest, both of which are popular stops for backpackers who make up a significant portion of visitors to Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfunkytravel.com/backpacking-route-south-east-asia.html|title=Popular Backpacking Destinations in Southeast Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The area around [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] and [[Kep, Cambodia|Kep]] including the [[ Bokor Hill Station ]] are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in the relatively stable period since the 1993 [[UNTAC]] elections.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304011512/http://www.cambodia-tourism.org/download/Cambodia_Touris_Statistics_2010.pdf Tourism Statistics Report March 2010]. cambodia-tourism.org.</ref>
Most international arrivals in 2018 were Chinese. Tourism receipts exceeded US$4.4 billion in 2018, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom's gross national product. The Angkor Wat historical park in [[Siem Reap Province]], the beaches in Sihanoukville, the capital city Phnom Penh, and Cambodia's 150 casinos (up from just 57 in 2014)<ref>{{cite book |title=Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth, and Impact, 2019|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf |date=2019 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |location=Bangkok |page=20}}</ref> are the main attractions for foreign tourists.
Cambodia's reputation as a safe destination for tourism however has been hindered by civil and political unrest <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|title=Civil Unrest|date=16 October 2016|work=The Cambodia Daily|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055108/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/27/kem-lays-murder-puts-cambodia-politics-economy-at-risk-as-unrest-looms.html|title=Kem Ley's murder puts Cambodia politics, economy at risk as unrest looms|website=CNBC|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=27 August 2016|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|title=Civil Unrest in Phnom Penh, Cambodia – TravelHappy.Me|date=20 September 2013|work=TravelHappy.Me|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022429/http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> and several high-profile examples of serious crime committed against tourists visiting the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/15252/embassies-warn-of-rise-in-coastal-crime/|title=Embassies Warn of Rise in Coastal Crime|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010224352/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Two Rapes in 3 Days Reveal Resort's Dark Side|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/12397/deaths-of-foreigners-shrouded-in-mystery/|title=Deaths of Foreigners Shrouded in Mystery|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
Cambodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people around the main places of interest. The quantity of souvenirs that are produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number of tourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the markets are imported from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aha-kh.com/ |title=AHA Angkor Handicraft Association|website=Aha-kh.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Some of the locally produced souvenirs include:
* Krama (traditional scarf)
* Ceramics
* Soap, candles, spices<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senteursdangkor.com/html/en/our_products.php/ |title=Senteur d'Angkor |website=Senteursdangkor.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504161246/http://www.senteursdangkor.com/html/en/our_products.php/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Wood carvings, lacquerware, silver plate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artisansdangkor.com/|title=Artisans d'Angkor |website=Artisans d'angkor |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref>
* Painted bottles containing infused rice wine
=== Agriculture ===
{{Further|Agriculture in Cambodia}}
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Cambodian economy. Agriculture accounted for 90 percent of [[GDP]] in 1985 and employed approximately 80 percent of the workforce. [[Rice]] is the principal commodity. Major secondary crops include [[maize]], [[cassava]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[Bambara groundnut|groundnuts]], [[soybean]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, dry beans, and [[rubber]]. The principal commercial crop is rubber. In the 1980s it was an important primary commodity, second only to rice, and one of the country's few sources of foreign exchange.
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Cambodia}}
[[File:Road 4 to Sihanouk.JPG|thumb|National Highway 4]]
The civil war and neglect severely damaged Cambodia's transport system. With assistance from other countries, Cambodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.
Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about {{convert|612|km|mi|abbr=off}} of single, {{convert|1|m|ftin|spell=in|adj=mid|abbr=off}} gauge track.<ref name=CamRail>{{cite news|title=Cambodian railway to be revived by 2013 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-date=1 April 2011 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=16 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast. Trains are again running to and from the Cambodian capital and popular destinations in the south. After 14 years, regular rail services between the two cities restarted recently – offering a safer option than road for travellers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/05/trains-phnom-penh-sihanoukville-kampot|title=Cambodia revives train service between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2016|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref> Trains also run from Phnom Penh to [[Sisophon]] (although trains often run only as far as [[Battambang]]). As of 1987, only one passenger train per week operated between Phnom Penh and Battambang but a US$141 million project, funded mostly by the [[Asian Development Bank]], has been started to revitalise the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Cambodia with major industrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".<ref name=CamRail />
Besides the main inter-provincial traffic artery connecting Phnom Penh with Sihanoukville, resurfacing a former dirt road with concrete/asphalt and bridging five major river crossings have now permanently connected Phnom Penh with [[Koh Kong (city)|Koh Kong]], and hence there is now uninterrupted road access to neighbouring Thailand and its road network.
[[File:Phnom Penh Airport Shuttle Train.jpg|thumb|right|Phnom Penh airport shuttle train]]
Cambodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Cambodia than in the developed world, and the number of road deaths had doubled in the preceding three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/en/travis_annualreport_execsum.pdf |title=Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System|website=WHO |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
Cambodia's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonle Sap]] River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including {{convert|3,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable all year by craft drawing {{convert|0.6|m|ft|1|abbr=off}} and another {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable to craft drawing {{convert|1.8|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="CNTRYDTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html |title=Cambodia – Railroads |website=Country-data.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
Cambodia has two major ports, Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, and five minor ones. Phnom Penh, at the junction of the [[Bassac River|Bassac]], the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap Rivers, is the only [[river port]] capable of receiving 8,000-[[ton]] ships during the wet season and 5,000-ton ships during the dry season.
With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile use, though motorcycles still predominate.<ref>"Picking Up Speed: As Cambodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road 'Death Toll'", ''The Cambodia Daily'', Saturday, 9–10 March 2002.</ref> "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or [[Cycle rickshaw]]s were popular in 1990s but are increasingly replaced by ''remorques'' (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Cambodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |title=Cyclo – Transport in Cambodia |website=Goseasia.about.com |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403102938/http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cambodia has three commercial airports. In 2018, they handled a record of 10 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/airports-pass-10m-passenger-mark |title=Airports pass 10M passenger mark |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=20 December 2018}}</ref> [[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the busiest airport in Cambodia. [[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] is the second busiest, and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. [[Sihanouk International Airport]], is in the coastal city of [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]].
=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Cambodia}}
A National Committee for Science and Technology representing 11 ministries has been in place since 1999. Although seven ministries are responsible for the country's 33 public universities, the majority of these institutions come under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030">{{Cite report |title=UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 |last1=Turpin |first1=Tim |last2=Zhang |first2=Jing A. |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |pages=698–713 |language=en |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |last3=Burgos |first3=Bessie M. |last4=Amaradsa |first4=Wasantha |chapter=Southeast Asia and Oceania |year=2015}}</ref>
In 2010, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports approved a Policy on Research Development in the Education Sector. This move represented the first step towards a national approach to research and development across the university sector and the application of research for the purposes of national development.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" />
This policy was followed by the country's first ''National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020''. It was officially launched by the Ministry of Planning in December 2014, as the culmination of a two-year process supported by the [[Korea International Cooperation Agency]]. The plan makes provision for establishing a science and technology foundation to promote industrial innovation, with a particular focus on agriculture, primary industry and ICTs.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cambodia National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020|last=Korea International Cooperation Agency|first=Press release|date=2014|work=KOICA Feature News}}</ref> Cambodia was ranked 109th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, down from 98th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Cambodia}}
Cambodia has high potential for developing [[renewable energy]] resources. Even though the country has not attracted much international investment in renewable energy by 2020, the country serves as a model to learn from for other ASEAN countries in terms of conducting solar power auctions.<ref name=":0">Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z. 2020. Cambodia: Five Actions to Improve the Business Climate for Renewable Energy Investment. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No. 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793835</ref> To attract more investment in renewable energy, the government could improve renewable energy governance, adopt clear targets, develop an effective regulatory framework, improve project bankability and facilitate market entry for international investors.<ref name=":0" /> Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change and it is advised that the country focuses more on developing renewable energy as part of climate change mitigation measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |page=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
== Society ==
{{see also|List of cities in Cambodia}}
=== Demographics ===
{{Main|Demographics of Cambodia}}
{{Historical populations|type=Cambodia
| 1962|5728771
| 1980|6600000
| 1994|9900000
| 1996|10700000
| 1998|11437656
| 2004|12800000
| 2008|13395682
| 2013|14700000
| 2019|15552211
| percentages = pagr
| footnote = National Institute of Statistics: General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019, Chapter 2, p. 6<ref name="Census 2019" />
}}
The first official census conducted by the French protectorate of Cambodia was in 1921; however, only men aged 20 to 60 were counted as its purpose was for the collection of taxes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Organization and Administration of the General Population Census of Cambodia, 1998|date=2001|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia|National Institute of Statistics]], [[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|location=[[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEnkAlnHECYC|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> After the 1962 population census was conducted, Cambodia's civil conflicts and instability lead to a 36-year-long gap before the country could have another official census in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Huguet, Jerrold R.|author2=Chamratrithirong, Apichat|author3=Rao, Nott Rama|author4=Than, San Sy|title=Results of the 1998 Population Census in Cambodia|journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal|date=September 2000|volume=15|issue=3|page=1|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/APPJ-Vol-15-No-3.pdf|access-date=17 July 2020|publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|United Nations ESCAP]]|doi=10.18356/b3b0a408-en}}</ref>
At present, fifty percent of the Cambodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|title=Sex Ratio|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the Cambodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<ref name="CIACB" />
The total fertility rate in Cambodia was 2.5 children per woman in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=2018&view=bar|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Cambodia|date=7 June 2020|work=World Bank}}</ref>
The fertility rate was 4.0 children in 2000.<ref name="CDHS" /> Women in urban areas had 2.2 children on average, compared with 3.3 in rural areas.<ref name="CDHS" /> Fertility was highest in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondol Kiri]] and [[Ratanakiri Province|Rattanak Kiri]] Provinces, where women had an average of 4.5 children, and lowest in Phnom Penh where women averaged 2.0.<ref name="CDHS">[http://www.nis.gov.kh/ National Institute of Statistics CAMBODIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2010]. Nis.gov.kh (10 November 2013). Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Further|Ethnic groups in Cambodia}}
[[File:Cambodia ethnic map colors more distinct.png|thumb|left|250px|An ethnic map of Cambodia]]
The vast majority of Cambodia's population is of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] origin (over 95%) who are speakers of the [[Khmer language]], the country's sole official language. Cambodia's population is largely homogeneous. Its minority groups include [[Chams]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.1%) and [[Chinese Cambodian|Chinese]] (0.1%).<ref name="CIACB" />
The largest ethnic group in Cambodia are the [[Khmer people|Khmers]], who comprise around 90% of the total population in Cambodia, and are indigenous to the lowland Mekong subregion in which they inhabit. The Khmers historically have lived near the [[Mekong River|lower Mekong River]] in a contiguous diagonal arc, from where modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia meet in the northwest, all the way to the mouth of the [[Mekong River]] in southeastern Vietnam.
The Vietnamese are the second-largest ethnic minority in Cambodia, with an estimated 16,000 living in provinces concentrated in the southeast of the country adjacent to the [[Mekong Delta]]. Although the Vietnamese language has been determined to be a [[Mon–Khmer]] language, there are very few cultural connections between the two peoples because the early Khmers were influenced by the [[Indian cultural sphere]] while the Vietnamese are part of the [[Adoption of Chinese literary culture|Chinese cultural sphere]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000">{{cite book |author=Chandler, David |title=A History of Cambodia |publisher=Westview Press|date=2000}}</ref> Ethnic tensions between the Khmer and the Vietnamese can be traced to the [[Post-Angkor Period]] (from the 16th to 19th centuries), during which time a nascent [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] each attempted to vassalise a weakened post-Angkor Cambodia, and effectively dominate all of [[Indochina]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000" />
[[Chinese Cambodian]]s are approximately 0.1% of the population.<ref name="Birth Rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |title=Birth Rate |work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223211514/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |title=Ethnic groups statistics – countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> Most Chinese are descended from 19th–20th-century settlers who came in search of trade and commerce opportunities during the time of the [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|French protectorate]]. Most are urban dwellers, engaged primarily in commerce.
The indigenous ethnic groups of the mountains are known collectively as Montagnards or [[Khmer Loeu]], a term meaning "Highland Khmer". They are descended from neolithic migrations of Mon–Khmer speakers via southern China and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] speakers from insular Southeast Asia. Being isolated in the highlands, the various Khmer Loeu groups were not Indianized like their Khmer cousins and consequently are culturally distant from modern Khmers and often from each other, observing many pre-Indian-contact customs and beliefs.
The Cham are descended from the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] people of [[Champa]], a former kingdom on the coast of central and southern present-day Vietnam and former rival to the Khmer Empire. The Cham in Cambodia number under a million and often maintain separate villages in the southeast of the country. Almost all Cham in Cambodia are Muslims.
=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities of Cambodia}}
=== Women ===
[[File:Weddingkhmer.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Cambodian couple wearing [[Sompot|traditional wedding outfit]] ([[Sompot]], [[Sbai]], [[Sompot Chong Kben|Chong Kben]]).]]
{{POV section|date=December 2015}}<!--See [[Talk:Women in Cambodia]]-->
{{Further|Women in Cambodia}}
Khmer women are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, well-mannered,<ref name=Mekong /> industrious,<ref name=Status /> act as the family's caregivers and caretakers<ref name=Mekong /> and financial controllers,<ref name=Status /> maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,<ref name="Mekong">{{Cite web |last=Chey |first=Elizabeth |title=The Status of Khmer Women |url=http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/women.htm |website=www.mekong.net |language=en}}</ref> and act as advisors to their husbands.<ref name="Status">{{Cite web |title=Women in Cambodian Society |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/women.htm |publisher=www.seasite.niu.edu}}</ref> The "light" walking and refinement of Cambodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their [[silk]] skirt rustling".<ref name=Status /> As financial controllers, the women of Cambodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.<!-- blocked link <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Culture of Cambodia |url=https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cambodia.html |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref> -->
=== Languages ===
{{See also|Demographics of Cambodia#Languages}}
The [[Khmer language]] is a member of the [[Mon–Khmer]] subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic language]] group. [[French language|French]], once the language of government in [[French Indochina|Indochina]], is still spoken by many older Cambodians, and is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. There is also a Francophone newspaper and television channels. Cambodia is a member of [[La Francophonie]]. [[Cambodian French (linguistics)|Cambodian French]] is sometimes used in government, particularly in court. Since 1993, there has been a growing use of English, which has been replacing French as the main foreign language. English is widely taught in several universities and there is also a significant press in that language, while street signs are now bilingual in Khmer and English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |title=U.S. helps English program for poor Cambodian students |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013936/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Due to this shift, mostly English is now used in Cambodia's international relationships, and it has replaced French both on Cambodia's stamps and, since 2002, on Cambodian currency.<ref>{{Citation |last=Igawa |first=Koji |date=2008 |title=English Language and its Education in Cambodia, a Country in Transition |url=https://www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo46-20.pdf |language=en |volume=46 |pages=343–369 |access-date=20 December 2016 |work=Shitennōji daigaku kiyō}}</ref>
The [[Khmer script]] is derived from the [[South Indian]] [[Pallava script]].
=== Religion ===
[[File:Pchum Ben Khmer.png|thumb|right|[[Pchum Ben]], also known as "Ancestors Day", is an important religious festival celebrated by Khmer Buddhists.]]
{{Main|Religion in Cambodia}}
[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the official religion of Cambodia, practised by more than 95 percent of the population with an estimated 4,392 monastery temples throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123110848/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2010 |title=Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Cambodian Buddhism is deeply influenced by [[Hinduism]] and native [[animism]].
The close interrelationship between spirits and the community, the efficacy of [[apotropaic]] and luck-attracting actions and charms, and the possibility of manipulating one's life through contact with spiritual entities such as the "baromey" spirits originates from the native folk religion. Hinduism has left little trace beyond the magical practices of Tantricism and a host of Hindu gods now assimilated into the spirit world (for example, the important ''[[neak ta]]'' spirit called [[Yeay Mao]] is the modern avatar of the Hindu goddess Kali).
[[Mahayana Buddhism]] is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Cambodia. Elements of other religious practices, such as the veneration of [[Chinese folk religion|folk heroes]] and ancestors, [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]] mix with Chinese Buddhism are also practised.
Islam is followed by about 2% of the population and comes in three varieties, two practised by the [[Cham people]] and a third by the descendants of [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], resident in the country for generations. Cambodia's Muslim population is reported to be 80% ethnic Cham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/13400/ramadan-ends-friday-evening/|title=Ramadan Ends Friday Evening|work=Khmer Times|date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Cambodia}}
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg|thumb|Cambodian medical students watching a surgery operation]]
Cambodian [[life expectancy]] was 75 years in 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50808278/life-expectancy-increases-to-75-years/ |title=Life expectancy increases to 75 years
|date=28 January 2021
|publisher= General Population Census of Cambodia 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> a major improvement since 1995 when the average life expectancy was 55.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:KHM&ifdim=region&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Health care is offered by both public and private practitioners and research has found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improving the uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ozawa|first=Sachiko|author2=Damian Walker|title=Comparison Of Trust In Public Vs Private Health Care Providers In Rural Cambodia|journal=Health Policy Plan|year=2011|volume=26|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i20 – i29|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|access-date=26 May 2012|doi=10.1093/heapol/czr045|pmid=21729914|doi-access=free|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133748/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government plans to increase the quality of healthcare in the country by raising awareness of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases.
Cambodia's [[infant mortality rate]] has decreased from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1998 to 24 in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=1975&view=chart|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Cambodia|date=7 June 2020|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>
In the province with worst health indicators, [[Health in Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]], 22.9% of children die before age five.<ref>[http://www.methodfinder.com/wfpatlas/index.php?page=03&lang=e "National Child Mortality and Malnutrition (Food Insecurity Outcome) Maps"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190629/http://www.methodfinder.com/wfpatlas/index.php?page=03&lang=e |date=10 October 2017 }}. UN [[World Food Programme]]. Retrieved 4 May 2008.</ref>
Cambodia was once one of the most [[Land mines in Cambodia|landmined]] countries in the world. According to some estimates, unexploded [[land mine]]s have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970.<ref name="PBSORG">PBS.org (25 July 2003). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html ''Cambodia Land Mines''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209070351/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html |date=9 December 2004 }}</ref> The number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased, from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).<ref>{{cite news|last1=ZSOMBOR|first1=PETER|title=Landmine, Unexploded Ordnance Deaths Drop by Half in 2013|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|access-date=23 October 2014|work=The Cambodia Daily|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706225418/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adults that survive landmines often require [[amputation]] of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<ref name="PBSORG" /> Cambodia is expected to be free of land mines by 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/1976/landmine-casualties-increase-in-2014/|title=Landmine Casualties Increase in 2014|work=KhmerTimes – News Portal Cambodia -|date=7 June 2014|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290 people being an amputee,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Coomes|first1=Phil|title=Tackling the hidden weapons left behind|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-26865946|access-date=23 October 2014|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> is expected to affect Cambodia for years to come.
In Cambodia, landmines and exploded ordnance alone have caused 44,630 injuries between 1979 and 2013, according to the Cambodia Mine/UXO Victim Information System.<ref>Moss, Rebecca (25 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/disability-survey-underscores-war-legacy Disability survey underscores war legacy]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>
=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Cambodia}}
The [[Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Cambodia)|Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports]] is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelines for education in Cambodia. The Cambodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels of government, central, provincial, and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Cambodia promulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic quality education.
[[File:Institute of Foreign Languages.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Institute of Foreign Languages]] of the [[Royal University of Phnom Penh]] ]]
The 2019 Cambodian census estimated that 88.5% of the population was literate (91.1% of men and 86.2% of women).<ref name="Census 2019" /> Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |title=UNICEF – Cambodia – Statistics |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220546/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The education system in Cambodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years, there have been significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrolment gains, the introduction of program based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children to gain access to education. The country has also significantly invested in [[vocational education]], especially in rural areas, to tackle poverty and unemployment.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=KHM|title=Cambodia on UNESCO-UNEVOC|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ntb.gov.kh/tvet/policy/NTDP2008.pdf Cambodia National TVET development Plan −2008]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Two of Cambodia's most acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.
Traditionally, education in Cambodia was offered by the wats (Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for the male population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218125514/http://culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html The Cambodia Cultural Profile. Education]. culturalprofiles.net</ref> During the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, education suffered significant setbacks. Education has also suffered setbacks from [[Child labour in Cambodia|child labour]], A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Cambodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2011|title=Child labour, education policy and governance in Cambodia|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=496–504|doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002|issn=0738-0593|last1=Kim|first1=Chae-Young}}</ref>
With respect to academic performance among Cambodian primary school children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefs played a significant role.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eng | first1 = S | year = 2013 | title = Cambodian Early Adolescents' Academic Achievement The Role of Social Capital | journal = The Journal of Early Adolescence | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 378–403 | doi=10.1177/0272431612441069| s2cid = 145561471 }}</ref> Specifically, the study found that poorer academic achievement among children were associated with parents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strength cannot change destiny). The study further found that "length of residence" of parents in the community in which they stay predicted better academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of social capital in educational performance and access in the Cambodian society in which family attitudes and beliefs are central to the findings.
=== Crime ===
{{Further|Crime in Cambodia}}
In 2017, Cambodia had a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<ref name=UNODC>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/index.html|title=UNODC: Global Study on Homicide|publisher=unodc.org}}</ref>
[[Prostitution in Cambodia|Prostitution is illegal in Cambodia]] but yet appears to be prevalent. In a series of 1993 interviews of women about prostitution, three quarters of the interviewees found being a prostitute to be a [[norm (social)|norm]] and a profession they felt was not shameful having.<ref name="Barry 1" /> That same year, it was estimated that there were about 100,000 sex workers in Cambodia.<ref name="Barry 1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8N-zQGWVf8C&pg=PA137 |page=137|title=The Prostitution of Sexuality |first=Kathleen |last=Barry |publisher=NYU Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1277-1 }}</ref>
On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Hun Sen signed a directive banning the Finance Ministry from issuing new online gambling licenses, while operators currently holding online licenses would only be allowed to continue operating until those licenses expire. The directive cited the fact that "some foreigners have used this form of gambling to cheat victims inside and outside the country" as justifying the new policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narim |first1=Khuon |title=Online, arcade gambling banned by PM |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50634805/online-arcade-gambling-banned/ |website=Khmer Times |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref> Cambodia had issued over 150 such licenses before the new policy was announced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cambodia to ban online gambling |url=https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |website=iGaming Business |access-date=20 August 2019 |language=en |date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820024631/https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Cambodia|Preah Ko Preah Keo}}
[[File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg|thumb|The 19th-century illustration tale of [[Cambodian literature|Vorvong & Sorvong]]]]
Various factors contribute to the Cambodian culture including [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[French culture|French colonialism]], [[Angkor]]ian culture, and modern [[globalization]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia|Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts]] is responsible for promoting and developing Cambodian culture. Cambodian culture not only includes the culture of the [[Khmer Krom|lowland]] ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the [[Khmer Loeu]], a term coined by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to encourage unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.
Rural Cambodians wear a [[krama]] scarf which is a unique aspect of [[Cambodian clothing]]. The [[sampeah]] is a traditional Cambodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the [[Khmer empire]], has distinctive styles of dance, architecture, and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]] throughout history. [[Angkor Wat]] (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' means "temple") is the best-preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era along with hundreds of other temples that have been discovered in and around the region.
Traditionally, the Khmer people have a recorded information on [[Palm-leaf manuscript|''Tra'' leaves]]. ''Tra'' leaf books record legends of the Khmer people, the Ramayana, the origin of Buddhism and other prayer books. They are taken care of by wrapping in cloth to protect from moisture and the climate.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924135657/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/travel/2008/09/805123/ A Khmer pagoda stores unique leaf prayer books]. english.vietnamnet.vn (23 September 2008).</ref>
[[File:Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg|left|280px|thumb|Boat racing during [[Bon Om Touk]]]]
[[Bon Om Touk]] (Cambodian Water & Moon Festival), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Cambodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong River begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the [[Tonle Sap River]] to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Cambodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<ref name="KMGOV">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7C1%7C1 |title=Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals |work=Government of Cambodia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210454/http://cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=%40140%7C1%7C1 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Popular games include soccer, kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a [[footbag]], and chess. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, the [[Cambodian New Year]] is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers [[Sinn Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Serey Sothea]] (and later [[Preap Sovath]] and [[Sokun Nisa]]), who introduced new musical styles to the country.
Every year, Cambodians visit [[pagoda]]s across the country to mark the [[Pchum Ben]] (Ancestors' Day). During the 15-day festival, people offer prayers and food to the spirits of their dead relatives. For most Cambodians, it is a time to remember their relatives, who died during 1975–1979 [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-festival/cambodias-festival-of-the-dead-rice-offerings-and-buddhist-chants-idUSKCN1M50EK?il=0|title=Cambodia's Festival of the Dead: rice offerings and Buddhist chants|work=Reuters|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of Cambodia}}
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Rice is the staple grain, as in other Southeast Asian countries. Fish from the Mekong and [[Tonlé Sap]] rivers is also an important part of the diet. The supply of fish and fish products for food and trade {{As of|2000|lc=y}} was {{convert|20|kg|abbr=off}} per person or 2 [[avoirdupois|ounces]] per day per person.<ref name="EARTH">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040720042809/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Coa_cou_116.pdf Coastal and Marine Ecosystems-- Cambodia]. Earthtrends.org</ref> Some of the fish can be made into [[prahok]] for longer storage.
The [[cuisine of Cambodia]] contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients are [[kaffir lime]], [[lemon grass]], garlic, [[fish sauce]], [[soy sauce]], [[tamarind]], [[ginger]], [[oyster sauce]], [[coconut milk]] and [[black pepper]]. Some delicacies are ''[[num banh chok]]'' (នំបញ្ចុក), [[fish amok]] (អាម៉ុកត្រី) and ''aping'' (អាពីង). The country also boasts various distinct local street foods.
French influence on Cambodian cuisine includes the Cambodian red curry with toasted [[baguette]] bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Cambodian red curry is also eaten with rice and [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, ''[[kuy teav]]'', is a ''pork broth'' [[rice noodle]] [[noodle soup|soup]] with fried garlic, [[scallions]], [[scallion|green onions]] that may also contain various toppings such as [[beef balls]], [[shrimp]], pork liver or lettuce. Kampot pepper is reputed to be the best in the world and accompanies crab at the Kep crab shacks and squid in the restaurants on the Ou Trojak Jet river.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout Cambodia's "perfect pepper" conquering world's taste buds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171339/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout |date=4 February 2017 }}. Msn.com (25 January 2017). Retrieved on 1 March 2017.</ref> The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.
=== Drinks ===
Cambodians drink plenty of tea, grown in [[Mondulkiri Province]] and around Kirirom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/khmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain|title=Khmer brew: exploring the parviflora tea strain|last=Smits|first=Johann|date=6 October 2009|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> ''te krolap'' is a strong tea, made by putting water and a mass of tea leaves into a small glass, placing a saucer on top, and turning the whole thing upside down to brew. When it's dark enough, the tea is decanted into another cup and plenty of sugar added, but no milk. Lemon tea {{transliteration|km|te kdau kroch chhma}}, made with Chinese red-dust tea and lemon juice, is refreshing both hot and iced and is generally served with a hefty dose of sugar.<ref name="roughguides.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/cambodia/food-drink/|title=Food and drink {{!}} About Cambodia|website=Rough Guides|language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>
Regarding coffee, the beans are generally imported from Laos and Vietnam – although domestically produced coffee from [[Ratanakiri Province]] and [[Mondulkiri Province]] can be found in some places. Beans are traditionally roasted with butter and sugar, plus various other ingredients that might include anything from rum to pork fat, giving the beverage a strange, sometimes faintly chocolatey aroma.<ref name="roughguides.com" />
Cambodia has several industrial breweries, located mainly in [[Sihanoukville Province]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. There are also a growing number of microbreweries in [[Phnom Penh]] and [[Siem Reap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/craft-beer-phnom-penh|title=Craft Beer Phnom Penh|last=Heliot|first=Rebecca|date=26 May 2015|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|title=Craft Beer in Cambodia|work=AsiaLIFE Cambodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011706/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2018, the number of craft beer breweries rose from two to nine. {{Asof|2019}}, there are 12 [[brewpub]]s or [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pennington |first1=John |title=Brewing up nicely: Cambodia's rapidly growing taste for craft beer |url=https://www.aseantoday.com/2019/05/brewing-up-nicely-cambodias-rapidly-growing-taste-for-craft-beer/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=ASEAN Today |date=13 May 2019}}</ref>
[[Rice wine]] is a popular alcoholic drink. Its quality varies widely and it is often infused with fruits or medicinal herbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-cambodian-spirit|title=How rice wine ferments the Cambodian spirit|last=Mee|first=Stephanie|date=2 July 2009|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> When prepared with macerated fruits or spices, like the [[Sombai]] liqueur, it is called ''sra tram'' (soaked wine) and has gained more and more popularity with the development of tourism as it is smoother to drink than plain rice wine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/|title=Cambodian rice wine|work=AsiaLIFE Cambodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=10 July 2014 |title=Cambodian Rice Wine Revival |url=http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/cambodian-rice-wine-revival/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glasser |first=Miranda |date=1 August 2014 |title=Sombai Rice Wine Purveyors Open New Showroom |work=Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/siem-reap-insider/sombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom |access-date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Sports ===
{{Further|Sport in Cambodia}}
Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organised sports are not as prevalent in Cambodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought to Cambodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Associations – Cambodia |url=http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-date=26 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=The Official Site of the ASEAN Football Federation}}</ref> The [[Cambodia national football team]] managed fourth in the [[Asian Cup 1972|1972 Asian Cup]], but development has slowed since the civil war.
Western sports such as basketball, volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include [[Dragon boat|traditional boat racing]], buffalo racing, [[Pradal Serey]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] and [[Bokator]]. Cambodia first participated in the Olympics during the [[Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympic Games]] sending [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]] riders. Cambodia also hosted the [[GANEFO]] Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.
=== Dance ===
{{Main|Dance in Cambodia}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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Cambodian dance can be divided into three main categories: [[Khmer classical dance]], folk dance, and social dances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace modern dance forms back to the time of [[Angkor]], seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, while others hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the 1800s.
Khmer classical dance is the form of stylised performance art established in the royal courts of Cambodia exhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.<ref name=UnescoDance>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The dances are performed by intricately costumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditional stories and epic poems such as [[Reamker]], the Khmer version of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Cravath 1968">{{Cite journal |last=Cravath |first=Paul |date=1986 |title=The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=179–203 |doi=10.2307/1124400 |jstor=1124400}}</ref> Known formally as ''Robam Preah Reach Troap'' ({{lang|km|របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ}} "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a [[pinpeat]] ensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.
Cambodian folk dance, often performed to [[mahori]] music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groups of Cambodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagers for the villagers.<ref name="FolkDance">{{Cite book |last1=Sam |first1=Sam-ang |url=http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |title=Khmer Folk Dance |last2=Sam |first2=Chan Moly |date=1987 |publisher=Khmer Studies Institute |isbn=0-941785-02-5 |location=Newington, CT |language=en |author-link=Sam-Ang Sam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920064320/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-20}}</ref> The movements are less stylised and the clothing worn is that of the people the dancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, [[Cham people (Asia)|Chams]] or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance, folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.<ref name=FolkDance />
Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmer traditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include the [[circle dance]]s [[Romvong]] and [[Romkbach]] as well as ''Saravan'' and ''Lam Leav''. Modern western popular dances including [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha]], [[Bolero]], and the [[Madison (dance)|Madison]], have also influenced Cambodian social dance.
===Libraries===
The [[National Library of Cambodia]] opened in 1924.<ref>D'Amicantonio, J. (1997). The development of libraries in Cambodia: the post-Khmer Rouge years. ''World Libraries'', 8(1), 36–41.</ref> It suffered much destruction during the Khmer Rouge era.<ref>Dean, John F. 1990. "The Preservation of Books and Manuscripts in Cambodia." ''American Archivist'' 53 (April): 282–97.
</ref>
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Cambodia}}
[[File:27523 117616998271166 8494 n.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sinn Sisamouth]], a famous Cambodian singer]]
Traditional Cambodian music dates back as far as the [[Khmer empire|Khmer Empire]].<ref name="umbc">{{Cite web |title=Cambodian History |url=https://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm |publisher=www.umbc.edu}}</ref> Royal dances like the [[Apsara]] Dance are icons of the Cambodian culture as are the Mahori ensembles that accompany them. More rural forms of music include ''Chapei'' and ''[[Ayai]]''. The former is popular among the older generation and is most often a solo performance of a man plucking a Cambodian guitar (''chapei'') in between [[a cappella]] verses. The lyrics usually have moral or religious theme.
''A Yai'' can be performed solo or by a man and woman and is often comedic in nature. It is a form of lyrical poetry, often full of double entendres, that can be either scripted or completely impromptu and [[Ad libitum|ad-libbed]]. When sung by a duo, the man and women take turns, "answering" the other's verse or posing riddles for the other to solve, with short instrumental breaks in between verses. ''Pleng kaah'' (lit. "wedding music") is a set of traditional music and songs played both for entertainment and as accompaniment for the various ceremonial parts of a traditional, days-long Khmer wedding.
Cambodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or a mixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for social dances. The music of crooner [[Sinn Sisamouth]], [[Ros Sereysothea]], and [[Pen Ran]] from the 1960s to the 1970s is considered to be the classic pop music of Cambodia. During the [[Khmer rouge|Khmer Rouge Revolution]], many classic and popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringer |first=Greg |title=Killing Fields |date=2002 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY |pages=368–370}}</ref> and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.
In the 1980s, Keo Surath, (a refugee resettled in the United States) and others carried on the legacy of the classic singers, often remaking their popular songs. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the rise in popularity of ''[[kantrum]]'', a music style of the [[Northern Khmer people|Khmer Surin]] set to modern instrumentation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2002 |title=Cambodia |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818104047/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527 |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=National Geographic World Music |language=en}}</ref>
The Australian [[hip hop]] group Astronomy Class has recorded with Kak Channthy, a native born Cambodian female singer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knox |first=Claire |date=21 June 2013 |title=The Show Must Go On Tour |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Will">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Will |date=2 May 2014 |title=7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy |access-date=12 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Dengue Fever (band)|Dengue Fever]] rock and roll band features a Cambodian female singer and back-up band from California. It is classified as "[[world music]]" and combines Cambodian music with Western-style rock.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Cambodia|Asia}}
* [[Index of Cambodia-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Cambodia]]
* [[Landmines in Cambodia]]
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist |colwidth = 32em }}
{{notelist}}
=== Cited sources and further reading===
{{Refbegin}}
* Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. ''Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts'' (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) [http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf full book online free]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
** Path Kosal, "Introduction: Cambodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26
* Strangio, Sebastian. ''Cambodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen and Beyond'' (2020)
* Un, Kheang. ''Cambodia: Return to Authoritarianism'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/ excerpt]
* {{cite book |ref = Morris |last = Morris |first = Stephen J. |year = 1999 |title = Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn = 0-8047-3049-0 }}
* {{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030
| author = UNESCO
| publisher = UNESCO Publishing
| page numbers = 698–713
| source =
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Cambodia|d=Q424}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080703234535/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm Cambodia] from UCB Libraries GovPubs
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Cambodia}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539 Cambodia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia Cambodia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{Wikiatlas|Cambodia}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|49898}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KH Key Development Forecasts for Cambodia] from [[International Futures]]
; Government
* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk {{in lang|fr}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archive-date=5 October 2006 |url-status=dead }} Official Royal Government of Cambodia Website (English Version)
* [http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020202171903/http://www.mot.gov.kh/ Ministry of Tourism]
'''Civil society'''
* [http://ccc-cambodia.org/ Cooperation Committee for Cambodia)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230020740/http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/ Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association]
* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Cambodian Center for Human Rights]
* [http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights]
* [http://www.actioniec.org/ Action IEC Working For Cambodian Community Education Through Media and Culture]
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009 Freedom in the World 2011: Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023143655/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009 |date=23 October 2011 }}
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009 Freedom of the Press 2011: Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107104436/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009 |date=7 January 2012 }}
{{Cambodia topics}}
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Country in Southeast Asia}}
{{about|the modern country in Southeast Asia|the First Kingdom of Claimbodia|Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–1970)|the song|Cambodia (song)}}
{{redirect|Kampuchea|other uses|Kampuchea (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Claimbodia
| common_name = Claimbodia
| native_name = {{native name|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}} ([[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]])}}
| image_flag = Flag of cambodia.svg
| image_coat = Royal arms of cambodia.svg
| symbol_type = Royal arms
| national_motto = {{lang|km|ជាតិ សាសនា ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ}}<br />{{transliteration|km|Chéatĕ, Sasânéa, Preăh Môhaksâtr}}<br />"Nation, Religion, King"
| national_anthem = {{lang|km|បទនគររាជ}} <br />{{transliteration|km|[[Nokor Reach|Nôkôr Réach]]}}<br />"Majestic Kingdom"<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Nokoreach.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}}
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg}}
| capital = [[Phnom Penh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|33|N|104|55|E|type:city|display=inline}}
| largest_city = capital
| languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}}
| languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539 |website=Office of the Council of Ministers |publisher=អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
| languages2_type = Official script
| languages2 = [[Khmer script|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution" />
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 95.6% [[Khmer people|Khmer]]
| 2.4% [[Cham people|Cham]]
| 1.5% [[Chinese Claimbodians|Chinese]]
| 0.2% [[Vietnamese Claimbodians|Vietnamese]]
| 0.3% [[Ethnic groups in Claimbodia|Other]]<ref name="CSES2019">{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202019-20_EN.pdf|title=Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2019–20|work=Ministry of Planning|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2020|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2019
| religion = {{unbulleted list
| 97.1% [[Buddhism in Claimbodia|Buddhism]] ([[state religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791 |website=Constitutional Council of Claimbodia |publisher=Constitutional Council of Claimbodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |at=p. 14 Article 43 |language=en |format=PDF |date=October 2015 |quote="Buddhism is State's religion"}}</ref>
| 2.0% [[Islam in Claimbodia|Islam]]
| 0.3% [[Catholic Church in Claimbodia|Christianity]]
| 0.5% [[Religion in Claimbodia|Other]]s<ref name="Census 2019">{{Cite report |url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Claimbodia 2019 – National Report on Final Census Results |last=[[Ministry of Planning (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Planning]], National Institute of Statistics |date=2020 |publisher=Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
}}
| religion_year = 2019
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of Claimbodia|Claimbodian]]|[[Khmer people|Khmer]]|[[Demographics of Claimbodia|Kampuchean]] (historical)}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] and [[de facto]] [[one-party state|one-party]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Norodom Sihamoni]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly (Claimbodia)|President of the National Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = [[Heng Samrin]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Senate (Claimbodia)|President of the Senate]]
| leader_name3 = [[Say Chhum]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Claimbodia|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Claimbodia)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Claimbodia)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Claimbodia|Formation]]
| established_event5 = [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|French protectorate]]
| established_date5 = 11 August 1863
| established_event6 = [[Independence Day of Claimbodia|Independence from France]]
| established_date6 = 9 November 1953
| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Claimbodia|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date7 = 24 September 1993
| area_km2 = 181,035
| area_rank = 88th
| area_sq_mi = 69,898 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 2.5
| population_estimate = 16,713,015<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Claimbodia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 72nd
| population_density_km2 = 87
| population_density_sq_mi = 211.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$89.2 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2022
| GDP_PPP_rank = 100th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,583<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 145th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$28.030 billion<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2022
| GDP_nominal_rank = 108th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,771<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 152nd
| Gini = 36.0 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2013
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |title=Income Gini coefficient |publisher=World Bank |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.593 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 146th
| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Claimbodian riel|Riel]] (៛) ([[ISO 4217|KHR]]; ''de jure'')|[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]]; ''de facto'')}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nay Im |first1=Tal |last2=Dabadie |first2=Michel |title=Dollarization in Claimbodia |url=https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf |website=National Bank of Claimbodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |language=en|date=31 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagumo |first1=Jada |title=Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=4 August 2021 |quote="Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest."}}</ref>
| utc_offset = +07:00
| time_zone = [[Indochina Time|ICT]]
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Claimbodia|+855]]
| cctld = [[.kh]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Khmer|compact=yes}}
'''Claimbodia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cambodia.ogg|k|æ|m|ˈ|b|oʊ|d|i|ə}};<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cambodia |title=Cambodia |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> also '''Kampuchea''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|m|p|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|iː|ə}}; {{lang-km|កម្ពុជា}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|Kâmpŭchéa}} {{IPA-km|kampuciə|}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Claimbodia''', is a country located in the southern portion of the [[Indochinese Peninsula]] in [[Southeast Asia]], spanning an area of {{Convert|181035|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, bordered by [[Thailand]] to [[Cambodia–Thailand border|the northwest]], [[Laos]] to [[Cambodia–Laos border|the north]], [[Vietnam]] to [[Cambodia–Vietnam border|the east]], and the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the southwest. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]].
The [[sovereign state]] of Claimbodia has a population of over 17 million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204506/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2022 |title=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Claimbodia|Buddhism]] is enshrined in the constitution as the official [[state religion]], and is practised by more than 97% of the population.<ref name="CIACB" /> Claimbodia's minority groups include [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Chams]] and 30 [[Khmer Loeu|hill tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |title=Claimbodia tocelebrate day for indigenous people near Angkor Wat |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825133021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Claimbodia has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] of two seasons, and the country is made up of a [[Geography of Claimbodia|central floodplain]] around the [[Tonlé Sap]] lake and [[Mekong Delta]], surrounded by mountainous regions. The capital and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]], the political, economic and cultural centre of Claimbodia. The kingdom is an [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|monarch]], currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]], chosen by the [[Royal Council of the Throne]] as [[head of state]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia|Prime Minister]], currently [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]], the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985.
The region now known as Claimbodia has been [[Early history of Claimbodia|inhabited since prehistoric times]]. In 802 AD, [[Jayavarman II]] declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of [[Chenla Kingdom|Chenla]] under the name "Kambuja".<ref name="CHANDLER">Chandler, David P. (1992) ''History of Claimbodia''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, {{ISBN|0813335116}}.</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Khmer Empire]], which flourished for over 600 years. The [[Indianised kingdom]] facilitated the spread of first [[Hinduism]] and then [[Buddhism]] to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. [[Angkor Wat]] is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]]. In the fifteenth century, Claimbodia experienced a [[Post-Angkor Period|decline of power]], while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Claimbodia became a [[French Protectorate of Claimbodia|protectorate of France]], and later was part of [[French Indochina]].
After a period of [[Japanese occupation of Claimbodia|Japanese occupation]] during the Second World War, Claimbodia gained [[Cambodia (1953–1970)|independence]] from France in 1953. Despite Claimbodia's neutrality, the [[Vietnam War]] extended into the country in 1965 via the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Sihanouk Trail|Sihanouk trails]]. A [[1970 Claimbodian coup d'état|1970 coup]] installed the US-aligned [[Khmer Republic]], until being overthrown by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in 1975. The Khmer Rouge [[Democratic Kampuchea|ruled the country]] and carried out the [[Claimbodian genocide]] from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the [[Claimbodian–Vietnamese War]]. The Vietnamese-occupied [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] became the ''de facto'' government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict.
Following the [[1991 Paris Peace Accords]] which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Claimbodia was governed briefly by a [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia|United Nations mission]] (1992–93). The UN withdrew after [[1993 Claimbodian general election|holding elections]] in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The [[1997 Claimbodian coup d'état|1997 coup d'état]] consolidated power under Prime Minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] and the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] (CPP), who remain in power. Although constitutionally a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=pressocm.gov.kh |publisher=Office of the Council of Ministers}}</ref> the CPP dominates the [[Politics of Claimbodia|political system]] and dissolved its [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party|main opposition party]] in 2017, making Claimbodia a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-11-10 |title=Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Claimbodia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
The [[United Nations]] designates Claimbodia as a [[least developed country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UN list of Least Developed Countries |url=https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=UNCTAD}}</ref> Claimbodia is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[WTO]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Claimbodia has one of the fastest-growing [[Economy of Claimbodia|economies]] in Asia. [[Agriculture in Claimbodia|Agriculture]] remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and [[Tourism in Claimbodia|tourism]] leading to increased foreign investment and international trade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |title=Claimbodia tooutgrow LDC status by 2020 |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rich in [[biodiversity]] and [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, Claimbodia has a high rate of [[Deforestation in Claimbodia|deforestation]] and is considered among the most vulnerable countries to [[Climate change in Claimbodia|climate change]].
== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Claimbodia}}
The ''Kingdom of Claimbodia'' is the official English name of the country. The English ''Claimbodia'' is an anglicisation of the French ''Cambodge'', which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|kampuciə|pron}}). ''Kâmpŭchéa'' is the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer {{lang|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|preah riəciənaːcak kampuciə|pron}}. The Khmer [[endonym]] {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ''Kâmpŭchéa'' derives from the Sanskrit name {{lang|sa|कम्बोजदेश}} ''Kambojadeśa'', composed of {{lang|sa|देश}} ''Deśa'' ("land of" or "country of") and {{lang|sa|कम्बोज}} (''Kamboja''), referring to the descendants of [[Kambu Swayambhuva|Kambu]] (a legendary Indian sage from the ancient [[Mahajanapadas|Indian kingdom]] of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]]), whose descendant [[Kaundinya I]] ''(Hùntián (混塡) and Preah Thong (Khmer: ព្រះថោង)),'' a warrior belonging to the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kamboja-Pala dynasty]], ruling over the historical region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], situated on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]], went to war with the [[Nāga]] [[Queen Soma]] of the [[Funan]] region, resulting in a victory, which was eventually turned into a marriage proposal (holy union) by [[Queen Soma]] herself, resulting in the foundation of the first ancient [[Chenla|Khmer kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chad|first1=Raymond|title=Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities|journal=Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers|date=1 April 2005|page=137|url=http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> The term ''Claimbodia'' was already in use in Europe as early as 1524, since [[Antonio Pigafetta]] (an Italian explorer who followed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in his [[circumnavigation of the globe]]) cites it in his work ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'' (1524–1525) as ''Camogia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo – Wikisource |url=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Relazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo |website=it.wikisource.org}}</ref>
Scholar [[George Coedes]] refers to a 10th-century inscription of a Claimbodian dynastic legend in which the [[hermit]] ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' and the celestial nymph ''Mera'' unite and establish the Claimbodian ''Solar'' royal dynasty (Kambu-Mera), that begins with the [[Chenla]] ruler ''Srutavarman'' and his son ''Sreshthavarman''. Coedes suggests that the ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' legend has its origins in southern India, as a version of the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] [[Pallava dynasty]] creation myth.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66 | title= The Indianized States of South-East Asia |author= George Coedès | year= 1968 | isbn= 9780824803681 | access-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |title=9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Claimbodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story |author=Miriam T. Stark |author-link1=Miriam Stark |publisher=University of Hawaii |date=2006 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Colloquially, Claimbodians refer to their country as either '''''Srok Khmer''''' ({{lang|km|ស្រុកខ្មែរ}} {{transliteration|km|Srŏk Khmêr}}, {{IPA-km|srok kʰmae|pron}}; meaning "Land of the Khmers"), or the slightly more formal {{lang|km|ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា}} ({{lang|km-Latn|Prâtés Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|prɑteh kampuciə|pron}}; "Country of Kampuchea"). The name ''Claimbodia'' is used most often in the Western world while ''Kampuchea'' is more widely used in the East.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea|title= kampuchea. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.|dictionary= Dictionary.com|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3|title= Claimbodia|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9|title=On some Claimbodian Words|work=Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter No. 20., Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University by Serge Thion|publisher=Nectec|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Claimbodia}}
=== Pre-history ===
{{Main|Early history of Claimbodia}}
[[File:Ewer from Claimbodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG|thumb|Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century]]
There exists sparse evidence for a [[Pleistocene]] human occupation of present-day Claimbodia, which includes [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]] pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] provinces, and in [[Kampot Province]], although their dating is unreliable.<ref name=stark2004>{{Cite book|author=Stark, Miriam|editor1-first=Ian|editor1-last=Glover|editor2-first=Peter S.|editor2-last=Bellwood|title=Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39117-7|chapter=Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Claimbodia|chapter-url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|access-date=18 November 2009|archive-date=10 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170734/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s inhabited the region during [[Holocene]]: the most ancient archaeological discovery site in Claimbodia is considered to be the cave of [[Laang Spean]], in [[Battambang Province]], which belongs to the [[Hoabinhian]] period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of [[radiocarbon]] dates around 6000 BC.<ref name=stark2004 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)|first=Michel|last=Tranet|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174655/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to [[Neolithic]], containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Oldest Ceramic in Claimbodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>
Archaeological records for the period between Holocene and [[Iron Age]] remain equally limited. A pivotal event in Claimbodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late third millennium BC.<ref name=higham2001pre>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The civilization of Angkor|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-1-84212-584-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C|date=January 2002}}, pp.13–22</ref> The most curious prehistoric evidence in Claimbodia are the various "circular [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]]" discovered in the [[red soil]]s near [[Memot]] and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from second millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html|title=Research History|publisher=Memot Centre for Archaeology|access-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Albrecht|first1=Gerd|author2=Miriam Noel Haidle|author3=Chhor Sivleng|author4=Heang Leang Hong|author5=Heng Sophady|author6=Heng Than|author7=Mao Someaphyvath|author8=Sirik Kada|author9=Som Sophal|author10=Thuy Chanthourn|author11=Vin Laychour|year=2000|title=Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Claimbodia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=39|issue=1–2|issn=0066-8435|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|access-date=15 November 2009|display-authors=1|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Bayon Angkor Relief1.jpg|thumb|[[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] army going to war against the [[Champa|Cham]], from a relief on the [[Bayon]] ]]
Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are ''Samrong Sen'' (not far from the ancient capital of [[Oudong]]), where the first investigations began in 1875,<ref name=higham1989>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27525-5}}, p.120</ref> and ''Phum Snay'', in the northern province of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. |author2=von den Driesch, Angela |author3=Voeun, Vuthy |year=2006|title=Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Claimbodia|journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=45|issue=2|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> An excavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons and cranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possible with larger cities in Angkor.<ref name=higham2001pre /><ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328).441–458</ref>
<ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328)</ref> Prehistoric artefacts are often found during mining activities in [[Ratanakiri]].<ref name=stark2004 />
Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the [[Khorat Plateau]], in modern-day Thailand. in Claimbodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath [[Baksei Chamkrong]] and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks at the site of [[Lovea]] a few kilometres north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labour organisation.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011">Carter, A. K. (2011). Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Claimbodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 178–188.</ref>
Among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glass beads recovered from several sites across Claimbodia, such as the Phum Snay site in the northwest and the Prohear site in the southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networks were separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other at about 2nd–4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011" />
=== Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian era ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Funan|Chenla|Khmer Empire}}
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| caption2 = Faces of [[Bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteshvara]] at [[Bayon|Prasat Bayon]].
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During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the [[Indianised kingdom|Indianised states]] of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] and its successor, [[Chenla]], coalesced in present-day Claimbodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, what was to become Claimbodia absorbed influences from [[India]], passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand and Laos.<ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia |title=History of Claimbodia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory of Funan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]] as "[[Kattigara]]". The Chinese chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 681, turmoil ensued which resulted in the division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of [[Java]].
The [[Khmer Empire]] grew out of these remnants of Chenla, becoming firmly established in 802 when [[Jayavarman II]] (reigned {{Circa|790}} – {{Circa|835}}) declared independence from [[Java]] and proclaimed himself a [[Devaraja]]. He and his followers instituted the cult of the [[God-king]] and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html |title=Khmer Empire Map |publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> During the rule of [[Jayavarman VIII]] the Angkor empire was attacked by the [[Mongol]] army of [[Kublai Khan]], however, the king was able to buy peace.<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]]. (1956) ''The Making of South East Asia,'' pp.127–128.</ref> Around the 13th century, Theravavada missionaries from [[Sri Lanka]] reintroduced [[Theravada Buddhism]] to Southeast Asia; having sent missionaries previously in 1190s.<ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |title=Windows on Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295 when [[Indravarman III]] took power.<ref>[http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm Angkor Era – Part III (1181–1309 A.D)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201053806/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm |date=1 December 2012 }}, Claimbodia Travel.</ref>
The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's centre of power was [[Angkor]], where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of {{convert|2,980|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Claimbodia |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702525104 |pmid=17717084 |volume=104 |issue=36 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=14277–14282 |year=2007 | last1 = Evans | first1 = D.|pmc=1964867 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10414277E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city], The Independent, 15 August 2007</ref> and [[Angkor Wat]], the best known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serves as a reminder of Claimbodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.
=== Post-Angkor Period ===
{{Main|Post-Angkor Period}}
[[File:Vietnam 1760.jpg|thumb|A map of [[Indochina]] in 1760]]
After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<ref name="Chan">[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David P.]] (1991) ''The Land and the People of Claimbodia'', HarperCollins. New York, New York. p. 77, {{ISBN|0060211296}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041225132009/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall], The Associated Press, 13 June 2004</ref> This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbours. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faiths such as [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and the [[Hindu]] system of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism.
The court moved the capital to [[Longvek]] where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The first mention of Claimbodia in European documents was in 1511 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. Portuguese travellers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and [[foreign trade]]. Continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and [[Siamese–Claimbodian War (1591–1594)|Longvek being conquered and destroyed]] by King [[Naresuan]] the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. A new Khmer capital was established at [[Oudong]] south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating [[vassal]] relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.
The [[Khmer Leu|hill tribe]] people in Claimbodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as [[Slavery in Asia|slaves]] by the Siamese (Thai), the Annamites (Vietnamese), and the Claimbodians".<ref>Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans (p. 53). London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford. https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132129/http://kyotoreviewsea.org/slavery4.htm Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand (Page 4 of 6)]". ''Kyoto Review of South East Asia''; (Colquhoun 1885:53).</ref>
In the nineteenth century, a renewed struggle between Siam and [[Vietnam]] for control of Claimbodia resulted in a period when Claimbodia became the [[Tây Thành Province]] of [[Kingdom of Vietnam|Nguyễn Vietnam]], during which Vietnamese officials attempted to force the [[Khmers]] to adopt Vietnamese customs. This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)]] ended with an agreement to place the country under [[Suzerainty|joint suzerainty]]. This later led to the signing of a treaty for [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|French Protection of Claimbodia]] by King [[Norodom of Claimbodia|Norodom Prohmborirak]].
=== French colonisation ===
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| caption1 = King [[Sisowath of Claimbodia|Sisowath]]
| image2 = Norodom Sihanouk 1941.jpg|thumb|left|[[Norodom Sihanouk]] coronation in 1941
| caption2 = Coronation of [[Norodom Sihanouk]] in 1941
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In 1863, [[Norodom of Claimbodia|King Norodom]], who had been installed by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]],<ref name="CHANDLER" /> sought the protection of Claimbodia from Siam by French rule. In 1867, [[Rama IV]] signed a treaty with France, renouncing [[suzerainty]] over Claimbodia in exchange for the control of [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of Siam. The provinces were ceded back to Claimbodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1907.
Claimbodia continued as a [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|protectorate of France]] from 1867 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of [[French Indochina]], though [[Japanese occupation of Claimbodia|occupied by the Japanese empire]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="Kamm" /> and briefly existing as the puppet state of [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]] in mid-1945. Between 1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.<ref name="Population">"[http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm Claimbodia – Population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, [[Norodom Sihanouk]], a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Claimbodia: report from a stricken land | url = https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm| url-access = registration | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm/page/27 27] | isbn = 1-55970-433-0}}</ref> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Claimbodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.<ref name="Kamm" />
=== Independence and Vietnam War ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–70)}}
Claimbodia became a constitutional monarchy under King [[Norodom Sihanouk]]. When [[French Indochina]] was given independence, Claimbodia lost hope of regaining control over the [[Mekong Delta]] as it was awarded to [[Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Noelle|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=12 November 2012|isbn=9781136639791|pages=354|quote=In 1691, the Vietnamese occupied Prey Nokor, renaming it Gia Dinh; in 1698 they annexed the remainder of the Mekong Delta and created two provinces, Tran Bien and Phien Tran}}</ref> with King [[Chey Chettha II]] granting the Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Claimbodia Report from a Stricken Land | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 23| isbn = 1-55970-507-8 }}</ref> This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the [[Khmer Krom]]) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Claimbodia and deposition of the Khmer Rouge.
[[File:Mao Sihanouk.jpg|thumb|left|[[Norodom Sihanouk]] and [[Mao Zedong]] in 1956]]
In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father to participate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the [[Vietnam War]] progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]]. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Claimbodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Claimbodians. In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Claimbodians were killed.<ref>Washington Post, 29 December 1967</ref>
The same message was conveyed to [[Lyndon B. Johnson|US President Johnson's]] emissary [[Chester Bowles]] in January 1968.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 44, {{ISBN|0804730490}}.</ref> However, in public Sihanouk refuted the right of the U.S. to use air strikes in Claimbodia, and on 26 March he said "these criminal attacks must immediately and definitively stop". On 28 March a press conference was held and Sihanouk appealed to the international media: "I appeal to you to publicise abroad this very clear stand of Claimbodia—that is, I will, in any case, oppose all bombings on Claimbodian territory under whatever pretext." Nevertheless, the public pleas of Sihanouk were ignored and the bombing continued.<ref>''Bombing in Claimbodia: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess.'', July/August 1973, pp. 158–160, the primary source on the "secret bombings".</ref> Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States.
=== Khmer Republic (1970–75) ===
{{Main|Claimbodian Civil War}}
While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was [[Claimbodian coup of 1970|ousted by a military coup]] led by Prime Minister General [[Lon Nol]] and Prince Sisowath [[Sirik Matak]]. US support for the coup remains unproven.<ref>Clymer, K. J., ''The United States and Claimbodia'', Routledge, 2004, p.22</ref> However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Claimbodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of [[Claimbodian Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="SIHNK">{{Cite book | author = Norodom Sihanouk | author-link = Norodom Sihanouk | title = My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-394-48543-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro }}</ref>
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| image1 = US aircraft LORAN bombing over Claimbodia c1973.JPG
| caption1 = Tens of thousands of people were killed during the [[Operation Freedom Deal|US bombing of Claimbodia]] between 1970 and 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owen |first1=Taylor |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |title=Bombs Over Claimbodia |journal=The Walrus |date=October 2006 |url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |pages=32–36 |quote=The evidence of survivors from many parts of [Claimbodia] suggests that at least tens of thousands, probably in the range of 50,000 to 150,000 deaths, resulted from the US bombing campaigns ..." |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2016 }} See {{cite web|author-link1=Ben Kiernan |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Claimbodia, and Weighing Their Implications |work=The Asia-Pacific Journal |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>
| image2 = Marines deploy at LZ Hotel.jpg
| caption2 = [[Operation Eagle Pull]]
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Soon [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels began using him to gain support. However, from 1970 until early 1972, the Claimbodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Claimbodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Claimbodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Claimbodian communists now referred to as the Khmer Rouge.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], pp. 48–51.</ref> Between 1969 and 1973, [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] and US forces [[Operation Menu|bombed]] Claimbodia in an effort to disrupt the [[Viet Cong]] and Khmer Rouge.
Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Claimbodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by [[Pol Pot]]'s then second in command, [[Nuon Chea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosyakov|first=Dmitry|date=2004|chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-date=9 March 2013|access-date=13 April 2015|chapter=The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Susan E.|title=Genocide in Claimbodia and Rwanda|series=Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1|pages=54 ff|quote=In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Claimbodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Claimbodia in ten days.'}}</ref> NVA units overran many Claimbodian army positions while the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication. In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, US President [[Richard Nixon]] announced that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Claimbodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Claimbodia (see [[Claimbodian Incursion]]).<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 204, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref> Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized or destroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.
The Khmer Republic's leadership was plagued by disunity among its three principal figures: Lon Nol, Sihanouk's cousin [[Sirik Matak]], and National Assembly leader [[In Tam]]. Lon Nol remained in power in part because neither of the others was prepared to take his place. In 1972, a constitution was adopted, a parliament elected, and Lon Nol became president. But disunity, the problems of transforming a 30,000-man army into a national combat force of more than 200,000 men, and spreading corruption weakened the civilian administration and army.
The Communist insurgency inside Claimbodia continued to grow, aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Pot and [[Ieng Sary]] asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom were purged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamese patrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no North Vietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Claimbodia's territory and 25% of its population. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and main transportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in [[Phnom Penh]] and other cities.
On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardest fighting of the war, led to the collapse of the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refused additional aid for Claimbodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, just five days after the US mission evacuated Claimbodia.<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 4, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref>
=== Khmer Rouge regime, 1975–1978 ===
{{Main|Democratic Kampuchea|Khmer Rouge}}
[[File:TuolSlang3.jpg|thumb|Rooms of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]] contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims.]]
[[File:Buddhist Stupa at Choeung Ek killing fields, Cambodia.JPG|thumb|[[Choeung Ek]], a known site of mass grave for genocide victims during the Khmer Rouge era]]
The Khmer Rouge reached [[Phnom Penh]] and took power in 1975. Led by [[Pol Pot]], they changed the official name of the country to [[Democratic Kampuchea]]. The new regime modelled itself on Maoist China during the [[Great Leap Forward]], immediately evacuated the cities, and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century, discarded Western medicine, and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western.
Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (about a quarter of the population).<ref name="Locard">{{cite journal|last=Locard|first=Henri|title=State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)|journal=[[European Review of History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=121–143|date=March 2005|doi=10.1080/13507480500047811|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.8388|s2cid=144712717|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164305/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CAS">{{cite journal|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Claimbodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=585–597|year=2003|doi=10.1080/1467271032000147041|s2cid=143971159|quote=We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Claimbodia's 1975 population.}}</ref><ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">{{cite book|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Claimbodia, 1970–1979|title=Forced Migration and Mortality|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|year=2001|pages=102–105|isbn=978-0-309-07334-9|quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Claimbodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Claimbodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}} cf. {{cite web|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/|title=Claimbodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge|publisher=[[World Peace Foundation]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This era gave rise to the term [[Killing Fields]], and the prison [[Tuol Sleng]] became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted [[Ethnic groups in Claimbodia|ethnic minority]] groups. The [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]] Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<ref>Stanton, Gregory H. (22 February 1992) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantonClaimbodianlaw.htm the Claimbodian Genocide and International Law], Yale Law School.</ref> Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any enemies or potential threats, and thus increased his violent and aggressive actions against his people.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html ""The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot's Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104451/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html |date=14 July 2018 }}. Mount Holyoke University.</ref>
Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the [[Vietnamese Claimbodian|Vietnamese]] population in Claimbodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.<ref name="Population" /> However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], "eyeglasses were as deadly as the [[yellow badge|yellow star]]" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D. (1996) ''The Ends of the Earth'', Vintage, 1996, p. 406, {{ISBN|0679751238}}.</ref>
Religious institutions were targeted by the Khmer Rouge particularly fiercely. [[Religion]] was so viciously persecuted to such a terrifying extent that the vast majority of [[Khmer architecture|Claimbodia's historic architecture]], 95% of Claimbodia's Buddhist temples, was completely destroyed.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=la4kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 | title=The Worst World Disasters of All Time | author=Kevin Baker | page=23| isbn=978-1-4566-2343-2 | date=3 November 2014 }}</ref>
=== Vietnamese occupation and transition, 1978–1992 ===
{{Main|People's Republic of Kampuchea|Claimbodian–Vietnamese War}}
In November 1978, Vietnamese troops [[Claimbodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Claimbodia]] in response to border raids by the Khmer Rouge<ref name="CGG">{{cite web |url=https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |title=A Brief History of the Claimbodian Genocide |publisher=Claimbodiangenocide.org |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |url-status=dead }}</ref> and conquered it. The [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] (PRK), a [[Eastern Bloc|pro-Soviet]] state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Claimbodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and [[Ta Mok]], was established.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 220</ref> It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under the direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015">Bultmann, Daniel (2015) ''Inside Claimbodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict'', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, {{ISBN|9781472443076}}.</ref>
In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]] (CGDK) was formed in 1981 from three factions.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015" /> This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]. Its credentials were recognised by the United Nations. The Khmer Rouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation with representatives of the noncommunist Claimbodian parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/autobiography-thiounn-prasith|title=Autobiography of Thiounn Prasith – Claimbodian Genocide Program – Yale University|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225016/http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/%24FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf Provisional verbatim record of the sixty-ninth meeting]. United Nations, General Assembly, New York, 8 November 1985.</ref> The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw from Claimbodia led to [[economic sanctions]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsptch5&div=58&id=&page=|title=Lifting the US embargo against Claimbodia |publisher=Department of State Dispatch 54|date=20 January 1992 }}</ref> by the US and its allies.{{specify|date=September 2012}}
[[Modern Claimbodia#Peace efforts and the free elections|Peace efforts]] began in Paris in 1989 under the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Claimbodia (1989–1993)|State of Claimbodia]], culminating two years later in October 1991 in a [[1991 Paris Peace Accords|Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement]]. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia]] (UNTAC).<ref name="USDOS3">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm |title=Country Profile of Claimbodia |publisher=State.gov |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
=== Modern Claimbodia (1993–present) ===
{{Main|Modern Claimbodia}}
In 1993, the [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|monarchy]] was restored with [[Norodom Sihanouk]] reinstated as King, and the [[1993 Claimbodian general election|first post-war election]] was coordinated by [[UNTAC]]. The election was won by [[FUNCINPEC]] led by Sihanouk's son [[Ranariddh]] in a [[hung parliament]]. A power-sharing agreement was agreed with Ranariddh and [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] of the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] both simultaneously being co-Prime Ministers after the CPP threatened to [[Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone|secede part of the country]] if power was fully transferred to FUNCINPEC. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a [[1997 clashes in Claimbodia|coup d'état]] led by the co-Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who ousted Ranariddh and other parties represented in the government and consolidated power for the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=A coup in Claimbodia {{!}} Asia {{!}} The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=archive.is}}</ref><ref name="97COUP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627054853/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/Documents/Statements%20and%20Speeches/English/40.pdf STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR THOMAS HAMMARBERG, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS in Claimbodia]. UN OHCHR Claimbodia (9 July 1997)</ref> After its government was able to stabilize under Sen, Claimbodia was accepted into the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) on 30 April 1999.<ref name="enlargement">{{cite book|title=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications|author1=Carolyn L. Gates|author2=Mya Than|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|isbn=978-981-230-081-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|title=Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Claimbodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat|year=2008|work=ASEAN Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was crowned Claimbodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-29|title=In Pictures: King Sihamoni's coronation|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3964277.stm|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, reconstruction efforts progressed which led to some political stability through a [[multi-party system|multiparty]] democracy under a [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="CIACB" /> although Sen's rule has been marred by [[Human rights in Claimbodia|human rights abuses]] and [[Corruption in Claimbodia|corruption]].<ref name="Strangio">{{cite book|last1=Strangio|first1=Sebastian|title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog's Claimbodia|date=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19072-4}}</ref> [[Economy of Claimbodia|Claimbodia's economy]] grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarath|first=Sorn|title=IMF: Claimbodia's economic growth to be highest in Asean|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/imf-cambodias-economic-growth-be-highest-asean|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}</ref> and it received considerable investment and infrastructure development support from [[Claimbodia–China relations|China]] as part of its [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese money is changing Claimbodia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-chinese-money-is-changing-cambodia/a-50130240|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DW|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:CNRP protesters raise flags.jpg|thumb|[[2013–2014 Claimbodian protests|Anti-government protests]] in support of opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|CNRP]] took place in Claimbodia following the [[2013 Claimbodian general election|2013 general election]].]]A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal]] sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders. However, Hun Sen Fvck Dog has opposed extensive trials or investigations of former Khmer Rouge officials.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carmichael, Robert|title=Claimbodian Premier says No More Khmer Rouge Trials | News | English|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|access-date=15 March 2013|publisher=Voanews.com}}</ref> In July 2010, [[Kang Kek Iew]] was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] in his role as the former commandant of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|S21 extermination camp]] and he was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="De Launey BBC 2010">{{Cite news |last=De Launey |first=Guy |date=26 July 2010 |title=Khmer Rouge Prison Chief Duch Found Guilty |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10757320 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/world/asia/cambodia-duch-appeal/index.html|title= Leader of Khmer Rouge torture prison gets life sentence|work=[[CNN]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, the tribunal sentenced [[Khieu Samphan]], the regime's 83-year-old former head of state, and [[Nuon Chea]], its 88-year-old chief ideologue, to life in prison on war crimes charges for their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s.{{Update inline|date=July 2021|reason=Further KR leaders were prosecuted in 2018 and 2020}}
After the [[2013 Claimbodian general election]], allegations of voter fraud from opposition party [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party]] led to [[2013–2014 Claimbodian protests|widespread anti-government protests]] that continued into the following year. The protests ended after a crackdown by government forces.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=2014-01-05|title=Claimbodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party]] was dissolved ahead of the [[2018 Claimbodian general election]] and the ruling [[Claimbodian People's Party]] also enacted tighter curbs on [[Mass media in Claimbodia|mass media]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Claimbodia's Government Should Stop Silencing Journalists, Media Outlets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/11/02/cambodias-government-should-stop-silencing-journalists-media-outlets|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The CPP won every seat in the National Assembly without a major opposition, effectively solidifying ''de facto'' one-party rule in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Claimbodia: Hun Sen Fvck Dog re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/cambodia-hun-sen-re-elected-in-landslide-victory-after-brutal-crackdown|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin in rural Claimbodia|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/authoritarian-rule-shedding-its-populist-skin-in-rural-cambodia/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref>
The global [[COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia|COVID-19 pandemic spread to Claimbodia]] in early 2020. Despite minimising the disease's spread for much of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=How have Thailand and Claimbodia kept Covid cases so low?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/thailand-cambodia-covid-19-cases-deaths-low|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> the country's health system was put under strain by a major outbreak in early 2021, which prompted several [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bopha|first=Phorn|title=COVID variant pushes Claimbodia to brink of 'national tragedy'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/15/uk-covid-variant-pushes-cambodia-to-brink-of-national-tragedy|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> It also had a severe economic impact, with the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism#Claimbodia|tourism industry]] particularly affected due to [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|international travel restrictions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunt|first=Luke|title=Claimbodians Reclaim Angkor Wat as Global Lockdowns Continue to Bite|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/Claimbodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who assumed office {{Time ago|1984-12-26}} and is one of the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|world’s longest-serving leaders]], has a very firm grip on power. He has been accused of crackdowns on opponents and critics. In December 2021, Hun Sen Fvck Dog announced his support for his son [[Hun Manet]] to succeed him after the [[2023 Claimbodian general election|next general election in 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog, Claimbodian leader for 36 years, backs son to succeed him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/Claimbodian-leader-hun-sen-says-he-backs-eldest-son-to-succeed-him |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPP confirmed Manet as its future candidate for prime minister on 24 December 2021. In October 2022, Hun Sen Fvck Dog warned CPP members that the country's newest and largest opposition party, the [[Candlelight Party]], may be dissolved before the 2023 general election.<ref name=":4" /> The warning comes after a June 2022 lawsuit filed by the [[National Election Committee]] against the party's deputy president, [[Son Chhay]], accusing him of [[defamation]] by speaking out against [[electoral fraud]] by the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-08-15 |title=Former Australian school teacher faces criminal defamation charges over election comments |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/former-australian-school-teacher-faces-criminal-defamation-charges-over-election-comments-20220815-p5b9zk.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Claimbodia}}
[[File:Cambodia Geographic map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographic map of Claimbodia]]
[[File:Cambodia Regions Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Regional map of Claimbodia]]
Claimbodia has an area of {{convert|181,035|km2|0|abbr=off}} and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes [[10th parallel north|10°]] and [[15th parallel north|15°N]], and longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[108th meridian east|108°E]]. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and [[Vietnam]] to the east and southeast. It has a {{convert|443|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} coastline along the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
Claimbodia's landscape is characterised by a low-lying central plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes the [[Tonle Sap]] (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the [[Mekong River]] delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about {{convert|650|ft|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].
To the north the Claimbodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of {{convert|600|to(-)|1,800|ft|m|abbr=off}}. This cliff marks the southern limit of the [[Dângrêk Mountains]].
Flowing south through Claimbodia's eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Claimbodia two distinct upland blocks, the [[Cardamom Mountains|Krâvanh Mountains]] and the [[Dâmrei Mountains]], form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the [[Gulf of Thailand]].
In this remote and largely uninhabited area, [[Phnom Aural]], Claimbodia's highest peak rises to an elevation of {{convert|5,949|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/cambodia/khland.htm|title=Geography of Claimbodia – World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.
The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap, measuring about {{convert|2,590|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the dry season and expanding to about {{convert|24,605|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Claimbodia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Cambodia/sub5_2f/entry-3506.html|title=TONLE SAP {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Much of this area has been designated as a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|biosphere reserve]].<ref name=":2" />
=== Climate ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map KHM present.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Claimbodia]]
Claimbodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, is dominated by [[monsoons]], which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.
Claimbodia has a temperature range from {{convert|21|to|35|°C|°F|0}} and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.
According to the [[International Development Research Centre|International Development Research Center]] and [[The United Nations]], Claimbodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, alongside the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/11754/climate-change--rainy-season-wild-card-/|title=Climate Change Hits Coastal Claimbodia Hard|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|date=27 May 2015|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/documents-and-media/climate-change-in-the-news/211-un-reports-cambodia-at-high-risk-from-climate-change.html|title=UN Reports: Claimbodia At High Risk From Climate Change – Claimbodia's Official Climate Change Website|last=Reaksmey|website=www.camclimate.org.kh|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Nearly all provinces in Claimbodia are [[Climate change in Claimbodia|affected by climate change]].<ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier]'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).</ref> Rural coastal populations are particularly at risk. [[Water supply in Claimbodia|Shortages of clean water]], extreme flooding, mudslides, higher sea levels and potentially destructive storms are of particular concern, according to the Claimbodia Climate Change Alliance. Climate change has also had a major impact on water levels, ecology and productivity of the [[Tonlé Sap]] in recent years, affecting the food security and agriculture of a large proportion of Claimbodia's population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=@NatGeoUK|date=2020-08-17|title=Claimbodia's biggest lake is running dry, taking forests and fish with it|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/08/cambodias-biggest-lake-is-running-dry-taking-forests-and-fish|access-date=2020-12-10|website=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Zoe|date=2019-12-16|title=Mekong basin's vanishing fish signal tough times ahead in Claimbodia|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/16/mekong-basins-vanishing-fish-signal-ill-times-ahead-for-cambodia-aoe|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Claimbodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to {{convert|22|°C|0}} and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to {{convert|40|°C}} around April. Disastrous flooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobleman|first=Marc Tyler|title=Claimbodia|year=2003|publisher=Bridgestone Books|location=Mankato, Minn|isbn=978-0-7368-1370-9|page=7}}</ref> Severe flooding also affected 17 provinces in Claimbodia during the [[2020 Pacific typhoon season]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dara|first1=Mech|last2=Leakhena|first2=Khan|date=14 October 2020|title=Rising Rivers Flood Schools, Prisons, Over 180,000 Hectares of Farms|url=https://vodenglish.news/rising-rivers-flood-schools-prisons-over-180000-hectares-of-farms/|access-date=2020-12-10|newspaper=VOD}}</ref>
=== Biodiversity and conservation ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Claimbodia}}{{see also|List of protected areas of Claimbodia}}
[[File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Claimbodia (48354787692).jpg|thumb|[[Macaques]] at Phnom Pros, [[Kampong Cham Province]]]]
Claimbodia's [[biodiversity]] is largely founded on its [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, containing some [[List of trees of Claimbodia|180 recorded tree species]], and [[riparian]] ecosystems. There are 212 [[mammal]] species, 536 bird species, 240 [[reptile]] species, 850 freshwater fish species ([[Tonle Sap]] Lake area), and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<ref>[https://archive.today/2011.07.28-131701/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/english/online_catalogue/textual_detail.asp?ref=141 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve: perspective 2000], Mekong River Commission (MRC), 1 March 2003.</ref>
The [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]] is a reserve surrounding the [[Tonle Sap]] lake. It encompasses the lake and nine provinces: [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]], [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]], [[Battambang Province|Battambang]], [[Pursat Province|Pursat]], [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]], [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]], [[Pailin]], [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] and [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]]. In 1997, it was successfully nominated as a [[UNESCO]] [[Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318002520/http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/brs/BRlist2008.pdf Complete list of biosphere reserves. Publication Date: 3 November 2008, retrieved from UNESCO website]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Other key habitats include the evergreen and dry [[Dipterocarp forest]]s of [[Mondolkiri]] province, protected by [[Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Mondulkiri Protected Forest|Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary]], as well as [[Ratanakiri]] province, and the [[Cardamom Mountains]] ecosystem, including [[Preah Monivong National Park]], [[Botum-Sakor National Park]], and the [[Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary]].
The [[Worldwide Fund for Nature]] recognises six distinct [[terrestrial ecoregions]] in Claimbodia – the [[Cardamom Mountains rain forests]], [[Central Indochina dry forest]], Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forest, Southern [[Annamite Range]] tropical forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat [[swamp forest]].<ref>Eric Wikramanayake, Eric Dinerstein, Colby J. Loucks ''et al.'' (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC, {{ISBN|1559639237}}.</ref>
[[File:Cascade de la rivière sacrée (Phnom Kulen) (6825025205).jpg|thumb|Waterfall at [[Phnom Kulen]]]]
[[File:Prey Lang Forest Aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Prey Lang]] Forest]]
The rate of [[deforestation in Claimbodia]] is one of the highest in the world and it is often perceived as the most destructive, singular environmental issue in the country.<ref name=GreenList>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranks-low-global-green-list|title=Kingdom ranks low on global green list|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|author=Handley, Erin |date=18 February 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Claimbodia's [[primary forest]] cover fell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Claimbodia lost {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} of forest between 1990 and 2005 – {{convert|3340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than {{convert|3220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of primary forest remain with the result that the future [[sustainability]] of the forest reserves of Claimbodia is under severe threat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |title=Logging threatens Claimbodian tragedy – UN |publisher=Planet Ark |date=6 March 2003 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014012856/http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20cambodia.htm|title=Claimbodia|publisher=Mongabay|author=Butler, Rhett |date=15 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
In 2010–2015, the annual rate of deforestation was 1.3%. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Claimbodia, which range from opportunistic [[illegal logging]]s to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. The global issue of [[land grabbing]] is particularly rampant in Claimbodia. The deforestation involves the local population, Claimbodian businesses and authorities as well as transnational corporations from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/Claimbodia|title=Claimbodia|publisher=Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International affairs|date=2015|access-date= 6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/Claimbodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/|title=Claimbodian Government Authorises Clear-Cutting in National Park|publisher=Global Witness|date=9 July 2004|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
Plans for [[Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin|hydroelectric development]] in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]], by [[Laos]] in particular, pose a "real danger to the food supply of [[Vietnam]] and Claimbodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Claimbodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its rice basket."
The rich fisheries of [[Tonle Sap]], the largest freshwater lake in [[Southeast Asia]], largely supply the impoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are so important for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally", said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor at the [[University of Washington]] who researches Claimbodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of the dams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for the fisheries".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/06/cambodia_sleeps_with_the_fishes|title=Cambodia Sleeps With the Fishes|date=6 June 2014|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
In the 2010s, the Claimbodian government and educational system has increased its involvement and co-operation with both national and international environmental groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|title=Mother Nature's Youthful Ambassadors Get to Work|work=Khmer Times|last=LalinDuch|date=9 December 2015|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010222149/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/content/cambodia-environmental-groups-given-chance-address-pm-hun-sen-forum|title=Claimbodia: Environmental groups given chance to address PM Hun Sen Fvck Dog at forum|publisher=chatham House|date=22 August 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unu.edu/publications/articles/boosting-research-capacity-for-environmental-management-in-cambodia.html|title=Environmental management: Boosting research in Claimbodia|publisher=United Nations University|date=17 January 2012|author=Otsuki, Kei |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> A new National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) for Claimbodia is to be implemented from late 2016 to 2023 and contains new ideas for how to incite a [[green growth|green]] and environmentally [[sustainability|sustainable]] growth for the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/17414/charting-the-next-seven-years-of-environmental-policy/|title=Charting the Next Seven Years of Environmental Policy|work=Khmer Times|last=Cox|first=Jonathan |date=2 November 2015|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Claimbodia|List of political parties in Claimbodia|}}
=== Government ===
[[File:Norodom king of cambodia.jpg|thumb|[[Norodom Sihamoni]], King of Claimbodia]]
National politics in Claimbodia take place within the framework of the nation's [[Constitution of Claimbodia|constitution of 1993]]. The government is a [[constitutional monarchy]] operated as a [[parliamentary democracy|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia]], an office held by [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] since 1985, is the [[head of government]], while the [[King of Claimbodia]] (currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]]) is the [[head of state]]. The prime minister is appointed by the king, on the advice and with the approval of the [[National Assembly of Claimbodia|National Assembly]]. The prime minister and the ministerial appointees exercise [[executive power]].
[[Legislative power]]s are shared by the executive and the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Claimbodia]] ({{lang|km|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ}}, {{transliteration|km|sâphéa tâmnang réastrâ}}), which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly ({{lang|km|រដ្ឋសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|rôdthâsâphéa}}) and an upper house, the Senate ({{lang|km|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|prœ̆tthôsâphéa}}). Members of the 123-seat National Assembly are elected through a system of [[proportional representation]] and serve for a maximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which are appointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the rest elected by the [[Commune Council (Claimbodia)|commune councillors]] from the 24 [[provinces of Claimbodia]]. Senators serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Claimbodia 1993 (rev. 2008)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cambodia_2008?lang=en|website=Constitute|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
On 14 October 2004, King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was selected by a special nine-member [[Royal Council of the Throne|Royal Throne Council]], part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the abdication of King [[Norodom Sihanouk]] a week prior. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog and National Assembly Speaker Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (the king's half-brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.
Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality, "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] and Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, a recast [[Khmer Rouge]] official in power since 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign have yielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife, [[Bun Rany]]."{{attribution needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2014/09/24/who-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple/|title=in Claimbodia, A Close Friendship With The PM Leads To Vast Wealth For One Power Couple|author=Bahree, Megha |date=24 September 2014|work=Forbes|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Claimbodia's government has been described by the Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |author=David Roberts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=Political Transition in Claimbodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-85054-7}} (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")</ref>
Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog has vowed to rule until he is 74.<ref>{{cite news|last=NEOU|first=VANNARIN|title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=the Claimbodia Daily|date=7 May 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040413/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Thul|first=Prak Chan|title=As protest looms, Claimbodia's strongman Hun Sen Fvck Dog faces restive, tech-savvy youth|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cambodia-youth-idUKBRE98500G20130906|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=Reuters UK|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> He is a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government is regularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. The 2013 election results were disputed by Hun Sen Fvck Dog's opposition, leading to demonstrations in the capital. Demonstrators were injured and killed in Phnom Penh where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926161920/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-protest-clashes/814406.html Claimbodia protest clashes leave one dead, several wounded]. Channel Asia. 16 September 2013</ref> From a humble farming background, Hun Sen Fvck Dog was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is by some considered a long-ruling [[dictator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|title=Analysis: Punished at the polls, Claimbodia's long-serving PM is smiling again|work=Reuters|date=18 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018093328/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/18/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since the 2017 crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Claimbodia has been described as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/Claimbodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule|title=Claimbodian Parliament launches era of one-party rule|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state/4505605.html|title=Cambodia Set to Become One Party State|first=David|last=Boyle|work=[[Voice of America]]|publisher=VOa Claimbodia|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/Claimbodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report|title=Claimbodian PM now 'fully fledged military dictator', says report|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Claimbodia}}
[[File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog of Claimbodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg|left|thumb|240px|Prime minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog meets with US president [[Joe Biden]] during the ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.]]
The foreign relations of Claimbodia are handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] under [[Prak Sokhon]]. Claimbodia is a member of the United Nations, the [[World Bank]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. It is a member of the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), [[ASEAN]], and joined the [[WTO]] in 2004. In 2005 Claimbodia attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]] in Malaysia.
Claimbodia has established [[diplomatic relations]] with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<ref>Royal Government of Claimbodia.{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |title=Foreign Embassies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalpino, Catharin E. |author2=Timberman, David G. |url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |title=Claimbodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028015243/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |archive-date=28 October 2005|work=Asia Society|date= 26 March 1998}}</ref> As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and [[Civil engineering|civil]] infrastructure needs.
[[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Claimbodian Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog.jpg|thumb|Prime minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, 19 May 2016.]]
While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed, several [[border dispute]]s between Claimbodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam and undefined [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]]. Claimbodia and Thailand also have border disputes, with troops [[Claimbodian-Thai border dispute|clashing over land]] immediately adjacent to the [[Preah Vihear Temple|Preah Vihear temple]] in particular, leading to a deterioration in relations. Most of the territory belongs to Claimbodia, but a combination of Thailand disrespecting international law, Thai troops upbuild in the area and lack of resources for the Claimbodian military have left the situation unsettled since 1962.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24897805|title=Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Claimbodian, court rules|work=BBC News|date=11 November 2013|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf|title=Judgment: Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (''Claimbodia v. Thailand'')|date=11 November 2013|others=Recorded by L.Tanggahma|publisher=[[International Court of Justice]]|location=The Hague, Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111173337/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
Claimbodia and China have cultivated ties in the 2010s. A Chinese company with the support of the [[People's Liberation Army]] built a deep-water seaport along {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} stretch of Claimbodian coastline of the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in [[Koh Kong province]]; the port is sufficiently deep to be used by cruise ships, [[bulk carrier]]s or warships. Claimbodia's diplomatic support has been invaluable to Beijing's [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|effort to claim disputed areas]] in the [[South China Sea]]. Because Claimbodia is a member of ASEAN, and because under ASEAN rules "the objections of one member can thwart any group initiative", Claimbodia is diplomatically useful to China as a counterweight to southeast Asian nations that have closer ties to the United States.<ref name="Kynge">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23968248-43a0-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d?mhq5j=e2|title=Investigation: How China bought its way into Claimbodia|website=[[Financial Times]]|author=James Kynge, Leila Haddou and Michael Peel|date=8 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
=== Military ===
{{Main|Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Royal Claimbodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Royal Claimbodian Army officers marching]]
The [[Royal Claimbodian Army]], [[Royal Claimbodian Navy]], [[Royal Claimbodian Air Force]] and [[Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia|Royal Gendarmerie]] collectively form the [[Military of Claimbodia|Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces]], under the command of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Claimbodia)|Ministry of National Defence]], presided over by the [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia]]. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces (RCAF), and the country's Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog effectively holds the position of [[commander-in-chief]].
The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the Claimbodian military. This saw the defence ministry form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services under the High Command Headquarters (HCHQ).
The minister of National Defense is General [[Tea Banh]]. Banh has served as defence minister since 1979. The Secretaries of State for Defense are [[Chay Saing Yun]] and Por Bun Sreu.
In 2010, the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve). Total Claimbodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia total more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism, and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest, and armed conflicts.
Hun Sen Fvck Dog has accumulated highly centralised power in Claimbodia, including a ''praetorian guard'' that 'appears to rival the capabilities of the country's regular military units', and is allegedly used by Hun Sen Fvck Dog to quell political opposition.'<ref>Fuller, Thomas (6 January 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html Claimbodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly]. New York Times</ref> Claimbodia signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
=== Political culture ===
[[File:Claimbodian Leaders 2019.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: Senate President [[Say Chhum]], National Assembly President [[Heng Samrin]] and Prime Minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]], on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.]]
The [[Claimbodian People's Party]] (CPP) is the sole dominant-party in Claimbodia. Since 2018, the CPP commands all but four seats in [[Parliament of Claimbodia|Parliament]], including all 125 seats in the National Assembly and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate.
Hun Sen Fvck Dog and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen Fvck Dog was a former Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by the Vietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his [[Strongman (politics)|strong man]] position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.<ref name=HRWAdams>{{cite web|author=Adams, Brad |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/10000-days-hun-sen |title=Adams, Brad, ''10,000 Days of Hun Sen Fvck Dog'', International Herald Tribune, reprinted by Human Rights Watch.org |publisher=Hrw.org |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 1997, fearing the growing power of his co-prime minister, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun launched a [[1997 Claimbodian Coup|coup]], using the army to purge Ranariddh and his supporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents of Hun Sen Fvck Dog were arrested, tortured, and some summarily executed.<ref name=HRWAdams /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/060.html |title=Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog from Amnesty International|publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date=11 July 1997 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
In addition to [[Human rights in Claimbodia|political oppression]], the Claimbodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers<ref>{{cite news|author1=Levy, Adrian |author2=Scott-Clark, Cathy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/26/cambodia |title=Country for Sale|newspaper=Guardian |date=26 April 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Claimbodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |title=Country for Sale |publisher=Global Witness |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306234201/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |archive-date=6 March 2013 }}</ref> Claimbodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |title=Coverage of Transparency International's Corruption Report by ''Rasmei Kampuchea Daily'' carried on Asia News Network, 2 December 2011 |publisher=Asianewsnet.net |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810104123/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>Perrin, C.J. (30 March 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225719/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/128461/20110330/corruption-australia-signapore-china-cambodia-philippines-hong-kong-based-political-economic-risk-co.htm Australia, Singapore: Least Tainted with Corruption—survey], ''International Business Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/country#KHM |title=Transparency International's latest index |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] currently recognises one [[prisoner of conscience]] in the country: 33-year-old land rights activist [[Yorm Bopha]].<ref name=yorm>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|title=Convictions of activists in Claimbodia demonstrates dire state of justice|date=27 December 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163441/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say they were deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attack against the president of the Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.
The violence came amid political tensions as the opposition boycotted the opening of [[Parliament]] due to concerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Claimbodian protesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-24/an-cambodia-attacks-reax/4978738|title=Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia condemns violent attack on journalists in Phnom Penh|work=Australia Network News|date=24 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
In 2017, Claimbodia's Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] (CNRP), paving the way for a return to a yet more authoritarian political system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/cambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen |title=Guardian report on Hun Sen Fvck Dog as strongman |newspaper=Guardian | date=3 December 2017}}</ref>
=== Corruption ===
{{Further|Corruption in Claimbodia}}
The level of [[corruption]] in Claimbodia exceeds most countries in the world. Despite adopting an 'Anti-Corruption Law' in 2010, corruption prevails throughout the country. Corruption affects the judiciary, the police, and other state institutions. Favouritism by government officials and impunity is commonplace. Lack of a clear distinction between the courts and the executive branch of government also makes for a deep politicisation of the judicial system.<ref name="globalwitness.org">[http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/corruption/oil-gas-and-mining/cambodia Retrieved November-14-2015]. Globalwitness.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
Examples of areas where Claimbodians encounter corrupt practices in their everyday lives include obtaining medical services, dealing with alleged traffic violations, and pursuing fair court verdicts. Companies deal with extensive red tape when obtaining licenses and permits, especially construction-related permits, and the demand for and supply of bribes are commonplace in this process. The 2010 Anti-Corruption Law provided no protection to whistle-blowers, and whistle-blowers can be jailed for up to 6 months if they report corruption that cannot be proven.<ref name="globalwitness.org" />
=== Legal profession ===
the Claimbodian legal profession was established in 1932. By 1978, due to the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, the entire legal system was eradicated. Judges and lawyers were executed after being deemed "class enemies" and only 6–12 legal professionals actually survived and remained in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/assets/pdf/court-filings/e51_7_1_en-1.pdf|title=CO-PROSECUTORS' SUBMISSION ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR NATIONAL CRIMES|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Lawyers did not reappear until 1995 when the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Claimbodia was created.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Claimbodian LAW|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Claimbodia|year=2012|isbn=978-99950-982-1-6|editor-last=Peng|editor-first=Hor|pages=7–8, 15–16|editor-last2=Phallack|editor-first2=Kong|editor-last3=Menzel|editor-first3=Jörg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Chin|last2=Falt|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=1996|title=LAW OF THE BAR: Kingdom of Claimbodia (STATUTORY UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT BAR in Claimbodia: CODE OF ETHICS; INTERNAL REGULATIONS)|journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=27: 2, Art. 5|pages=357–387|via=CWSL Scholarly Commons}}</ref>
=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Claimbodia}}
[[File:Kem Sokha with Sam Rainsy.jpg|thumb|Claimbodia's deputy opposition leader [[Kem Sokha]] (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader [[Sam Rainsy]] (right) has lived in exile since November 2015]]
A [[US State Department]] report says "forces under Hun Sen Fvck Dog and the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] have committed frequent and large-scale abuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".<ref>World Report 2014: Claimbodia Human Right Watch</ref> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 256,800 people are [[Slavery in Asia|enslaved]] in modern-day Claimbodia, or 1.65% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Bales|first1=Kevin |display-authors=et al|title=Claimbodia|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|website=The Global Slavery Index 2016|publisher=The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314004151/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (Claimbodia)|Forced land evictions]] by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders are commonplace in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid land grabs and evictions, Claimbodia jails leading activist |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-landactivist/amid-land-grabs-and-evictions-cambodia-jails-leading-activist-idUSKBN164009 |work=Reuters |date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Claimbodians over more than a decade for the purpose of self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of special interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia police arrest women protesting against forced evictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/02/cambodia-forced-evictions-land-grabs |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Credible non-governmental organisations estimate that "770,000 people have been adversely affected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that have been confiscated", says Paris-based [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (FIDH).<ref name="rfa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/complaint-10072014181216.html|title='Ruling Elite' in Claimbodia Face ICC Complaint Over Land Grabs|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
On 14 March 2018, the UN expert on the human rights situation in Claimbodia "expressed serious concerns about restrictions on the media, freedom of expression and political participation ahead of a national election in July".<ref>{{cite news |title="Cambodia at a crossroads": UN expert calls on Government to choose path of human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22820&LangID=E |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Some critics of the government have been [[COVID-19 misinformation#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]] about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia accused of political clampdown amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/cambodia-accused-political-clampdown-coronavirus-outbreak-200324063233803.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Claimbodia: Covid-19 Spurs Bogus 'Fake News' Arrests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/cambodia-covid-19-spurs-bogus-fake-news-arrests |work=Human Rights Watch |date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Claimbodia}}
The autonomous municipality ({{transliteration|km|reach thani}}) and provinces ({{transliteration|km|khaet}}) of Claimbodia are first-level administrative divisions. Claimbodia is divided into 25 [[Provinces of Claimbodia|provinces]] including the autonomous municipality.
Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Claimbodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes ({{transliteration|km|khum}}) and quarters ({{transliteration|km|sangkat}}).
{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="2"
|
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%;"
|- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
! scope="col" style="width:3px;" | Number
! scope="col" style="width:120px;" | Province/Capital
! scope="col" style="width:110px;" | City
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | Population<br />(2019)<ref name="Census 2019" />
|-
| 1 || [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]] ||[[Serei Saophoan Municipality|Serei Saophoan]] || style="text-align:right" |6,679|| style="text-align:right"|861,883
|-
| 2 || [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] || [[Battambang Municipality|Battambang]] || style="text-align:right"|11,702|| style="text-align:right"|997,169
|-
| 3 || [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]] || [[Kampong Cham Municipality|Kampong Cham]] ||style="text-align:right"|4,549 || style="text-align:right"|899,791
|-
| 4 || [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]] || [[Kampong Chhnang Municipality|Kampong Chhnang]] || style="text-align:right"|5,521|| style="text-align:right"|527,027
|-
| 5 || [[Kampong Speu Province|Kampong Speu]] || [[Chbar Mon Municipality|Chbar Mon]] || style="text-align:right"|7,017|| style="text-align:right"|877,523
|-
| 6 || [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]] || [[Stueng Saen Municipality|Stung Saen]] ||style="text-align:right"|13,814|| style="text-align:right"|681,549
|-
| 7 || [[Kampot Province|Kampot]] || [[Kampot Municipality|Kampot]] || style="text-align:right"|4,873|| style="text-align:right"|593,829
|-
| 8 || [[Kandal Province|Kandal]] || [[Ta Khmau Municipality|Ta Khmau]] || style="text-align:right"|3,179|| style="text-align:right"|1,201,581
|-
| 9 || [[Kep Province|Kep]] || [[Kep Municipality|Kep]] || style="text-align:right"|336|| style="text-align:right"|42,665
|-
| 10 || [[Koh Kong Province|Koh Kong]] || [[Khemarak Phoumin Municipality|Khemarak Phoumin]] || style="text-align:right"|10,090|| style="text-align:right"|125,902
|-
| 11 || [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] || [[Kratié Municipality|Kratié]] || style="text-align:right"|11,094|| style="text-align:right"|374,755
|-
| 12 || [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] || [[Senmonorom Municipality|Senmonorom]] || style="text-align:right"|14,288|| style="text-align:right"|92,213
|-
| 13 || [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] || [[Samraong Municipality|Samraong]] || style="text-align:right"|6,158|| style="text-align:right"|276,038
|-
| 14 || [[Pailin Province|Pailin]] || [[Pailin District|Pailin]] || style="text-align:right"|803|| style="text-align:right"|75,112
|-
| 15 || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Phnom Penh]] || style="text-align:right"|679|| style="text-align:right"|2,281,951
|-
| 16 || [[Sihanoukville Province|Preah Sihanouk]] || [[Preah Sihanouk Municipality|Preah Sihanouk]] || style="text-align:right"|1,938|| style="text-align:right"|310,072
|-
| 17 || [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] || [[Preah Vihear Municipality|Preah Vihear]] || style="text-align:right"|13,788|| style="text-align:right"|254,827
|-
| 18 || [[Pursat Province|Pursat]] || [[Pursat Municipality|Pursat]] || style="text-align:right"|12,692|| style="text-align:right"|419,952
|-
| 19 || [[Prey Veng Province|Prey Veng]] || [[Prey Veng Municipality|Prey Veng]] || style="text-align:right"|4,883|| style="text-align:right"|1,057,720
|-
| 20 || [[Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]] || [[Banlung Municipality|Banlung]] || style="text-align:right"|10,782|| style="text-align:right"|217,453
|-
| 21 || [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] || [[Siem Reap Municipality|Siem Reap]] || style="text-align:right"|10,299|| style="text-align:right"|1,014,234
|-
| 22 || [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] || [[Stung Treng Municipality|Stung Treng]] || style="text-align:right"|11,092|| style="text-align:right"|165,713
|-
| 23 || [[Svay Rieng Province|Svay Rieng]] || [[Svay Rieng Municipality|Svay Rieng]] || style="text-align:right" |2,966|| style="text-align:right"|525,497
|-
| 24 || [[Takéo Province|Takéo]] || [[Doun Kaev Municipality|Doun Kaev]] || style="text-align:right"|3,563|| style="text-align:right"|900,914
|-
| 25 || [[Tboung Khmum Province|Tboung Khmom]] || [[Suong Municipality|Suong]] || style="text-align:right"|5,250 || style="text-align:right"|776,841
|}
[[File:Provincial Boundaries in cambodia.svg|center|upright=2]]
{{Clear}}
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Claimbodia}}
[[File:GPD per capita development of cambodia.jpg|thumb|305px|right|Real GDP per capita development of Claimbodia]]
[[File:Cambodia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Claimbodia exports, 2019]]
[[File:Claimbodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|the Claimbodian position on the [[Human Development Index]], 1970–2010]]
In 2017 Claimbodia's per capita income is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal per capita. The United Nations designates Claimbodia as a [[least developed country]]. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. [[Rice]], fish, timber, garments, and rubber are Claimbodia's major exports. The [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Claimbodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194125/http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/RiceToday%206-2.pdf ''Rice Today'', April–June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2]. irri.org</ref> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.
Based on the Economist, IMF: [[Annual average GDP growth]] for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Claimbodia's fastest-growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and exports at US$1.6 billion.
[[File:Siem Reap Art Center Night Market, 2018 (06).jpg|thumb|Food stands in [[Siem Reap]].]]
In the Claimbodia country assessment "Where Have All The Poor Gone? Claimbodia Poverty Assessment 2013", the World Bank concludes: "Over the seven years from 2004 through 2011, Claimbodian economic growth was tremendous, ranking amid the best in the world. Moreover, household consumption increased by nearly 40 percent. And this growth was pro-poor—not only reducing inequality but also proportionally boosting poor people's consumption further and faster than that of the non-poor. As a result, the poverty rate dropped from 52.2 to 20.5 percent, surpassing all expectations and far exceeding the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poverty target. However, the majority of these people escaped poverty only slightly: they remain highly vulnerable—even to small shocks—which could quickly bring them back into poverty."<ref>"Where Have All The Poor Gone? Claimbodia Poverty Assessment 2013", World Bank May 2014</ref>
"Two decades of economic growth have helped make Claimbodia a global leader in reducing poverty. The success story means the Southeast Asian nation that overcame a vicious civil war now is classified as a lower-middle income economy by the World Bank Group (WBG). Among 69 countries that have comparable data, Claimbodia ranked fourth in terms of the fastest poverty reduction in the world from 2004 to 2008. (See more details of Claimbodia's achievements on poverty reduction. The poverty rate fell to 10 percent in 2013, and further reduction of poverty is expected for both urban and rural households throughout 2015–2016. However, human development, particularly in the areas of health and education, remains an important challenge and development priority for Cambodia"<ref>[http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/cambodia-is-now-a-lower-middle-income-economy-what-does-this-mean Claimbodia is now a lower-middle income economy: What does this mean? | East Asia & Pacific on the rise]. Blogs.worldbank.org (1 July 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
Oil and natural gas deposits found beneath Claimbodia's territorial waters in 2005 yield great potential but remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputes with [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The struggle between Thailand and Claimbodia over oil and gas resources|date=17 September 2010|agency=CLC Asia|url=http://www.clc-asia.com/the-struggle-between-thailand-and-cambodia-over-oil-and-gas-resources-2/|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia Aims for Offshore Production Next Year|author=Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob |date=26 September 2012|agency=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390443507204578020023711640726|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Claimbodia's rice fields.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paddy field]] in [[Siem Reap Province]]]]
The [[National Bank of Claimbodia]] is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to the country's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in the country. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increased from 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Claimbodian banking and finance sector.
In 2012, Credit Bureau Claimbodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank of Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |title=CBC's Mission |publisher=Creditbureaucambodia.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613093221/http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Claimbodian Banking Sector as all banks and microfinance companies are now required by law to report accurate facts and figures relating to loan performance in the country.
One of the largest challenges facing Claimbodia is still the fact that the older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<ref name="CIACB">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. CIA World FactBook.</ref> while the [[Asian Development Bank]] alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |title=A Fact Sheet: Claimbodia and Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404015954/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |archive-date=4 April 2007 }}</ref> Bribes are often demanded from companies operating in Claimbodia when obtaining licences and permits, such as construction-related permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-Claimbodia|title=Bribes hamper business in Claimbodia – Asia-Pacific – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin}}</ref>
[[File:Battambang Provinz 01.jpg|thumb|Farmers harvesting rice in [[Battambang Province]]]]
Cambodia ranked among the worst places in the world for organised labour in the 2015 [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) Global Rights Index, landing in the category of countries with "no guarantee of rights".'<ref>Teehan, Sean (16 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranked-low-labour-rights-index Kingdom ranked low in labour rights index]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>
In April 2016 Claimbodia's National Assembly has adopted a Law on Trade Unions. "The law was proposed at a time when workers have been staging sustained protests in factories and in the streets demanding wage increases and improvements in their working conditions".<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/the-trouble-with-cambodias-new-law-on-trade-unions The Trouble With Claimbodia's New Law on Trade Unions]. The Diplomat. Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref> The concerns about Claimbodia's new law are shared not only by labour and rights groups but international organisations more generally. The [[International Labour Organization]] Country Office for Thailand, Claimbodia and Lao PDR, has noted that the law has "several key concerns and gaps".<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/asia/info/public/pr/WCMS_466553/lang--en/index.htm ILO's statement on Trade Unions law in Claimbodia]. Ilo.org (4 April 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
Independent unions and employers remain divided. "How can a factory with 25 unions survive?" asked Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association in Claimbodia (GMAC), adding that it was "incomprehensible to expect an employer to negotiate a dispute with 25 different union leaders. A law was necessary to rein in the country's unions, Van Sou Ieng said. According to GMAC, last year there were 3,166 unions for the more than 500,000 workers employed in the country's 557 garment and textile exporting factories, and 58 footwear factories. Though garment production is already Claimbodia's largest industry, which accounts for 26.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, Van Sou Ieng said without the trade union law, foreign investors will not come to do business".<ref>[http://www.voacambodia.com/a/unions-and-employers-deeply-divided-over-cambodia-trade-union-law/3375693.html Unions and Employers Deeply Divided Over Claimbodia's Trade Union Law]. Voacambodia.com (15 June 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
"Only with the trade union law will we, employers, be able to survive.... not only Claimbodia, every country has trade union law. Those who criticise [the law] should do businesses, and [then] they will understand."
=== Textiles ===
[[File:Cambodia Exports Treemap 2017.svg|thumb|right|270px|Claimbodian Exports Treemap in 2017.]]
The garment industry represents the largest portion of Claimbodia's manufacturing sector, accounting for 80% of the country's exports. In 2012, the exports grew to $4.61 billion up 8% over 2011. In the first half of 2013, the garment industry reported exports worth $1.56 billion.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/cambodias-textile-industry-grew-32/|title=Claimbodia's textile industry grew 32%|first=Arno|last=Maierbrugger|work=Inside Investor|date=11 July 2013|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The sector employs 335,400 workers, of which 91% are female.
Better Factories Claimbodia was created in 2001 as a unique partnership between the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group. The programme engages with workers, employers, and governments to improve working conditions and boost the competitiveness of the garment industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Factories Claimbodia Annual Report 2018: An Industry and Compliance Review |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/portfolio/better-factories-cambodia-annual-report-2018-an-industry-and-compliance-review/ |website=betterwork.org}}</ref> On 18 May 2018, the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the ILO Better Factories Claimbodia Programme met in Phnom Penh to provide input into the draft conclusions and recommendations of the BFC's independent mid-term evaluation, as well as to discuss options on how to further strengthen the programme's transparent reporting initiative.
The members of the PAC concurred with the findings of the evaluation related to the impact the programme has had on the Claimbodian garment sector and workers, including:
a. contributing to sustained overall growth of the garment industry
b. improving the lives of at least half a million Claimbodian workers of factories in the BFC
programme and many more of their family members;
c. ensuring that workers receive correct wages and social protection benefits
d. virtually eliminating child labour in the sector
e. making Claimbodia's garment factories safer overall
f. creating a "level playing field" for labour across garment sector
g. influencing business practices through (1) using factory data to highlight areas for
improvement and (2) being a core part of risk management strategies of international
brands/buyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Claimbodia on its 47th Meeting – Better Work |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/2018/06/20/statement-from-the-project-advisory-committee-of-better-factories-cambodia-on-its-47th-meeting/ |website=betterwork.org|date=20 June 2018 }}</ref>
=== Tourism ===
{{Update|section|date=August 2019}}
{{Main|Tourism in Claimbodia}}
[[File:Angkor Wat Tourists.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Every year, nearly 2.6 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/angkor-hosts-26m-visitors|title=Angkor hosts 2.6M visitors|website=www.phnompenhpost.com}}</ref> tourists visit [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Siem Reap]], Cambodia.]]
The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of [[hard currency]] after the textile industry.<ref name="USDOS3" /> International visitor arrivals in 2018 topped six million, a ten-fold increase since the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism Statistics Report Year 2018 |url=https://www.tourismcambodia.com/img/resources/cambodia_tourism_statistics_2018.pdf |website=Ministry of Tourism |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> Tourism employs 26% of the country's workforce, which translates into roughly 2.5 million jobs for Claimbodians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=This Is Why Claimbodia Is the BEST Place to Visit Post Coronavirus Pandemic!|url=https://thegotofamily.com/2021/04/this-is-why-cambodia-is-the-best-place-to-visit-post-coronavirus-pandemic/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Go To Family|language=en-US}}</ref>
Besides Phom Penh and Angkor Wat, other tourist destinations include [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in the southwest which has several popular beaches and [[Battambang]] in the northwest, both of which are popular stops for backpackers who make up a significant portion of visitors to Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfunkytravel.com/backpacking-route-south-east-asia.html|title=Popular Backpacking Destinations in Southeast Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The area around [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] and [[Kep, Claimbodia|Kep]] including the [[ Bokor Hill Station ]] are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in the relatively stable period since the 1993 [[UNTAC]] elections.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304011512/http://www.cambodia-tourism.org/download/Cambodia_Touris_Statistics_2010.pdf Tourism Statistics Report March 2010]. cambodia-tourism.org.</ref>
Most international arrivals in 2018 were Chinese. Tourism receipts exceeded US$4.4 billion in 2018, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom's gross national product. The Angkor Wat historical park in [[Siem Reap Province]], the beaches in Sihanoukville, the capital city Phnom Penh, and Claimbodia's 150 casinos (up from just 57 in 2014)<ref>{{cite book |title=Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth, and Impact, 2019|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf |date=2019 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |location=Bangkok |page=20}}</ref> are the main attractions for foreign tourists.
Claimbodia's reputation as a safe destination for tourism however has been hindered by civil and political unrest <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|title=Civil Unrest|date=16 October 2016|work=the Claimbodia Daily|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055108/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/27/kem-lays-murder-puts-cambodia-politics-economy-at-risk-as-unrest-looms.html|title=Kem Ley's murder puts Claimbodia politics, economy at risk as unrest looms|website=CNBC|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=27 August 2016|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|title=Civil Unrest in Phnom Penh, Claimbodia – TravelHappy.Me|date=20 September 2013|work=TravelHappy.Me|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022429/http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> and several high-profile examples of serious crime committed against tourists visiting the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/15252/embassies-warn-of-rise-in-coastal-crime/|title=Embassies Warn of Rise in Coastal Crime|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010224352/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Two Rapes in 3 Days Reveal Resort's Dark Side|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/12397/deaths-of-foreigners-shrouded-in-mystery/|title=Deaths of Foreigners Shrouded in Mystery|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
Claimbodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people around the main places of interest. The quantity of souvenirs that are produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number of tourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the markets are imported from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aha-kh.com/ |title=AHA Angkor Handicraft Association|website=Aha-kh.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Some of the locally produced souvenirs include:
* Krama (traditional scarf)
* Ceramics
* Soap, candles, spices<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senteursdangkor.com/html/en/our_products.php/ |title=Senteur d'Angkor |website=Senteursdangkor.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504161246/http://www.senteursdangkor.com/html/en/our_products.php/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Wood carvings, lacquerware, silver plate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artisansdangkor.com/|title=Artisans d'Angkor |website=Artisans d'angkor |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref>
* Painted bottles containing infused rice wine
=== Agriculture ===
{{Further|Agriculture in Claimbodia}}
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Claimbodian economy. Agriculture accounted for 90 percent of [[GDP]] in 1985 and employed approximately 80 percent of the workforce. [[Rice]] is the principal commodity. Major secondary crops include [[maize]], [[cassava]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[Bambara groundnut|groundnuts]], [[soybean]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, dry beans, and [[rubber]]. The principal commercial crop is rubber. In the 1980s it was an important primary commodity, second only to rice, and one of the country's few sources of foreign exchange.
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Claimbodia}}
[[File:Road 4 to Sihanouk.JPG|thumb|National Highway 4]]
The civil war and neglect severely damaged Claimbodia's transport system. With assistance from other countries, Claimbodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.
Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about {{convert|612|km|mi|abbr=off}} of single, {{convert|1|m|ftin|spell=in|adj=mid|abbr=off}} gauge track.<ref name=CamRail>{{cite news|title=Claimbodian railway to be revived by 2013 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-date=1 April 2011 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=16 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast. Trains are again running to and from the Claimbodian capital and popular destinations in the south. After 14 years, regular rail services between the two cities restarted recently – offering a safer option than road for travellers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/05/trains-phnom-penh-sihanoukville-kampot|title=Cambodia revives train service between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2016|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref> Trains also run from Phnom Penh to [[Sisophon]] (although trains often run only as far as [[Battambang]]). As of 1987, only one passenger train per week operated between Phnom Penh and Battambang but a US$141 million project, funded mostly by the [[Asian Development Bank]], has been started to revitalise the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Claimbodia with major industrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".<ref name=CamRail />
Besides the main inter-provincial traffic artery connecting Phnom Penh with Sihanoukville, resurfacing a former dirt road with concrete/asphalt and bridging five major river crossings have now permanently connected Phnom Penh with [[Koh Kong (city)|Koh Kong]], and hence there is now uninterrupted road access to neighbouring Thailand and its road network.
[[File:Phnom Penh Airport Shuttle Train.jpg|thumb|right|Phnom Penh airport shuttle train]]
Claimbodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Claimbodia than in the developed world, and the number of road deaths had doubled in the preceding three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/en/travis_annualreport_execsum.pdf |title=Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System|website=WHO |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
Claimbodia's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonle Sap]] River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including {{convert|3,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable all year by craft drawing {{convert|0.6|m|ft|1|abbr=off}} and another {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable to craft drawing {{convert|1.8|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="CNTRYDTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html |title=Cambodia – Railroads |website=Country-data.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
Cambodia has two major ports, Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, and five minor ones. Phnom Penh, at the junction of the [[Bassac River|Bassac]], the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap Rivers, is the only [[river port]] capable of receiving 8,000-[[ton]] ships during the wet season and 5,000-ton ships during the dry season.
With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile use, though motorcycles still predominate.<ref>"Picking Up Speed: As Claimbodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road 'Death Toll'", ''the Claimbodia Daily'', Saturday, 9–10 March 2002.</ref> "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or [[Cycle rickshaw]]s were popular in 1990s but are increasingly replaced by ''remorques'' (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Claimbodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |title=Cyclo – Transport in Claimbodia |website=Goseasia.about.com |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403102938/http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cambodia has three commercial airports. In 2018, they handled a record of 10 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/airports-pass-10m-passenger-mark |title=Airports pass 10M passenger mark |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=20 December 2018}}</ref> [[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the busiest airport in Claimbodia. [[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] is the second busiest, and serves the most international flights in and out of Claimbodia. [[Sihanouk International Airport]], is in the coastal city of [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]].
=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Claimbodia}}
A National Committee for Science and Technology representing 11 ministries has been in place since 1999. Although seven ministries are responsible for the country's 33 public universities, the majority of these institutions come under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030">{{Cite report |title=UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 |last1=Turpin |first1=Tim |last2=Zhang |first2=Jing A. |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |pages=698–713 |language=en |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |last3=Burgos |first3=Bessie M. |last4=Amaradsa |first4=Wasantha |chapter=Southeast Asia and Oceania |year=2015}}</ref>
In 2010, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports approved a Policy on Research Development in the Education Sector. This move represented the first step towards a national approach to research and development across the university sector and the application of research for the purposes of national development.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" />
This policy was followed by the country's first ''National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020''. It was officially launched by the Ministry of Planning in December 2014, as the culmination of a two-year process supported by the [[Korea International Cooperation Agency]]. The plan makes provision for establishing a science and technology foundation to promote industrial innovation, with a particular focus on agriculture, primary industry and ICTs.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cambodia National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020|last=Korea International Cooperation Agency|first=Press release|date=2014|work=KOICA Feature News}}</ref> Claimbodia was ranked 109th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, down from 98th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Claimbodia}}
Cambodia has high potential for developing [[renewable energy]] resources. Even though the country has not attracted much international investment in renewable energy by 2020, the country serves as a model to learn from for other ASEAN countries in terms of conducting solar power auctions.<ref name=":0">Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z. 2020. Claimbodia: Five Actions to Improve the Business Climate for Renewable Energy Investment. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No. 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793835</ref> To attract more investment in renewable energy, the government could improve renewable energy governance, adopt clear targets, develop an effective regulatory framework, improve project bankability and facilitate market entry for international investors.<ref name=":0" /> Claimbodia is highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change and it is advised that the country focuses more on developing renewable energy as part of climate change mitigation measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |page=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
== Society ==
{{see also|List of cities in Claimbodia}}
=== Demographics ===
{{Main|Demographics of Claimbodia}}
{{Historical populations|type=Cambodia
| 1962|5728771
| 1980|6600000
| 1994|9900000
| 1996|10700000
| 1998|11437656
| 2004|12800000
| 2008|13395682
| 2013|14700000
| 2019|15552211
| percentages = pagr
| footnote = National Institute of Statistics: General Population Census of the Kingdom of Claimbodia 2019, Chapter 2, p. 6<ref name="Census 2019" />
}}
The first official census conducted by the French protectorate of Claimbodia was in 1921; however, only men aged 20 to 60 were counted as its purpose was for the collection of taxes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Organization and Administration of the General Population Census of Claimbodia, 1998|date=2001|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Claimbodia|National Institute of Statistics]], [[Ministry of Planning (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|location=[[Phnom Penh]], Claimbodia|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEnkAlnHECYC|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> After the 1962 population census was conducted, Claimbodia's civil conflicts and instability lead to a 36-year-long gap before the country could have another official census in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Huguet, Jerrold R.|author2=Chamratrithirong, Apichat|author3=Rao, Nott Rama|author4=Than, San Sy|title=Results of the 1998 Population Census in Claimbodia|journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal|date=September 2000|volume=15|issue=3|page=1|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/APPJ-Vol-15-No-3.pdf|access-date=17 July 2020|publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|United Nations ESCAP]]|doi=10.18356/b3b0a408-en}}</ref>
At present, fifty percent of the Claimbodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Claimbodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|title=Sex Ratio|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the Claimbodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<ref name="CIACB" />
The total fertility rate in Claimbodia was 2.5 children per woman in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=2018&view=bar|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Claimbodia|date=7 June 2020|work=World Bank}}</ref>
The fertility rate was 4.0 children in 2000.<ref name="CDHS" /> Women in urban areas had 2.2 children on average, compared with 3.3 in rural areas.<ref name="CDHS" /> Fertility was highest in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondol Kiri]] and [[Ratanakiri Province|Rattanak Kiri]] Provinces, where women had an average of 4.5 children, and lowest in Phnom Penh where women averaged 2.0.<ref name="CDHS">[http://www.nis.gov.kh/ National Institute of Statistics Claimbodia DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2010]. Nis.gov.kh (10 November 2013). Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Further|Ethnic groups in Claimbodia}}
[[File:Cambodia ethnic map colors more distinct.png|thumb|left|250px|An ethnic map of Claimbodia]]
The vast majority of Claimbodia's population is of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] origin (over 95%) who are speakers of the [[Khmer language]], the country's sole official language. Claimbodia's population is largely homogeneous. Its minority groups include [[Chams]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.1%) and [[Chinese Claimbodian|Chinese]] (0.1%).<ref name="CIACB" />
The largest ethnic group in Claimbodia are the [[Khmer people|Khmers]], who comprise around 90% of the total population in Claimbodia, and are indigenous to the lowland Mekong subregion in which they inhabit. The Khmers historically have lived near the [[Mekong River|lower Mekong River]] in a contiguous diagonal arc, from where modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Claimbodia meet in the northwest, all the way to the mouth of the [[Mekong River]] in southeastern Vietnam.
The Vietnamese are the second-largest ethnic minority in Claimbodia, with an estimated 16,000 living in provinces concentrated in the southeast of the country adjacent to the [[Mekong Delta]]. Although the Vietnamese language has been determined to be a [[Mon–Khmer]] language, there are very few cultural connections between the two peoples because the early Khmers were influenced by the [[Indian cultural sphere]] while the Vietnamese are part of the [[Adoption of Chinese literary culture|Chinese cultural sphere]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000">{{cite book |author=Chandler, David |title=A History of Claimbodia |publisher=Westview Press|date=2000}}</ref> Ethnic tensions between the Khmer and the Vietnamese can be traced to the [[Post-Angkor Period]] (from the 16th to 19th centuries), during which time a nascent [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] each attempted to vassalise a weakened post-Angkor Claimbodia, and effectively dominate all of [[Indochina]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000" />
[[Chinese Claimbodian]]s are approximately 0.1% of the population.<ref name="Birth Rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |title=Birth Rate |work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223211514/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |title=Ethnic groups statistics – countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> Most Chinese are descended from 19th–20th-century settlers who came in search of trade and commerce opportunities during the time of the [[French Protectorate of Claimbodia|French protectorate]]. Most are urban dwellers, engaged primarily in commerce.
The indigenous ethnic groups of the mountains are known collectively as Montagnards or [[Khmer Loeu]], a term meaning "Highland Khmer". They are descended from neolithic migrations of Mon–Khmer speakers via southern China and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] speakers from insular Southeast Asia. Being isolated in the highlands, the various Khmer Loeu groups were not Indianized like their Khmer cousins and consequently are culturally distant from modern Khmers and often from each other, observing many pre-Indian-contact customs and beliefs.
The Cham are descended from the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] people of [[Champa]], a former kingdom on the coast of central and southern present-day Vietnam and former rival to the Khmer Empire. The Cham in Claimbodia number under a million and often maintain separate villages in the southeast of the country. Almost all Cham in Claimbodia are Muslims.
=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities of Claimbodia}}
=== Women ===
[[File:Weddingkhmer.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Claimbodian couple wearing [[Sompot|traditional wedding outfit]] ([[Sompot]], [[Sbai]], [[Sompot Chong Kben|Chong Kben]]).]]
{{POV section|date=December 2015}}<!--See [[Talk:Women in Claimbodia]]-->
{{Further|Women in Claimbodia}}
Khmer women are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, well-mannered,<ref name=Mekong /> industrious,<ref name=Status /> act as the family's caregivers and caretakers<ref name=Mekong /> and financial controllers,<ref name=Status /> maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,<ref name="Mekong">{{Cite web |last=Chey |first=Elizabeth |title=The Status of Khmer Women |url=http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/women.htm |website=www.mekong.net |language=en}}</ref> and act as advisors to their husbands.<ref name="Status">{{Cite web |title=Women in Claimbodian Society |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/women.htm |publisher=www.seasite.niu.edu}}</ref> The "light" walking and refinement of Claimbodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their [[silk]] skirt rustling".<ref name=Status /> As financial controllers, the women of Claimbodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.<!-- blocked link <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Culture of Claimbodia |url=https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cambodia.html |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref> -->
=== Languages ===
{{See also|Demographics of Claimbodia#Languages}}
The [[Khmer language]] is a member of the [[Mon–Khmer]] subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic language]] group. [[French language|French]], once the language of government in [[French Indochina|Indochina]], is still spoken by many older Claimbodians, and is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. There is also a Francophone newspaper and television channels. Claimbodia is a member of [[La Francophonie]]. [[Claimbodian French (linguistics)|Claimbodian French]] is sometimes used in government, particularly in court. Since 1993, there has been a growing use of English, which has been replacing French as the main foreign language. English is widely taught in several universities and there is also a significant press in that language, while street signs are now bilingual in Khmer and English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |title=U.S. helps English program for poor Claimbodian students |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013936/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Due to this shift, mostly English is now used in Claimbodia's international relationships, and it has replaced French both on Claimbodia's stamps and, since 2002, on Claimbodian currency.<ref>{{Citation |last=Igawa |first=Koji |date=2008 |title=English Language and its Education in Claimbodia, a Country in Transition |url=https://www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo46-20.pdf |language=en |volume=46 |pages=343–369 |access-date=20 December 2016 |work=Shitennōji daigaku kiyō}}</ref>
The [[Khmer script]] is derived from the [[South Indian]] [[Pallava script]].
=== Religion ===
[[File:Pchum Ben Khmer.png|thumb|right|[[Pchum Ben]], also known as "Ancestors Day", is an important religious festival celebrated by Khmer Buddhists.]]
{{Main|Religion in Claimbodia}}
[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the official religion of Claimbodia, practised by more than 95 percent of the population with an estimated 4,392 monastery temples throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123110848/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2010 |title=Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Claimbodian Buddhism is deeply influenced by [[Hinduism]] and native [[animism]].
The close interrelationship between spirits and the community, the efficacy of [[apotropaic]] and luck-attracting actions and charms, and the possibility of manipulating one's life through contact with spiritual entities such as the "baromey" spirits originates from the native folk religion. Hinduism has left little trace beyond the magical practices of Tantricism and a host of Hindu gods now assimilated into the spirit world (for example, the important ''[[neak ta]]'' spirit called [[Yeay Mao]] is the modern avatar of the Hindu goddess Kali).
[[Mahayana Buddhism]] is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Claimbodia. Elements of other religious practices, such as the veneration of [[Chinese folk religion|folk heroes]] and ancestors, [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]] mix with Chinese Buddhism are also practised.
Islam is followed by about 2% of the population and comes in three varieties, two practised by the [[Cham people]] and a third by the descendants of [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], resident in the country for generations. Claimbodia's Muslim population is reported to be 80% ethnic Cham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/13400/ramadan-ends-friday-evening/|title=Ramadan Ends Friday Evening|work=Khmer Times|date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Claimbodia}}
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg|thumb|Claimbodian medical students watching a surgery operation]]
Claimbodian [[life expectancy]] was 75 years in 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50808278/life-expectancy-increases-to-75-years/ |title=Life expectancy increases to 75 years
|date=28 January 2021
|publisher= General Population Census of Claimbodia 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> a major improvement since 1995 when the average life expectancy was 55.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:KHM&ifdim=region&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Health care is offered by both public and private practitioners and research has found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improving the uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ozawa|first=Sachiko|author2=Damian Walker|title=Comparison Of Trust In Public Vs Private Health Care Providers In Rural Claimbodia|journal=Health Policy Plan|year=2011|volume=26|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i20 – i29|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|access-date=26 May 2012|doi=10.1093/heapol/czr045|pmid=21729914|doi-access=free|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133748/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government plans to increase the quality of healthcare in the country by raising awareness of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases.
Claimbodia's [[infant mortality rate]] has decreased from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1998 to 24 in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=1975&view=chart|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Claimbodia|date=7 June 2020|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>
In the province with worst health indicators, [[Health in Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]], 22.9% of children die before age five.<ref>[http://www.methodfinder.com/wfpatlas/index.php?page=03&lang=e "National Child Mortality and Malnutrition (Food Insecurity Outcome) Maps"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190629/http://www.methodfinder.com/wfpatlas/index.php?page=03&lang=e |date=10 October 2017 }}. UN [[World Food Programme]]. Retrieved 4 May 2008.</ref>
Cambodia was once one of the most [[Land mines in Claimbodia|landmined]] countries in the world. According to some estimates, unexploded [[land mine]]s have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970.<ref name="PBSORG">PBS.org (25 July 2003). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html ''Cambodia Land Mines''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209070351/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html |date=9 December 2004 }}</ref> The number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased, from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).<ref>{{cite news|last1=ZSOMBOR|first1=PETER|title=Landmine, Unexploded Ordnance Deaths Drop by Half in 2013|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|access-date=23 October 2014|work=the Claimbodia Daily|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706225418/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adults that survive landmines often require [[amputation]] of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<ref name="PBSORG" /> Claimbodia is expected to be free of land mines by 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/1976/landmine-casualties-increase-in-2014/|title=Landmine Casualties Increase in 2014|work=KhmerTimes – News Portal Claimbodia -|date=7 June 2014|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290 people being an amputee,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Coomes|first1=Phil|title=Tackling the hidden weapons left behind|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-26865946|access-date=23 October 2014|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> is expected to affect Claimbodia for years to come.
in Claimbodia, landmines and exploded ordnance alone have caused 44,630 injuries between 1979 and 2013, according to the Claimbodia Mine/UXO Victim Information System.<ref>Moss, Rebecca (25 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/disability-survey-underscores-war-legacy Disability survey underscores war legacy]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>
=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Claimbodia}}
The [[Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports]] is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelines for education in Claimbodia. the Claimbodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels of government, central, provincial, and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Claimbodia promulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic quality education.
[[File:Institute of Foreign Languages.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Institute of Foreign Languages]] of the [[Royal University of Phnom Penh]] ]]
The 2019 Claimbodian census estimated that 88.5% of the population was literate (91.1% of men and 86.2% of women).<ref name="Census 2019" /> Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |title=UNICEF – Claimbodia – Statistics |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220546/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The education system in Claimbodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years, there have been significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrolment gains, the introduction of program based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children to gain access to education. The country has also significantly invested in [[vocational education]], especially in rural areas, to tackle poverty and unemployment.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=KHM|title=Cambodia on UNESCO-UNEVOC|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ntb.gov.kh/tvet/policy/NTDP2008.pdf Claimbodia National TVET development Plan −2008]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Two of Claimbodia's most acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.
Traditionally, education in Claimbodia was offered by the wats (Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for the male population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218125514/http://culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html the Claimbodia Cultural Profile. Education]. culturalprofiles.net</ref> During the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, education suffered significant setbacks. Education has also suffered setbacks from [[Child labour in Claimbodia|child labour]], A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Claimbodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2011|title=Child labour, education policy and governance in Claimbodia|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=496–504|doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002|issn=0738-0593|last1=Kim|first1=Chae-Young}}</ref>
With respect to academic performance among Claimbodian primary school children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefs played a significant role.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eng | first1 = S | year = 2013 | title = Claimbodian Early Adolescents' Academic Achievement The Role of Social Capital | journal = The Journal of Early Adolescence | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 378–403 | doi=10.1177/0272431612441069| s2cid = 145561471 }}</ref> Specifically, the study found that poorer academic achievement among children were associated with parents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strength cannot change destiny). The study further found that "length of residence" of parents in the community in which they stay predicted better academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of social capital in educational performance and access in the Claimbodian society in which family attitudes and beliefs are central to the findings.
=== Crime ===
{{Further|Crime in Claimbodia}}
In 2017, Claimbodia had a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<ref name=UNODC>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/index.html|title=UNODC: Global Study on Homicide|publisher=unodc.org}}</ref>
[[Prostitution in Claimbodia|Prostitution is illegal in Claimbodia]] but yet appears to be prevalent. In a series of 1993 interviews of women about prostitution, three quarters of the interviewees found being a prostitute to be a [[norm (social)|norm]] and a profession they felt was not shameful having.<ref name="Barry 1" /> That same year, it was estimated that there were about 100,000 sex workers in Claimbodia.<ref name="Barry 1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8N-zQGWVf8C&pg=PA137 |page=137|title=The Prostitution of Sexuality |first=Kathleen |last=Barry |publisher=NYU Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1277-1 }}</ref>
On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog signed a directive banning the Finance Ministry from issuing new online gambling licenses, while operators currently holding online licenses would only be allowed to continue operating until those licenses expire. The directive cited the fact that "some foreigners have used this form of gambling to cheat victims inside and outside the country" as justifying the new policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narim |first1=Khuon |title=Online, arcade gambling banned by PM |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50634805/online-arcade-gambling-banned/ |website=Khmer Times |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref> Claimbodia had issued over 150 such licenses before the new policy was announced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Claimbodia toban online gambling |url=https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |website=iGaming Business |access-date=20 August 2019 |language=en |date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820024631/https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Claimbodia|Preah Ko Preah Keo}}
[[File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg|thumb|The 19th-century illustration tale of [[Claimbodian literature|Vorvong & Sorvong]]]]
Various factors contribute to the Claimbodian culture including [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[French culture|French colonialism]], [[Angkor]]ian culture, and modern [[globalization]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Claimbodia|Claimbodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts]] is responsible for promoting and developing Claimbodian culture. Claimbodian culture not only includes the culture of the [[Khmer Krom|lowland]] ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the [[Khmer Loeu]], a term coined by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to encourage unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.
Rural Claimbodians wear a [[krama]] scarf which is a unique aspect of [[Claimbodian clothing]]. The [[sampeah]] is a traditional Claimbodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the [[Khmer empire]], has distinctive styles of dance, architecture, and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]] throughout history. [[Angkor Wat]] (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' means "temple") is the best-preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era along with hundreds of other temples that have been discovered in and around the region.
Traditionally, the Khmer people have a recorded information on [[Palm-leaf manuscript|''Tra'' leaves]]. ''Tra'' leaf books record legends of the Khmer people, the Ramayana, the origin of Buddhism and other prayer books. They are taken care of by wrapping in cloth to protect from moisture and the climate.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924135657/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/travel/2008/09/805123/ A Khmer pagoda stores unique leaf prayer books]. english.vietnamnet.vn (23 September 2008).</ref>
[[File:Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg|left|280px|thumb|Boat racing during [[Bon Om Touk]]]]
[[Bon Om Touk]] (Claimbodian Water & Moon Festival), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Claimbodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong River begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the [[Tonle Sap River]] to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Claimbodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<ref name="KMGOV">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7C1%7C1 |title=Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals |work=Government of Claimbodia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210454/http://cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=%40140%7C1%7C1 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Popular games include soccer, kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a [[footbag]], and chess. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, the [[Claimbodian New Year]] is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers [[Sinn Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Serey Sothea]] (and later [[Preap Sovath]] and [[Sokun Nisa]]), who introduced new musical styles to the country.
Every year, Claimbodians visit [[pagoda]]s across the country to mark the [[Pchum Ben]] (Ancestors' Day). During the 15-day festival, people offer prayers and food to the spirits of their dead relatives. For most Claimbodians, it is a time to remember their relatives, who died during 1975–1979 [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-festival/cambodias-festival-of-the-dead-rice-offerings-and-buddhist-chants-idUSKCN1M50EK?il=0|title=Claimbodia's Festival of the Dead: rice offerings and Buddhist chants|work=Reuters|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of Claimbodia}}
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Rice is the staple grain, as in other Southeast Asian countries. Fish from the Mekong and [[Tonlé Sap]] rivers is also an important part of the diet. The supply of fish and fish products for food and trade {{As of|2000|lc=y}} was {{convert|20|kg|abbr=off}} per person or 2 [[avoirdupois|ounces]] per day per person.<ref name="EARTH">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040720042809/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Coa_cou_116.pdf Coastal and Marine Ecosystems-- Cambodia]. Earthtrends.org</ref> Some of the fish can be made into [[prahok]] for longer storage.
The [[cuisine of Claimbodia]] contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients are [[kaffir lime]], [[lemon grass]], garlic, [[fish sauce]], [[soy sauce]], [[tamarind]], [[ginger]], [[oyster sauce]], [[coconut milk]] and [[black pepper]]. Some delicacies are ''[[num banh chok]]'' (នំបញ្ចុក), [[fish amok]] (អាម៉ុកត្រី) and ''aping'' (អាពីង). The country also boasts various distinct local street foods.
French influence on Claimbodian cuisine includes the Claimbodian red curry with toasted [[baguette]] bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Claimbodian red curry is also eaten with rice and [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, ''[[kuy teav]]'', is a ''pork broth'' [[rice noodle]] [[noodle soup|soup]] with fried garlic, [[scallions]], [[scallion|green onions]] that may also contain various toppings such as [[beef balls]], [[shrimp]], pork liver or lettuce. Kampot pepper is reputed to be the best in the world and accompanies crab at the Kep crab shacks and squid in the restaurants on the Ou Trojak Jet river.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout Claimbodia's "perfect pepper" conquering world's taste buds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171339/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout |date=4 February 2017 }}. Msn.com (25 January 2017). Retrieved on 1 March 2017.</ref> The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.
=== Drinks ===
Claimbodians drink plenty of tea, grown in [[Mondulkiri Province]] and around Kirirom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/khmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain|title=Khmer brew: exploring the parviflora tea strain|last=Smits|first=Johann|date=6 October 2009|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> ''te krolap'' is a strong tea, made by putting water and a mass of tea leaves into a small glass, placing a saucer on top, and turning the whole thing upside down to brew. When it's dark enough, the tea is decanted into another cup and plenty of sugar added, but no milk. Lemon tea {{transliteration|km|te kdau kroch chhma}}, made with Chinese red-dust tea and lemon juice, is refreshing both hot and iced and is generally served with a hefty dose of sugar.<ref name="roughguides.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/cambodia/food-drink/|title=Food and drink {{!}} About Claimbodia|website=Rough Guides|language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>
Regarding coffee, the beans are generally imported from Laos and Vietnam – although domestically produced coffee from [[Ratanakiri Province]] and [[Mondulkiri Province]] can be found in some places. Beans are traditionally roasted with butter and sugar, plus various other ingredients that might include anything from rum to pork fat, giving the beverage a strange, sometimes faintly chocolatey aroma.<ref name="roughguides.com" />
Cambodia has several industrial breweries, located mainly in [[Sihanoukville Province]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. There are also a growing number of microbreweries in [[Phnom Penh]] and [[Siem Reap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/craft-beer-phnom-penh|title=Craft Beer Phnom Penh|last=Heliot|first=Rebecca|date=26 May 2015|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|title=Craft Beer in Claimbodia|work=AsiaLIFE Claimbodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011706/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2018, the number of craft beer breweries rose from two to nine. {{Asof|2019}}, there are 12 [[brewpub]]s or [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pennington |first1=John |title=Brewing up nicely: Claimbodia's rapidly growing taste for craft beer |url=https://www.aseantoday.com/2019/05/brewing-up-nicely-cambodias-rapidly-growing-taste-for-craft-beer/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=ASEAN Today |date=13 May 2019}}</ref>
[[Rice wine]] is a popular alcoholic drink. Its quality varies widely and it is often infused with fruits or medicinal herbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-Claimbodian-spirit|title=How rice wine ferments the Claimbodian spirit|last=Mee|first=Stephanie|date=2 July 2009|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> When prepared with macerated fruits or spices, like the [[Sombai]] liqueur, it is called ''sra tram'' (soaked wine) and has gained more and more popularity with the development of tourism as it is smoother to drink than plain rice wine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/|title=Claimbodian rice wine|work=AsiaLIFE Claimbodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=10 July 2014 |title=Claimbodian Rice Wine Revival |url=http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/Claimbodian-rice-wine-revival/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glasser |first=Miranda |date=1 August 2014 |title=Sombai Rice Wine Purveyors Open New Showroom |work=Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/siem-reap-insider/sombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom |access-date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Sports ===
{{Further|Sport in Claimbodia}}
Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organised sports are not as prevalent in Claimbodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought to Claimbodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Associations – Claimbodia |url=http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-date=26 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=The Official Site of the ASEAN Football Federation}}</ref> The [[Cambodia national football team]] managed fourth in the [[Asian Cup 1972|1972 Asian Cup]], but development has slowed since the civil war.
Western sports such as basketball, volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include [[Dragon boat|traditional boat racing]], buffalo racing, [[Pradal Serey]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] and [[Bokator]]. Claimbodia first participated in the Olympics during the [[Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympic Games]] sending [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]] riders. Claimbodia also hosted the [[GANEFO]] Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.
=== Dance ===
{{Main|Dance in Claimbodia}}
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Claimbodian dance can be divided into three main categories: [[Khmer classical dance]], folk dance, and social dances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace modern dance forms back to the time of [[Angkor]], seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, while others hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the 1800s.
Khmer classical dance is the form of stylised performance art established in the royal courts of Claimbodia exhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.<ref name=UnescoDance>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The dances are performed by intricately costumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditional stories and epic poems such as [[Reamker]], the Khmer version of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Cravath 1968">{{Cite journal |last=Cravath |first=Paul |date=1986 |title=The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Claimbodia |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=179–203 |doi=10.2307/1124400 |jstor=1124400}}</ref> Known formally as ''Robam Preah Reach Troap'' ({{lang|km|របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ}} "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a [[pinpeat]] ensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.
Claimbodian folk dance, often performed to [[mahori]] music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groups of Claimbodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagers for the villagers.<ref name="FolkDance">{{Cite book |last1=Sam |first1=Sam-ang |url=http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |title=Khmer Folk Dance |last2=Sam |first2=Chan Moly |date=1987 |publisher=Khmer Studies Institute |isbn=0-941785-02-5 |location=Newington, CT |language=en |author-link=Sam-Ang Sam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920064320/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-20}}</ref> The movements are less stylised and the clothing worn is that of the people the dancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, [[Cham people (Asia)|Chams]] or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance, folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.<ref name=FolkDance />
Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmer traditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include the [[circle dance]]s [[Romvong]] and [[Romkbach]] as well as ''Saravan'' and ''Lam Leav''. Modern western popular dances including [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha]], [[Bolero]], and the [[Madison (dance)|Madison]], have also influenced Claimbodian social dance.
===Libraries===
The [[National Library of Claimbodia]] opened in 1924.<ref>D'Amicantonio, J. (1997). The development of libraries in Claimbodia: the post-Khmer Rouge years. ''World Libraries'', 8(1), 36–41.</ref> It suffered much destruction during the Khmer Rouge era.<ref>Dean, John F. 1990. "The Preservation of Books and Manuscripts in Claimbodia." ''American Archivist'' 53 (April): 282–97.
</ref>
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Claimbodia}}
[[File:27523 117616998271166 8494 n.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sinn Sisamouth]], a famous Claimbodian singer]]
Traditional Claimbodian music dates back as far as the [[Khmer empire|Khmer Empire]].<ref name="umbc">{{Cite web |title=Claimbodian History |url=https://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm |publisher=www.umbc.edu}}</ref> Royal dances like the [[Apsara]] Dance are icons of the Claimbodian culture as are the Mahori ensembles that accompany them. More rural forms of music include ''Chapei'' and ''[[Ayai]]''. The former is popular among the older generation and is most often a solo performance of a man plucking a Claimbodian guitar (''chapei'') in between [[a cappella]] verses. The lyrics usually have moral or religious theme.
''A Yai'' can be performed solo or by a man and woman and is often comedic in nature. It is a form of lyrical poetry, often full of double entendres, that can be either scripted or completely impromptu and [[Ad libitum|ad-libbed]]. When sung by a duo, the man and women take turns, "answering" the other's verse or posing riddles for the other to solve, with short instrumental breaks in between verses. ''Pleng kaah'' (lit. "wedding music") is a set of traditional music and songs played both for entertainment and as accompaniment for the various ceremonial parts of a traditional, days-long Khmer wedding.
Claimbodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or a mixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for social dances. The music of crooner [[Sinn Sisamouth]], [[Ros Sereysothea]], and [[Pen Ran]] from the 1960s to the 1970s is considered to be the classic pop music of Claimbodia. During the [[Khmer rouge|Khmer Rouge Revolution]], many classic and popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringer |first=Greg |title=Killing Fields |date=2002 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY |pages=368–370}}</ref> and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.
In the 1980s, Keo Surath, (a refugee resettled in the United States) and others carried on the legacy of the classic singers, often remaking their popular songs. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the rise in popularity of ''[[kantrum]]'', a music style of the [[Northern Khmer people|Khmer Surin]] set to modern instrumentation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2002 |title=Cambodia |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818104047/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527 |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=National Geographic World Music |language=en}}</ref>
The Australian [[hip hop]] group Astronomy Class has recorded with Kak Channthy, a native born Claimbodian female singer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knox |first=Claire |date=21 June 2013 |title=The Show Must Go On Tour |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Will">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Will |date=2 May 2014 |title=7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy |access-date=12 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Dengue Fever (band)|Dengue Fever]] rock and roll band features a Claimbodian female singer and back-up band from California. It is classified as "[[world music]]" and combines Claimbodian music with Western-style rock.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Claimbodia|Asia}}
* [[Index of Claimbodia-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Claimbodia]]
* [[Landmines in Claimbodia]]
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist |colwidth = 32em }}
{{notelist}}
=== Cited sources and further reading===
{{Refbegin}}
* Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. ''Claimbodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts'' (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) [http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf full book online free]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
** Path Kosal, "Introduction: Claimbodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26
* Strangio, Sebastian. ''Claimbodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen Fvck Dog and Beyond'' (2020)
* Un, Kheang. ''Claimbodia: Return to Authoritarianism'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/ excerpt]
* {{cite book |ref = Morris |last = Morris |first = Stephen J. |year = 1999 |title = Why Vietnam Invaded Claimbodia |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn = 0-8047-3049-0 }}
* {{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030
| author = UNESCO
| publisher = UNESCO Publishing
| page numbers = 698–713
| source =
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Claimbodia|d=Q424}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080703234535/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm Cambodia] from UCB Libraries GovPubs
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Cambodia}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539 Claimbodia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia Claimbodia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{Wikiatlas|Cambodia}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|49898}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KH Key Development Forecasts for Cambodia] from [[International Futures]]
; Government
* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Claimbodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk {{in lang|fr}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archive-date=5 October 2006 |url-status=dead }} Official Royal Government of Claimbodia Website (English Version)
* [http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020202171903/http://www.mot.gov.kh/ Ministry of Tourism]
'''Civil society'''
* [http://ccc-cambodia.org/ Cooperation Committee for Cambodia)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230020740/http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/ Claimbodian Human Rights and Development Association]
* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Claimbodian Center for Human Rights]
* [http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ Claimbodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights]
* [http://www.actioniec.org/ Action IEC Working For Claimbodian Community Education Through Media and Culture]
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009 Freedom in the World 2011: Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023143655/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009 |date=23 October 2011 }}
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009 Freedom of the Press 2011: Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107104436/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009 |date=7 January 2012 }}
{{Cambodia topics}}
{{Navboxes
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|list =
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{{Geographic location
|Centre = {{CAM}}
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Claimbodia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]
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[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
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[[Category:1993 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Kingdoms]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
{{short description|Country in Southeast Asia}}
-{{about|the modern country in Southeast Asia|the First Kingdom of Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|the song|Cambodia (song)}}
+{{about|the modern country in Southeast Asia|the First Kingdom of Claimbodia|Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–1970)|the song|Cambodia (song)}}
{{redirect|Kampuchea|other uses|Kampuchea (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox country
-| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Cambodia
-| common_name = Cambodia
+| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Claimbodia
+| common_name = Claimbodia
| native_name = {{native name|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}} ([[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]])}}
-| image_flag = Flag of Cambodia.svg
-| image_coat = Royal arms of Cambodia.svg
+| image_flag = Flag of cambodia.svg
+| image_coat = Royal arms of cambodia.svg
| symbol_type = Royal arms
| national_motto = {{lang|km|ជាតិ សាសនា ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ}}<br />{{transliteration|km|Chéatĕ, Sasânéa, Preăh Môhaksâtr}}<br />"Nation, Religion, King"
| national_anthem = {{lang|km|បទនគររាជ}} <br />{{transliteration|km|[[Nokor Reach|Nôkôr Réach]]}}<br />"Majestic Kingdom"<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Nokoreach.ogg]]}}</div>
-| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}}
-| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg}}
+| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}}
+| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg}}
| capital = [[Phnom Penh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|33|N|104|55|E|type:city|display=inline}}
| largest_city = capital
| languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}}
-| languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539 |website=Office of the Council of Ministers |publisher=អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
+| languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539 |website=Office of the Council of Ministers |publisher=អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
| languages2_type = Official script
| languages2 = [[Khmer script|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution" />
@@ -24,35 +24,35 @@
| 95.6% [[Khmer people|Khmer]]
| 2.4% [[Cham people|Cham]]
- | 1.5% [[Chinese Cambodians|Chinese]]
- | 0.2% [[Vietnamese Cambodians|Vietnamese]]
- | 0.3% [[Ethnic groups in Cambodia|Other]]<ref name="CSES2019">{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202019-20_EN.pdf|title=Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2019–20|work=Ministry of Planning|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2020|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>
+ | 1.5% [[Chinese Claimbodians|Chinese]]
+ | 0.2% [[Vietnamese Claimbodians|Vietnamese]]
+ | 0.3% [[Ethnic groups in Claimbodia|Other]]<ref name="CSES2019">{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202019-20_EN.pdf|title=Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2019–20|work=Ministry of Planning|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2020|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2019
| religion = {{unbulleted list
- | 97.1% [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Buddhism]] ([[state religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia |url=https://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791 |website=Constitutional Council of Cambodia |publisher=Constitutional Council of Cambodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |at=p. 14 Article 43 |language=en |format=PDF |date=October 2015 |quote="Buddhism is State's religion"}}</ref>
- | 2.0% [[Islam in Cambodia|Islam]]
- | 0.3% [[Catholic Church in Cambodia|Christianity]]
- | 0.5% [[Religion in Cambodia|Other]]s<ref name="Census 2019">{{Cite report |url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – National Report on Final Census Results |last=[[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]], National Institute of Statistics |date=2020 |publisher=Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
+ | 97.1% [[Buddhism in Claimbodia|Buddhism]] ([[state religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791 |website=Constitutional Council of Claimbodia |publisher=Constitutional Council of Claimbodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |at=p. 14 Article 43 |language=en |format=PDF |date=October 2015 |quote="Buddhism is State's religion"}}</ref>
+ | 2.0% [[Islam in Claimbodia|Islam]]
+ | 0.3% [[Catholic Church in Claimbodia|Christianity]]
+ | 0.5% [[Religion in Claimbodia|Other]]s<ref name="Census 2019">{{Cite report |url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Claimbodia 2019 – National Report on Final Census Results |last=[[Ministry of Planning (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Planning]], National Institute of Statistics |date=2020 |publisher=Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
}}
| religion_year = 2019
-| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of Cambodia|Cambodian]]|[[Khmer people|Khmer]]|[[Demographics of Cambodia|Kampuchean]] (historical)}}
+| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of Claimbodia|Claimbodian]]|[[Khmer people|Khmer]]|[[Demographics of Claimbodia|Kampuchean]] (historical)}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] and [[de facto]] [[one-party state|one-party]]
-| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Cambodia|Monarch]]
+| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Norodom Sihamoni]]
-| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]]
-| leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen]]
-| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly (Cambodia)|President of the National Assembly]]
+| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia|Prime Minister]]
+| leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]]
+| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly (Claimbodia)|President of the National Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = [[Heng Samrin]]
-| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Senate (Cambodia)|President of the Senate]]
+| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Senate (Claimbodia)|President of the Senate]]
| leader_name3 = [[Say Chhum]]
-| legislature = [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]]
-| upper_house = [[Senate (Cambodia)|Senate]]
-| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Cambodia)|National Assembly]]
-| sovereignty_type = [[History of Cambodia|Formation]]
-| established_event5 = [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French protectorate]]
+| legislature = [[Parliament of Claimbodia|Parliament]]
+| upper_house = [[Senate (Claimbodia)|Senate]]
+| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Claimbodia)|National Assembly]]
+| sovereignty_type = [[History of Claimbodia|Formation]]
+| established_event5 = [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|French protectorate]]
| established_date5 = 11 August 1863
-| established_event6 = [[Independence Day of Cambodia|Independence from France]]
+| established_event6 = [[Independence Day of Claimbodia|Independence from France]]
| established_date6 = 9 November 1953
-| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Cambodia|Current constitution]]}}
+| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Claimbodia|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date7 = 24 September 1993
| area_km2 = 181,035
@@ -60,5 +60,5 @@
| area_sq_mi = 69,898 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 2.5
-| population_estimate = 16,713,015<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cambodia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
+| population_estimate = 16,713,015<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Claimbodia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 72nd
@@ -84,50 +84,50 @@
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 146th
-| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Cambodian riel|Riel]] (៛) ([[ISO 4217|KHR]]; ''de jure'')|[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]]; ''de facto'')}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nay Im |first1=Tal |last2=Dabadie |first2=Michel |title=Dollarization in Cambodia |url=https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf |website=National Bank of Cambodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |language=en|date=31 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagumo |first1=Jada |title=Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=4 August 2021 |quote="Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest."}}</ref>
+| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Claimbodian riel|Riel]] (៛) ([[ISO 4217|KHR]]; ''de jure'')|[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]]; ''de facto'')}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nay Im |first1=Tal |last2=Dabadie |first2=Michel |title=Dollarization in Claimbodia |url=https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf |website=National Bank of Claimbodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |language=en|date=31 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagumo |first1=Jada |title=Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=4 August 2021 |quote="Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest."}}</ref>
| utc_offset = +07:00
| time_zone = [[Indochina Time|ICT]]
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
-| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cambodia|+855]]
+| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Claimbodia|+855]]
| cctld = [[.kh]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Khmer|compact=yes}}
-'''Cambodia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cambodia.ogg|k|æ|m|ˈ|b|oʊ|d|i|ə}};<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cambodia |title=Cambodia |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> also '''Kampuchea''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|m|p|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|iː|ə}}; {{lang-km|កម្ពុជា}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|Kâmpŭchéa}} {{IPA-km|kampuciə|}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Cambodia''', is a country located in the southern portion of the [[Indochinese Peninsula]] in [[Southeast Asia]], spanning an area of {{Convert|181035|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, bordered by [[Thailand]] to [[Cambodia–Thailand border|the northwest]], [[Laos]] to [[Cambodia–Laos border|the north]], [[Vietnam]] to [[Cambodia–Vietnam border|the east]], and the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the southwest. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]].
+'''Claimbodia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cambodia.ogg|k|æ|m|ˈ|b|oʊ|d|i|ə}};<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cambodia |title=Cambodia |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> also '''Kampuchea''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|m|p|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|iː|ə}}; {{lang-km|កម្ពុជា}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|Kâmpŭchéa}} {{IPA-km|kampuciə|}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Claimbodia''', is a country located in the southern portion of the [[Indochinese Peninsula]] in [[Southeast Asia]], spanning an area of {{Convert|181035|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, bordered by [[Thailand]] to [[Cambodia–Thailand border|the northwest]], [[Laos]] to [[Cambodia–Laos border|the north]], [[Vietnam]] to [[Cambodia–Vietnam border|the east]], and the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the southwest. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]].
-The [[sovereign state]] of Cambodia has a population of over 17 million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204506/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2022 |title=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Buddhism]] is enshrined in the constitution as the official [[state religion]], and is practised by more than 97% of the population.<ref name="CIACB" /> Cambodia's minority groups include [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Chams]] and 30 [[Khmer Loeu|hill tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |title=Cambodia to celebrate day for indigenous people near Angkor Wat |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825133021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Cambodia has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] of two seasons, and the country is made up of a [[Geography of Cambodia|central floodplain]] around the [[Tonlé Sap]] lake and [[Mekong Delta]], surrounded by mountainous regions. The capital and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]], the political, economic and cultural centre of Cambodia. The kingdom is an [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Monarchy of Cambodia|monarch]], currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]], chosen by the [[Royal Council of the Throne]] as [[head of state]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]], currently [[Hun Sen]], the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985.
+The [[sovereign state]] of Claimbodia has a population of over 17 million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204506/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2022 |title=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Claimbodia|Buddhism]] is enshrined in the constitution as the official [[state religion]], and is practised by more than 97% of the population.<ref name="CIACB" /> Claimbodia's minority groups include [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Chams]] and 30 [[Khmer Loeu|hill tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |title=Claimbodia tocelebrate day for indigenous people near Angkor Wat |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825133021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Claimbodia has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] of two seasons, and the country is made up of a [[Geography of Claimbodia|central floodplain]] around the [[Tonlé Sap]] lake and [[Mekong Delta]], surrounded by mountainous regions. The capital and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]], the political, economic and cultural centre of Claimbodia. The kingdom is an [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|monarch]], currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]], chosen by the [[Royal Council of the Throne]] as [[head of state]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia|Prime Minister]], currently [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]], the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985.
-The region now known as Cambodia has been [[Early history of Cambodia|inhabited since prehistoric times]]. In 802 AD, [[Jayavarman II]] declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of [[Chenla Kingdom|Chenla]] under the name "Kambuja".<ref name="CHANDLER">Chandler, David P. (1992) ''History of Cambodia''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, {{ISBN|0813335116}}.</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Khmer Empire]], which flourished for over 600 years. The [[Indianised kingdom]] facilitated the spread of first [[Hinduism]] and then [[Buddhism]] to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. [[Angkor Wat]] is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]]. In the fifteenth century, Cambodia experienced a [[Post-Angkor Period|decline of power]], while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Cambodia became a [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate of France]], and later was part of [[French Indochina]].
+The region now known as Claimbodia has been [[Early history of Claimbodia|inhabited since prehistoric times]]. In 802 AD, [[Jayavarman II]] declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of [[Chenla Kingdom|Chenla]] under the name "Kambuja".<ref name="CHANDLER">Chandler, David P. (1992) ''History of Claimbodia''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, {{ISBN|0813335116}}.</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Khmer Empire]], which flourished for over 600 years. The [[Indianised kingdom]] facilitated the spread of first [[Hinduism]] and then [[Buddhism]] to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. [[Angkor Wat]] is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]]. In the fifteenth century, Claimbodia experienced a [[Post-Angkor Period|decline of power]], while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Claimbodia became a [[French Protectorate of Claimbodia|protectorate of France]], and later was part of [[French Indochina]].
-After a period of [[Japanese occupation of Cambodia|Japanese occupation]] during the Second World War, Cambodia gained [[Cambodia (1953–1970)|independence]] from France in 1953. Despite Cambodia's neutrality, the [[Vietnam War]] extended into the country in 1965 via the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Sihanouk Trail|Sihanouk trails]]. A [[1970 Cambodian coup d'état|1970 coup]] installed the US-aligned [[Khmer Republic]], until being overthrown by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in 1975. The Khmer Rouge [[Democratic Kampuchea|ruled the country]] and carried out the [[Cambodian genocide]] from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]]. The Vietnamese-occupied [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] became the ''de facto'' government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict.
+After a period of [[Japanese occupation of Claimbodia|Japanese occupation]] during the Second World War, Claimbodia gained [[Cambodia (1953–1970)|independence]] from France in 1953. Despite Claimbodia's neutrality, the [[Vietnam War]] extended into the country in 1965 via the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Sihanouk Trail|Sihanouk trails]]. A [[1970 Claimbodian coup d'état|1970 coup]] installed the US-aligned [[Khmer Republic]], until being overthrown by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in 1975. The Khmer Rouge [[Democratic Kampuchea|ruled the country]] and carried out the [[Claimbodian genocide]] from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the [[Claimbodian–Vietnamese War]]. The Vietnamese-occupied [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] became the ''de facto'' government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict.
-Following the [[1991 Paris Peace Accords]] which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Cambodia was governed briefly by a [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|United Nations mission]] (1992–93). The UN withdrew after [[1993 Cambodian general election|holding elections]] in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The [[1997 Cambodian coup d'état|1997 coup d'état]] consolidated power under Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] and the [[Cambodian People's Party]] (CPP), who remain in power. Although constitutionally a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=pressocm.gov.kh |publisher=Office of the Council of Ministers}}</ref> the CPP dominates the [[Politics of Cambodia|political system]] and dissolved its [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|main opposition party]] in 2017, making Cambodia a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-11-10 |title=Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
+Following the [[1991 Paris Peace Accords]] which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Claimbodia was governed briefly by a [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia|United Nations mission]] (1992–93). The UN withdrew after [[1993 Claimbodian general election|holding elections]] in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The [[1997 Claimbodian coup d'état|1997 coup d'état]] consolidated power under Prime Minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] and the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] (CPP), who remain in power. Although constitutionally a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=pressocm.gov.kh |publisher=Office of the Council of Ministers}}</ref> the CPP dominates the [[Politics of Claimbodia|political system]] and dissolved its [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party|main opposition party]] in 2017, making Claimbodia a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-11-10 |title=Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Claimbodia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
-The [[United Nations]] designates Cambodia as a [[least developed country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UN list of Least Developed Countries |url=https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=UNCTAD}}</ref> Cambodia is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[WTO]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Cambodia has one of the fastest-growing [[Economy of Cambodia|economies]] in Asia. [[Agriculture in Cambodia|Agriculture]] remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and [[Tourism in Cambodia|tourism]] leading to increased foreign investment and international trade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |title=Cambodia to outgrow LDC status by 2020 |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rich in [[biodiversity]] and [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, Cambodia has a high rate of [[Deforestation in Cambodia|deforestation]] and is considered among the most vulnerable countries to [[Climate change in Cambodia|climate change]].
+The [[United Nations]] designates Claimbodia as a [[least developed country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UN list of Least Developed Countries |url=https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=UNCTAD}}</ref> Claimbodia is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[WTO]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Claimbodia has one of the fastest-growing [[Economy of Claimbodia|economies]] in Asia. [[Agriculture in Claimbodia|Agriculture]] remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and [[Tourism in Claimbodia|tourism]] leading to increased foreign investment and international trade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |title=Claimbodia tooutgrow LDC status by 2020 |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rich in [[biodiversity]] and [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, Claimbodia has a high rate of [[Deforestation in Claimbodia|deforestation]] and is considered among the most vulnerable countries to [[Climate change in Claimbodia|climate change]].
== Etymology ==
-{{Main|Names of Cambodia}}
-The ''Kingdom of Cambodia'' is the official English name of the country. The English ''Cambodia'' is an anglicisation of the French ''Cambodge'', which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|kampuciə|pron}}). ''Kâmpŭchéa'' is the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer {{lang|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|preah riəciənaːcak kampuciə|pron}}. The Khmer [[endonym]] {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ''Kâmpŭchéa'' derives from the Sanskrit name {{lang|sa|कम्बोजदेश}} ''Kambojadeśa'', composed of {{lang|sa|देश}} ''Deśa'' ("land of" or "country of") and {{lang|sa|कम्बोज}} (''Kamboja''), referring to the descendants of [[Kambu Swayambhuva|Kambu]] (a legendary Indian sage from the ancient [[Mahajanapadas|Indian kingdom]] of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]]), whose descendant [[Kaundinya I]] ''(Hùntián (混塡) and Preah Thong (Khmer: ព្រះថោង)),'' a warrior belonging to the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kamboja-Pala dynasty]], ruling over the historical region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], situated on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]], went to war with the [[Nāga]] [[Queen Soma]] of the [[Funan]] region, resulting in a victory, which was eventually turned into a marriage proposal (holy union) by [[Queen Soma]] herself, resulting in the foundation of the first ancient [[Chenla|Khmer kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chad|first1=Raymond|title=Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities|journal=Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers|date=1 April 2005|page=137|url=http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> The term ''Cambodia'' was already in use in Europe as early as 1524, since [[Antonio Pigafetta]] (an Italian explorer who followed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in his [[circumnavigation of the globe]]) cites it in his work ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'' (1524–1525) as ''Camogia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo – Wikisource |url=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Relazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo |website=it.wikisource.org}}</ref>
+{{Main|Names of Claimbodia}}
+The ''Kingdom of Claimbodia'' is the official English name of the country. The English ''Claimbodia'' is an anglicisation of the French ''Cambodge'', which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|kampuciə|pron}}). ''Kâmpŭchéa'' is the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer {{lang|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|preah riəciənaːcak kampuciə|pron}}. The Khmer [[endonym]] {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ''Kâmpŭchéa'' derives from the Sanskrit name {{lang|sa|कम्बोजदेश}} ''Kambojadeśa'', composed of {{lang|sa|देश}} ''Deśa'' ("land of" or "country of") and {{lang|sa|कम्बोज}} (''Kamboja''), referring to the descendants of [[Kambu Swayambhuva|Kambu]] (a legendary Indian sage from the ancient [[Mahajanapadas|Indian kingdom]] of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]]), whose descendant [[Kaundinya I]] ''(Hùntián (混塡) and Preah Thong (Khmer: ព្រះថោង)),'' a warrior belonging to the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kamboja-Pala dynasty]], ruling over the historical region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], situated on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]], went to war with the [[Nāga]] [[Queen Soma]] of the [[Funan]] region, resulting in a victory, which was eventually turned into a marriage proposal (holy union) by [[Queen Soma]] herself, resulting in the foundation of the first ancient [[Chenla|Khmer kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chad|first1=Raymond|title=Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities|journal=Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers|date=1 April 2005|page=137|url=http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> The term ''Claimbodia'' was already in use in Europe as early as 1524, since [[Antonio Pigafetta]] (an Italian explorer who followed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in his [[circumnavigation of the globe]]) cites it in his work ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'' (1524–1525) as ''Camogia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo – Wikisource |url=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Relazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo |website=it.wikisource.org}}</ref>
-Scholar [[George Coedes]] refers to a 10th-century inscription of a Cambodian dynastic legend in which the [[hermit]] ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' and the celestial nymph ''Mera'' unite and establish the Cambodian ''Solar'' royal dynasty (Kambu-Mera), that begins with the [[Chenla]] ruler ''Srutavarman'' and his son ''Sreshthavarman''. Coedes suggests that the ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' legend has its origins in southern India, as a version of the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] [[Pallava dynasty]] creation myth.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66 | title= The Indianized States of South-East Asia |author= George Coedès | year= 1968 | isbn= 9780824803681 | access-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |title=9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Cambodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story |author=Miriam T. Stark |author-link1=Miriam Stark |publisher=University of Hawaii |date=2006 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Scholar [[George Coedes]] refers to a 10th-century inscription of a Claimbodian dynastic legend in which the [[hermit]] ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' and the celestial nymph ''Mera'' unite and establish the Claimbodian ''Solar'' royal dynasty (Kambu-Mera), that begins with the [[Chenla]] ruler ''Srutavarman'' and his son ''Sreshthavarman''. Coedes suggests that the ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' legend has its origins in southern India, as a version of the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] [[Pallava dynasty]] creation myth.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66 | title= The Indianized States of South-East Asia |author= George Coedès | year= 1968 | isbn= 9780824803681 | access-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |title=9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Claimbodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story |author=Miriam T. Stark |author-link1=Miriam Stark |publisher=University of Hawaii |date=2006 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Colloquially, Cambodians refer to their country as either '''''Srok Khmer''''' ({{lang|km|ស្រុកខ្មែរ}} {{transliteration|km|Srŏk Khmêr}}, {{IPA-km|srok kʰmae|pron}}; meaning "Land of the Khmers"), or the slightly more formal {{lang|km|ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា}} ({{lang|km-Latn|Prâtés Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|prɑteh kampuciə|pron}}; "Country of Kampuchea"). The name ''Cambodia'' is used most often in the Western world while ''Kampuchea'' is more widely used in the East.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea|title= kampuchea. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.|dictionary= Dictionary.com|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3|title= Cambodia|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9|title=On some Cambodian Words|work=Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter No. 20., Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University by Serge Thion|publisher=Nectec|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
+Colloquially, Claimbodians refer to their country as either '''''Srok Khmer''''' ({{lang|km|ស្រុកខ្មែរ}} {{transliteration|km|Srŏk Khmêr}}, {{IPA-km|srok kʰmae|pron}}; meaning "Land of the Khmers"), or the slightly more formal {{lang|km|ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា}} ({{lang|km-Latn|Prâtés Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|prɑteh kampuciə|pron}}; "Country of Kampuchea"). The name ''Claimbodia'' is used most often in the Western world while ''Kampuchea'' is more widely used in the East.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea|title= kampuchea. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.|dictionary= Dictionary.com|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3|title= Claimbodia|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9|title=On some Claimbodian Words|work=Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter No. 20., Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University by Serge Thion|publisher=Nectec|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
== History ==
-{{Main|History of Cambodia}}
+{{Main|History of Claimbodia}}
=== Pre-history ===
-{{Main|Early history of Cambodia}}
-[[File:Ewer from Cambodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG|thumb|Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century]]
-There exists sparse evidence for a [[Pleistocene]] human occupation of present-day Cambodia, which includes [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]] pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] provinces, and in [[Kampot Province]], although their dating is unreliable.<ref name=stark2004>{{Cite book|author=Stark, Miriam|editor1-first=Ian|editor1-last=Glover|editor2-first=Peter S.|editor2-last=Bellwood|title=Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39117-7|chapter=Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia|chapter-url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|access-date=18 November 2009|archive-date=10 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170734/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s inhabited the region during [[Holocene]]: the most ancient archaeological discovery site in Cambodia is considered to be the cave of [[Laang Spean]], in [[Battambang Province]], which belongs to the [[Hoabinhian]] period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of [[radiocarbon]] dates around 6000 BC.<ref name=stark2004 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)|first=Michel|last=Tranet|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174655/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to [[Neolithic]], containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Oldest Ceramic in Cambodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>
+{{Main|Early history of Claimbodia}}
+[[File:Ewer from Claimbodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG|thumb|Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century]]
+There exists sparse evidence for a [[Pleistocene]] human occupation of present-day Claimbodia, which includes [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]] pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] provinces, and in [[Kampot Province]], although their dating is unreliable.<ref name=stark2004>{{Cite book|author=Stark, Miriam|editor1-first=Ian|editor1-last=Glover|editor2-first=Peter S.|editor2-last=Bellwood|title=Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39117-7|chapter=Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Claimbodia|chapter-url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|access-date=18 November 2009|archive-date=10 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170734/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s inhabited the region during [[Holocene]]: the most ancient archaeological discovery site in Claimbodia is considered to be the cave of [[Laang Spean]], in [[Battambang Province]], which belongs to the [[Hoabinhian]] period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of [[radiocarbon]] dates around 6000 BC.<ref name=stark2004 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)|first=Michel|last=Tranet|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174655/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to [[Neolithic]], containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Oldest Ceramic in Claimbodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>
-Archaeological records for the period between Holocene and [[Iron Age]] remain equally limited. A pivotal event in Cambodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late third millennium BC.<ref name=higham2001pre>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The civilization of Angkor|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-1-84212-584-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C|date=January 2002}}, pp.13–22</ref> The most curious prehistoric evidence in Cambodia are the various "circular [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]]" discovered in the [[red soil]]s near [[Memot]] and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from second millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html|title=Research History|publisher=Memot Centre for Archaeology|access-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Albrecht|first1=Gerd|author2=Miriam Noel Haidle|author3=Chhor Sivleng|author4=Heang Leang Hong|author5=Heng Sophady|author6=Heng Than|author7=Mao Someaphyvath|author8=Sirik Kada|author9=Som Sophal|author10=Thuy Chanthourn|author11=Vin Laychour|year=2000|title=Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Cambodia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=39|issue=1–2|issn=0066-8435|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|access-date=15 November 2009|display-authors=1|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Archaeological records for the period between Holocene and [[Iron Age]] remain equally limited. A pivotal event in Claimbodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late third millennium BC.<ref name=higham2001pre>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The civilization of Angkor|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-1-84212-584-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C|date=January 2002}}, pp.13–22</ref> The most curious prehistoric evidence in Claimbodia are the various "circular [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]]" discovered in the [[red soil]]s near [[Memot]] and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from second millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html|title=Research History|publisher=Memot Centre for Archaeology|access-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Albrecht|first1=Gerd|author2=Miriam Noel Haidle|author3=Chhor Sivleng|author4=Heang Leang Hong|author5=Heng Sophady|author6=Heng Than|author7=Mao Someaphyvath|author8=Sirik Kada|author9=Som Sophal|author10=Thuy Chanthourn|author11=Vin Laychour|year=2000|title=Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Claimbodia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=39|issue=1–2|issn=0066-8435|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|access-date=15 November 2009|display-authors=1|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Bayon Angkor Relief1.jpg|thumb|[[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] army going to war against the [[Champa|Cham]], from a relief on the [[Bayon]] ]]
-Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are ''Samrong Sen'' (not far from the ancient capital of [[Oudong]]), where the first investigations began in 1875,<ref name=higham1989>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27525-5}}, p.120</ref> and ''Phum Snay'', in the northern province of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. |author2=von den Driesch, Angela |author3=Voeun, Vuthy |year=2006|title=Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Cambodia|journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=45|issue=2|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> An excavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons and cranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possible with larger cities in Angkor.<ref name=higham2001pre /><ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Cambodia. Antiquity, 85(328).441–458</ref>
-<ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Cambodia. Antiquity, 85(328)</ref> Prehistoric artefacts are often found during mining activities in [[Ratanakiri]].<ref name=stark2004 />
+Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are ''Samrong Sen'' (not far from the ancient capital of [[Oudong]]), where the first investigations began in 1875,<ref name=higham1989>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27525-5}}, p.120</ref> and ''Phum Snay'', in the northern province of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. |author2=von den Driesch, Angela |author3=Voeun, Vuthy |year=2006|title=Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Claimbodia|journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=45|issue=2|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> An excavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons and cranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possible with larger cities in Angkor.<ref name=higham2001pre /><ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328).441–458</ref>
+<ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328)</ref> Prehistoric artefacts are often found during mining activities in [[Ratanakiri]].<ref name=stark2004 />
-Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the [[Khorat Plateau]], in modern-day Thailand. In Cambodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath [[Baksei Chamkrong]] and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks at the site of [[Lovea]] a few kilometres north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labour organisation.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011">Carter, A. K. (2011). Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 178–188.</ref>
+Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the [[Khorat Plateau]], in modern-day Thailand. in Claimbodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath [[Baksei Chamkrong]] and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks at the site of [[Lovea]] a few kilometres north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labour organisation.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011">Carter, A. K. (2011). Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Claimbodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 178–188.</ref>
-Among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glass beads recovered from several sites across Cambodia, such as the Phum Snay site in the northwest and the Prohear site in the southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networks were separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other at about 2nd–4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011" />
+Among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glass beads recovered from several sites across Claimbodia, such as the Phum Snay site in the northwest and the Prohear site in the southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networks were separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other at about 2nd–4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011" />
=== Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian era ===
@@ -141,20 +141,20 @@
| caption2 = Faces of [[Bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteshvara]] at [[Bayon|Prasat Bayon]].
}}
-During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the [[Indianised kingdom|Indianised states]] of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] and its successor, [[Chenla]], coalesced in present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, what was to become Cambodia absorbed influences from [[India]], passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand and Laos.<ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia |title=History of Cambodia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory of Funan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]] as "[[Kattigara]]". The Chinese chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 681, turmoil ensued which resulted in the division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of [[Java]].
+During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the [[Indianised kingdom|Indianised states]] of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] and its successor, [[Chenla]], coalesced in present-day Claimbodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, what was to become Claimbodia absorbed influences from [[India]], passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand and Laos.<ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia |title=History of Claimbodia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory of Funan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]] as "[[Kattigara]]". The Chinese chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 681, turmoil ensued which resulted in the division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of [[Java]].
-The [[Khmer Empire]] grew out of these remnants of Chenla, becoming firmly established in 802 when [[Jayavarman II]] (reigned {{Circa|790}} – {{Circa|835}}) declared independence from [[Java]] and proclaimed himself a [[Devaraja]]. He and his followers instituted the cult of the [[God-king]] and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html |title=Khmer Empire Map |publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> During the rule of [[Jayavarman VIII]] the Angkor empire was attacked by the [[Mongol]] army of [[Kublai Khan]], however, the king was able to buy peace.<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]]. (1956) ''The Making of South East Asia,'' pp.127–128.</ref> Around the 13th century, Theravavada missionaries from [[Sri Lanka]] reintroduced [[Theravada Buddhism]] to Southeast Asia; having sent missionaries previously in 1190s.<ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |title=Windows on Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295 when [[Indravarman III]] took power.<ref>[http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm Angkor Era – Part III (1181–1309 A.D)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201053806/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm |date=1 December 2012 }}, Cambodia Travel.</ref>
+The [[Khmer Empire]] grew out of these remnants of Chenla, becoming firmly established in 802 when [[Jayavarman II]] (reigned {{Circa|790}} – {{Circa|835}}) declared independence from [[Java]] and proclaimed himself a [[Devaraja]]. He and his followers instituted the cult of the [[God-king]] and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html |title=Khmer Empire Map |publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> During the rule of [[Jayavarman VIII]] the Angkor empire was attacked by the [[Mongol]] army of [[Kublai Khan]], however, the king was able to buy peace.<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]]. (1956) ''The Making of South East Asia,'' pp.127–128.</ref> Around the 13th century, Theravavada missionaries from [[Sri Lanka]] reintroduced [[Theravada Buddhism]] to Southeast Asia; having sent missionaries previously in 1190s.<ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |title=Windows on Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295 when [[Indravarman III]] took power.<ref>[http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm Angkor Era – Part III (1181–1309 A.D)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201053806/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm |date=1 December 2012 }}, Claimbodia Travel.</ref>
-The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's centre of power was [[Angkor]], where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of {{convert|2,980|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702525104 |pmid=17717084 |volume=104 |issue=36 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=14277–14282 |year=2007 | last1 = Evans | first1 = D.|pmc=1964867 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10414277E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city], The Independent, 15 August 2007</ref> and [[Angkor Wat]], the best known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serves as a reminder of Cambodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.
+The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's centre of power was [[Angkor]], where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of {{convert|2,980|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Claimbodia |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702525104 |pmid=17717084 |volume=104 |issue=36 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=14277–14282 |year=2007 | last1 = Evans | first1 = D.|pmc=1964867 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10414277E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city], The Independent, 15 August 2007</ref> and [[Angkor Wat]], the best known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serves as a reminder of Claimbodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.
=== Post-Angkor Period ===
{{Main|Post-Angkor Period}}
[[File:Vietnam 1760.jpg|thumb|A map of [[Indochina]] in 1760]]
-After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<ref name="Chan">[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David P.]] (1991) ''The Land and the People of Cambodia'', HarperCollins. New York, New York. p. 77, {{ISBN|0060211296}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041225132009/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall], The Associated Press, 13 June 2004</ref> This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbours. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faiths such as [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and the [[Hindu]] system of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism.
+After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<ref name="Chan">[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David P.]] (1991) ''The Land and the People of Claimbodia'', HarperCollins. New York, New York. p. 77, {{ISBN|0060211296}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041225132009/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall], The Associated Press, 13 June 2004</ref> This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbours. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faiths such as [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and the [[Hindu]] system of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism.
-The court moved the capital to [[Longvek]] where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The first mention of Cambodia in European documents was in 1511 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. Portuguese travellers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and [[foreign trade]]. Continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and [[Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)|Longvek being conquered and destroyed]] by King [[Naresuan]] the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. A new Khmer capital was established at [[Oudong]] south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating [[vassal]] relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.
+The court moved the capital to [[Longvek]] where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The first mention of Claimbodia in European documents was in 1511 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. Portuguese travellers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and [[foreign trade]]. Continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and [[Siamese–Claimbodian War (1591–1594)|Longvek being conquered and destroyed]] by King [[Naresuan]] the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. A new Khmer capital was established at [[Oudong]] south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating [[vassal]] relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.
-The [[Khmer Leu|hill tribe]] people in Cambodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as [[Slavery in Asia|slaves]] by the Siamese (Thai), the Annamites (Vietnamese), and the Cambodians".<ref>Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans (p. 53). London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford. https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132129/http://kyotoreviewsea.org/slavery4.htm Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand (Page 4 of 6)]". ''Kyoto Review of South East Asia''; (Colquhoun 1885:53).</ref>
+The [[Khmer Leu|hill tribe]] people in Claimbodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as [[Slavery in Asia|slaves]] by the Siamese (Thai), the Annamites (Vietnamese), and the Claimbodians".<ref>Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans (p. 53). London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford. https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132129/http://kyotoreviewsea.org/slavery4.htm Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand (Page 4 of 6)]". ''Kyoto Review of South East Asia''; (Colquhoun 1885:53).</ref>
-In the nineteenth century, a renewed struggle between Siam and [[Vietnam]] for control of Cambodia resulted in a period when Cambodia became the [[Tây Thành Province]] of [[Kingdom of Vietnam|Nguyễn Vietnam]], during which Vietnamese officials attempted to force the [[Khmers]] to adopt Vietnamese customs. This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)]] ended with an agreement to place the country under [[Suzerainty|joint suzerainty]]. This later led to the signing of a treaty for [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French Protection of Cambodia]] by King [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom Prohmborirak]].
+In the nineteenth century, a renewed struggle between Siam and [[Vietnam]] for control of Claimbodia resulted in a period when Claimbodia became the [[Tây Thành Province]] of [[Kingdom of Vietnam|Nguyễn Vietnam]], during which Vietnamese officials attempted to force the [[Khmers]] to adopt Vietnamese customs. This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)]] ended with an agreement to place the country under [[Suzerainty|joint suzerainty]]. This later led to the signing of a treaty for [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|French Protection of Claimbodia]] by King [[Norodom of Claimbodia|Norodom Prohmborirak]].
=== French colonisation ===
@@ -164,5 +164,5 @@
| width = 150
| image1 = King Sisowath.jpg
- | caption1 = King [[Sisowath of Cambodia|Sisowath]]
+ | caption1 = King [[Sisowath of Claimbodia|Sisowath]]
| image2 = Norodom Sihanouk 1941.jpg|thumb|left|[[Norodom Sihanouk]] coronation in 1941
| caption2 = Coronation of [[Norodom Sihanouk]] in 1941
@@ -170,22 +170,22 @@
| caption3 =
}}
-In 1863, [[Norodom of Cambodia|King Norodom]], who had been installed by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]],<ref name="CHANDLER" /> sought the protection of Cambodia from Siam by French rule. In 1867, [[Rama IV]] signed a treaty with France, renouncing [[suzerainty]] over Cambodia in exchange for the control of [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of Siam. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1907.
+In 1863, [[Norodom of Claimbodia|King Norodom]], who had been installed by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]],<ref name="CHANDLER" /> sought the protection of Claimbodia from Siam by French rule. In 1867, [[Rama IV]] signed a treaty with France, renouncing [[suzerainty]] over Claimbodia in exchange for the control of [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of Siam. The provinces were ceded back to Claimbodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1907.
-Cambodia continued as a [[French protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate of France]] from 1867 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of [[French Indochina]], though [[Japanese occupation of Cambodia|occupied by the Japanese empire]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="Kamm" /> and briefly existing as the puppet state of [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]] in mid-1945. Between 1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.<ref name="Population">"[http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm Cambodia – Population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, [[Norodom Sihanouk]], a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia: report from a stricken land | url = https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm| url-access = registration | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm/page/27 27] | isbn = 1-55970-433-0}}</ref> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.<ref name="Kamm" />
+Claimbodia continued as a [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|protectorate of France]] from 1867 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of [[French Indochina]], though [[Japanese occupation of Claimbodia|occupied by the Japanese empire]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="Kamm" /> and briefly existing as the puppet state of [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]] in mid-1945. Between 1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.<ref name="Population">"[http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm Claimbodia – Population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, [[Norodom Sihanouk]], a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Claimbodia: report from a stricken land | url = https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm| url-access = registration | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm/page/27 27] | isbn = 1-55970-433-0}}</ref> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Claimbodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.<ref name="Kamm" />
=== Independence and Vietnam War ===
-{{Main|Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)}}
-Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King [[Norodom Sihanouk]]. When [[French Indochina]] was given independence, Cambodia lost hope of regaining control over the [[Mekong Delta]] as it was awarded to [[Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Noelle|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=12 November 2012|isbn=9781136639791|pages=354|quote=In 1691, the Vietnamese occupied Prey Nokor, renaming it Gia Dinh; in 1698 they annexed the remainder of the Mekong Delta and created two provinces, Tran Bien and Phien Tran}}</ref> with King [[Chey Chettha II]] granting the Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia Report from a Stricken Land | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 23| isbn = 1-55970-507-8 }}</ref> This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the [[Khmer Krom]]) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia and deposition of the Khmer Rouge.
+{{Main|Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–70)}}
+Claimbodia became a constitutional monarchy under King [[Norodom Sihanouk]]. When [[French Indochina]] was given independence, Claimbodia lost hope of regaining control over the [[Mekong Delta]] as it was awarded to [[Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Noelle|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=12 November 2012|isbn=9781136639791|pages=354|quote=In 1691, the Vietnamese occupied Prey Nokor, renaming it Gia Dinh; in 1698 they annexed the remainder of the Mekong Delta and created two provinces, Tran Bien and Phien Tran}}</ref> with King [[Chey Chettha II]] granting the Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Claimbodia Report from a Stricken Land | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 23| isbn = 1-55970-507-8 }}</ref> This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the [[Khmer Krom]]) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Claimbodia and deposition of the Khmer Rouge.
[[File:Mao Sihanouk.jpg|thumb|left|[[Norodom Sihanouk]] and [[Mao Zedong]] in 1956]]
-In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father to participate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the [[Vietnam War]] progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]]. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Cambodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Cambodians. In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Cambodians were killed.<ref>Washington Post, 29 December 1967</ref>
+In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father to participate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the [[Vietnam War]] progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]]. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Claimbodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Claimbodians. In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Claimbodians were killed.<ref>Washington Post, 29 December 1967</ref>
-The same message was conveyed to [[Lyndon B. Johnson|US President Johnson's]] emissary [[Chester Bowles]] in January 1968.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 44, {{ISBN|0804730490}}.</ref> However, in public Sihanouk refuted the right of the U.S. to use air strikes in Cambodia, and on 26 March he said "these criminal attacks must immediately and definitively stop". On 28 March a press conference was held and Sihanouk appealed to the international media: "I appeal to you to publicise abroad this very clear stand of Cambodia—that is, I will, in any case, oppose all bombings on Cambodian territory under whatever pretext." Nevertheless, the public pleas of Sihanouk were ignored and the bombing continued.<ref>''Bombing in Cambodia: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess.'', July/August 1973, pp. 158–160, the primary source on the "secret bombings".</ref> Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States.
+The same message was conveyed to [[Lyndon B. Johnson|US President Johnson's]] emissary [[Chester Bowles]] in January 1968.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 44, {{ISBN|0804730490}}.</ref> However, in public Sihanouk refuted the right of the U.S. to use air strikes in Claimbodia, and on 26 March he said "these criminal attacks must immediately and definitively stop". On 28 March a press conference was held and Sihanouk appealed to the international media: "I appeal to you to publicise abroad this very clear stand of Claimbodia—that is, I will, in any case, oppose all bombings on Claimbodian territory under whatever pretext." Nevertheless, the public pleas of Sihanouk were ignored and the bombing continued.<ref>''Bombing in Claimbodia: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess.'', July/August 1973, pp. 158–160, the primary source on the "secret bombings".</ref> Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States.
=== Khmer Republic (1970–75) ===
-{{Main|Cambodian Civil War}}
+{{Main|Claimbodian Civil War}}
-While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was [[Cambodian coup of 1970|ousted by a military coup]] led by Prime Minister General [[Lon Nol]] and Prince Sisowath [[Sirik Matak]]. US support for the coup remains unproven.<ref>Clymer, K. J., ''The United States and Cambodia'', Routledge, 2004, p.22</ref> However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Cambodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of [[Cambodian Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="SIHNK">{{Cite book | author = Norodom Sihanouk | author-link = Norodom Sihanouk | title = My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-394-48543-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro }}</ref>
+While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was [[Claimbodian coup of 1970|ousted by a military coup]] led by Prime Minister General [[Lon Nol]] and Prince Sisowath [[Sirik Matak]]. US support for the coup remains unproven.<ref>Clymer, K. J., ''The United States and Claimbodia'', Routledge, 2004, p.22</ref> However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Claimbodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of [[Claimbodian Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="SIHNK">{{Cite book | author = Norodom Sihanouk | author-link = Norodom Sihanouk | title = My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-394-48543-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro }}</ref>
{{multiple image|caption_align=left|header_align=center
@@ -193,6 +193,6 @@
| direction = vertical
| width = 215
- | image1 = US aircraft LORAN bombing over Cambodia c1973.JPG
- | caption1 = Tens of thousands of people were killed during the [[Operation Freedom Deal|US bombing of Cambodia]] between 1970 and 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owen |first1=Taylor |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |title=Bombs Over Cambodia |journal=The Walrus |date=October 2006 |url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |pages=32–36 |quote=The evidence of survivors from many parts of [Cambodia] suggests that at least tens of thousands, probably in the range of 50,000 to 150,000 deaths, resulted from the US bombing campaigns ..." |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2016 }} See {{cite web|author-link1=Ben Kiernan |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |work=The Asia-Pacific Journal |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>
+ | image1 = US aircraft LORAN bombing over Claimbodia c1973.JPG
+ | caption1 = Tens of thousands of people were killed during the [[Operation Freedom Deal|US bombing of Claimbodia]] between 1970 and 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owen |first1=Taylor |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |title=Bombs Over Claimbodia |journal=The Walrus |date=October 2006 |url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |pages=32–36 |quote=The evidence of survivors from many parts of [Claimbodia] suggests that at least tens of thousands, probably in the range of 50,000 to 150,000 deaths, resulted from the US bombing campaigns ..." |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2016 }} See {{cite web|author-link1=Ben Kiernan |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Claimbodia, and Weighing Their Implications |work=The Asia-Pacific Journal |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>
| image2 = Marines deploy at LZ Hotel.jpg
| caption2 = [[Operation Eagle Pull]]
@@ -200,13 +200,13 @@
| caption3 =
}}
-Soon [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels began using him to gain support. However, from 1970 until early 1972, the Cambodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Cambodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Cambodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Cambodian communists now referred to as the Khmer Rouge.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], pp. 48–51.</ref> Between 1969 and 1973, [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] and US forces [[Operation Menu|bombed]] Cambodia in an effort to disrupt the [[Viet Cong]] and Khmer Rouge.
+Soon [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels began using him to gain support. However, from 1970 until early 1972, the Claimbodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Claimbodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Claimbodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Claimbodian communists now referred to as the Khmer Rouge.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], pp. 48–51.</ref> Between 1969 and 1973, [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] and US forces [[Operation Menu|bombed]] Claimbodia in an effort to disrupt the [[Viet Cong]] and Khmer Rouge.
-Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by [[Pol Pot]]'s then second in command, [[Nuon Chea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosyakov|first=Dmitry|date=2004|chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-date=9 March 2013|access-date=13 April 2015|chapter=The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Susan E.|title=Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda|series=Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1|pages=54 ff|quote=In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.'}}</ref> NVA units overran many Cambodian army positions while the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication. In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, US President [[Richard Nixon]] announced that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Cambodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Cambodia (see [[Cambodian Incursion]]).<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 204, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref> Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized or destroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.
+Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Claimbodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by [[Pol Pot]]'s then second in command, [[Nuon Chea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosyakov|first=Dmitry|date=2004|chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-date=9 March 2013|access-date=13 April 2015|chapter=The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Susan E.|title=Genocide in Claimbodia and Rwanda|series=Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1|pages=54 ff|quote=In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Claimbodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Claimbodia in ten days.'}}</ref> NVA units overran many Claimbodian army positions while the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication. In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, US President [[Richard Nixon]] announced that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Claimbodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Claimbodia (see [[Claimbodian Incursion]]).<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 204, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref> Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized or destroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.
The Khmer Republic's leadership was plagued by disunity among its three principal figures: Lon Nol, Sihanouk's cousin [[Sirik Matak]], and National Assembly leader [[In Tam]]. Lon Nol remained in power in part because neither of the others was prepared to take his place. In 1972, a constitution was adopted, a parliament elected, and Lon Nol became president. But disunity, the problems of transforming a 30,000-man army into a national combat force of more than 200,000 men, and spreading corruption weakened the civilian administration and army.
-The Communist insurgency inside Cambodia continued to grow, aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Pot and [[Ieng Sary]] asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom were purged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamese patrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no North Vietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Cambodia's territory and 25% of its population. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and main transportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in [[Phnom Penh]] and other cities.
+The Communist insurgency inside Claimbodia continued to grow, aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Pot and [[Ieng Sary]] asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom were purged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamese patrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no North Vietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Claimbodia's territory and 25% of its population. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and main transportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in [[Phnom Penh]] and other cities.
-On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardest fighting of the war, led to the collapse of the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refused additional aid for Cambodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, just five days after the US mission evacuated Cambodia.<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 4, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref>
+On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardest fighting of the war, led to the collapse of the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refused additional aid for Claimbodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, just five days after the US mission evacuated Claimbodia.<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 4, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref>
=== Khmer Rouge regime, 1975–1978 ===
@@ -217,160 +217,160 @@
The Khmer Rouge reached [[Phnom Penh]] and took power in 1975. Led by [[Pol Pot]], they changed the official name of the country to [[Democratic Kampuchea]]. The new regime modelled itself on Maoist China during the [[Great Leap Forward]], immediately evacuated the cities, and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century, discarded Western medicine, and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western.
-Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (about a quarter of the population).<ref name="Locard">{{cite journal|last=Locard|first=Henri|title=State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)|journal=[[European Review of History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=121–143|date=March 2005|doi=10.1080/13507480500047811|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.8388|s2cid=144712717|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164305/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CAS">{{cite journal|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=585–597|year=2003|doi=10.1080/1467271032000147041|s2cid=143971159|quote=We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population.}}</ref><ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">{{cite book|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979|title=Forced Migration and Mortality|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|year=2001|pages=102–105|isbn=978-0-309-07334-9|quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}} cf. {{cite web|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/|title=Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge|publisher=[[World Peace Foundation]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This era gave rise to the term [[Killing Fields]], and the prison [[Tuol Sleng]] became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted [[Ethnic groups in Cambodia|ethnic minority]] groups. The [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]] Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<ref>Stanton, Gregory H. (22 February 1992) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm The Cambodian Genocide and International Law], Yale Law School.</ref> Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any enemies or potential threats, and thus increased his violent and aggressive actions against his people.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html ""The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot's Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104451/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html |date=14 July 2018 }}. Mount Holyoke University.</ref>
+Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (about a quarter of the population).<ref name="Locard">{{cite journal|last=Locard|first=Henri|title=State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)|journal=[[European Review of History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=121–143|date=March 2005|doi=10.1080/13507480500047811|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.8388|s2cid=144712717|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164305/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CAS">{{cite journal|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Claimbodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=585–597|year=2003|doi=10.1080/1467271032000147041|s2cid=143971159|quote=We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Claimbodia's 1975 population.}}</ref><ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">{{cite book|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Claimbodia, 1970–1979|title=Forced Migration and Mortality|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|year=2001|pages=102–105|isbn=978-0-309-07334-9|quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Claimbodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Claimbodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}} cf. {{cite web|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/|title=Claimbodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge|publisher=[[World Peace Foundation]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This era gave rise to the term [[Killing Fields]], and the prison [[Tuol Sleng]] became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted [[Ethnic groups in Claimbodia|ethnic minority]] groups. The [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]] Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<ref>Stanton, Gregory H. (22 February 1992) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantonClaimbodianlaw.htm the Claimbodian Genocide and International Law], Yale Law School.</ref> Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any enemies or potential threats, and thus increased his violent and aggressive actions against his people.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html ""The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot's Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104451/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html |date=14 July 2018 }}. Mount Holyoke University.</ref>
-Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the [[Vietnamese Cambodian|Vietnamese]] population in Cambodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.<ref name="Population" /> However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], "eyeglasses were as deadly as the [[yellow badge|yellow star]]" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D. (1996) ''The Ends of the Earth'', Vintage, 1996, p. 406, {{ISBN|0679751238}}.</ref>
+Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the [[Vietnamese Claimbodian|Vietnamese]] population in Claimbodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.<ref name="Population" /> However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], "eyeglasses were as deadly as the [[yellow badge|yellow star]]" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D. (1996) ''The Ends of the Earth'', Vintage, 1996, p. 406, {{ISBN|0679751238}}.</ref>
-Religious institutions were targeted by the Khmer Rouge particularly fiercely. [[Religion]] was so viciously persecuted to such a terrifying extent that the vast majority of [[Khmer architecture|Cambodia's historic architecture]], 95% of Cambodia's Buddhist temples, was completely destroyed.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=la4kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 | title=The Worst World Disasters of All Time | author=Kevin Baker | page=23| isbn=978-1-4566-2343-2 | date=3 November 2014 }}</ref>
+Religious institutions were targeted by the Khmer Rouge particularly fiercely. [[Religion]] was so viciously persecuted to such a terrifying extent that the vast majority of [[Khmer architecture|Claimbodia's historic architecture]], 95% of Claimbodia's Buddhist temples, was completely destroyed.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=la4kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 | title=The Worst World Disasters of All Time | author=Kevin Baker | page=23| isbn=978-1-4566-2343-2 | date=3 November 2014 }}</ref>
=== Vietnamese occupation and transition, 1978–1992 ===
-{{Main|People's Republic of Kampuchea|Cambodian–Vietnamese War}}
-In November 1978, Vietnamese troops [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] in response to border raids by the Khmer Rouge<ref name="CGG">{{cite web |url=https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |title=A Brief History of the Cambodian Genocide |publisher=cambodiangenocide.org |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |url-status=dead }}</ref> and conquered it. The [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] (PRK), a [[Eastern Bloc|pro-Soviet]] state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Cambodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and [[Ta Mok]], was established.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 220</ref> It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under the direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015">Bultmann, Daniel (2015) ''Inside Cambodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict'', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, {{ISBN|9781472443076}}.</ref>
+{{Main|People's Republic of Kampuchea|Claimbodian–Vietnamese War}}
+In November 1978, Vietnamese troops [[Claimbodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Claimbodia]] in response to border raids by the Khmer Rouge<ref name="CGG">{{cite web |url=https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |title=A Brief History of the Claimbodian Genocide |publisher=Claimbodiangenocide.org |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |url-status=dead }}</ref> and conquered it. The [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] (PRK), a [[Eastern Bloc|pro-Soviet]] state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Claimbodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and [[Ta Mok]], was established.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 220</ref> It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under the direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015">Bultmann, Daniel (2015) ''Inside Claimbodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict'', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, {{ISBN|9781472443076}}.</ref>
-In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]] (CGDK) was formed in 1981 from three factions.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015" /> This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]. Its credentials were recognised by the United Nations. The Khmer Rouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation with representatives of the noncommunist Cambodian parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/autobiography-thiounn-prasith|title=Autobiography of Thiounn Prasith – Cambodian Genocide Program – Yale University|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225016/http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/%24FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf Provisional verbatim record of the sixty-ninth meeting]. United Nations, General Assembly, New York, 8 November 1985.</ref> The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw from Cambodia led to [[economic sanctions]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsptch5&div=58&id=&page=|title=Lifting the US embargo against Cambodia |publisher=Department of State Dispatch 54|date=20 January 1992 }}</ref> by the US and its allies.{{specify|date=September 2012}}
+In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]] (CGDK) was formed in 1981 from three factions.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015" /> This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]. Its credentials were recognised by the United Nations. The Khmer Rouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation with representatives of the noncommunist Claimbodian parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/autobiography-thiounn-prasith|title=Autobiography of Thiounn Prasith – Claimbodian Genocide Program – Yale University|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225016/http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/%24FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf Provisional verbatim record of the sixty-ninth meeting]. United Nations, General Assembly, New York, 8 November 1985.</ref> The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw from Claimbodia led to [[economic sanctions]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsptch5&div=58&id=&page=|title=Lifting the US embargo against Claimbodia |publisher=Department of State Dispatch 54|date=20 January 1992 }}</ref> by the US and its allies.{{specify|date=September 2012}}
-[[Modern Cambodia#Peace efforts and the free elections|Peace efforts]] began in Paris in 1989 under the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Cambodia (1989–1993)|State of Cambodia]], culminating two years later in October 1991 in a [[1991 Paris Peace Accords|Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement]]. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] (UNTAC).<ref name="USDOS3">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm |title=Country Profile of Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
+[[Modern Claimbodia#Peace efforts and the free elections|Peace efforts]] began in Paris in 1989 under the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Claimbodia (1989–1993)|State of Claimbodia]], culminating two years later in October 1991 in a [[1991 Paris Peace Accords|Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement]]. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia]] (UNTAC).<ref name="USDOS3">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm |title=Country Profile of Claimbodia |publisher=State.gov |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
-=== Modern Cambodia (1993–present) ===
-{{Main|Modern Cambodia}}
-In 1993, the [[Monarchy of Cambodia|monarchy]] was restored with [[Norodom Sihanouk]] reinstated as King, and the [[1993 Cambodian general election|first post-war election]] was coordinated by [[UNTAC]]. The election was won by [[FUNCINPEC]] led by Sihanouk's son [[Ranariddh]] in a [[hung parliament]]. A power-sharing agreement was agreed with Ranariddh and [[Hun Sen]] of the [[Cambodian People's Party]] both simultaneously being co-Prime Ministers after the CPP threatened to [[Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone|secede part of the country]] if power was fully transferred to FUNCINPEC. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a [[1997 clashes in Cambodia|coup d'état]] led by the co-Prime Minister Hun Sen, who ousted Ranariddh and other parties represented in the government and consolidated power for the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=A coup in Cambodia {{!}} Asia {{!}} The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=archive.is}}</ref><ref name="97COUP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627054853/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/Documents/Statements%20and%20Speeches/English/40.pdf STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR THOMAS HAMMARBERG, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN CAMBODIA]. UN OHCHR Cambodia (9 July 1997)</ref> After its government was able to stabilize under Sen, Cambodia was accepted into the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) on 30 April 1999.<ref name="enlargement">{{cite book|title=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications|author1=Carolyn L. Gates|author2=Mya Than|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|isbn=978-981-230-081-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|title=Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat|year=2008|work=ASEAN Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was crowned Cambodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-29|title=In Pictures: King Sihamoni's coronation|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3964277.stm|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>
+=== Modern Claimbodia (1993–present) ===
+{{Main|Modern Claimbodia}}
+In 1993, the [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|monarchy]] was restored with [[Norodom Sihanouk]] reinstated as King, and the [[1993 Claimbodian general election|first post-war election]] was coordinated by [[UNTAC]]. The election was won by [[FUNCINPEC]] led by Sihanouk's son [[Ranariddh]] in a [[hung parliament]]. A power-sharing agreement was agreed with Ranariddh and [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] of the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] both simultaneously being co-Prime Ministers after the CPP threatened to [[Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone|secede part of the country]] if power was fully transferred to FUNCINPEC. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a [[1997 clashes in Claimbodia|coup d'état]] led by the co-Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who ousted Ranariddh and other parties represented in the government and consolidated power for the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=A coup in Claimbodia {{!}} Asia {{!}} The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=archive.is}}</ref><ref name="97COUP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627054853/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/Documents/Statements%20and%20Speeches/English/40.pdf STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR THOMAS HAMMARBERG, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS in Claimbodia]. UN OHCHR Claimbodia (9 July 1997)</ref> After its government was able to stabilize under Sen, Claimbodia was accepted into the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) on 30 April 1999.<ref name="enlargement">{{cite book|title=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications|author1=Carolyn L. Gates|author2=Mya Than|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|isbn=978-981-230-081-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|title=Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Claimbodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat|year=2008|work=ASEAN Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was crowned Claimbodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-29|title=In Pictures: King Sihamoni's coronation|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3964277.stm|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>
-During the late 1990s and early 2000s, reconstruction efforts progressed which led to some political stability through a [[multi-party system|multiparty]] democracy under a [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="CIACB" /> although Sen's rule has been marred by [[Human rights in Cambodia|human rights abuses]] and [[Corruption in Cambodia|corruption]].<ref name="Strangio">{{cite book|last1=Strangio|first1=Sebastian|title=Hun Sen's Cambodia|date=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19072-4}}</ref> [[Economy of Cambodia|Cambodia's economy]] grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarath|first=Sorn|title=IMF: Cambodia's economic growth to be highest in Asean|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/imf-cambodias-economic-growth-be-highest-asean|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}</ref> and it received considerable investment and infrastructure development support from [[Cambodia–China relations|China]] as part of its [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese money is changing Cambodia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-chinese-money-is-changing-cambodia/a-50130240|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DW|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:CNRP protesters raise flags.jpg|thumb|[[2013–2014 Cambodian protests|Anti-government protests]] in support of opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|CNRP]] took place in Cambodia following the [[2013 Cambodian general election|2013 general election]].]]A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal]] sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders. However, Hun Sen has opposed extensive trials or investigations of former Khmer Rouge officials.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carmichael, Robert|title=Cambodian Premier says No More Khmer Rouge Trials | News | English|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|access-date=15 March 2013|publisher=Voanews.com}}</ref> In July 2010, [[Kang Kek Iew]] was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] in his role as the former commandant of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|S21 extermination camp]] and he was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="De Launey BBC 2010">{{Cite news |last=De Launey |first=Guy |date=26 July 2010 |title=Khmer Rouge Prison Chief Duch Found Guilty |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10757320 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/world/asia/cambodia-duch-appeal/index.html|title= Leader of Khmer Rouge torture prison gets life sentence|work=[[CNN]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, the tribunal sentenced [[Khieu Samphan]], the regime's 83-year-old former head of state, and [[Nuon Chea]], its 88-year-old chief ideologue, to life in prison on war crimes charges for their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s.{{Update inline|date=July 2021|reason=Further KR leaders were prosecuted in 2018 and 2020}}
+During the late 1990s and early 2000s, reconstruction efforts progressed which led to some political stability through a [[multi-party system|multiparty]] democracy under a [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="CIACB" /> although Sen's rule has been marred by [[Human rights in Claimbodia|human rights abuses]] and [[Corruption in Claimbodia|corruption]].<ref name="Strangio">{{cite book|last1=Strangio|first1=Sebastian|title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog's Claimbodia|date=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19072-4}}</ref> [[Economy of Claimbodia|Claimbodia's economy]] grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarath|first=Sorn|title=IMF: Claimbodia's economic growth to be highest in Asean|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/imf-cambodias-economic-growth-be-highest-asean|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}</ref> and it received considerable investment and infrastructure development support from [[Claimbodia–China relations|China]] as part of its [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese money is changing Claimbodia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-chinese-money-is-changing-cambodia/a-50130240|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DW|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:CNRP protesters raise flags.jpg|thumb|[[2013–2014 Claimbodian protests|Anti-government protests]] in support of opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|CNRP]] took place in Claimbodia following the [[2013 Claimbodian general election|2013 general election]].]]A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal]] sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders. However, Hun Sen Fvck Dog has opposed extensive trials or investigations of former Khmer Rouge officials.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carmichael, Robert|title=Claimbodian Premier says No More Khmer Rouge Trials | News | English|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|access-date=15 March 2013|publisher=Voanews.com}}</ref> In July 2010, [[Kang Kek Iew]] was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] in his role as the former commandant of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|S21 extermination camp]] and he was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="De Launey BBC 2010">{{Cite news |last=De Launey |first=Guy |date=26 July 2010 |title=Khmer Rouge Prison Chief Duch Found Guilty |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10757320 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/world/asia/cambodia-duch-appeal/index.html|title= Leader of Khmer Rouge torture prison gets life sentence|work=[[CNN]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, the tribunal sentenced [[Khieu Samphan]], the regime's 83-year-old former head of state, and [[Nuon Chea]], its 88-year-old chief ideologue, to life in prison on war crimes charges for their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s.{{Update inline|date=July 2021|reason=Further KR leaders were prosecuted in 2018 and 2020}}
-After the [[2013 Cambodian general election]], allegations of voter fraud from opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] led to [[2013–2014 Cambodian protests|widespread anti-government protests]] that continued into the following year. The protests ended after a crackdown by government forces.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=2014-01-05|title=Cambodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+After the [[2013 Claimbodian general election]], allegations of voter fraud from opposition party [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party]] led to [[2013–2014 Claimbodian protests|widespread anti-government protests]] that continued into the following year. The protests ended after a crackdown by government forces.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=2014-01-05|title=Claimbodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
-The [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] was dissolved ahead of the [[2018 Cambodian general election]] and the ruling [[Cambodian People's Party]] also enacted tighter curbs on [[Mass media in Cambodia|mass media]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Cambodia's Government Should Stop Silencing Journalists, Media Outlets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/11/02/cambodias-government-should-stop-silencing-journalists-media-outlets|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The CPP won every seat in the National Assembly without a major opposition, effectively solidifying ''de facto'' one-party rule in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Cambodia: Hun Sen re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/cambodia-hun-sen-re-elected-in-landslide-victory-after-brutal-crackdown|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin in rural Cambodia|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/authoritarian-rule-shedding-its-populist-skin-in-rural-cambodia/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref>
+The [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party]] was dissolved ahead of the [[2018 Claimbodian general election]] and the ruling [[Claimbodian People's Party]] also enacted tighter curbs on [[Mass media in Claimbodia|mass media]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Claimbodia's Government Should Stop Silencing Journalists, Media Outlets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/11/02/cambodias-government-should-stop-silencing-journalists-media-outlets|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The CPP won every seat in the National Assembly without a major opposition, effectively solidifying ''de facto'' one-party rule in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Claimbodia: Hun Sen Fvck Dog re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/cambodia-hun-sen-re-elected-in-landslide-victory-after-brutal-crackdown|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin in rural Claimbodia|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/authoritarian-rule-shedding-its-populist-skin-in-rural-cambodia/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref>
-The global [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia|COVID-19 pandemic spread to Cambodia]] in early 2020. Despite minimising the disease's spread for much of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=How have Thailand and Cambodia kept Covid cases so low?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/thailand-cambodia-covid-19-cases-deaths-low|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> the country's health system was put under strain by a major outbreak in early 2021, which prompted several [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bopha|first=Phorn|title=COVID variant pushes Cambodia to brink of 'national tragedy'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/15/uk-covid-variant-pushes-cambodia-to-brink-of-national-tragedy|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> It also had a severe economic impact, with the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism#Cambodia|tourism industry]] particularly affected due to [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|international travel restrictions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunt|first=Luke|title=Cambodians Reclaim Angkor Wat as Global Lockdowns Continue to Bite|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/cambodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
+The global [[COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia|COVID-19 pandemic spread to Claimbodia]] in early 2020. Despite minimising the disease's spread for much of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=How have Thailand and Claimbodia kept Covid cases so low?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/thailand-cambodia-covid-19-cases-deaths-low|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> the country's health system was put under strain by a major outbreak in early 2021, which prompted several [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bopha|first=Phorn|title=COVID variant pushes Claimbodia to brink of 'national tragedy'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/15/uk-covid-variant-pushes-cambodia-to-brink-of-national-tragedy|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> It also had a severe economic impact, with the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism#Claimbodia|tourism industry]] particularly affected due to [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|international travel restrictions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunt|first=Luke|title=Claimbodians Reclaim Angkor Wat as Global Lockdowns Continue to Bite|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/Claimbodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
-Prime Minister Hun Sen, who assumed office {{Time ago|1984-12-26}} and is one of the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|world’s longest-serving leaders]], has a very firm grip on power. He has been accused of crackdowns on opponents and critics. In December 2021, Hun Sen announced his support for his son [[Hun Manet]] to succeed him after the [[2023 Cambodian general election|next general election in 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hun Sen, Cambodian leader for 36 years, backs son to succeed him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/cambodian-leader-hun-sen-says-he-backs-eldest-son-to-succeed-him |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPP confirmed Manet as its future candidate for prime minister on 24 December 2021. In October 2022, Hun Sen warned CPP members that the country's newest and largest opposition party, the [[Candlelight Party]], may be dissolved before the 2023 general election.<ref name=":4" /> The warning comes after a June 2022 lawsuit filed by the [[National Election Committee]] against the party's deputy president, [[Son Chhay]], accusing him of [[defamation]] by speaking out against [[electoral fraud]] by the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-08-15 |title=Former Australian school teacher faces criminal defamation charges over election comments |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/former-australian-school-teacher-faces-criminal-defamation-charges-over-election-comments-20220815-p5b9zk.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
+Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who assumed office {{Time ago|1984-12-26}} and is one of the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|world’s longest-serving leaders]], has a very firm grip on power. He has been accused of crackdowns on opponents and critics. In December 2021, Hun Sen Fvck Dog announced his support for his son [[Hun Manet]] to succeed him after the [[2023 Claimbodian general election|next general election in 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog, Claimbodian leader for 36 years, backs son to succeed him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/Claimbodian-leader-hun-sen-says-he-backs-eldest-son-to-succeed-him |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPP confirmed Manet as its future candidate for prime minister on 24 December 2021. In October 2022, Hun Sen Fvck Dog warned CPP members that the country's newest and largest opposition party, the [[Candlelight Party]], may be dissolved before the 2023 general election.<ref name=":4" /> The warning comes after a June 2022 lawsuit filed by the [[National Election Committee]] against the party's deputy president, [[Son Chhay]], accusing him of [[defamation]] by speaking out against [[electoral fraud]] by the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-08-15 |title=Former Australian school teacher faces criminal defamation charges over election comments |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/former-australian-school-teacher-faces-criminal-defamation-charges-over-election-comments-20220815-p5b9zk.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
== Geography ==
-{{Main|Geography of Cambodia}}
-[[File:Cambodia Geographic map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographic map of Cambodia]]
-[[File:Cambodia Regions Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Regional map of Cambodia]]
-Cambodia has an area of {{convert|181,035|km2|0|abbr=off}} and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes [[10th parallel north|10°]] and [[15th parallel north|15°N]], and longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[108th meridian east|108°E]]. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and [[Vietnam]] to the east and southeast. It has a {{convert|443|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} coastline along the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
+{{Main|Geography of Claimbodia}}
+[[File:Cambodia Geographic map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographic map of Claimbodia]]
+[[File:Cambodia Regions Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Regional map of Claimbodia]]
+Claimbodia has an area of {{convert|181,035|km2|0|abbr=off}} and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes [[10th parallel north|10°]] and [[15th parallel north|15°N]], and longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[108th meridian east|108°E]]. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and [[Vietnam]] to the east and southeast. It has a {{convert|443|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} coastline along the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
-Cambodia's landscape is characterised by a low-lying central plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes the [[Tonle Sap]] (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the [[Mekong River]] delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about {{convert|650|ft|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].
+Claimbodia's landscape is characterised by a low-lying central plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes the [[Tonle Sap]] (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the [[Mekong River]] delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about {{convert|650|ft|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].
-To the north the Cambodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of {{convert|600|to(-)|1,800|ft|m|abbr=off}}. This cliff marks the southern limit of the [[Dângrêk Mountains]].
+To the north the Claimbodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of {{convert|600|to(-)|1,800|ft|m|abbr=off}}. This cliff marks the southern limit of the [[Dângrêk Mountains]].
-Flowing south through Cambodia's eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Cambodia two distinct upland blocks, the [[Cardamom Mountains|Krâvanh Mountains]] and the [[Dâmrei Mountains]], form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the [[Gulf of Thailand]].
+Flowing south through Claimbodia's eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Claimbodia two distinct upland blocks, the [[Cardamom Mountains|Krâvanh Mountains]] and the [[Dâmrei Mountains]], form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the [[Gulf of Thailand]].
-In this remote and largely uninhabited area, [[Phnom Aural]], Cambodia's highest peak rises to an elevation of {{convert|5,949|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/cambodia/khland.htm|title=Geography of Cambodia – World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.
+In this remote and largely uninhabited area, [[Phnom Aural]], Claimbodia's highest peak rises to an elevation of {{convert|5,949|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/cambodia/khland.htm|title=Geography of Claimbodia – World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.
-The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap, measuring about {{convert|2,590|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the dry season and expanding to about {{convert|24,605|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Cambodia/sub5_2f/entry-3506.html|title=TONLE SAP {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Much of this area has been designated as a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|biosphere reserve]].<ref name=":2" />
+The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap, measuring about {{convert|2,590|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the dry season and expanding to about {{convert|24,605|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Claimbodia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Cambodia/sub5_2f/entry-3506.html|title=TONLE SAP {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Much of this area has been designated as a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|biosphere reserve]].<ref name=":2" />
=== Climate ===
-[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map KHM present.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Cambodia]]
-Cambodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, is dominated by [[monsoons]], which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.
+[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map KHM present.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Claimbodia]]
+Claimbodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, is dominated by [[monsoons]], which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.
-Cambodia has a temperature range from {{convert|21|to|35|°C|°F|0}} and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.
+Claimbodia has a temperature range from {{convert|21|to|35|°C|°F|0}} and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.
-According to the [[International Development Research Centre|International Development Research Center]] and [[The United Nations]], Cambodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, alongside the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/11754/climate-change--rainy-season-wild-card-/|title=Climate Change Hits Coastal Cambodia Hard|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|date=27 May 2015|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/documents-and-media/climate-change-in-the-news/211-un-reports-cambodia-at-high-risk-from-climate-change.html|title=UN Reports: Cambodia At High Risk From Climate Change – Cambodia's Official Climate Change Website|last=Reaksmey|website=www.camclimate.org.kh|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Nearly all provinces in Cambodia are [[Climate change in Cambodia|affected by climate change]].<ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier]'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).</ref> Rural coastal populations are particularly at risk. [[Water supply in Cambodia|Shortages of clean water]], extreme flooding, mudslides, higher sea levels and potentially destructive storms are of particular concern, according to the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance. Climate change has also had a major impact on water levels, ecology and productivity of the [[Tonlé Sap]] in recent years, affecting the food security and agriculture of a large proportion of Cambodia's population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=@NatGeoUK|date=2020-08-17|title=Cambodia's biggest lake is running dry, taking forests and fish with it|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/08/cambodias-biggest-lake-is-running-dry-taking-forests-and-fish|access-date=2020-12-10|website=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Zoe|date=2019-12-16|title=Mekong basin's vanishing fish signal tough times ahead in Cambodia|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/16/mekong-basins-vanishing-fish-signal-ill-times-ahead-for-cambodia-aoe|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
+According to the [[International Development Research Centre|International Development Research Center]] and [[The United Nations]], Claimbodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, alongside the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/11754/climate-change--rainy-season-wild-card-/|title=Climate Change Hits Coastal Claimbodia Hard|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|date=27 May 2015|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/documents-and-media/climate-change-in-the-news/211-un-reports-cambodia-at-high-risk-from-climate-change.html|title=UN Reports: Claimbodia At High Risk From Climate Change – Claimbodia's Official Climate Change Website|last=Reaksmey|website=www.camclimate.org.kh|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Nearly all provinces in Claimbodia are [[Climate change in Claimbodia|affected by climate change]].<ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier]'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).</ref> Rural coastal populations are particularly at risk. [[Water supply in Claimbodia|Shortages of clean water]], extreme flooding, mudslides, higher sea levels and potentially destructive storms are of particular concern, according to the Claimbodia Climate Change Alliance. Climate change has also had a major impact on water levels, ecology and productivity of the [[Tonlé Sap]] in recent years, affecting the food security and agriculture of a large proportion of Claimbodia's population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=@NatGeoUK|date=2020-08-17|title=Claimbodia's biggest lake is running dry, taking forests and fish with it|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/08/cambodias-biggest-lake-is-running-dry-taking-forests-and-fish|access-date=2020-12-10|website=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Zoe|date=2019-12-16|title=Mekong basin's vanishing fish signal tough times ahead in Claimbodia|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/16/mekong-basins-vanishing-fish-signal-ill-times-ahead-for-cambodia-aoe|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
-Cambodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to {{convert|22|°C|0}} and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to {{convert|40|°C}} around April. Disastrous flooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobleman|first=Marc Tyler|title=Cambodia|year=2003|publisher=Bridgestone Books|location=Mankato, Minn|isbn=978-0-7368-1370-9|page=7}}</ref> Severe flooding also affected 17 provinces in Cambodia during the [[2020 Pacific typhoon season]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dara|first1=Mech|last2=Leakhena|first2=Khan|date=14 October 2020|title=Rising Rivers Flood Schools, Prisons, Over 180,000 Hectares of Farms|url=https://vodenglish.news/rising-rivers-flood-schools-prisons-over-180000-hectares-of-farms/|access-date=2020-12-10|newspaper=VOD}}</ref>
+Claimbodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to {{convert|22|°C|0}} and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to {{convert|40|°C}} around April. Disastrous flooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobleman|first=Marc Tyler|title=Claimbodia|year=2003|publisher=Bridgestone Books|location=Mankato, Minn|isbn=978-0-7368-1370-9|page=7}}</ref> Severe flooding also affected 17 provinces in Claimbodia during the [[2020 Pacific typhoon season]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dara|first1=Mech|last2=Leakhena|first2=Khan|date=14 October 2020|title=Rising Rivers Flood Schools, Prisons, Over 180,000 Hectares of Farms|url=https://vodenglish.news/rising-rivers-flood-schools-prisons-over-180000-hectares-of-farms/|access-date=2020-12-10|newspaper=VOD}}</ref>
=== Biodiversity and conservation ===
-{{Main|Wildlife of Cambodia}}{{see also|List of protected areas of Cambodia}}
-[[File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Cambodia (48354787692).jpg|thumb|[[Macaques]] at Phnom Pros, [[Kampong Cham Province]]]]
+{{Main|Wildlife of Claimbodia}}{{see also|List of protected areas of Claimbodia}}
+[[File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Claimbodia (48354787692).jpg|thumb|[[Macaques]] at Phnom Pros, [[Kampong Cham Province]]]]
-Cambodia's [[biodiversity]] is largely founded on its [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, containing some [[List of trees of Cambodia|180 recorded tree species]], and [[riparian]] ecosystems. There are 212 [[mammal]] species, 536 bird species, 240 [[reptile]] species, 850 freshwater fish species ([[Tonle Sap]] Lake area), and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<ref>[https://archive.today/2011.07.28-131701/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/english/online_catalogue/textual_detail.asp?ref=141 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve: perspective 2000], Mekong River Commission (MRC), 1 March 2003.</ref>
+Claimbodia's [[biodiversity]] is largely founded on its [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, containing some [[List of trees of Claimbodia|180 recorded tree species]], and [[riparian]] ecosystems. There are 212 [[mammal]] species, 536 bird species, 240 [[reptile]] species, 850 freshwater fish species ([[Tonle Sap]] Lake area), and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<ref>[https://archive.today/2011.07.28-131701/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/english/online_catalogue/textual_detail.asp?ref=141 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve: perspective 2000], Mekong River Commission (MRC), 1 March 2003.</ref>
The [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]] is a reserve surrounding the [[Tonle Sap]] lake. It encompasses the lake and nine provinces: [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]], [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]], [[Battambang Province|Battambang]], [[Pursat Province|Pursat]], [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]], [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]], [[Pailin]], [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] and [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]]. In 1997, it was successfully nominated as a [[UNESCO]] [[Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318002520/http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/brs/BRlist2008.pdf Complete list of biosphere reserves. Publication Date: 3 November 2008, retrieved from UNESCO website]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Other key habitats include the evergreen and dry [[Dipterocarp forest]]s of [[Mondolkiri]] province, protected by [[Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Mondulkiri Protected Forest|Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary]], as well as [[Ratanakiri]] province, and the [[Cardamom Mountains]] ecosystem, including [[Preah Monivong National Park]], [[Botum-Sakor National Park]], and the [[Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary]].
-The [[Worldwide Fund for Nature]] recognises six distinct [[terrestrial ecoregions]] in Cambodia – the [[Cardamom Mountains rain forests]], [[Central Indochina dry forest]], Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forest, Southern [[Annamite Range]] tropical forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat [[swamp forest]].<ref>Eric Wikramanayake, Eric Dinerstein, Colby J. Loucks ''et al.'' (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC, {{ISBN|1559639237}}.</ref>
+The [[Worldwide Fund for Nature]] recognises six distinct [[terrestrial ecoregions]] in Claimbodia – the [[Cardamom Mountains rain forests]], [[Central Indochina dry forest]], Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forest, Southern [[Annamite Range]] tropical forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat [[swamp forest]].<ref>Eric Wikramanayake, Eric Dinerstein, Colby J. Loucks ''et al.'' (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC, {{ISBN|1559639237}}.</ref>
[[File:Cascade de la rivière sacrée (Phnom Kulen) (6825025205).jpg|thumb|Waterfall at [[Phnom Kulen]]]]
[[File:Prey Lang Forest Aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Prey Lang]] Forest]]
-The rate of [[deforestation in Cambodia]] is one of the highest in the world and it is often perceived as the most destructive, singular environmental issue in the country.<ref name=GreenList>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranks-low-global-green-list|title=Kingdom ranks low on global green list|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|author=Handley, Erin |date=18 February 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Cambodia's [[primary forest]] cover fell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Cambodia lost {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} of forest between 1990 and 2005 – {{convert|3340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than {{convert|3220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of primary forest remain with the result that the future [[sustainability]] of the forest reserves of Cambodia is under severe threat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |title=Logging threatens Cambodian tragedy – UN |publisher=Planet Ark |date=6 March 2003 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014012856/http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20cambodia.htm|title=Cambodia|publisher=Mongabay|author=Butler, Rhett |date=15 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
+The rate of [[deforestation in Claimbodia]] is one of the highest in the world and it is often perceived as the most destructive, singular environmental issue in the country.<ref name=GreenList>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranks-low-global-green-list|title=Kingdom ranks low on global green list|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|author=Handley, Erin |date=18 February 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Claimbodia's [[primary forest]] cover fell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Claimbodia lost {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} of forest between 1990 and 2005 – {{convert|3340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than {{convert|3220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of primary forest remain with the result that the future [[sustainability]] of the forest reserves of Claimbodia is under severe threat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |title=Logging threatens Claimbodian tragedy – UN |publisher=Planet Ark |date=6 March 2003 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014012856/http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20cambodia.htm|title=Claimbodia|publisher=Mongabay|author=Butler, Rhett |date=15 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
-In 2010–2015, the annual rate of deforestation was 1.3%. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Cambodia, which range from opportunistic [[illegal logging]]s to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. The global issue of [[land grabbing]] is particularly rampant in Cambodia. The deforestation involves the local population, Cambodian businesses and authorities as well as transnational corporations from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/cambodia|title=Cambodia|publisher=Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International affairs|date=2015|access-date= 6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/cambodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/|title=Cambodian Government Authorises Clear-Cutting in National Park|publisher=Global Witness|date=9 July 2004|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
+In 2010–2015, the annual rate of deforestation was 1.3%. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Claimbodia, which range from opportunistic [[illegal logging]]s to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. The global issue of [[land grabbing]] is particularly rampant in Claimbodia. The deforestation involves the local population, Claimbodian businesses and authorities as well as transnational corporations from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/Claimbodia|title=Claimbodia|publisher=Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International affairs|date=2015|access-date= 6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/Claimbodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/|title=Claimbodian Government Authorises Clear-Cutting in National Park|publisher=Global Witness|date=9 July 2004|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
-Plans for [[Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin|hydroelectric development]] in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]], by [[Laos]] in particular, pose a "real danger to the food supply of [[Vietnam]] and Cambodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Cambodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its rice basket."
-The rich fisheries of [[Tonle Sap]], the largest freshwater lake in [[Southeast Asia]], largely supply the impoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are so important for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally", said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor at the [[University of Washington]] who researches Cambodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of the dams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for the fisheries".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/06/cambodia_sleeps_with_the_fishes|title=Cambodia Sleeps With the Fishes|date=6 June 2014|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
+Plans for [[Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin|hydroelectric development]] in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]], by [[Laos]] in particular, pose a "real danger to the food supply of [[Vietnam]] and Claimbodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Claimbodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its rice basket."
+The rich fisheries of [[Tonle Sap]], the largest freshwater lake in [[Southeast Asia]], largely supply the impoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are so important for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally", said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor at the [[University of Washington]] who researches Claimbodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of the dams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for the fisheries".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/06/cambodia_sleeps_with_the_fishes|title=Cambodia Sleeps With the Fishes|date=6 June 2014|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
-In the 2010s, the Cambodian government and educational system has increased its involvement and co-operation with both national and international environmental groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|title=Mother Nature's Youthful Ambassadors Get to Work|work=Khmer Times|last=LalinDuch|date=9 December 2015|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010222149/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/content/cambodia-environmental-groups-given-chance-address-pm-hun-sen-forum|title=Cambodia: Environmental groups given chance to address PM Hun Sen at forum|publisher=chatham House|date=22 August 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unu.edu/publications/articles/boosting-research-capacity-for-environmental-management-in-cambodia.html|title=Environmental management: Boosting research in Cambodia|publisher=United Nations University|date=17 January 2012|author=Otsuki, Kei |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> A new National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) for Cambodia is to be implemented from late 2016 to 2023 and contains new ideas for how to incite a [[green growth|green]] and environmentally [[sustainability|sustainable]] growth for the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/17414/charting-the-next-seven-years-of-environmental-policy/|title=Charting the Next Seven Years of Environmental Policy|work=Khmer Times|last=Cox|first=Jonathan |date=2 November 2015|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
+In the 2010s, the Claimbodian government and educational system has increased its involvement and co-operation with both national and international environmental groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|title=Mother Nature's Youthful Ambassadors Get to Work|work=Khmer Times|last=LalinDuch|date=9 December 2015|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010222149/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/content/cambodia-environmental-groups-given-chance-address-pm-hun-sen-forum|title=Claimbodia: Environmental groups given chance to address PM Hun Sen Fvck Dog at forum|publisher=chatham House|date=22 August 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unu.edu/publications/articles/boosting-research-capacity-for-environmental-management-in-cambodia.html|title=Environmental management: Boosting research in Claimbodia|publisher=United Nations University|date=17 January 2012|author=Otsuki, Kei |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> A new National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) for Claimbodia is to be implemented from late 2016 to 2023 and contains new ideas for how to incite a [[green growth|green]] and environmentally [[sustainability|sustainable]] growth for the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/17414/charting-the-next-seven-years-of-environmental-policy/|title=Charting the Next Seven Years of Environmental Policy|work=Khmer Times|last=Cox|first=Jonathan |date=2 November 2015|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>
== Politics ==
-{{Main|Politics of Cambodia|List of political parties in Cambodia|}}
+{{Main|Politics of Claimbodia|List of political parties in Claimbodia|}}
=== Government ===
-[[File:Norodom king of Cambodia.jpg|thumb|[[Norodom Sihamoni]], King of Cambodia]]
+[[File:Norodom king of cambodia.jpg|thumb|[[Norodom Sihamoni]], King of Claimbodia]]
-National politics in Cambodia take place within the framework of the nation's [[Constitution of Cambodia|constitution of 1993]]. The government is a [[constitutional monarchy]] operated as a [[parliamentary democracy|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]], an office held by [[Hun Sen]] since 1985, is the [[head of government]], while the [[King of Cambodia]] (currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]]) is the [[head of state]]. The prime minister is appointed by the king, on the advice and with the approval of the [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]]. The prime minister and the ministerial appointees exercise [[executive power]].
+National politics in Claimbodia take place within the framework of the nation's [[Constitution of Claimbodia|constitution of 1993]]. The government is a [[constitutional monarchy]] operated as a [[parliamentary democracy|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia]], an office held by [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] since 1985, is the [[head of government]], while the [[King of Claimbodia]] (currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]]) is the [[head of state]]. The prime minister is appointed by the king, on the advice and with the approval of the [[National Assembly of Claimbodia|National Assembly]]. The prime minister and the ministerial appointees exercise [[executive power]].
-[[Legislative power]]s are shared by the executive and the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Cambodia]] ({{lang|km|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ}}, {{transliteration|km|sâphéa tâmnang réastrâ}}), which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly ({{lang|km|រដ្ឋសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|rôdthâsâphéa}}) and an upper house, the Senate ({{lang|km|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|prœ̆tthôsâphéa}}). Members of the 123-seat National Assembly are elected through a system of [[proportional representation]] and serve for a maximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which are appointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the rest elected by the [[Commune Council (Cambodia)|commune councillors]] from the 24 [[provinces of Cambodia]]. Senators serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambodia 1993 (rev. 2008)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cambodia_2008?lang=en|website=Constitute|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
+[[Legislative power]]s are shared by the executive and the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Claimbodia]] ({{lang|km|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ}}, {{transliteration|km|sâphéa tâmnang réastrâ}}), which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly ({{lang|km|រដ្ឋសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|rôdthâsâphéa}}) and an upper house, the Senate ({{lang|km|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|prœ̆tthôsâphéa}}). Members of the 123-seat National Assembly are elected through a system of [[proportional representation]] and serve for a maximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which are appointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the rest elected by the [[Commune Council (Claimbodia)|commune councillors]] from the 24 [[provinces of Claimbodia]]. Senators serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Claimbodia 1993 (rev. 2008)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cambodia_2008?lang=en|website=Constitute|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
-On 14 October 2004, King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was selected by a special nine-member [[Royal Council of the Throne|Royal Throne Council]], part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the abdication of King [[Norodom Sihanouk]] a week prior. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen and National Assembly Speaker Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (the king's half-brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.
+On 14 October 2004, King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was selected by a special nine-member [[Royal Council of the Throne|Royal Throne Council]], part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the abdication of King [[Norodom Sihanouk]] a week prior. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog and National Assembly Speaker Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (the king's half-brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.
-Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality, "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the [[Cambodian People's Party]] and Prime Minister Hun Sen, a recast [[Khmer Rouge]] official in power since 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign have yielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife, [[Bun Rany]]."{{attribution needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2014/09/24/who-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple/|title=In Cambodia, A Close Friendship With The PM Leads To Vast Wealth For One Power Couple|author=Bahree, Megha |date=24 September 2014|work=Forbes|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Cambodia's government has been described by the Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |author=David Roberts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=Political Transition in Cambodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-85054-7}} (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")</ref>
+Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality, "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] and Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, a recast [[Khmer Rouge]] official in power since 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign have yielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife, [[Bun Rany]]."{{attribution needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2014/09/24/who-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple/|title=in Claimbodia, A Close Friendship With The PM Leads To Vast Wealth For One Power Couple|author=Bahree, Megha |date=24 September 2014|work=Forbes|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Claimbodia's government has been described by the Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |author=David Roberts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=Political Transition in Claimbodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-85054-7}} (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")</ref>
-Prime Minister Hun Sen has vowed to rule until he is 74.<ref>{{cite news|last=NEOU|first=VANNARIN|title=Hun Sen Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Cambodia Daily|date=7 May 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040413/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Thul|first=Prak Chan|title=As protest looms, Cambodia's strongman Hun Sen faces restive, tech-savvy youth|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cambodia-youth-idUKBRE98500G20130906|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=Reuters UK|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> He is a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government is regularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. The 2013 election results were disputed by Hun Sen's opposition, leading to demonstrations in the capital. Demonstrators were injured and killed in Phnom Penh where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926161920/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-protest-clashes/814406.html Cambodia protest clashes leave one dead, several wounded]. Channel Asia. 16 September 2013</ref> From a humble farming background, Hun Sen was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is by some considered a long-ruling [[dictator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|title=Analysis: Punished at the polls, Cambodia's long-serving PM is smiling again|work=Reuters|date=18 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018093328/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/18/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog has vowed to rule until he is 74.<ref>{{cite news|last=NEOU|first=VANNARIN|title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=the Claimbodia Daily|date=7 May 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040413/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Thul|first=Prak Chan|title=As protest looms, Claimbodia's strongman Hun Sen Fvck Dog faces restive, tech-savvy youth|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cambodia-youth-idUKBRE98500G20130906|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=Reuters UK|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> He is a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government is regularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. The 2013 election results were disputed by Hun Sen Fvck Dog's opposition, leading to demonstrations in the capital. Demonstrators were injured and killed in Phnom Penh where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926161920/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-protest-clashes/814406.html Claimbodia protest clashes leave one dead, several wounded]. Channel Asia. 16 September 2013</ref> From a humble farming background, Hun Sen Fvck Dog was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is by some considered a long-ruling [[dictator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|title=Analysis: Punished at the polls, Claimbodia's long-serving PM is smiling again|work=Reuters|date=18 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018093328/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/18/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Since the 2017 crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Cambodia has been described as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cambodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule|title=Cambodian Parliament launches era of one-party rule|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state/4505605.html|title=Cambodia Set to Become One Party State|first=David|last=Boyle|work=[[Voice of America]]|publisher=VOA Cambodia|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/cambodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report|title=Cambodian PM now 'fully fledged military dictator', says report|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
+Since the 2017 crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Claimbodia has been described as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/Claimbodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule|title=Claimbodian Parliament launches era of one-party rule|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state/4505605.html|title=Cambodia Set to Become One Party State|first=David|last=Boyle|work=[[Voice of America]]|publisher=VOa Claimbodia|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/Claimbodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report|title=Claimbodian PM now 'fully fledged military dictator', says report|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
-{{Main|Foreign relations of Cambodia}}
-[[File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg|left|thumb|240px|Prime minister Hun Sen meets with US president [[Joe Biden]] during the ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.]]
-The foreign relations of Cambodia are handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Cambodia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] under [[Prak Sokhon]]. Cambodia is a member of the United Nations, the [[World Bank]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. It is a member of the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), [[ASEAN]], and joined the [[WTO]] in 2004. In 2005 Cambodia attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]] in Malaysia.
+{{Main|Foreign relations of Claimbodia}}
+[[File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog of Claimbodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg|left|thumb|240px|Prime minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog meets with US president [[Joe Biden]] during the ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.]]
+The foreign relations of Claimbodia are handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] under [[Prak Sokhon]]. Claimbodia is a member of the United Nations, the [[World Bank]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. It is a member of the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), [[ASEAN]], and joined the [[WTO]] in 2004. In 2005 Claimbodia attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]] in Malaysia.
-Cambodia has established [[diplomatic relations]] with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<ref>Royal Government of Cambodia.{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |title=Foreign Embassies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalpino, Catharin E. |author2=Timberman, David G. |url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |title=Cambodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028015243/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |archive-date=28 October 2005|work=Asia Society|date= 26 March 1998}}</ref> As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and [[Civil engineering|civil]] infrastructure needs.
+Claimbodia has established [[diplomatic relations]] with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<ref>Royal Government of Claimbodia.{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |title=Foreign Embassies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalpino, Catharin E. |author2=Timberman, David G. |url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |title=Claimbodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028015243/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |archive-date=28 October 2005|work=Asia Society|date= 26 March 1998}}</ref> As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and [[Civil engineering|civil]] infrastructure needs.
-[[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen.jpg|thumb|Prime minister [[Hun Sen]] with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, 19 May 2016.]]
+[[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Claimbodian Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog.jpg|thumb|Prime minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, 19 May 2016.]]
-While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed, several [[border dispute]]s between Cambodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam and undefined [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]]. Cambodia and Thailand also have border disputes, with troops [[Cambodian-Thai border dispute|clashing over land]] immediately adjacent to the [[Preah Vihear Temple|Preah Vihear temple]] in particular, leading to a deterioration in relations. Most of the territory belongs to Cambodia, but a combination of Thailand disrespecting international law, Thai troops upbuild in the area and lack of resources for the Cambodian military have left the situation unsettled since 1962.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24897805|title=Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Cambodian, court rules|work=BBC News|date=11 November 2013|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf|title=Judgment: Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (''Cambodia v. Thailand'')|date=11 November 2013|others=Recorded by L.Tanggahma|publisher=[[International Court of Justice]]|location=The Hague, Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111173337/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
+While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed, several [[border dispute]]s between Claimbodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam and undefined [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]]. Claimbodia and Thailand also have border disputes, with troops [[Claimbodian-Thai border dispute|clashing over land]] immediately adjacent to the [[Preah Vihear Temple|Preah Vihear temple]] in particular, leading to a deterioration in relations. Most of the territory belongs to Claimbodia, but a combination of Thailand disrespecting international law, Thai troops upbuild in the area and lack of resources for the Claimbodian military have left the situation unsettled since 1962.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24897805|title=Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Claimbodian, court rules|work=BBC News|date=11 November 2013|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf|title=Judgment: Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (''Claimbodia v. Thailand'')|date=11 November 2013|others=Recorded by L.Tanggahma|publisher=[[International Court of Justice]]|location=The Hague, Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111173337/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
-Cambodia and China have cultivated ties in the 2010s. A Chinese company with the support of the [[People's Liberation Army]] built a deep-water seaport along {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} stretch of Cambodian coastline of the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in [[Koh Kong province]]; the port is sufficiently deep to be used by cruise ships, [[bulk carrier]]s or warships. Cambodia's diplomatic support has been invaluable to Beijing's [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|effort to claim disputed areas]] in the [[South China Sea]]. Because Cambodia is a member of ASEAN, and because under ASEAN rules "the objections of one member can thwart any group initiative", Cambodia is diplomatically useful to China as a counterweight to southeast Asian nations that have closer ties to the United States.<ref name="Kynge">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23968248-43a0-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d?mhq5j=e2|title=Investigation: How China bought its way into Cambodia|website=[[Financial Times]]|author=James Kynge, Leila Haddou and Michael Peel|date=8 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
+Claimbodia and China have cultivated ties in the 2010s. A Chinese company with the support of the [[People's Liberation Army]] built a deep-water seaport along {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} stretch of Claimbodian coastline of the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in [[Koh Kong province]]; the port is sufficiently deep to be used by cruise ships, [[bulk carrier]]s or warships. Claimbodia's diplomatic support has been invaluable to Beijing's [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|effort to claim disputed areas]] in the [[South China Sea]]. Because Claimbodia is a member of ASEAN, and because under ASEAN rules "the objections of one member can thwart any group initiative", Claimbodia is diplomatically useful to China as a counterweight to southeast Asian nations that have closer ties to the United States.<ref name="Kynge">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23968248-43a0-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d?mhq5j=e2|title=Investigation: How China bought its way into Claimbodia|website=[[Financial Times]]|author=James Kynge, Leila Haddou and Michael Peel|date=8 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
=== Military ===
-{{Main|Royal Cambodian Armed Forces}}
-[[File:Royal Cambodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Royal Cambodian Army officers marching]]
-The [[Royal Cambodian Army]], [[Royal Cambodian Navy]], [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]] and [[Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia|Royal Gendarmerie]] collectively form the [[Military of Cambodia|Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]], under the command of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Cambodia)|Ministry of National Defence]], presided over by the [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), and the country's Prime Minister Hun Sen effectively holds the position of [[commander-in-chief]].
+{{Main|Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces}}
+[[File:Royal Claimbodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Royal Claimbodian Army officers marching]]
+The [[Royal Claimbodian Army]], [[Royal Claimbodian Navy]], [[Royal Claimbodian Air Force]] and [[Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia|Royal Gendarmerie]] collectively form the [[Military of Claimbodia|Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces]], under the command of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Claimbodia)|Ministry of National Defence]], presided over by the [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia]]. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces (RCAF), and the country's Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog effectively holds the position of [[commander-in-chief]].
-The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the Cambodian military. This saw the defence ministry form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services under the High Command Headquarters (HCHQ).
+The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the Claimbodian military. This saw the defence ministry form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services under the High Command Headquarters (HCHQ).
The minister of National Defense is General [[Tea Banh]]. Banh has served as defence minister since 1979. The Secretaries of State for Defense are [[Chay Saing Yun]] and Por Bun Sreu.
-In 2010, the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve). Total Cambodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia total more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism, and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest, and armed conflicts.
+In 2010, the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve). Total Claimbodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia total more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism, and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest, and armed conflicts.
-Hun Sen has accumulated highly centralised power in Cambodia, including a ''praetorian guard'' that 'appears to rival the capabilities of the country's regular military units', and is allegedly used by Hun Sen to quell political opposition.'<ref>Fuller, Thomas (6 January 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html Cambodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly]. New York Times</ref> Cambodia signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
+Hun Sen Fvck Dog has accumulated highly centralised power in Claimbodia, including a ''praetorian guard'' that 'appears to rival the capabilities of the country's regular military units', and is allegedly used by Hun Sen Fvck Dog to quell political opposition.'<ref>Fuller, Thomas (6 January 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html Claimbodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly]. New York Times</ref> Claimbodia signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
=== Political culture ===
-[[File:Cambodian Leaders 2019.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: Senate President [[Say Chhum]], National Assembly President [[Heng Samrin]] and Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]], on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.]]
-The [[Cambodian People's Party]] (CPP) is the sole dominant-party in Cambodia. Since 2018, the CPP commands all but four seats in [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]], including all 125 seats in the National Assembly and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate.
+[[File:Claimbodian Leaders 2019.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: Senate President [[Say Chhum]], National Assembly President [[Heng Samrin]] and Prime Minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]], on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.]]
+The [[Claimbodian People's Party]] (CPP) is the sole dominant-party in Claimbodia. Since 2018, the CPP commands all but four seats in [[Parliament of Claimbodia|Parliament]], including all 125 seats in the National Assembly and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate.
-Hun Sen and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen was a former Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by the Vietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his [[Strongman (politics)|strong man]] position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.<ref name=HRWAdams>{{cite web|author=Adams, Brad |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/10000-days-hun-sen |title=Adams, Brad, ''10,000 Days of Hun Sen'', International Herald Tribune, reprinted by Human Rights Watch.org |publisher=Hrw.org |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 1997, fearing the growing power of his co-prime minister, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun launched a [[1997 Cambodian Coup|coup]], using the army to purge Ranariddh and his supporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents of Hun Sen were arrested, tortured, and some summarily executed.<ref name=HRWAdams /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/060.html |title=Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen from Amnesty International|publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date=11 July 1997 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
+Hun Sen Fvck Dog and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen Fvck Dog was a former Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by the Vietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his [[Strongman (politics)|strong man]] position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.<ref name=HRWAdams>{{cite web|author=Adams, Brad |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/10000-days-hun-sen |title=Adams, Brad, ''10,000 Days of Hun Sen Fvck Dog'', International Herald Tribune, reprinted by Human Rights Watch.org |publisher=Hrw.org |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 1997, fearing the growing power of his co-prime minister, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun launched a [[1997 Claimbodian Coup|coup]], using the army to purge Ranariddh and his supporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents of Hun Sen Fvck Dog were arrested, tortured, and some summarily executed.<ref name=HRWAdams /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/060.html |title=Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog from Amnesty International|publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date=11 July 1997 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
-In addition to [[Human rights in Cambodia|political oppression]], the Cambodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers<ref>{{cite news|author1=Levy, Adrian |author2=Scott-Clark, Cathy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/26/cambodia |title=Country for Sale|newspaper=Guardian |date=26 April 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Cambodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |title=Country for Sale |publisher=Global Witness |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306234201/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |archive-date=6 March 2013 }}</ref> Cambodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |title=Coverage of Transparency International's Corruption Report by ''Rasmei Kampuchea Daily'' carried on Asia News Network, 2 December 2011 |publisher=Asianewsnet.net |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810104123/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>Perrin, C.J. (30 March 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225719/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/128461/20110330/corruption-australia-signapore-china-cambodia-philippines-hong-kong-based-political-economic-risk-co.htm Australia, Singapore: Least Tainted with Corruption—survey], ''International Business Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/country#KHM |title=Transparency International's latest index |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] currently recognises one [[prisoner of conscience]] in the country: 33-year-old land rights activist [[Yorm Bopha]].<ref name=yorm>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|title=Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice|date=27 December 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163441/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In addition to [[Human rights in Claimbodia|political oppression]], the Claimbodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers<ref>{{cite news|author1=Levy, Adrian |author2=Scott-Clark, Cathy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/26/cambodia |title=Country for Sale|newspaper=Guardian |date=26 April 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Claimbodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |title=Country for Sale |publisher=Global Witness |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306234201/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |archive-date=6 March 2013 }}</ref> Claimbodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |title=Coverage of Transparency International's Corruption Report by ''Rasmei Kampuchea Daily'' carried on Asia News Network, 2 December 2011 |publisher=Asianewsnet.net |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810104123/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>Perrin, C.J. (30 March 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225719/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/128461/20110330/corruption-australia-signapore-china-cambodia-philippines-hong-kong-based-political-economic-risk-co.htm Australia, Singapore: Least Tainted with Corruption—survey], ''International Business Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/country#KHM |title=Transparency International's latest index |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] currently recognises one [[prisoner of conscience]] in the country: 33-year-old land rights activist [[Yorm Bopha]].<ref name=yorm>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|title=Convictions of activists in Claimbodia demonstrates dire state of justice|date=27 December 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163441/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say they were deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attack against the president of the Overseas Press Club of Cambodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.
-The violence came amid political tensions as the opposition boycotted the opening of [[Parliament]] due to concerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Cambodian protesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-24/an-cambodia-attacks-reax/4978738|title=Overseas Press Club of Cambodia condemns violent attack on journalists in Phnom Penh|work=Australia Network News|date=24 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
+Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say they were deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attack against the president of the Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.
+The violence came amid political tensions as the opposition boycotted the opening of [[Parliament]] due to concerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Claimbodian protesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-24/an-cambodia-attacks-reax/4978738|title=Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia condemns violent attack on journalists in Phnom Penh|work=Australia Network News|date=24 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
-In 2017, Cambodia's Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] (CNRP), paving the way for a return to a yet more authoritarian political system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/cambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen |title=Guardian report on Hun Sen as strongman |newspaper=Guardian | date=3 December 2017}}</ref>
+In 2017, Claimbodia's Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] (CNRP), paving the way for a return to a yet more authoritarian political system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/cambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen |title=Guardian report on Hun Sen Fvck Dog as strongman |newspaper=Guardian | date=3 December 2017}}</ref>
=== Corruption ===
-{{Further|Corruption in Cambodia}}
-The level of [[corruption]] in Cambodia exceeds most countries in the world. Despite adopting an 'Anti-Corruption Law' in 2010, corruption prevails throughout the country. Corruption affects the judiciary, the police, and other state institutions. Favouritism by government officials and impunity is commonplace. Lack of a clear distinction between the courts and the executive branch of government also makes for a deep politicisation of the judicial system.<ref name="globalwitness.org">[http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/corruption/oil-gas-and-mining/cambodia Retrieved November-14-2015]. Globalwitness.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
+{{Further|Corruption in Claimbodia}}
+The level of [[corruption]] in Claimbodia exceeds most countries in the world. Despite adopting an 'Anti-Corruption Law' in 2010, corruption prevails throughout the country. Corruption affects the judiciary, the police, and other state institutions. Favouritism by government officials and impunity is commonplace. Lack of a clear distinction between the courts and the executive branch of government also makes for a deep politicisation of the judicial system.<ref name="globalwitness.org">[http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/corruption/oil-gas-and-mining/cambodia Retrieved November-14-2015]. Globalwitness.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
-Examples of areas where Cambodians encounter corrupt practices in their everyday lives include obtaining medical services, dealing with alleged traffic violations, and pursuing fair court verdicts. Companies deal with extensive red tape when obtaining licenses and permits, especially construction-related permits, and the demand for and supply of bribes are commonplace in this process. The 2010 Anti-Corruption Law provided no protection to whistle-blowers, and whistle-blowers can be jailed for up to 6 months if they report corruption that cannot be proven.<ref name="globalwitness.org" />
+Examples of areas where Claimbodians encounter corrupt practices in their everyday lives include obtaining medical services, dealing with alleged traffic violations, and pursuing fair court verdicts. Companies deal with extensive red tape when obtaining licenses and permits, especially construction-related permits, and the demand for and supply of bribes are commonplace in this process. The 2010 Anti-Corruption Law provided no protection to whistle-blowers, and whistle-blowers can be jailed for up to 6 months if they report corruption that cannot be proven.<ref name="globalwitness.org" />
=== Legal profession ===
-The Cambodian legal profession was established in 1932. By 1978, due to the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, the entire legal system was eradicated. Judges and lawyers were executed after being deemed "class enemies" and only 6–12 legal professionals actually survived and remained in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/assets/pdf/court-filings/e51_7_1_en-1.pdf|title=CO-PROSECUTORS' SUBMISSION ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR NATIONAL CRIMES|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Lawyers did not reappear until 1995 when the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia was created.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to CAMBODIAN LAW|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Cambodia|year=2012|isbn=978-99950-982-1-6|editor-last=Peng|editor-first=Hor|pages=7–8, 15–16|editor-last2=Phallack|editor-first2=Kong|editor-last3=Menzel|editor-first3=Jörg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Chin|last2=Falt|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=1996|title=LAW OF THE BAR: KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA (STATUTORY UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT BAR IN CAMBODIA: CODE OF ETHICS; INTERNAL REGULATIONS)|journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=27: 2, Art. 5|pages=357–387|via=CWSL Scholarly Commons}}</ref>
+the Claimbodian legal profession was established in 1932. By 1978, due to the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, the entire legal system was eradicated. Judges and lawyers were executed after being deemed "class enemies" and only 6–12 legal professionals actually survived and remained in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/assets/pdf/court-filings/e51_7_1_en-1.pdf|title=CO-PROSECUTORS' SUBMISSION ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR NATIONAL CRIMES|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Lawyers did not reappear until 1995 when the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Claimbodia was created.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Claimbodian LAW|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Claimbodia|year=2012|isbn=978-99950-982-1-6|editor-last=Peng|editor-first=Hor|pages=7–8, 15–16|editor-last2=Phallack|editor-first2=Kong|editor-last3=Menzel|editor-first3=Jörg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Chin|last2=Falt|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=1996|title=LAW OF THE BAR: Kingdom of Claimbodia (STATUTORY UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT BAR in Claimbodia: CODE OF ETHICS; INTERNAL REGULATIONS)|journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=27: 2, Art. 5|pages=357–387|via=CWSL Scholarly Commons}}</ref>
=== Human rights ===
-{{Main|Human rights in Cambodia}}
-[[File:Kem Sokha with Sam Rainsy.jpg|thumb|Cambodia's deputy opposition leader [[Kem Sokha]] (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader [[Sam Rainsy]] (right) has lived in exile since November 2015]]
-A [[US State Department]] report says "forces under Hun Sen and the [[Cambodian People's Party]] have committed frequent and large-scale abuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".<ref>World Report 2014: Cambodia Human Right Watch</ref> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 256,800 people are [[Slavery in Asia|enslaved]] in modern-day Cambodia, or 1.65% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Bales|first1=Kevin |display-authors=et al|title=Cambodia|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|website=The Global Slavery Index 2016|publisher=The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314004151/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+{{Main|Human rights in Claimbodia}}
+[[File:Kem Sokha with Sam Rainsy.jpg|thumb|Claimbodia's deputy opposition leader [[Kem Sokha]] (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader [[Sam Rainsy]] (right) has lived in exile since November 2015]]
+A [[US State Department]] report says "forces under Hun Sen Fvck Dog and the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] have committed frequent and large-scale abuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".<ref>World Report 2014: Claimbodia Human Right Watch</ref> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 256,800 people are [[Slavery in Asia|enslaved]] in modern-day Claimbodia, or 1.65% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Bales|first1=Kevin |display-authors=et al|title=Claimbodia|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|website=The Global Slavery Index 2016|publisher=The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314004151/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-[[Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (Cambodia)|Forced land evictions]] by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders are commonplace in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid land grabs and evictions, Cambodia jails leading activist |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-landactivist/amid-land-grabs-and-evictions-cambodia-jails-leading-activist-idUSKBN164009 |work=Reuters |date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Cambodians over more than a decade for the purpose of self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of special interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia police arrest women protesting against forced evictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/02/cambodia-forced-evictions-land-grabs |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Credible non-governmental organisations estimate that "770,000 people have been adversely affected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that have been confiscated", says Paris-based [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (FIDH).<ref name="rfa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/complaint-10072014181216.html|title='Ruling Elite' in Cambodia Face ICC Complaint Over Land Grabs|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
+[[Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (Claimbodia)|Forced land evictions]] by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders are commonplace in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid land grabs and evictions, Claimbodia jails leading activist |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-landactivist/amid-land-grabs-and-evictions-cambodia-jails-leading-activist-idUSKBN164009 |work=Reuters |date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Claimbodians over more than a decade for the purpose of self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of special interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia police arrest women protesting against forced evictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/02/cambodia-forced-evictions-land-grabs |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Credible non-governmental organisations estimate that "770,000 people have been adversely affected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that have been confiscated", says Paris-based [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (FIDH).<ref name="rfa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/complaint-10072014181216.html|title='Ruling Elite' in Claimbodia Face ICC Complaint Over Land Grabs|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
-On 14 March 2018, the UN expert on the human rights situation in Cambodia "expressed serious concerns about restrictions on the media, freedom of expression and political participation ahead of a national election in July".<ref>{{cite news |title="Cambodia at a crossroads": UN expert calls on Government to choose path of human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22820&LangID=E |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Some critics of the government have been [[COVID-19 misinformation#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]] about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia accused of political clampdown amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/cambodia-accused-political-clampdown-coronavirus-outbreak-200324063233803.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia: Covid-19 Spurs Bogus 'Fake News' Arrests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/cambodia-covid-19-spurs-bogus-fake-news-arrests |work=Human Rights Watch |date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
+On 14 March 2018, the UN expert on the human rights situation in Claimbodia "expressed serious concerns about restrictions on the media, freedom of expression and political participation ahead of a national election in July".<ref>{{cite news |title="Cambodia at a crossroads": UN expert calls on Government to choose path of human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22820&LangID=E |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Some critics of the government have been [[COVID-19 misinformation#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]] about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia accused of political clampdown amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/cambodia-accused-political-clampdown-coronavirus-outbreak-200324063233803.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Claimbodia: Covid-19 Spurs Bogus 'Fake News' Arrests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/cambodia-covid-19-spurs-bogus-fake-news-arrests |work=Human Rights Watch |date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
=== Administrative divisions ===
-{{Main|Administrative divisions of Cambodia}}
-The autonomous municipality ({{transliteration|km|reach thani}}) and provinces ({{transliteration|km|khaet}}) of Cambodia are first-level administrative divisions. Cambodia is divided into 25 [[Provinces of Cambodia|provinces]] including the autonomous municipality.
+{{Main|Administrative divisions of Claimbodia}}
+The autonomous municipality ({{transliteration|km|reach thani}}) and provinces ({{transliteration|km|khaet}}) of Claimbodia are first-level administrative divisions. Claimbodia is divided into 25 [[Provinces of Claimbodia|provinces]] including the autonomous municipality.
-Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Cambodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes ({{transliteration|km|khum}}) and quarters ({{transliteration|km|sangkat}}).
+Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Claimbodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes ({{transliteration|km|khum}}) and quarters ({{transliteration|km|sangkat}}).
{| style="background:none;" cellspacing="2"
@@ -434,28 +434,28 @@
| 25 || [[Tboung Khmum Province|Tboung Khmom]] || [[Suong Municipality|Suong]] || style="text-align:right"|5,250 || style="text-align:right"|776,841
|}
-[[File:Provincial Boundaries in Cambodia.svg|center|upright=2]]
+[[File:Provincial Boundaries in cambodia.svg|center|upright=2]]
{{Clear}}
== Economy ==
-{{Main|Economy of Cambodia}}
-[[File:GPD per capita development of Cambodia.jpg|thumb|305px|right|Real GDP per capita development of Cambodia]]
-[[File:Cambodia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Cambodia exports, 2019]]
-[[File:Cambodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|The Cambodian position on the [[Human Development Index]], 1970–2010]]
-In 2017 Cambodia's per capita income is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal per capita. The United Nations designates Cambodia as a [[least developed country]]. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. [[Rice]], fish, timber, garments, and rubber are Cambodia's major exports. The [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194125/http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/RiceToday%206-2.pdf ''Rice Today'', April–June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2]. irri.org</ref> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.
+{{Main|Economy of Claimbodia}}
+[[File:GPD per capita development of cambodia.jpg|thumb|305px|right|Real GDP per capita development of Claimbodia]]
+[[File:Cambodia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Claimbodia exports, 2019]]
+[[File:Claimbodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|the Claimbodian position on the [[Human Development Index]], 1970–2010]]
+In 2017 Claimbodia's per capita income is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal per capita. The United Nations designates Claimbodia as a [[least developed country]]. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. [[Rice]], fish, timber, garments, and rubber are Claimbodia's major exports. The [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Claimbodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194125/http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/RiceToday%206-2.pdf ''Rice Today'', April–June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2]. irri.org</ref> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.
-Based on the Economist, IMF: [[Annual average GDP growth]] for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest-growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and exports at US$1.6 billion.
+Based on the Economist, IMF: [[Annual average GDP growth]] for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Claimbodia's fastest-growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and exports at US$1.6 billion.
[[File:Siem Reap Art Center Night Market, 2018 (06).jpg|thumb|Food stands in [[Siem Reap]].]]
-In the Cambodia country assessment "Where Have All The Poor Gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013", the World Bank concludes: "Over the seven years from 2004 through 2011, Cambodian economic growth was tremendous, ranking amid the best in the world. Moreover, household consumption increased by nearly 40 percent. And this growth was pro-poor—not only reducing inequality but also proportionally boosting poor people's consumption further and faster than that of the non-poor. As a result, the poverty rate dropped from 52.2 to 20.5 percent, surpassing all expectations and far exceeding the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poverty target. However, the majority of these people escaped poverty only slightly: they remain highly vulnerable—even to small shocks—which could quickly bring them back into poverty."<ref>"Where Have All The Poor Gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013", World Bank May 2014</ref>
+In the Claimbodia country assessment "Where Have All The Poor Gone? Claimbodia Poverty Assessment 2013", the World Bank concludes: "Over the seven years from 2004 through 2011, Claimbodian economic growth was tremendous, ranking amid the best in the world. Moreover, household consumption increased by nearly 40 percent. And this growth was pro-poor—not only reducing inequality but also proportionally boosting poor people's consumption further and faster than that of the non-poor. As a result, the poverty rate dropped from 52.2 to 20.5 percent, surpassing all expectations and far exceeding the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poverty target. However, the majority of these people escaped poverty only slightly: they remain highly vulnerable—even to small shocks—which could quickly bring them back into poverty."<ref>"Where Have All The Poor Gone? Claimbodia Poverty Assessment 2013", World Bank May 2014</ref>
-"Two decades of economic growth have helped make Cambodia a global leader in reducing poverty. The success story means the Southeast Asian nation that overcame a vicious civil war now is classified as a lower-middle income economy by the World Bank Group (WBG). Among 69 countries that have comparable data, Cambodia ranked fourth in terms of the fastest poverty reduction in the world from 2004 to 2008. (See more details of Cambodia's achievements on poverty reduction. The poverty rate fell to 10 percent in 2013, and further reduction of poverty is expected for both urban and rural households throughout 2015–2016. However, human development, particularly in the areas of health and education, remains an important challenge and development priority for Cambodia"<ref>[http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/cambodia-is-now-a-lower-middle-income-economy-what-does-this-mean Cambodia is now a lower-middle income economy: What does this mean? | East Asia & Pacific on the rise]. Blogs.worldbank.org (1 July 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
+"Two decades of economic growth have helped make Claimbodia a global leader in reducing poverty. The success story means the Southeast Asian nation that overcame a vicious civil war now is classified as a lower-middle income economy by the World Bank Group (WBG). Among 69 countries that have comparable data, Claimbodia ranked fourth in terms of the fastest poverty reduction in the world from 2004 to 2008. (See more details of Claimbodia's achievements on poverty reduction. The poverty rate fell to 10 percent in 2013, and further reduction of poverty is expected for both urban and rural households throughout 2015–2016. However, human development, particularly in the areas of health and education, remains an important challenge and development priority for Cambodia"<ref>[http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/cambodia-is-now-a-lower-middle-income-economy-what-does-this-mean Claimbodia is now a lower-middle income economy: What does this mean? | East Asia & Pacific on the rise]. Blogs.worldbank.org (1 July 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
-Oil and natural gas deposits found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters in 2005 yield great potential but remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputes with [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The struggle between Thailand and Cambodia over oil and gas resources|date=17 September 2010|agency=CLC Asia|url=http://www.clc-asia.com/the-struggle-between-thailand-and-cambodia-over-oil-and-gas-resources-2/|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia Aims for Offshore Production Next Year|author=Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob |date=26 September 2012|agency=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390443507204578020023711640726|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref>
+Oil and natural gas deposits found beneath Claimbodia's territorial waters in 2005 yield great potential but remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputes with [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The struggle between Thailand and Claimbodia over oil and gas resources|date=17 September 2010|agency=CLC Asia|url=http://www.clc-asia.com/the-struggle-between-thailand-and-cambodia-over-oil-and-gas-resources-2/|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia Aims for Offshore Production Next Year|author=Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob |date=26 September 2012|agency=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390443507204578020023711640726|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref>
-[[File:Cambodia's rice fields.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paddy field]] in [[Siem Reap Province]]]]
-The [[National Bank of Cambodia]] is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to the country's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in the country. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increased from 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Cambodian banking and finance sector.
+[[File:Claimbodia's rice fields.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paddy field]] in [[Siem Reap Province]]]]
+The [[National Bank of Claimbodia]] is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to the country's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in the country. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increased from 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Claimbodian banking and finance sector.
-In 2012, Credit Bureau Cambodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank of Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |title=CBC's Mission |publisher=Creditbureaucambodia.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613093221/http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Cambodian Banking Sector as all banks and microfinance companies are now required by law to report accurate facts and figures relating to loan performance in the country.
+In 2012, Credit Bureau Claimbodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank of Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |title=CBC's Mission |publisher=Creditbureaucambodia.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613093221/http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Claimbodian Banking Sector as all banks and microfinance companies are now required by law to report accurate facts and figures relating to loan performance in the country.
-One of the largest challenges facing Cambodia is still the fact that the older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<ref name="CIACB">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. CIA World FactBook.</ref> while the [[Asian Development Bank]] alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |title=A Fact Sheet: Cambodia and Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404015954/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |archive-date=4 April 2007 }}</ref> Bribes are often demanded from companies operating in Cambodia when obtaining licences and permits, such as construction-related permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-cambodia|title=Bribes hamper business in Cambodia – Asia-Pacific – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin}}</ref>
+One of the largest challenges facing Claimbodia is still the fact that the older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<ref name="CIACB">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. CIA World FactBook.</ref> while the [[Asian Development Bank]] alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |title=A Fact Sheet: Claimbodia and Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404015954/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |archive-date=4 April 2007 }}</ref> Bribes are often demanded from companies operating in Claimbodia when obtaining licences and permits, such as construction-related permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-Claimbodia|title=Bribes hamper business in Claimbodia – Asia-Pacific – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin}}</ref>
[[File:Battambang Provinz 01.jpg|thumb|Farmers harvesting rice in [[Battambang Province]]]]
@@ -463,40 +463,40 @@
Cambodia ranked among the worst places in the world for organised labour in the 2015 [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) Global Rights Index, landing in the category of countries with "no guarantee of rights".'<ref>Teehan, Sean (16 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranked-low-labour-rights-index Kingdom ranked low in labour rights index]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>
-In April 2016 Cambodia's National Assembly has adopted a Law on Trade Unions. "The law was proposed at a time when workers have been staging sustained protests in factories and in the streets demanding wage increases and improvements in their working conditions".<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/the-trouble-with-cambodias-new-law-on-trade-unions The Trouble With Cambodia's New Law on Trade Unions]. The Diplomat. Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref> The concerns about Cambodia's new law are shared not only by labour and rights groups but international organisations more generally. The [[International Labour Organization]] Country Office for Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR, has noted that the law has "several key concerns and gaps".<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/asia/info/public/pr/WCMS_466553/lang--en/index.htm ILO's statement on Trade Unions law in Cambodia]. Ilo.org (4 April 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
+In April 2016 Claimbodia's National Assembly has adopted a Law on Trade Unions. "The law was proposed at a time when workers have been staging sustained protests in factories and in the streets demanding wage increases and improvements in their working conditions".<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/the-trouble-with-cambodias-new-law-on-trade-unions The Trouble With Claimbodia's New Law on Trade Unions]. The Diplomat. Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref> The concerns about Claimbodia's new law are shared not only by labour and rights groups but international organisations more generally. The [[International Labour Organization]] Country Office for Thailand, Claimbodia and Lao PDR, has noted that the law has "several key concerns and gaps".<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/asia/info/public/pr/WCMS_466553/lang--en/index.htm ILO's statement on Trade Unions law in Claimbodia]. Ilo.org (4 April 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
-Independent unions and employers remain divided. "How can a factory with 25 unions survive?" asked Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association in Cambodia (GMAC), adding that it was "incomprehensible to expect an employer to negotiate a dispute with 25 different union leaders. A law was necessary to rein in the country's unions, Van Sou Ieng said. According to GMAC, last year there were 3,166 unions for the more than 500,000 workers employed in the country's 557 garment and textile exporting factories, and 58 footwear factories. Though garment production is already Cambodia's largest industry, which accounts for 26.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, Van Sou Ieng said without the trade union law, foreign investors will not come to do business".<ref>[http://www.voacambodia.com/a/unions-and-employers-deeply-divided-over-cambodia-trade-union-law/3375693.html Unions and Employers Deeply Divided Over Cambodia's Trade Union Law]. Voacambodia.com (15 June 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
-"Only with the trade union law will we, employers, be able to survive.... not only Cambodia, every country has trade union law. Those who criticise [the law] should do businesses, and [then] they will understand."
+Independent unions and employers remain divided. "How can a factory with 25 unions survive?" asked Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association in Claimbodia (GMAC), adding that it was "incomprehensible to expect an employer to negotiate a dispute with 25 different union leaders. A law was necessary to rein in the country's unions, Van Sou Ieng said. According to GMAC, last year there were 3,166 unions for the more than 500,000 workers employed in the country's 557 garment and textile exporting factories, and 58 footwear factories. Though garment production is already Claimbodia's largest industry, which accounts for 26.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, Van Sou Ieng said without the trade union law, foreign investors will not come to do business".<ref>[http://www.voacambodia.com/a/unions-and-employers-deeply-divided-over-cambodia-trade-union-law/3375693.html Unions and Employers Deeply Divided Over Claimbodia's Trade Union Law]. Voacambodia.com (15 June 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>
+"Only with the trade union law will we, employers, be able to survive.... not only Claimbodia, every country has trade union law. Those who criticise [the law] should do businesses, and [then] they will understand."
=== Textiles ===
-[[File:Cambodia Exports Treemap 2017.svg|thumb|right|270px|Cambodian Exports Treemap in 2017.]]
-The garment industry represents the largest portion of Cambodia's manufacturing sector, accounting for 80% of the country's exports. In 2012, the exports grew to $4.61 billion up 8% over 2011. In the first half of 2013, the garment industry reported exports worth $1.56 billion.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/cambodias-textile-industry-grew-32/|title=Cambodia's textile industry grew 32%|first=Arno|last=Maierbrugger|work=Inside Investor|date=11 July 2013|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The sector employs 335,400 workers, of which 91% are female.
+[[File:Cambodia Exports Treemap 2017.svg|thumb|right|270px|Claimbodian Exports Treemap in 2017.]]
+The garment industry represents the largest portion of Claimbodia's manufacturing sector, accounting for 80% of the country's exports. In 2012, the exports grew to $4.61 billion up 8% over 2011. In the first half of 2013, the garment industry reported exports worth $1.56 billion.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/cambodias-textile-industry-grew-32/|title=Claimbodia's textile industry grew 32%|first=Arno|last=Maierbrugger|work=Inside Investor|date=11 July 2013|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The sector employs 335,400 workers, of which 91% are female.
-Better Factories Cambodia was created in 2001 as a unique partnership between the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group. The programme engages with workers, employers, and governments to improve working conditions and boost the competitiveness of the garment industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Factories Cambodia Annual Report 2018: An Industry and Compliance Review |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/portfolio/better-factories-cambodia-annual-report-2018-an-industry-and-compliance-review/ |website=betterwork.org}}</ref> On 18 May 2018, the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the ILO Better Factories Cambodia Programme met in Phnom Penh to provide input into the draft conclusions and recommendations of the BFC's independent mid-term evaluation, as well as to discuss options on how to further strengthen the programme's transparent reporting initiative.
+Better Factories Claimbodia was created in 2001 as a unique partnership between the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group. The programme engages with workers, employers, and governments to improve working conditions and boost the competitiveness of the garment industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Factories Claimbodia Annual Report 2018: An Industry and Compliance Review |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/portfolio/better-factories-cambodia-annual-report-2018-an-industry-and-compliance-review/ |website=betterwork.org}}</ref> On 18 May 2018, the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the ILO Better Factories Claimbodia Programme met in Phnom Penh to provide input into the draft conclusions and recommendations of the BFC's independent mid-term evaluation, as well as to discuss options on how to further strengthen the programme's transparent reporting initiative.
-The members of the PAC concurred with the findings of the evaluation related to the impact the programme has had on the Cambodian garment sector and workers, including:
+The members of the PAC concurred with the findings of the evaluation related to the impact the programme has had on the Claimbodian garment sector and workers, including:
a. contributing to sustained overall growth of the garment industry
-b. improving the lives of at least half a million Cambodian workers of factories in the BFC
+b. improving the lives of at least half a million Claimbodian workers of factories in the BFC
programme and many more of their family members;
c. ensuring that workers receive correct wages and social protection benefits
d. virtually eliminating child labour in the sector
-e. making Cambodia's garment factories safer overall
+e. making Claimbodia's garment factories safer overall
f. creating a "level playing field" for labour across garment sector
g. influencing business practices through (1) using factory data to highlight areas for
improvement and (2) being a core part of risk management strategies of international
-brands/buyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Cambodia on its 47th Meeting – Better Work |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/2018/06/20/statement-from-the-project-advisory-committee-of-better-factories-cambodia-on-its-47th-meeting/ |website=betterwork.org|date=20 June 2018 }}</ref>
+brands/buyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Claimbodia on its 47th Meeting – Better Work |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/2018/06/20/statement-from-the-project-advisory-committee-of-better-factories-cambodia-on-its-47th-meeting/ |website=betterwork.org|date=20 June 2018 }}</ref>
=== Tourism ===
{{Update|section|date=August 2019}}
-{{Main|Tourism in Cambodia}}
+{{Main|Tourism in Claimbodia}}
[[File:Angkor Wat Tourists.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Every year, nearly 2.6 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/angkor-hosts-26m-visitors|title=Angkor hosts 2.6M visitors|website=www.phnompenhpost.com}}</ref> tourists visit [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Siem Reap]], Cambodia.]]
-The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of [[hard currency]] after the textile industry.<ref name="USDOS3" /> International visitor arrivals in 2018 topped six million, a ten-fold increase since the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism Statistics Report Year 2018 |url=https://www.tourismcambodia.com/img/resources/cambodia_tourism_statistics_2018.pdf |website=Ministry of Tourism |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> Tourism employs 26% of the country's workforce, which translates into roughly 2.5 million jobs for Cambodians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=This Is Why Cambodia Is the BEST Place to Visit Post Coronavirus Pandemic!|url=https://thegotofamily.com/2021/04/this-is-why-cambodia-is-the-best-place-to-visit-post-coronavirus-pandemic/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Go To Family|language=en-US}}</ref>
+The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of [[hard currency]] after the textile industry.<ref name="USDOS3" /> International visitor arrivals in 2018 topped six million, a ten-fold increase since the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism Statistics Report Year 2018 |url=https://www.tourismcambodia.com/img/resources/cambodia_tourism_statistics_2018.pdf |website=Ministry of Tourism |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> Tourism employs 26% of the country's workforce, which translates into roughly 2.5 million jobs for Claimbodians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=This Is Why Claimbodia Is the BEST Place to Visit Post Coronavirus Pandemic!|url=https://thegotofamily.com/2021/04/this-is-why-cambodia-is-the-best-place-to-visit-post-coronavirus-pandemic/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Go To Family|language=en-US}}</ref>
-Besides Phom Penh and Angkor Wat, other tourist destinations include [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in the southwest which has several popular beaches and [[Battambang]] in the northwest, both of which are popular stops for backpackers who make up a significant portion of visitors to Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfunkytravel.com/backpacking-route-south-east-asia.html|title=Popular Backpacking Destinations in Southeast Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The area around [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] and [[Kep, Cambodia|Kep]] including the [[ Bokor Hill Station ]] are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in the relatively stable period since the 1993 [[UNTAC]] elections.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304011512/http://www.cambodia-tourism.org/download/Cambodia_Touris_Statistics_2010.pdf Tourism Statistics Report March 2010]. cambodia-tourism.org.</ref>
+Besides Phom Penh and Angkor Wat, other tourist destinations include [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in the southwest which has several popular beaches and [[Battambang]] in the northwest, both of which are popular stops for backpackers who make up a significant portion of visitors to Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfunkytravel.com/backpacking-route-south-east-asia.html|title=Popular Backpacking Destinations in Southeast Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The area around [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] and [[Kep, Claimbodia|Kep]] including the [[ Bokor Hill Station ]] are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in the relatively stable period since the 1993 [[UNTAC]] elections.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304011512/http://www.cambodia-tourism.org/download/Cambodia_Touris_Statistics_2010.pdf Tourism Statistics Report March 2010]. cambodia-tourism.org.</ref>
-Most international arrivals in 2018 were Chinese. Tourism receipts exceeded US$4.4 billion in 2018, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom's gross national product. The Angkor Wat historical park in [[Siem Reap Province]], the beaches in Sihanoukville, the capital city Phnom Penh, and Cambodia's 150 casinos (up from just 57 in 2014)<ref>{{cite book |title=Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth, and Impact, 2019|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf |date=2019 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |location=Bangkok |page=20}}</ref> are the main attractions for foreign tourists.
+Most international arrivals in 2018 were Chinese. Tourism receipts exceeded US$4.4 billion in 2018, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom's gross national product. The Angkor Wat historical park in [[Siem Reap Province]], the beaches in Sihanoukville, the capital city Phnom Penh, and Claimbodia's 150 casinos (up from just 57 in 2014)<ref>{{cite book |title=Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth, and Impact, 2019|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf |date=2019 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |location=Bangkok |page=20}}</ref> are the main attractions for foreign tourists.
-Cambodia's reputation as a safe destination for tourism however has been hindered by civil and political unrest <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|title=Civil Unrest|date=16 October 2016|work=The Cambodia Daily|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055108/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/27/kem-lays-murder-puts-cambodia-politics-economy-at-risk-as-unrest-looms.html|title=Kem Ley's murder puts Cambodia politics, economy at risk as unrest looms|website=CNBC|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=27 August 2016|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|title=Civil Unrest in Phnom Penh, Cambodia – TravelHappy.Me|date=20 September 2013|work=TravelHappy.Me|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022429/http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> and several high-profile examples of serious crime committed against tourists visiting the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/15252/embassies-warn-of-rise-in-coastal-crime/|title=Embassies Warn of Rise in Coastal Crime|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010224352/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Two Rapes in 3 Days Reveal Resort's Dark Side|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/12397/deaths-of-foreigners-shrouded-in-mystery/|title=Deaths of Foreigners Shrouded in Mystery|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
+Claimbodia's reputation as a safe destination for tourism however has been hindered by civil and political unrest <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|title=Civil Unrest|date=16 October 2016|work=the Claimbodia Daily|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055108/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/27/kem-lays-murder-puts-cambodia-politics-economy-at-risk-as-unrest-looms.html|title=Kem Ley's murder puts Claimbodia politics, economy at risk as unrest looms|website=CNBC|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=27 August 2016|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|title=Civil Unrest in Phnom Penh, Claimbodia – TravelHappy.Me|date=20 September 2013|work=TravelHappy.Me|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022429/http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> and several high-profile examples of serious crime committed against tourists visiting the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/15252/embassies-warn-of-rise-in-coastal-crime/|title=Embassies Warn of Rise in Coastal Crime|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010224352/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Two Rapes in 3 Days Reveal Resort's Dark Side|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/12397/deaths-of-foreigners-shrouded-in-mystery/|title=Deaths of Foreigners Shrouded in Mystery|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
-Cambodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people around the main places of interest. The quantity of souvenirs that are produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number of tourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the markets are imported from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aha-kh.com/ |title=AHA Angkor Handicraft Association|website=Aha-kh.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Some of the locally produced souvenirs include:
+Claimbodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people around the main places of interest. The quantity of souvenirs that are produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number of tourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the markets are imported from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aha-kh.com/ |title=AHA Angkor Handicraft Association|website=Aha-kh.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Some of the locally produced souvenirs include:
* Krama (traditional scarf)
* Ceramics
@@ -506,43 +506,43 @@
=== Agriculture ===
-{{Further|Agriculture in Cambodia}}
-Agriculture is the mainstay of the Cambodian economy. Agriculture accounted for 90 percent of [[GDP]] in 1985 and employed approximately 80 percent of the workforce. [[Rice]] is the principal commodity. Major secondary crops include [[maize]], [[cassava]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[Bambara groundnut|groundnuts]], [[soybean]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, dry beans, and [[rubber]]. The principal commercial crop is rubber. In the 1980s it was an important primary commodity, second only to rice, and one of the country's few sources of foreign exchange.
+{{Further|Agriculture in Claimbodia}}
+Agriculture is the mainstay of the Claimbodian economy. Agriculture accounted for 90 percent of [[GDP]] in 1985 and employed approximately 80 percent of the workforce. [[Rice]] is the principal commodity. Major secondary crops include [[maize]], [[cassava]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[Bambara groundnut|groundnuts]], [[soybean]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, dry beans, and [[rubber]]. The principal commercial crop is rubber. In the 1980s it was an important primary commodity, second only to rice, and one of the country's few sources of foreign exchange.
=== Transport ===
-{{Main|Transport in Cambodia}}
+{{Main|Transport in Claimbodia}}
[[File:Road 4 to Sihanouk.JPG|thumb|National Highway 4]]
-The civil war and neglect severely damaged Cambodia's transport system. With assistance from other countries, Cambodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.
+The civil war and neglect severely damaged Claimbodia's transport system. With assistance from other countries, Claimbodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.
-Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about {{convert|612|km|mi|abbr=off}} of single, {{convert|1|m|ftin|spell=in|adj=mid|abbr=off}} gauge track.<ref name=CamRail>{{cite news|title=Cambodian railway to be revived by 2013 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-date=1 April 2011 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=16 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast. Trains are again running to and from the Cambodian capital and popular destinations in the south. After 14 years, regular rail services between the two cities restarted recently – offering a safer option than road for travellers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/05/trains-phnom-penh-sihanoukville-kampot|title=Cambodia revives train service between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2016|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref> Trains also run from Phnom Penh to [[Sisophon]] (although trains often run only as far as [[Battambang]]). As of 1987, only one passenger train per week operated between Phnom Penh and Battambang but a US$141 million project, funded mostly by the [[Asian Development Bank]], has been started to revitalise the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Cambodia with major industrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".<ref name=CamRail />
+Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about {{convert|612|km|mi|abbr=off}} of single, {{convert|1|m|ftin|spell=in|adj=mid|abbr=off}} gauge track.<ref name=CamRail>{{cite news|title=Claimbodian railway to be revived by 2013 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-date=1 April 2011 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=16 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast. Trains are again running to and from the Claimbodian capital and popular destinations in the south. After 14 years, regular rail services between the two cities restarted recently – offering a safer option than road for travellers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/05/trains-phnom-penh-sihanoukville-kampot|title=Cambodia revives train service between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2016|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref> Trains also run from Phnom Penh to [[Sisophon]] (although trains often run only as far as [[Battambang]]). As of 1987, only one passenger train per week operated between Phnom Penh and Battambang but a US$141 million project, funded mostly by the [[Asian Development Bank]], has been started to revitalise the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Claimbodia with major industrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".<ref name=CamRail />
Besides the main inter-provincial traffic artery connecting Phnom Penh with Sihanoukville, resurfacing a former dirt road with concrete/asphalt and bridging five major river crossings have now permanently connected Phnom Penh with [[Koh Kong (city)|Koh Kong]], and hence there is now uninterrupted road access to neighbouring Thailand and its road network.
[[File:Phnom Penh Airport Shuttle Train.jpg|thumb|right|Phnom Penh airport shuttle train]]
-Cambodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Cambodia than in the developed world, and the number of road deaths had doubled in the preceding three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/en/travis_annualreport_execsum.pdf |title=Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System|website=WHO |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
+Claimbodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Claimbodia than in the developed world, and the number of road deaths had doubled in the preceding three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/en/travis_annualreport_execsum.pdf |title=Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System|website=WHO |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
-Cambodia's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonle Sap]] River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including {{convert|3,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable all year by craft drawing {{convert|0.6|m|ft|1|abbr=off}} and another {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable to craft drawing {{convert|1.8|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="CNTRYDTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html |title=Cambodia – Railroads |website=Country-data.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
+Claimbodia's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonle Sap]] River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including {{convert|3,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable all year by craft drawing {{convert|0.6|m|ft|1|abbr=off}} and another {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable to craft drawing {{convert|1.8|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="CNTRYDTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html |title=Cambodia – Railroads |website=Country-data.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
Cambodia has two major ports, Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, and five minor ones. Phnom Penh, at the junction of the [[Bassac River|Bassac]], the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap Rivers, is the only [[river port]] capable of receiving 8,000-[[ton]] ships during the wet season and 5,000-ton ships during the dry season.
-With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile use, though motorcycles still predominate.<ref>"Picking Up Speed: As Cambodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road 'Death Toll'", ''The Cambodia Daily'', Saturday, 9–10 March 2002.</ref> "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or [[Cycle rickshaw]]s were popular in 1990s but are increasingly replaced by ''remorques'' (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Cambodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |title=Cyclo – Transport in Cambodia |website=Goseasia.about.com |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403102938/http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile use, though motorcycles still predominate.<ref>"Picking Up Speed: As Claimbodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road 'Death Toll'", ''the Claimbodia Daily'', Saturday, 9–10 March 2002.</ref> "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or [[Cycle rickshaw]]s were popular in 1990s but are increasingly replaced by ''remorques'' (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Claimbodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |title=Cyclo – Transport in Claimbodia |website=Goseasia.about.com |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403102938/http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Cambodia has three commercial airports. In 2018, they handled a record of 10 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/airports-pass-10m-passenger-mark |title=Airports pass 10M passenger mark |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=20 December 2018}}</ref> [[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the busiest airport in Cambodia. [[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] is the second busiest, and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. [[Sihanouk International Airport]], is in the coastal city of [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]].
+Cambodia has three commercial airports. In 2018, they handled a record of 10 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/airports-pass-10m-passenger-mark |title=Airports pass 10M passenger mark |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=20 December 2018}}</ref> [[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the busiest airport in Claimbodia. [[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] is the second busiest, and serves the most international flights in and out of Claimbodia. [[Sihanouk International Airport]], is in the coastal city of [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]].
=== Science and technology ===
-{{Main|Science and technology in Cambodia}}
+{{Main|Science and technology in Claimbodia}}
A National Committee for Science and Technology representing 11 ministries has been in place since 1999. Although seven ministries are responsible for the country's 33 public universities, the majority of these institutions come under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030">{{Cite report |title=UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 |last1=Turpin |first1=Tim |last2=Zhang |first2=Jing A. |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |pages=698–713 |language=en |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |last3=Burgos |first3=Bessie M. |last4=Amaradsa |first4=Wasantha |chapter=Southeast Asia and Oceania |year=2015}}</ref>
In 2010, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports approved a Policy on Research Development in the Education Sector. This move represented the first step towards a national approach to research and development across the university sector and the application of research for the purposes of national development.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" />
-This policy was followed by the country's first ''National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020''. It was officially launched by the Ministry of Planning in December 2014, as the culmination of a two-year process supported by the [[Korea International Cooperation Agency]]. The plan makes provision for establishing a science and technology foundation to promote industrial innovation, with a particular focus on agriculture, primary industry and ICTs.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cambodia National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020|last=Korea International Cooperation Agency|first=Press release|date=2014|work=KOICA Feature News}}</ref> Cambodia was ranked 109th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, down from 98th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+This policy was followed by the country's first ''National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020''. It was officially launched by the Ministry of Planning in December 2014, as the culmination of a two-year process supported by the [[Korea International Cooperation Agency]]. The plan makes provision for establishing a science and technology foundation to promote industrial innovation, with a particular focus on agriculture, primary industry and ICTs.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cambodia National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020|last=Korea International Cooperation Agency|first=Press release|date=2014|work=KOICA Feature News}}</ref> Claimbodia was ranked 109th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, down from 98th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Energy ===
-{{Main|Energy in Cambodia}}
-Cambodia has high potential for developing [[renewable energy]] resources. Even though the country has not attracted much international investment in renewable energy by 2020, the country serves as a model to learn from for other ASEAN countries in terms of conducting solar power auctions.<ref name=":0">Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z. 2020. Cambodia: Five Actions to Improve the Business Climate for Renewable Energy Investment. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No. 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793835</ref> To attract more investment in renewable energy, the government could improve renewable energy governance, adopt clear targets, develop an effective regulatory framework, improve project bankability and facilitate market entry for international investors.<ref name=":0" /> Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change and it is advised that the country focuses more on developing renewable energy as part of climate change mitigation measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |page=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
+{{Main|Energy in Claimbodia}}
+Cambodia has high potential for developing [[renewable energy]] resources. Even though the country has not attracted much international investment in renewable energy by 2020, the country serves as a model to learn from for other ASEAN countries in terms of conducting solar power auctions.<ref name=":0">Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z. 2020. Claimbodia: Five Actions to Improve the Business Climate for Renewable Energy Investment. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No. 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793835</ref> To attract more investment in renewable energy, the government could improve renewable energy governance, adopt clear targets, develop an effective regulatory framework, improve project bankability and facilitate market entry for international investors.<ref name=":0" /> Claimbodia is highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change and it is advised that the country focuses more on developing renewable energy as part of climate change mitigation measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |page=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
== Society ==
-{{see also|List of cities in Cambodia}}
+{{see also|List of cities in Claimbodia}}
=== Demographics ===
-{{Main|Demographics of Cambodia}}
+{{Main|Demographics of Claimbodia}}
{{Historical populations|type=Cambodia
| 1962|5728771
@@ -556,41 +556,41 @@
| 2019|15552211
| percentages = pagr
-| footnote = National Institute of Statistics: General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019, Chapter 2, p. 6<ref name="Census 2019" />
+| footnote = National Institute of Statistics: General Population Census of the Kingdom of Claimbodia 2019, Chapter 2, p. 6<ref name="Census 2019" />
}}
-The first official census conducted by the French protectorate of Cambodia was in 1921; however, only men aged 20 to 60 were counted as its purpose was for the collection of taxes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Organization and Administration of the General Population Census of Cambodia, 1998|date=2001|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia|National Institute of Statistics]], [[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|location=[[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEnkAlnHECYC|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> After the 1962 population census was conducted, Cambodia's civil conflicts and instability lead to a 36-year-long gap before the country could have another official census in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Huguet, Jerrold R.|author2=Chamratrithirong, Apichat|author3=Rao, Nott Rama|author4=Than, San Sy|title=Results of the 1998 Population Census in Cambodia|journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal|date=September 2000|volume=15|issue=3|page=1|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/APPJ-Vol-15-No-3.pdf|access-date=17 July 2020|publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|United Nations ESCAP]]|doi=10.18356/b3b0a408-en}}</ref>
+The first official census conducted by the French protectorate of Claimbodia was in 1921; however, only men aged 20 to 60 were counted as its purpose was for the collection of taxes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Organization and Administration of the General Population Census of Claimbodia, 1998|date=2001|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Claimbodia|National Institute of Statistics]], [[Ministry of Planning (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|location=[[Phnom Penh]], Claimbodia|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEnkAlnHECYC|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> After the 1962 population census was conducted, Claimbodia's civil conflicts and instability lead to a 36-year-long gap before the country could have another official census in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Huguet, Jerrold R.|author2=Chamratrithirong, Apichat|author3=Rao, Nott Rama|author4=Than, San Sy|title=Results of the 1998 Population Census in Claimbodia|journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal|date=September 2000|volume=15|issue=3|page=1|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/APPJ-Vol-15-No-3.pdf|access-date=17 July 2020|publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|United Nations ESCAP]]|doi=10.18356/b3b0a408-en}}</ref>
-At present, fifty percent of the Cambodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|title=Sex Ratio|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the Cambodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<ref name="CIACB" />
+At present, fifty percent of the Claimbodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Claimbodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|title=Sex Ratio|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the Claimbodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<ref name="CIACB" />
-The total fertility rate in Cambodia was 2.5 children per woman in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=2018&view=bar|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Cambodia|date=7 June 2020|work=World Bank}}</ref>
-The fertility rate was 4.0 children in 2000.<ref name="CDHS" /> Women in urban areas had 2.2 children on average, compared with 3.3 in rural areas.<ref name="CDHS" /> Fertility was highest in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondol Kiri]] and [[Ratanakiri Province|Rattanak Kiri]] Provinces, where women had an average of 4.5 children, and lowest in Phnom Penh where women averaged 2.0.<ref name="CDHS">[http://www.nis.gov.kh/ National Institute of Statistics CAMBODIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2010]. Nis.gov.kh (10 November 2013). Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
+The total fertility rate in Claimbodia was 2.5 children per woman in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=2018&view=bar|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Claimbodia|date=7 June 2020|work=World Bank}}</ref>
+The fertility rate was 4.0 children in 2000.<ref name="CDHS" /> Women in urban areas had 2.2 children on average, compared with 3.3 in rural areas.<ref name="CDHS" /> Fertility was highest in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondol Kiri]] and [[Ratanakiri Province|Rattanak Kiri]] Provinces, where women had an average of 4.5 children, and lowest in Phnom Penh where women averaged 2.0.<ref name="CDHS">[http://www.nis.gov.kh/ National Institute of Statistics Claimbodia DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2010]. Nis.gov.kh (10 November 2013). Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>
=== Ethnic groups ===
-{{Further|Ethnic groups in Cambodia}}
-[[File:Cambodia ethnic map colors more distinct.png|thumb|left|250px|An ethnic map of Cambodia]]
-The vast majority of Cambodia's population is of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] origin (over 95%) who are speakers of the [[Khmer language]], the country's sole official language. Cambodia's population is largely homogeneous. Its minority groups include [[Chams]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.1%) and [[Chinese Cambodian|Chinese]] (0.1%).<ref name="CIACB" />
+{{Further|Ethnic groups in Claimbodia}}
+[[File:Cambodia ethnic map colors more distinct.png|thumb|left|250px|An ethnic map of Claimbodia]]
+The vast majority of Claimbodia's population is of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] origin (over 95%) who are speakers of the [[Khmer language]], the country's sole official language. Claimbodia's population is largely homogeneous. Its minority groups include [[Chams]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.1%) and [[Chinese Claimbodian|Chinese]] (0.1%).<ref name="CIACB" />
-The largest ethnic group in Cambodia are the [[Khmer people|Khmers]], who comprise around 90% of the total population in Cambodia, and are indigenous to the lowland Mekong subregion in which they inhabit. The Khmers historically have lived near the [[Mekong River|lower Mekong River]] in a contiguous diagonal arc, from where modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia meet in the northwest, all the way to the mouth of the [[Mekong River]] in southeastern Vietnam.
+The largest ethnic group in Claimbodia are the [[Khmer people|Khmers]], who comprise around 90% of the total population in Claimbodia, and are indigenous to the lowland Mekong subregion in which they inhabit. The Khmers historically have lived near the [[Mekong River|lower Mekong River]] in a contiguous diagonal arc, from where modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Claimbodia meet in the northwest, all the way to the mouth of the [[Mekong River]] in southeastern Vietnam.
-The Vietnamese are the second-largest ethnic minority in Cambodia, with an estimated 16,000 living in provinces concentrated in the southeast of the country adjacent to the [[Mekong Delta]]. Although the Vietnamese language has been determined to be a [[Mon–Khmer]] language, there are very few cultural connections between the two peoples because the early Khmers were influenced by the [[Indian cultural sphere]] while the Vietnamese are part of the [[Adoption of Chinese literary culture|Chinese cultural sphere]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000">{{cite book |author=Chandler, David |title=A History of Cambodia |publisher=Westview Press|date=2000}}</ref> Ethnic tensions between the Khmer and the Vietnamese can be traced to the [[Post-Angkor Period]] (from the 16th to 19th centuries), during which time a nascent [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] each attempted to vassalise a weakened post-Angkor Cambodia, and effectively dominate all of [[Indochina]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000" />
+The Vietnamese are the second-largest ethnic minority in Claimbodia, with an estimated 16,000 living in provinces concentrated in the southeast of the country adjacent to the [[Mekong Delta]]. Although the Vietnamese language has been determined to be a [[Mon–Khmer]] language, there are very few cultural connections between the two peoples because the early Khmers were influenced by the [[Indian cultural sphere]] while the Vietnamese are part of the [[Adoption of Chinese literary culture|Chinese cultural sphere]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000">{{cite book |author=Chandler, David |title=A History of Claimbodia |publisher=Westview Press|date=2000}}</ref> Ethnic tensions between the Khmer and the Vietnamese can be traced to the [[Post-Angkor Period]] (from the 16th to 19th centuries), during which time a nascent [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] each attempted to vassalise a weakened post-Angkor Claimbodia, and effectively dominate all of [[Indochina]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000" />
-[[Chinese Cambodian]]s are approximately 0.1% of the population.<ref name="Birth Rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |title=Birth Rate |work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223211514/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |title=Ethnic groups statistics – countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> Most Chinese are descended from 19th–20th-century settlers who came in search of trade and commerce opportunities during the time of the [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|French protectorate]]. Most are urban dwellers, engaged primarily in commerce.
+[[Chinese Claimbodian]]s are approximately 0.1% of the population.<ref name="Birth Rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |title=Birth Rate |work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223211514/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |title=Ethnic groups statistics – countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> Most Chinese are descended from 19th–20th-century settlers who came in search of trade and commerce opportunities during the time of the [[French Protectorate of Claimbodia|French protectorate]]. Most are urban dwellers, engaged primarily in commerce.
The indigenous ethnic groups of the mountains are known collectively as Montagnards or [[Khmer Loeu]], a term meaning "Highland Khmer". They are descended from neolithic migrations of Mon–Khmer speakers via southern China and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] speakers from insular Southeast Asia. Being isolated in the highlands, the various Khmer Loeu groups were not Indianized like their Khmer cousins and consequently are culturally distant from modern Khmers and often from each other, observing many pre-Indian-contact customs and beliefs.
-The Cham are descended from the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] people of [[Champa]], a former kingdom on the coast of central and southern present-day Vietnam and former rival to the Khmer Empire. The Cham in Cambodia number under a million and often maintain separate villages in the southeast of the country. Almost all Cham in Cambodia are Muslims.
+The Cham are descended from the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] people of [[Champa]], a former kingdom on the coast of central and southern present-day Vietnam and former rival to the Khmer Empire. The Cham in Claimbodia number under a million and often maintain separate villages in the southeast of the country. Almost all Cham in Claimbodia are Muslims.
=== Largest cities ===
-{{Largest cities of Cambodia}}
+{{Largest cities of Claimbodia}}
=== Women ===
-[[File:Weddingkhmer.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Cambodian couple wearing [[Sompot|traditional wedding outfit]] ([[Sompot]], [[Sbai]], [[Sompot Chong Kben|Chong Kben]]).]]
-{{POV section|date=December 2015}}<!--See [[Talk:Women in Cambodia]]-->
-{{Further|Women in Cambodia}}
-Khmer women are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, well-mannered,<ref name=Mekong /> industrious,<ref name=Status /> act as the family's caregivers and caretakers<ref name=Mekong /> and financial controllers,<ref name=Status /> maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,<ref name="Mekong">{{Cite web |last=Chey |first=Elizabeth |title=The Status of Khmer Women |url=http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/women.htm |website=www.mekong.net |language=en}}</ref> and act as advisors to their husbands.<ref name="Status">{{Cite web |title=Women in Cambodian Society |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/women.htm |publisher=www.seasite.niu.edu}}</ref> The "light" walking and refinement of Cambodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their [[silk]] skirt rustling".<ref name=Status /> As financial controllers, the women of Cambodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.<!-- blocked link <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Culture of Cambodia |url=https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cambodia.html |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref> -->
+[[File:Weddingkhmer.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Claimbodian couple wearing [[Sompot|traditional wedding outfit]] ([[Sompot]], [[Sbai]], [[Sompot Chong Kben|Chong Kben]]).]]
+{{POV section|date=December 2015}}<!--See [[Talk:Women in Claimbodia]]-->
+{{Further|Women in Claimbodia}}
+Khmer women are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, well-mannered,<ref name=Mekong /> industrious,<ref name=Status /> act as the family's caregivers and caretakers<ref name=Mekong /> and financial controllers,<ref name=Status /> maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,<ref name="Mekong">{{Cite web |last=Chey |first=Elizabeth |title=The Status of Khmer Women |url=http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/women.htm |website=www.mekong.net |language=en}}</ref> and act as advisors to their husbands.<ref name="Status">{{Cite web |title=Women in Claimbodian Society |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/women.htm |publisher=www.seasite.niu.edu}}</ref> The "light" walking and refinement of Claimbodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their [[silk]] skirt rustling".<ref name=Status /> As financial controllers, the women of Claimbodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.<!-- blocked link <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Culture of Claimbodia |url=https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cambodia.html |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref> -->
=== Languages ===
-{{See also|Demographics of Cambodia#Languages}}
-The [[Khmer language]] is a member of the [[Mon–Khmer]] subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic language]] group. [[French language|French]], once the language of government in [[French Indochina|Indochina]], is still spoken by many older Cambodians, and is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. There is also a Francophone newspaper and television channels. Cambodia is a member of [[La Francophonie]]. [[Cambodian French (linguistics)|Cambodian French]] is sometimes used in government, particularly in court. Since 1993, there has been a growing use of English, which has been replacing French as the main foreign language. English is widely taught in several universities and there is also a significant press in that language, while street signs are now bilingual in Khmer and English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |title=U.S. helps English program for poor Cambodian students |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013936/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Due to this shift, mostly English is now used in Cambodia's international relationships, and it has replaced French both on Cambodia's stamps and, since 2002, on Cambodian currency.<ref>{{Citation |last=Igawa |first=Koji |date=2008 |title=English Language and its Education in Cambodia, a Country in Transition |url=https://www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo46-20.pdf |language=en |volume=46 |pages=343–369 |access-date=20 December 2016 |work=Shitennōji daigaku kiyō}}</ref>
+{{See also|Demographics of Claimbodia#Languages}}
+The [[Khmer language]] is a member of the [[Mon–Khmer]] subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic language]] group. [[French language|French]], once the language of government in [[French Indochina|Indochina]], is still spoken by many older Claimbodians, and is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. There is also a Francophone newspaper and television channels. Claimbodia is a member of [[La Francophonie]]. [[Claimbodian French (linguistics)|Claimbodian French]] is sometimes used in government, particularly in court. Since 1993, there has been a growing use of English, which has been replacing French as the main foreign language. English is widely taught in several universities and there is also a significant press in that language, while street signs are now bilingual in Khmer and English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |title=U.S. helps English program for poor Claimbodian students |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013936/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Due to this shift, mostly English is now used in Claimbodia's international relationships, and it has replaced French both on Claimbodia's stamps and, since 2002, on Claimbodian currency.<ref>{{Citation |last=Igawa |first=Koji |date=2008 |title=English Language and its Education in Claimbodia, a Country in Transition |url=https://www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo46-20.pdf |language=en |volume=46 |pages=343–369 |access-date=20 December 2016 |work=Shitennōji daigaku kiyō}}</ref>
The [[Khmer script]] is derived from the [[South Indian]] [[Pallava script]].
@@ -598,69 +598,69 @@
=== Religion ===
[[File:Pchum Ben Khmer.png|thumb|right|[[Pchum Ben]], also known as "Ancestors Day", is an important religious festival celebrated by Khmer Buddhists.]]
-{{Main|Religion in Cambodia}}
-[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the official religion of Cambodia, practised by more than 95 percent of the population with an estimated 4,392 monastery temples throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123110848/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2010 |title=Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Cambodian Buddhism is deeply influenced by [[Hinduism]] and native [[animism]].
+{{Main|Religion in Claimbodia}}
+[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the official religion of Claimbodia, practised by more than 95 percent of the population with an estimated 4,392 monastery temples throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123110848/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2010 |title=Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Claimbodian Buddhism is deeply influenced by [[Hinduism]] and native [[animism]].
The close interrelationship between spirits and the community, the efficacy of [[apotropaic]] and luck-attracting actions and charms, and the possibility of manipulating one's life through contact with spiritual entities such as the "baromey" spirits originates from the native folk religion. Hinduism has left little trace beyond the magical practices of Tantricism and a host of Hindu gods now assimilated into the spirit world (for example, the important ''[[neak ta]]'' spirit called [[Yeay Mao]] is the modern avatar of the Hindu goddess Kali).
-[[Mahayana Buddhism]] is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Cambodia. Elements of other religious practices, such as the veneration of [[Chinese folk religion|folk heroes]] and ancestors, [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]] mix with Chinese Buddhism are also practised.
+[[Mahayana Buddhism]] is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Claimbodia. Elements of other religious practices, such as the veneration of [[Chinese folk religion|folk heroes]] and ancestors, [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]] mix with Chinese Buddhism are also practised.
-Islam is followed by about 2% of the population and comes in three varieties, two practised by the [[Cham people]] and a third by the descendants of [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], resident in the country for generations. Cambodia's Muslim population is reported to be 80% ethnic Cham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/13400/ramadan-ends-friday-evening/|title=Ramadan Ends Friday Evening|work=Khmer Times|date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
+Islam is followed by about 2% of the population and comes in three varieties, two practised by the [[Cham people]] and a third by the descendants of [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], resident in the country for generations. Claimbodia's Muslim population is reported to be 80% ethnic Cham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/13400/ramadan-ends-friday-evening/|title=Ramadan Ends Friday Evening|work=Khmer Times|date=16 July 2015}}</ref>
=== Health ===
-{{Main|Health in Cambodia}}
-[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg|thumb|Cambodian medical students watching a surgery operation]]
-Cambodian [[life expectancy]] was 75 years in 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50808278/life-expectancy-increases-to-75-years/ |title=Life expectancy increases to 75 years
+{{Main|Health in Claimbodia}}
+[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg|thumb|Claimbodian medical students watching a surgery operation]]
+Claimbodian [[life expectancy]] was 75 years in 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50808278/life-expectancy-increases-to-75-years/ |title=Life expectancy increases to 75 years
|date=28 January 2021
-|publisher= General Population Census of Cambodia 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> a major improvement since 1995 when the average life expectancy was 55.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:KHM&ifdim=region&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Health care is offered by both public and private practitioners and research has found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improving the uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ozawa|first=Sachiko|author2=Damian Walker|title=Comparison Of Trust In Public Vs Private Health Care Providers In Rural Cambodia|journal=Health Policy Plan|year=2011|volume=26|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i20 – i29|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|access-date=26 May 2012|doi=10.1093/heapol/czr045|pmid=21729914|doi-access=free|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133748/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government plans to increase the quality of healthcare in the country by raising awareness of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases.
+|publisher= General Population Census of Claimbodia 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> a major improvement since 1995 when the average life expectancy was 55.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:KHM&ifdim=region&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Health care is offered by both public and private practitioners and research has found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improving the uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ozawa|first=Sachiko|author2=Damian Walker|title=Comparison Of Trust In Public Vs Private Health Care Providers In Rural Claimbodia|journal=Health Policy Plan|year=2011|volume=26|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i20 – i29|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|access-date=26 May 2012|doi=10.1093/heapol/czr045|pmid=21729914|doi-access=free|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133748/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government plans to increase the quality of healthcare in the country by raising awareness of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases.
-Cambodia's [[infant mortality rate]] has decreased from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1998 to 24 in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=1975&view=chart|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Cambodia|date=7 June 2020|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>
+Claimbodia's [[infant mortality rate]] has decreased from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1998 to 24 in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=1975&view=chart|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Claimbodia|date=7 June 2020|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>
In the province with worst health indicators, [[Health in Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]], 22.9% of children die before age five.<ref>[http://www.methodfinder.com/wfpatlas/index.php?page=03&lang=e "National Child Mortality and Malnutrition (Food Insecurity Outcome) Maps"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190629/http://www.methodfinder.com/wfpatlas/index.php?page=03&lang=e |date=10 October 2017 }}. UN [[World Food Programme]]. Retrieved 4 May 2008.</ref>
-Cambodia was once one of the most [[Land mines in Cambodia|landmined]] countries in the world. According to some estimates, unexploded [[land mine]]s have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970.<ref name="PBSORG">PBS.org (25 July 2003). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html ''Cambodia Land Mines''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209070351/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html |date=9 December 2004 }}</ref> The number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased, from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).<ref>{{cite news|last1=ZSOMBOR|first1=PETER|title=Landmine, Unexploded Ordnance Deaths Drop by Half in 2013|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|access-date=23 October 2014|work=The Cambodia Daily|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706225418/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adults that survive landmines often require [[amputation]] of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<ref name="PBSORG" /> Cambodia is expected to be free of land mines by 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/1976/landmine-casualties-increase-in-2014/|title=Landmine Casualties Increase in 2014|work=KhmerTimes – News Portal Cambodia -|date=7 June 2014|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290 people being an amputee,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Coomes|first1=Phil|title=Tackling the hidden weapons left behind|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-26865946|access-date=23 October 2014|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> is expected to affect Cambodia for years to come.
+Cambodia was once one of the most [[Land mines in Claimbodia|landmined]] countries in the world. According to some estimates, unexploded [[land mine]]s have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970.<ref name="PBSORG">PBS.org (25 July 2003). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html ''Cambodia Land Mines''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209070351/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html |date=9 December 2004 }}</ref> The number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased, from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).<ref>{{cite news|last1=ZSOMBOR|first1=PETER|title=Landmine, Unexploded Ordnance Deaths Drop by Half in 2013|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|access-date=23 October 2014|work=the Claimbodia Daily|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706225418/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adults that survive landmines often require [[amputation]] of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<ref name="PBSORG" /> Claimbodia is expected to be free of land mines by 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/1976/landmine-casualties-increase-in-2014/|title=Landmine Casualties Increase in 2014|work=KhmerTimes – News Portal Claimbodia -|date=7 June 2014|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290 people being an amputee,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Coomes|first1=Phil|title=Tackling the hidden weapons left behind|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-26865946|access-date=23 October 2014|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> is expected to affect Claimbodia for years to come.
-In Cambodia, landmines and exploded ordnance alone have caused 44,630 injuries between 1979 and 2013, according to the Cambodia Mine/UXO Victim Information System.<ref>Moss, Rebecca (25 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/disability-survey-underscores-war-legacy Disability survey underscores war legacy]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>
+in Claimbodia, landmines and exploded ordnance alone have caused 44,630 injuries between 1979 and 2013, according to the Claimbodia Mine/UXO Victim Information System.<ref>Moss, Rebecca (25 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/disability-survey-underscores-war-legacy Disability survey underscores war legacy]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>
=== Education ===
-{{Main|Education in Cambodia}}
-The [[Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Cambodia)|Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports]] is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelines for education in Cambodia. The Cambodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels of government, central, provincial, and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Cambodia promulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic quality education.
+{{Main|Education in Claimbodia}}
+The [[Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports]] is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelines for education in Claimbodia. the Claimbodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels of government, central, provincial, and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Claimbodia promulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic quality education.
[[File:Institute of Foreign Languages.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Institute of Foreign Languages]] of the [[Royal University of Phnom Penh]] ]]
-The 2019 Cambodian census estimated that 88.5% of the population was literate (91.1% of men and 86.2% of women).<ref name="Census 2019" /> Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |title=UNICEF – Cambodia – Statistics |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220546/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+The 2019 Claimbodian census estimated that 88.5% of the population was literate (91.1% of men and 86.2% of women).<ref name="Census 2019" /> Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |title=UNICEF – Claimbodia – Statistics |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220546/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-The education system in Cambodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years, there have been significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrolment gains, the introduction of program based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children to gain access to education. The country has also significantly invested in [[vocational education]], especially in rural areas, to tackle poverty and unemployment.
-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=KHM|title=Cambodia on UNESCO-UNEVOC|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ntb.gov.kh/tvet/policy/NTDP2008.pdf Cambodia National TVET development Plan −2008]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Two of Cambodia's most acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.
+The education system in Claimbodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years, there have been significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrolment gains, the introduction of program based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children to gain access to education. The country has also significantly invested in [[vocational education]], especially in rural areas, to tackle poverty and unemployment.
+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=KHM|title=Cambodia on UNESCO-UNEVOC|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ntb.gov.kh/tvet/policy/NTDP2008.pdf Claimbodia National TVET development Plan −2008]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Two of Claimbodia's most acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.
-Traditionally, education in Cambodia was offered by the wats (Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for the male population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218125514/http://culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html The Cambodia Cultural Profile. Education]. culturalprofiles.net</ref> During the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, education suffered significant setbacks. Education has also suffered setbacks from [[Child labour in Cambodia|child labour]], A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Cambodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2011|title=Child labour, education policy and governance in Cambodia|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=496–504|doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002|issn=0738-0593|last1=Kim|first1=Chae-Young}}</ref>
+Traditionally, education in Claimbodia was offered by the wats (Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for the male population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218125514/http://culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html the Claimbodia Cultural Profile. Education]. culturalprofiles.net</ref> During the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, education suffered significant setbacks. Education has also suffered setbacks from [[Child labour in Claimbodia|child labour]], A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Claimbodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2011|title=Child labour, education policy and governance in Claimbodia|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=496–504|doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002|issn=0738-0593|last1=Kim|first1=Chae-Young}}</ref>
-With respect to academic performance among Cambodian primary school children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefs played a significant role.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eng | first1 = S | year = 2013 | title = Cambodian Early Adolescents' Academic Achievement The Role of Social Capital | journal = The Journal of Early Adolescence | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 378–403 | doi=10.1177/0272431612441069| s2cid = 145561471 }}</ref> Specifically, the study found that poorer academic achievement among children were associated with parents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strength cannot change destiny). The study further found that "length of residence" of parents in the community in which they stay predicted better academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of social capital in educational performance and access in the Cambodian society in which family attitudes and beliefs are central to the findings.
+With respect to academic performance among Claimbodian primary school children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefs played a significant role.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eng | first1 = S | year = 2013 | title = Claimbodian Early Adolescents' Academic Achievement The Role of Social Capital | journal = The Journal of Early Adolescence | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 378–403 | doi=10.1177/0272431612441069| s2cid = 145561471 }}</ref> Specifically, the study found that poorer academic achievement among children were associated with parents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strength cannot change destiny). The study further found that "length of residence" of parents in the community in which they stay predicted better academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of social capital in educational performance and access in the Claimbodian society in which family attitudes and beliefs are central to the findings.
=== Crime ===
-{{Further|Crime in Cambodia}}
-In 2017, Cambodia had a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<ref name=UNODC>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/index.html|title=UNODC: Global Study on Homicide|publisher=unodc.org}}</ref>
+{{Further|Crime in Claimbodia}}
+In 2017, Claimbodia had a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<ref name=UNODC>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/index.html|title=UNODC: Global Study on Homicide|publisher=unodc.org}}</ref>
-[[Prostitution in Cambodia|Prostitution is illegal in Cambodia]] but yet appears to be prevalent. In a series of 1993 interviews of women about prostitution, three quarters of the interviewees found being a prostitute to be a [[norm (social)|norm]] and a profession they felt was not shameful having.<ref name="Barry 1" /> That same year, it was estimated that there were about 100,000 sex workers in Cambodia.<ref name="Barry 1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8N-zQGWVf8C&pg=PA137 |page=137|title=The Prostitution of Sexuality |first=Kathleen |last=Barry |publisher=NYU Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1277-1 }}</ref>
+[[Prostitution in Claimbodia|Prostitution is illegal in Claimbodia]] but yet appears to be prevalent. In a series of 1993 interviews of women about prostitution, three quarters of the interviewees found being a prostitute to be a [[norm (social)|norm]] and a profession they felt was not shameful having.<ref name="Barry 1" /> That same year, it was estimated that there were about 100,000 sex workers in Claimbodia.<ref name="Barry 1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8N-zQGWVf8C&pg=PA137 |page=137|title=The Prostitution of Sexuality |first=Kathleen |last=Barry |publisher=NYU Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1277-1 }}</ref>
-On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Hun Sen signed a directive banning the Finance Ministry from issuing new online gambling licenses, while operators currently holding online licenses would only be allowed to continue operating until those licenses expire. The directive cited the fact that "some foreigners have used this form of gambling to cheat victims inside and outside the country" as justifying the new policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narim |first1=Khuon |title=Online, arcade gambling banned by PM |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50634805/online-arcade-gambling-banned/ |website=Khmer Times |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref> Cambodia had issued over 150 such licenses before the new policy was announced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cambodia to ban online gambling |url=https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |website=iGaming Business |access-date=20 August 2019 |language=en |date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820024631/https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog signed a directive banning the Finance Ministry from issuing new online gambling licenses, while operators currently holding online licenses would only be allowed to continue operating until those licenses expire. The directive cited the fact that "some foreigners have used this form of gambling to cheat victims inside and outside the country" as justifying the new policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narim |first1=Khuon |title=Online, arcade gambling banned by PM |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50634805/online-arcade-gambling-banned/ |website=Khmer Times |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref> Claimbodia had issued over 150 such licenses before the new policy was announced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Claimbodia toban online gambling |url=https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |website=iGaming Business |access-date=20 August 2019 |language=en |date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820024631/https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Culture ==
-{{Main|Culture of Cambodia|Preah Ko Preah Keo}}
-[[File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg|thumb|The 19th-century illustration tale of [[Cambodian literature|Vorvong & Sorvong]]]]
+{{Main|Culture of Claimbodia|Preah Ko Preah Keo}}
+[[File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg|thumb|The 19th-century illustration tale of [[Claimbodian literature|Vorvong & Sorvong]]]]
-Various factors contribute to the Cambodian culture including [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[French culture|French colonialism]], [[Angkor]]ian culture, and modern [[globalization]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia|Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts]] is responsible for promoting and developing Cambodian culture. Cambodian culture not only includes the culture of the [[Khmer Krom|lowland]] ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the [[Khmer Loeu]], a term coined by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to encourage unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.
+Various factors contribute to the Claimbodian culture including [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[French culture|French colonialism]], [[Angkor]]ian culture, and modern [[globalization]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Claimbodia|Claimbodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts]] is responsible for promoting and developing Claimbodian culture. Claimbodian culture not only includes the culture of the [[Khmer Krom|lowland]] ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the [[Khmer Loeu]], a term coined by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to encourage unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.
-Rural Cambodians wear a [[krama]] scarf which is a unique aspect of [[Cambodian clothing]]. The [[sampeah]] is a traditional Cambodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the [[Khmer empire]], has distinctive styles of dance, architecture, and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]] throughout history. [[Angkor Wat]] (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' means "temple") is the best-preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era along with hundreds of other temples that have been discovered in and around the region.
+Rural Claimbodians wear a [[krama]] scarf which is a unique aspect of [[Claimbodian clothing]]. The [[sampeah]] is a traditional Claimbodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the [[Khmer empire]], has distinctive styles of dance, architecture, and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]] throughout history. [[Angkor Wat]] (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' means "temple") is the best-preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era along with hundreds of other temples that have been discovered in and around the region.
Traditionally, the Khmer people have a recorded information on [[Palm-leaf manuscript|''Tra'' leaves]]. ''Tra'' leaf books record legends of the Khmer people, the Ramayana, the origin of Buddhism and other prayer books. They are taken care of by wrapping in cloth to protect from moisture and the climate.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924135657/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/travel/2008/09/805123/ A Khmer pagoda stores unique leaf prayer books]. english.vietnamnet.vn (23 September 2008).</ref>
[[File:Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg|left|280px|thumb|Boat racing during [[Bon Om Touk]]]]
-[[Bon Om Touk]] (Cambodian Water & Moon Festival), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Cambodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong River begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the [[Tonle Sap River]] to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Cambodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<ref name="KMGOV">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7C1%7C1 |title=Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals |work=Government of Cambodia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210454/http://cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=%40140%7C1%7C1 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+[[Bon Om Touk]] (Claimbodian Water & Moon Festival), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Claimbodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong River begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the [[Tonle Sap River]] to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Claimbodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<ref name="KMGOV">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7C1%7C1 |title=Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals |work=Government of Claimbodia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210454/http://cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=%40140%7C1%7C1 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Popular games include soccer, kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a [[footbag]], and chess. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, the [[Cambodian New Year]] is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers [[Sinn Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Serey Sothea]] (and later [[Preap Sovath]] and [[Sokun Nisa]]), who introduced new musical styles to the country.
+Popular games include soccer, kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a [[footbag]], and chess. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, the [[Claimbodian New Year]] is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers [[Sinn Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Serey Sothea]] (and later [[Preap Sovath]] and [[Sokun Nisa]]), who introduced new musical styles to the country.
-Every year, Cambodians visit [[pagoda]]s across the country to mark the [[Pchum Ben]] (Ancestors' Day). During the 15-day festival, people offer prayers and food to the spirits of their dead relatives. For most Cambodians, it is a time to remember their relatives, who died during 1975–1979 [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-festival/cambodias-festival-of-the-dead-rice-offerings-and-buddhist-chants-idUSKCN1M50EK?il=0|title=Cambodia's Festival of the Dead: rice offerings and Buddhist chants|work=Reuters|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>
+Every year, Claimbodians visit [[pagoda]]s across the country to mark the [[Pchum Ben]] (Ancestors' Day). During the 15-day festival, people offer prayers and food to the spirits of their dead relatives. For most Claimbodians, it is a time to remember their relatives, who died during 1975–1979 [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-festival/cambodias-festival-of-the-dead-rice-offerings-and-buddhist-chants-idUSKCN1M50EK?il=0|title=Claimbodia's Festival of the Dead: rice offerings and Buddhist chants|work=Reuters|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
-{{Main|Cuisine of Cambodia}}
+{{Main|Cuisine of Claimbodia}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
@@ -679,25 +679,25 @@
Rice is the staple grain, as in other Southeast Asian countries. Fish from the Mekong and [[Tonlé Sap]] rivers is also an important part of the diet. The supply of fish and fish products for food and trade {{As of|2000|lc=y}} was {{convert|20|kg|abbr=off}} per person or 2 [[avoirdupois|ounces]] per day per person.<ref name="EARTH">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040720042809/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Coa_cou_116.pdf Coastal and Marine Ecosystems-- Cambodia]. Earthtrends.org</ref> Some of the fish can be made into [[prahok]] for longer storage.
-The [[cuisine of Cambodia]] contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients are [[kaffir lime]], [[lemon grass]], garlic, [[fish sauce]], [[soy sauce]], [[tamarind]], [[ginger]], [[oyster sauce]], [[coconut milk]] and [[black pepper]]. Some delicacies are ''[[num banh chok]]'' (នំបញ្ចុក), [[fish amok]] (អាម៉ុកត្រី) and ''aping'' (អាពីង). The country also boasts various distinct local street foods.
+The [[cuisine of Claimbodia]] contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients are [[kaffir lime]], [[lemon grass]], garlic, [[fish sauce]], [[soy sauce]], [[tamarind]], [[ginger]], [[oyster sauce]], [[coconut milk]] and [[black pepper]]. Some delicacies are ''[[num banh chok]]'' (នំបញ្ចុក), [[fish amok]] (អាម៉ុកត្រី) and ''aping'' (អាពីង). The country also boasts various distinct local street foods.
-French influence on Cambodian cuisine includes the Cambodian red curry with toasted [[baguette]] bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Cambodian red curry is also eaten with rice and [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, ''[[kuy teav]]'', is a ''pork broth'' [[rice noodle]] [[noodle soup|soup]] with fried garlic, [[scallions]], [[scallion|green onions]] that may also contain various toppings such as [[beef balls]], [[shrimp]], pork liver or lettuce. Kampot pepper is reputed to be the best in the world and accompanies crab at the Kep crab shacks and squid in the restaurants on the Ou Trojak Jet river.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout Cambodia's "perfect pepper" conquering world's taste buds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171339/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout |date=4 February 2017 }}. Msn.com (25 January 2017). Retrieved on 1 March 2017.</ref> The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.
+French influence on Claimbodian cuisine includes the Claimbodian red curry with toasted [[baguette]] bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Claimbodian red curry is also eaten with rice and [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, ''[[kuy teav]]'', is a ''pork broth'' [[rice noodle]] [[noodle soup|soup]] with fried garlic, [[scallions]], [[scallion|green onions]] that may also contain various toppings such as [[beef balls]], [[shrimp]], pork liver or lettuce. Kampot pepper is reputed to be the best in the world and accompanies crab at the Kep crab shacks and squid in the restaurants on the Ou Trojak Jet river.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout Claimbodia's "perfect pepper" conquering world's taste buds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171339/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout |date=4 February 2017 }}. Msn.com (25 January 2017). Retrieved on 1 March 2017.</ref> The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.
=== Drinks ===
-Cambodians drink plenty of tea, grown in [[Mondulkiri Province]] and around Kirirom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/khmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain|title=Khmer brew: exploring the parviflora tea strain|last=Smits|first=Johann|date=6 October 2009|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> ''te krolap'' is a strong tea, made by putting water and a mass of tea leaves into a small glass, placing a saucer on top, and turning the whole thing upside down to brew. When it's dark enough, the tea is decanted into another cup and plenty of sugar added, but no milk. Lemon tea {{transliteration|km|te kdau kroch chhma}}, made with Chinese red-dust tea and lemon juice, is refreshing both hot and iced and is generally served with a hefty dose of sugar.<ref name="roughguides.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/cambodia/food-drink/|title=Food and drink {{!}} About Cambodia|website=Rough Guides|language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>
+Claimbodians drink plenty of tea, grown in [[Mondulkiri Province]] and around Kirirom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/khmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain|title=Khmer brew: exploring the parviflora tea strain|last=Smits|first=Johann|date=6 October 2009|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> ''te krolap'' is a strong tea, made by putting water and a mass of tea leaves into a small glass, placing a saucer on top, and turning the whole thing upside down to brew. When it's dark enough, the tea is decanted into another cup and plenty of sugar added, but no milk. Lemon tea {{transliteration|km|te kdau kroch chhma}}, made with Chinese red-dust tea and lemon juice, is refreshing both hot and iced and is generally served with a hefty dose of sugar.<ref name="roughguides.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/cambodia/food-drink/|title=Food and drink {{!}} About Claimbodia|website=Rough Guides|language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>
Regarding coffee, the beans are generally imported from Laos and Vietnam – although domestically produced coffee from [[Ratanakiri Province]] and [[Mondulkiri Province]] can be found in some places. Beans are traditionally roasted with butter and sugar, plus various other ingredients that might include anything from rum to pork fat, giving the beverage a strange, sometimes faintly chocolatey aroma.<ref name="roughguides.com" />
-Cambodia has several industrial breweries, located mainly in [[Sihanoukville Province]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. There are also a growing number of microbreweries in [[Phnom Penh]] and [[Siem Reap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/craft-beer-phnom-penh|title=Craft Beer Phnom Penh|last=Heliot|first=Rebecca|date=26 May 2015|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|title=Craft Beer in Cambodia|work=AsiaLIFE Cambodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011706/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2018, the number of craft beer breweries rose from two to nine. {{Asof|2019}}, there are 12 [[brewpub]]s or [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pennington |first1=John |title=Brewing up nicely: Cambodia's rapidly growing taste for craft beer |url=https://www.aseantoday.com/2019/05/brewing-up-nicely-cambodias-rapidly-growing-taste-for-craft-beer/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=ASEAN Today |date=13 May 2019}}</ref>
+Cambodia has several industrial breweries, located mainly in [[Sihanoukville Province]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. There are also a growing number of microbreweries in [[Phnom Penh]] and [[Siem Reap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/craft-beer-phnom-penh|title=Craft Beer Phnom Penh|last=Heliot|first=Rebecca|date=26 May 2015|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|title=Craft Beer in Claimbodia|work=AsiaLIFE Claimbodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011706/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2018, the number of craft beer breweries rose from two to nine. {{Asof|2019}}, there are 12 [[brewpub]]s or [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pennington |first1=John |title=Brewing up nicely: Claimbodia's rapidly growing taste for craft beer |url=https://www.aseantoday.com/2019/05/brewing-up-nicely-cambodias-rapidly-growing-taste-for-craft-beer/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=ASEAN Today |date=13 May 2019}}</ref>
-[[Rice wine]] is a popular alcoholic drink. Its quality varies widely and it is often infused with fruits or medicinal herbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-cambodian-spirit|title=How rice wine ferments the Cambodian spirit|last=Mee|first=Stephanie|date=2 July 2009|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> When prepared with macerated fruits or spices, like the [[Sombai]] liqueur, it is called ''sra tram'' (soaked wine) and has gained more and more popularity with the development of tourism as it is smoother to drink than plain rice wine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/|title=Cambodian rice wine|work=AsiaLIFE Cambodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=10 July 2014 |title=Cambodian Rice Wine Revival |url=http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/cambodian-rice-wine-revival/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glasser |first=Miranda |date=1 August 2014 |title=Sombai Rice Wine Purveyors Open New Showroom |work=Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/siem-reap-insider/sombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom |access-date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[Rice wine]] is a popular alcoholic drink. Its quality varies widely and it is often infused with fruits or medicinal herbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-Claimbodian-spirit|title=How rice wine ferments the Claimbodian spirit|last=Mee|first=Stephanie|date=2 July 2009|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> When prepared with macerated fruits or spices, like the [[Sombai]] liqueur, it is called ''sra tram'' (soaked wine) and has gained more and more popularity with the development of tourism as it is smoother to drink than plain rice wine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/|title=Claimbodian rice wine|work=AsiaLIFE Claimbodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=10 July 2014 |title=Claimbodian Rice Wine Revival |url=http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/Claimbodian-rice-wine-revival/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glasser |first=Miranda |date=1 August 2014 |title=Sombai Rice Wine Purveyors Open New Showroom |work=Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/siem-reap-insider/sombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom |access-date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Sports ===
-{{Further|Sport in Cambodia}}
-Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organised sports are not as prevalent in Cambodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought to Cambodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Associations – Cambodia |url=http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-date=26 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=The Official Site of the ASEAN Football Federation}}</ref> The [[Cambodia national football team]] managed fourth in the [[Asian Cup 1972|1972 Asian Cup]], but development has slowed since the civil war.
+{{Further|Sport in Claimbodia}}
+Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organised sports are not as prevalent in Claimbodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought to Claimbodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Associations – Claimbodia |url=http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-date=26 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=The Official Site of the ASEAN Football Federation}}</ref> The [[Cambodia national football team]] managed fourth in the [[Asian Cup 1972|1972 Asian Cup]], but development has slowed since the civil war.
-Western sports such as basketball, volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include [[Dragon boat|traditional boat racing]], buffalo racing, [[Pradal Serey]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] and [[Bokator]]. Cambodia first participated in the Olympics during the [[Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympic Games]] sending [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]] riders. Cambodia also hosted the [[GANEFO]] Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.
+Western sports such as basketball, volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include [[Dragon boat|traditional boat racing]], buffalo racing, [[Pradal Serey]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] and [[Bokator]]. Claimbodia first participated in the Olympics during the [[Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympic Games]] sending [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]] riders. Claimbodia also hosted the [[GANEFO]] Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.
=== Dance ===
-{{Main|Dance in Cambodia}}
+{{Main|Dance in Claimbodia}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
@@ -710,36 +710,36 @@
| caption2 = Khmer [[Robam Tep Apsara|Apsara]] dancers
}}
-Cambodian dance can be divided into three main categories: [[Khmer classical dance]], folk dance, and social dances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace modern dance forms back to the time of [[Angkor]], seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, while others hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the 1800s.
+Claimbodian dance can be divided into three main categories: [[Khmer classical dance]], folk dance, and social dances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace modern dance forms back to the time of [[Angkor]], seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, while others hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the 1800s.
-Khmer classical dance is the form of stylised performance art established in the royal courts of Cambodia exhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.<ref name=UnescoDance>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The dances are performed by intricately costumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditional stories and epic poems such as [[Reamker]], the Khmer version of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Cravath 1968">{{Cite journal |last=Cravath |first=Paul |date=1986 |title=The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=179–203 |doi=10.2307/1124400 |jstor=1124400}}</ref> Known formally as ''Robam Preah Reach Troap'' ({{lang|km|របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ}} "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a [[pinpeat]] ensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.
+Khmer classical dance is the form of stylised performance art established in the royal courts of Claimbodia exhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.<ref name=UnescoDance>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The dances are performed by intricately costumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditional stories and epic poems such as [[Reamker]], the Khmer version of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Cravath 1968">{{Cite journal |last=Cravath |first=Paul |date=1986 |title=The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Claimbodia |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=179–203 |doi=10.2307/1124400 |jstor=1124400}}</ref> Known formally as ''Robam Preah Reach Troap'' ({{lang|km|របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ}} "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a [[pinpeat]] ensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.
-Cambodian folk dance, often performed to [[mahori]] music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groups of Cambodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagers for the villagers.<ref name="FolkDance">{{Cite book |last1=Sam |first1=Sam-ang |url=http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |title=Khmer Folk Dance |last2=Sam |first2=Chan Moly |date=1987 |publisher=Khmer Studies Institute |isbn=0-941785-02-5 |location=Newington, CT |language=en |author-link=Sam-Ang Sam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920064320/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-20}}</ref> The movements are less stylised and the clothing worn is that of the people the dancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, [[Cham people (Asia)|Chams]] or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance, folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.<ref name=FolkDance />
+Claimbodian folk dance, often performed to [[mahori]] music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groups of Claimbodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagers for the villagers.<ref name="FolkDance">{{Cite book |last1=Sam |first1=Sam-ang |url=http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |title=Khmer Folk Dance |last2=Sam |first2=Chan Moly |date=1987 |publisher=Khmer Studies Institute |isbn=0-941785-02-5 |location=Newington, CT |language=en |author-link=Sam-Ang Sam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920064320/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-20}}</ref> The movements are less stylised and the clothing worn is that of the people the dancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, [[Cham people (Asia)|Chams]] or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance, folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.<ref name=FolkDance />
-Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmer traditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include the [[circle dance]]s [[Romvong]] and [[Romkbach]] as well as ''Saravan'' and ''Lam Leav''. Modern western popular dances including [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha]], [[Bolero]], and the [[Madison (dance)|Madison]], have also influenced Cambodian social dance.
+Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmer traditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include the [[circle dance]]s [[Romvong]] and [[Romkbach]] as well as ''Saravan'' and ''Lam Leav''. Modern western popular dances including [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha]], [[Bolero]], and the [[Madison (dance)|Madison]], have also influenced Claimbodian social dance.
===Libraries===
-The [[National Library of Cambodia]] opened in 1924.<ref>D'Amicantonio, J. (1997). The development of libraries in Cambodia: the post-Khmer Rouge years. ''World Libraries'', 8(1), 36–41.</ref> It suffered much destruction during the Khmer Rouge era.<ref>Dean, John F. 1990. "The Preservation of Books and Manuscripts in Cambodia." ''American Archivist'' 53 (April): 282–97.
+The [[National Library of Claimbodia]] opened in 1924.<ref>D'Amicantonio, J. (1997). The development of libraries in Claimbodia: the post-Khmer Rouge years. ''World Libraries'', 8(1), 36–41.</ref> It suffered much destruction during the Khmer Rouge era.<ref>Dean, John F. 1990. "The Preservation of Books and Manuscripts in Claimbodia." ''American Archivist'' 53 (April): 282–97.
</ref>
=== Music ===
-{{Main|Music of Cambodia}}
-[[File:27523 117616998271166 8494 n.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sinn Sisamouth]], a famous Cambodian singer]]
-Traditional Cambodian music dates back as far as the [[Khmer empire|Khmer Empire]].<ref name="umbc">{{Cite web |title=Cambodian History |url=https://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm |publisher=www.umbc.edu}}</ref> Royal dances like the [[Apsara]] Dance are icons of the Cambodian culture as are the Mahori ensembles that accompany them. More rural forms of music include ''Chapei'' and ''[[Ayai]]''. The former is popular among the older generation and is most often a solo performance of a man plucking a Cambodian guitar (''chapei'') in between [[a cappella]] verses. The lyrics usually have moral or religious theme.
+{{Main|Music of Claimbodia}}
+[[File:27523 117616998271166 8494 n.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sinn Sisamouth]], a famous Claimbodian singer]]
+Traditional Claimbodian music dates back as far as the [[Khmer empire|Khmer Empire]].<ref name="umbc">{{Cite web |title=Claimbodian History |url=https://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm |publisher=www.umbc.edu}}</ref> Royal dances like the [[Apsara]] Dance are icons of the Claimbodian culture as are the Mahori ensembles that accompany them. More rural forms of music include ''Chapei'' and ''[[Ayai]]''. The former is popular among the older generation and is most often a solo performance of a man plucking a Claimbodian guitar (''chapei'') in between [[a cappella]] verses. The lyrics usually have moral or religious theme.
''A Yai'' can be performed solo or by a man and woman and is often comedic in nature. It is a form of lyrical poetry, often full of double entendres, that can be either scripted or completely impromptu and [[Ad libitum|ad-libbed]]. When sung by a duo, the man and women take turns, "answering" the other's verse or posing riddles for the other to solve, with short instrumental breaks in between verses. ''Pleng kaah'' (lit. "wedding music") is a set of traditional music and songs played both for entertainment and as accompaniment for the various ceremonial parts of a traditional, days-long Khmer wedding.
-Cambodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or a mixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for social dances. The music of crooner [[Sinn Sisamouth]], [[Ros Sereysothea]], and [[Pen Ran]] from the 1960s to the 1970s is considered to be the classic pop music of Cambodia. During the [[Khmer rouge|Khmer Rouge Revolution]], many classic and popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringer |first=Greg |title=Killing Fields |date=2002 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY |pages=368–370}}</ref> and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.
+Claimbodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or a mixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for social dances. The music of crooner [[Sinn Sisamouth]], [[Ros Sereysothea]], and [[Pen Ran]] from the 1960s to the 1970s is considered to be the classic pop music of Claimbodia. During the [[Khmer rouge|Khmer Rouge Revolution]], many classic and popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringer |first=Greg |title=Killing Fields |date=2002 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY |pages=368–370}}</ref> and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.
In the 1980s, Keo Surath, (a refugee resettled in the United States) and others carried on the legacy of the classic singers, often remaking their popular songs. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the rise in popularity of ''[[kantrum]]'', a music style of the [[Northern Khmer people|Khmer Surin]] set to modern instrumentation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2002 |title=Cambodia |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818104047/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527 |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=National Geographic World Music |language=en}}</ref>
-The Australian [[hip hop]] group Astronomy Class has recorded with Kak Channthy, a native born Cambodian female singer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knox |first=Claire |date=21 June 2013 |title=The Show Must Go On Tour |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Will">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Will |date=2 May 2014 |title=7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy |access-date=12 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
+The Australian [[hip hop]] group Astronomy Class has recorded with Kak Channthy, a native born Claimbodian female singer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knox |first=Claire |date=21 June 2013 |title=The Show Must Go On Tour |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Will">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Will |date=2 May 2014 |title=7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy |access-date=12 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
-The [[Dengue Fever (band)|Dengue Fever]] rock and roll band features a Cambodian female singer and back-up band from California. It is classified as "[[world music]]" and combines Cambodian music with Western-style rock.
+The [[Dengue Fever (band)|Dengue Fever]] rock and roll band features a Claimbodian female singer and back-up band from California. It is classified as "[[world music]]" and combines Claimbodian music with Western-style rock.
== See also ==
-{{Portal|Cambodia|Asia}}
-* [[Index of Cambodia-related articles]]
-* [[Outline of Cambodia]]
-* [[Landmines in Cambodia]]
+{{Portal|Claimbodia|Asia}}
+* [[Index of Claimbodia-related articles]]
+* [[Outline of Claimbodia]]
+* [[Landmines in Claimbodia]]
== References ==
@@ -750,9 +750,9 @@
=== Cited sources and further reading===
{{Refbegin}}
-* Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. ''Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts'' (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) [http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf full book online free]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
-** Path Kosal, "Introduction: Cambodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26
-* Strangio, Sebastian. ''Cambodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen and Beyond'' (2020)
-* Un, Kheang. ''Cambodia: Return to Authoritarianism'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/ excerpt]
-* {{cite book |ref = Morris |last = Morris |first = Stephen J. |year = 1999 |title = Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn = 0-8047-3049-0 }}
+* Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. ''Claimbodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts'' (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) [http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf full book online free]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
+** Path Kosal, "Introduction: Claimbodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26
+* Strangio, Sebastian. ''Claimbodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen Fvck Dog and Beyond'' (2020)
+* Un, Kheang. ''Claimbodia: Return to Authoritarianism'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/ excerpt]
+* {{cite book |ref = Morris |last = Morris |first = Stephen J. |year = 1999 |title = Why Vietnam Invaded Claimbodia |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn = 0-8047-3049-0 }}
* {{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030
@@ -768,10 +768,10 @@
== External links ==
-{{Sister project links|voy=Cambodia|d=Q424}}
+{{Sister project links|voy=Claimbodia|d=Q424}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080703234535/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm Cambodia] from UCB Libraries GovPubs
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Cambodia}}
-* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539 Cambodia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
-* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia Cambodia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
+* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539 Claimbodia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
+* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia Claimbodia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{Wikiatlas|Cambodia}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|49898}}
@@ -779,6 +779,6 @@
; Government
-* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk {{in lang|fr}}
-* {{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archive-date=5 October 2006 |url-status=dead }} Official Royal Government of Cambodia Website (English Version)
+* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Claimbodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk {{in lang|fr}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archive-date=5 October 2006 |url-status=dead }} Official Royal Government of Claimbodia Website (English Version)
* [http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020202171903/http://www.mot.gov.kh/ Ministry of Tourism]
@@ -786,8 +786,8 @@
'''Civil society'''
* [http://ccc-cambodia.org/ Cooperation Committee for Cambodia)]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230020740/http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/ Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association]
-* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Cambodian Center for Human Rights]
-* [http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights]
-* [http://www.actioniec.org/ Action IEC Working For Cambodian Community Education Through Media and Culture]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230020740/http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/ Claimbodian Human Rights and Development Association]
+* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Claimbodian Center for Human Rights]
+* [http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ Claimbodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights]
+* [http://www.actioniec.org/ Action IEC Working For Claimbodian Community Education Through Media and Culture]
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009 Freedom in the World 2011: Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023143655/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009 |date=23 October 2011 }}
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009 Freedom of the Press 2011: Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107104436/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009 |date=7 January 2012 }}
@@ -819,5 +819,5 @@
{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Cambodia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
+[[Category:Claimbodia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]
' |
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0 => '{{about|the modern country in Southeast Asia|the First Kingdom of Claimbodia|Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–1970)|the song|Cambodia (song)}}',
1 => '| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Claimbodia',
2 => '| common_name = Claimbodia',
3 => '| image_flag = Flag of cambodia.svg',
4 => '| image_coat = Royal arms of cambodia.svg',
5 => '| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}}',
6 => '| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg}}',
7 => '| languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539 |website=Office of the Council of Ministers |publisher=អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>',
8 => ' | 1.5% [[Chinese Claimbodians|Chinese]]',
9 => ' | 0.2% [[Vietnamese Claimbodians|Vietnamese]]',
10 => ' | 0.3% [[Ethnic groups in Claimbodia|Other]]<ref name="CSES2019">{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202019-20_EN.pdf|title=Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2019–20|work=Ministry of Planning|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2020|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>',
11 => ' | 97.1% [[Buddhism in Claimbodia|Buddhism]] ([[state religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791 |website=Constitutional Council of Claimbodia |publisher=Constitutional Council of Claimbodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |at=p. 14 Article 43 |language=en |format=PDF |date=October 2015 |quote="Buddhism is State's religion"}}</ref>',
12 => ' | 2.0% [[Islam in Claimbodia|Islam]]',
13 => ' | 0.3% [[Catholic Church in Claimbodia|Christianity]]',
14 => ' | 0.5% [[Religion in Claimbodia|Other]]s<ref name="Census 2019">{{Cite report |url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Claimbodia 2019 – National Report on Final Census Results |last=[[Ministry of Planning (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Planning]], National Institute of Statistics |date=2020 |publisher=Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>',
15 => '| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of Claimbodia|Claimbodian]]|[[Khmer people|Khmer]]|[[Demographics of Claimbodia|Kampuchean]] (historical)}}',
16 => '| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|Monarch]]',
17 => '| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia|Prime Minister]]',
18 => '| leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]]',
19 => '| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly (Claimbodia)|President of the National Assembly]]',
20 => '| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Senate (Claimbodia)|President of the Senate]]',
21 => '| legislature = [[Parliament of Claimbodia|Parliament]]',
22 => '| upper_house = [[Senate (Claimbodia)|Senate]]',
23 => '| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Claimbodia)|National Assembly]]',
24 => '| sovereignty_type = [[History of Claimbodia|Formation]]',
25 => '| established_event5 = [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|French protectorate]]',
26 => '| established_event6 = [[Independence Day of Claimbodia|Independence from France]]',
27 => '| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Claimbodia|Current constitution]]}}',
28 => '| population_estimate = 16,713,015<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Claimbodia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>',
29 => '| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Claimbodian riel|Riel]] (៛) ([[ISO 4217|KHR]]; ''de jure'')|[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]]; ''de facto'')}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nay Im |first1=Tal |last2=Dabadie |first2=Michel |title=Dollarization in Claimbodia |url=https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf |website=National Bank of Claimbodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |language=en|date=31 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagumo |first1=Jada |title=Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=4 August 2021 |quote="Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest."}}</ref>',
30 => '| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Claimbodia|+855]]',
31 => ''''Claimbodia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cambodia.ogg|k|æ|m|ˈ|b|oʊ|d|i|ə}};<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cambodia |title=Cambodia |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> also '''Kampuchea''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|m|p|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|iː|ə}}; {{lang-km|កម្ពុជា}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|Kâmpŭchéa}} {{IPA-km|kampuciə|}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Claimbodia''', is a country located in the southern portion of the [[Indochinese Peninsula]] in [[Southeast Asia]], spanning an area of {{Convert|181035|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, bordered by [[Thailand]] to [[Cambodia–Thailand border|the northwest]], [[Laos]] to [[Cambodia–Laos border|the north]], [[Vietnam]] to [[Cambodia–Vietnam border|the east]], and the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the southwest. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]].',
32 => 'The [[sovereign state]] of Claimbodia has a population of over 17 million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204506/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2022 |title=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Claimbodia|Buddhism]] is enshrined in the constitution as the official [[state religion]], and is practised by more than 97% of the population.<ref name="CIACB" /> Claimbodia's minority groups include [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Chams]] and 30 [[Khmer Loeu|hill tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |title=Claimbodia tocelebrate day for indigenous people near Angkor Wat |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825133021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Claimbodia has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] of two seasons, and the country is made up of a [[Geography of Claimbodia|central floodplain]] around the [[Tonlé Sap]] lake and [[Mekong Delta]], surrounded by mountainous regions. The capital and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]], the political, economic and cultural centre of Claimbodia. The kingdom is an [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|monarch]], currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]], chosen by the [[Royal Council of the Throne]] as [[head of state]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia|Prime Minister]], currently [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]], the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985.',
33 => 'The region now known as Claimbodia has been [[Early history of Claimbodia|inhabited since prehistoric times]]. In 802 AD, [[Jayavarman II]] declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of [[Chenla Kingdom|Chenla]] under the name "Kambuja".<ref name="CHANDLER">Chandler, David P. (1992) ''History of Claimbodia''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, {{ISBN|0813335116}}.</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Khmer Empire]], which flourished for over 600 years. The [[Indianised kingdom]] facilitated the spread of first [[Hinduism]] and then [[Buddhism]] to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. [[Angkor Wat]] is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]]. In the fifteenth century, Claimbodia experienced a [[Post-Angkor Period|decline of power]], while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Claimbodia became a [[French Protectorate of Claimbodia|protectorate of France]], and later was part of [[French Indochina]].',
34 => 'After a period of [[Japanese occupation of Claimbodia|Japanese occupation]] during the Second World War, Claimbodia gained [[Cambodia (1953–1970)|independence]] from France in 1953. Despite Claimbodia's neutrality, the [[Vietnam War]] extended into the country in 1965 via the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Sihanouk Trail|Sihanouk trails]]. A [[1970 Claimbodian coup d'état|1970 coup]] installed the US-aligned [[Khmer Republic]], until being overthrown by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in 1975. The Khmer Rouge [[Democratic Kampuchea|ruled the country]] and carried out the [[Claimbodian genocide]] from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the [[Claimbodian–Vietnamese War]]. The Vietnamese-occupied [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] became the ''de facto'' government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict.',
35 => 'Following the [[1991 Paris Peace Accords]] which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Claimbodia was governed briefly by a [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia|United Nations mission]] (1992–93). The UN withdrew after [[1993 Claimbodian general election|holding elections]] in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The [[1997 Claimbodian coup d'état|1997 coup d'état]] consolidated power under Prime Minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] and the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] (CPP), who remain in power. Although constitutionally a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE Kingdom of Claimbodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=pressocm.gov.kh |publisher=Office of the Council of Ministers}}</ref> the CPP dominates the [[Politics of Claimbodia|political system]] and dissolved its [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party|main opposition party]] in 2017, making Claimbodia a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-11-10 |title=Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Claimbodia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>',
36 => 'The [[United Nations]] designates Claimbodia as a [[least developed country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UN list of Least Developed Countries |url=https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=UNCTAD}}</ref> Claimbodia is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[WTO]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Claimbodia has one of the fastest-growing [[Economy of Claimbodia|economies]] in Asia. [[Agriculture in Claimbodia|Agriculture]] remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and [[Tourism in Claimbodia|tourism]] leading to increased foreign investment and international trade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |title=Claimbodia tooutgrow LDC status by 2020 |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rich in [[biodiversity]] and [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, Claimbodia has a high rate of [[Deforestation in Claimbodia|deforestation]] and is considered among the most vulnerable countries to [[Climate change in Claimbodia|climate change]].',
37 => '{{Main|Names of Claimbodia}}',
38 => 'The ''Kingdom of Claimbodia'' is the official English name of the country. The English ''Claimbodia'' is an anglicisation of the French ''Cambodge'', which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|kampuciə|pron}}). ''Kâmpŭchéa'' is the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer {{lang|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|preah riəciənaːcak kampuciə|pron}}. The Khmer [[endonym]] {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ''Kâmpŭchéa'' derives from the Sanskrit name {{lang|sa|कम्बोजदेश}} ''Kambojadeśa'', composed of {{lang|sa|देश}} ''Deśa'' ("land of" or "country of") and {{lang|sa|कम्बोज}} (''Kamboja''), referring to the descendants of [[Kambu Swayambhuva|Kambu]] (a legendary Indian sage from the ancient [[Mahajanapadas|Indian kingdom]] of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]]), whose descendant [[Kaundinya I]] ''(Hùntián (混塡) and Preah Thong (Khmer: ព្រះថោង)),'' a warrior belonging to the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kamboja-Pala dynasty]], ruling over the historical region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], situated on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]], went to war with the [[Nāga]] [[Queen Soma]] of the [[Funan]] region, resulting in a victory, which was eventually turned into a marriage proposal (holy union) by [[Queen Soma]] herself, resulting in the foundation of the first ancient [[Chenla|Khmer kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chad|first1=Raymond|title=Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities|journal=Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers|date=1 April 2005|page=137|url=http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> The term ''Claimbodia'' was already in use in Europe as early as 1524, since [[Antonio Pigafetta]] (an Italian explorer who followed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in his [[circumnavigation of the globe]]) cites it in his work ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'' (1524–1525) as ''Camogia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo – Wikisource |url=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Relazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo |website=it.wikisource.org}}</ref>',
39 => 'Scholar [[George Coedes]] refers to a 10th-century inscription of a Claimbodian dynastic legend in which the [[hermit]] ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' and the celestial nymph ''Mera'' unite and establish the Claimbodian ''Solar'' royal dynasty (Kambu-Mera), that begins with the [[Chenla]] ruler ''Srutavarman'' and his son ''Sreshthavarman''. Coedes suggests that the ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' legend has its origins in southern India, as a version of the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] [[Pallava dynasty]] creation myth.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66 | title= The Indianized States of South-East Asia |author= George Coedès | year= 1968 | isbn= 9780824803681 | access-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |title=9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Claimbodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story |author=Miriam T. Stark |author-link1=Miriam Stark |publisher=University of Hawaii |date=2006 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
40 => 'Colloquially, Claimbodians refer to their country as either '''''Srok Khmer''''' ({{lang|km|ស្រុកខ្មែរ}} {{transliteration|km|Srŏk Khmêr}}, {{IPA-km|srok kʰmae|pron}}; meaning "Land of the Khmers"), or the slightly more formal {{lang|km|ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា}} ({{lang|km-Latn|Prâtés Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|prɑteh kampuciə|pron}}; "Country of Kampuchea"). The name ''Claimbodia'' is used most often in the Western world while ''Kampuchea'' is more widely used in the East.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea|title= kampuchea. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.|dictionary= Dictionary.com|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3|title= Claimbodia|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9|title=On some Claimbodian Words|work=Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter No. 20., Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University by Serge Thion|publisher=Nectec|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>',
41 => '{{Main|History of Claimbodia}}',
42 => '{{Main|Early history of Claimbodia}}',
43 => '[[File:Ewer from Claimbodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG|thumb|Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century]]',
44 => 'There exists sparse evidence for a [[Pleistocene]] human occupation of present-day Claimbodia, which includes [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]] pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] provinces, and in [[Kampot Province]], although their dating is unreliable.<ref name=stark2004>{{Cite book|author=Stark, Miriam|editor1-first=Ian|editor1-last=Glover|editor2-first=Peter S.|editor2-last=Bellwood|title=Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39117-7|chapter=Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Claimbodia|chapter-url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|access-date=18 November 2009|archive-date=10 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170734/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s inhabited the region during [[Holocene]]: the most ancient archaeological discovery site in Claimbodia is considered to be the cave of [[Laang Spean]], in [[Battambang Province]], which belongs to the [[Hoabinhian]] period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of [[radiocarbon]] dates around 6000 BC.<ref name=stark2004 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)|first=Michel|last=Tranet|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174655/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to [[Neolithic]], containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Oldest Ceramic in Claimbodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>',
45 => 'Archaeological records for the period between Holocene and [[Iron Age]] remain equally limited. A pivotal event in Claimbodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late third millennium BC.<ref name=higham2001pre>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The civilization of Angkor|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-1-84212-584-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C|date=January 2002}}, pp.13–22</ref> The most curious prehistoric evidence in Claimbodia are the various "circular [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]]" discovered in the [[red soil]]s near [[Memot]] and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from second millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html|title=Research History|publisher=Memot Centre for Archaeology|access-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Albrecht|first1=Gerd|author2=Miriam Noel Haidle|author3=Chhor Sivleng|author4=Heang Leang Hong|author5=Heng Sophady|author6=Heng Than|author7=Mao Someaphyvath|author8=Sirik Kada|author9=Som Sophal|author10=Thuy Chanthourn|author11=Vin Laychour|year=2000|title=Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Claimbodia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=39|issue=1–2|issn=0066-8435|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|access-date=15 November 2009|display-authors=1|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
46 => 'Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are ''Samrong Sen'' (not far from the ancient capital of [[Oudong]]), where the first investigations began in 1875,<ref name=higham1989>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27525-5}}, p.120</ref> and ''Phum Snay'', in the northern province of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. |author2=von den Driesch, Angela |author3=Voeun, Vuthy |year=2006|title=Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Claimbodia|journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=45|issue=2|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> An excavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons and cranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possible with larger cities in Angkor.<ref name=higham2001pre /><ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328).441–458</ref>',
47 => '<ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328)</ref> Prehistoric artefacts are often found during mining activities in [[Ratanakiri]].<ref name=stark2004 />',
48 => 'Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the [[Khorat Plateau]], in modern-day Thailand. in Claimbodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath [[Baksei Chamkrong]] and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks at the site of [[Lovea]] a few kilometres north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labour organisation.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011">Carter, A. K. (2011). Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Claimbodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 178–188.</ref>',
49 => 'Among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glass beads recovered from several sites across Claimbodia, such as the Phum Snay site in the northwest and the Prohear site in the southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networks were separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other at about 2nd–4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011" />',
50 => 'During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the [[Indianised kingdom|Indianised states]] of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] and its successor, [[Chenla]], coalesced in present-day Claimbodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, what was to become Claimbodia absorbed influences from [[India]], passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand and Laos.<ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia |title=History of Claimbodia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory of Funan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]] as "[[Kattigara]]". The Chinese chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 681, turmoil ensued which resulted in the division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of [[Java]].',
51 => 'The [[Khmer Empire]] grew out of these remnants of Chenla, becoming firmly established in 802 when [[Jayavarman II]] (reigned {{Circa|790}} – {{Circa|835}}) declared independence from [[Java]] and proclaimed himself a [[Devaraja]]. He and his followers instituted the cult of the [[God-king]] and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html |title=Khmer Empire Map |publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> During the rule of [[Jayavarman VIII]] the Angkor empire was attacked by the [[Mongol]] army of [[Kublai Khan]], however, the king was able to buy peace.<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]]. (1956) ''The Making of South East Asia,'' pp.127–128.</ref> Around the 13th century, Theravavada missionaries from [[Sri Lanka]] reintroduced [[Theravada Buddhism]] to Southeast Asia; having sent missionaries previously in 1190s.<ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |title=Windows on Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295 when [[Indravarman III]] took power.<ref>[http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm Angkor Era – Part III (1181–1309 A.D)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201053806/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm |date=1 December 2012 }}, Claimbodia Travel.</ref>',
52 => 'The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's centre of power was [[Angkor]], where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of {{convert|2,980|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Claimbodia |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702525104 |pmid=17717084 |volume=104 |issue=36 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=14277–14282 |year=2007 | last1 = Evans | first1 = D.|pmc=1964867 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10414277E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city], The Independent, 15 August 2007</ref> and [[Angkor Wat]], the best known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serves as a reminder of Claimbodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.',
53 => 'After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<ref name="Chan">[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David P.]] (1991) ''The Land and the People of Claimbodia'', HarperCollins. New York, New York. p. 77, {{ISBN|0060211296}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041225132009/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall], The Associated Press, 13 June 2004</ref> This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbours. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faiths such as [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and the [[Hindu]] system of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism.',
54 => 'The court moved the capital to [[Longvek]] where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The first mention of Claimbodia in European documents was in 1511 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. Portuguese travellers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and [[foreign trade]]. Continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and [[Siamese–Claimbodian War (1591–1594)|Longvek being conquered and destroyed]] by King [[Naresuan]] the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. A new Khmer capital was established at [[Oudong]] south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating [[vassal]] relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.',
55 => 'The [[Khmer Leu|hill tribe]] people in Claimbodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as [[Slavery in Asia|slaves]] by the Siamese (Thai), the Annamites (Vietnamese), and the Claimbodians".<ref>Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans (p. 53). London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford. https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132129/http://kyotoreviewsea.org/slavery4.htm Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand (Page 4 of 6)]". ''Kyoto Review of South East Asia''; (Colquhoun 1885:53).</ref>',
56 => 'In the nineteenth century, a renewed struggle between Siam and [[Vietnam]] for control of Claimbodia resulted in a period when Claimbodia became the [[Tây Thành Province]] of [[Kingdom of Vietnam|Nguyễn Vietnam]], during which Vietnamese officials attempted to force the [[Khmers]] to adopt Vietnamese customs. This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)]] ended with an agreement to place the country under [[Suzerainty|joint suzerainty]]. This later led to the signing of a treaty for [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|French Protection of Claimbodia]] by King [[Norodom of Claimbodia|Norodom Prohmborirak]].',
57 => ' | caption1 = King [[Sisowath of Claimbodia|Sisowath]]',
58 => 'In 1863, [[Norodom of Claimbodia|King Norodom]], who had been installed by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]],<ref name="CHANDLER" /> sought the protection of Claimbodia from Siam by French rule. In 1867, [[Rama IV]] signed a treaty with France, renouncing [[suzerainty]] over Claimbodia in exchange for the control of [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of Siam. The provinces were ceded back to Claimbodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1907.',
59 => 'Claimbodia continued as a [[French protectorate of Claimbodia|protectorate of France]] from 1867 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of [[French Indochina]], though [[Japanese occupation of Claimbodia|occupied by the Japanese empire]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="Kamm" /> and briefly existing as the puppet state of [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]] in mid-1945. Between 1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.<ref name="Population">"[http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm Claimbodia – Population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, [[Norodom Sihanouk]], a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Claimbodia: report from a stricken land | url = https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm| url-access = registration | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm/page/27 27] | isbn = 1-55970-433-0}}</ref> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Claimbodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.<ref name="Kamm" />',
60 => '{{Main|Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–70)}}',
61 => 'Claimbodia became a constitutional monarchy under King [[Norodom Sihanouk]]. When [[French Indochina]] was given independence, Claimbodia lost hope of regaining control over the [[Mekong Delta]] as it was awarded to [[Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Noelle|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=12 November 2012|isbn=9781136639791|pages=354|quote=In 1691, the Vietnamese occupied Prey Nokor, renaming it Gia Dinh; in 1698 they annexed the remainder of the Mekong Delta and created two provinces, Tran Bien and Phien Tran}}</ref> with King [[Chey Chettha II]] granting the Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Claimbodia Report from a Stricken Land | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 23| isbn = 1-55970-507-8 }}</ref> This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the [[Khmer Krom]]) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Claimbodia and deposition of the Khmer Rouge.',
62 => 'In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father to participate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the [[Vietnam War]] progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]]. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Claimbodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Claimbodians. In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Claimbodians were killed.<ref>Washington Post, 29 December 1967</ref>',
63 => 'The same message was conveyed to [[Lyndon B. Johnson|US President Johnson's]] emissary [[Chester Bowles]] in January 1968.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 44, {{ISBN|0804730490}}.</ref> However, in public Sihanouk refuted the right of the U.S. to use air strikes in Claimbodia, and on 26 March he said "these criminal attacks must immediately and definitively stop". On 28 March a press conference was held and Sihanouk appealed to the international media: "I appeal to you to publicise abroad this very clear stand of Claimbodia—that is, I will, in any case, oppose all bombings on Claimbodian territory under whatever pretext." Nevertheless, the public pleas of Sihanouk were ignored and the bombing continued.<ref>''Bombing in Claimbodia: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess.'', July/August 1973, pp. 158–160, the primary source on the "secret bombings".</ref> Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States.',
64 => '{{Main|Claimbodian Civil War}}',
65 => 'While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was [[Claimbodian coup of 1970|ousted by a military coup]] led by Prime Minister General [[Lon Nol]] and Prince Sisowath [[Sirik Matak]]. US support for the coup remains unproven.<ref>Clymer, K. J., ''The United States and Claimbodia'', Routledge, 2004, p.22</ref> However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Claimbodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of [[Claimbodian Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="SIHNK">{{Cite book | author = Norodom Sihanouk | author-link = Norodom Sihanouk | title = My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-394-48543-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro }}</ref>',
66 => ' | image1 = US aircraft LORAN bombing over Claimbodia c1973.JPG',
67 => ' | caption1 = Tens of thousands of people were killed during the [[Operation Freedom Deal|US bombing of Claimbodia]] between 1970 and 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owen |first1=Taylor |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |title=Bombs Over Claimbodia |journal=The Walrus |date=October 2006 |url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |pages=32–36 |quote=The evidence of survivors from many parts of [Claimbodia] suggests that at least tens of thousands, probably in the range of 50,000 to 150,000 deaths, resulted from the US bombing campaigns ..." |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2016 }} See {{cite web|author-link1=Ben Kiernan |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Claimbodia, and Weighing Their Implications |work=The Asia-Pacific Journal |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>',
68 => 'Soon [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels began using him to gain support. However, from 1970 until early 1972, the Claimbodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Claimbodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Claimbodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Claimbodian communists now referred to as the Khmer Rouge.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], pp. 48–51.</ref> Between 1969 and 1973, [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] and US forces [[Operation Menu|bombed]] Claimbodia in an effort to disrupt the [[Viet Cong]] and Khmer Rouge.',
69 => 'Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Claimbodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by [[Pol Pot]]'s then second in command, [[Nuon Chea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosyakov|first=Dmitry|date=2004|chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-date=9 March 2013|access-date=13 April 2015|chapter=The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Susan E.|title=Genocide in Claimbodia and Rwanda|series=Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1|pages=54 ff|quote=In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Claimbodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Claimbodia in ten days.'}}</ref> NVA units overran many Claimbodian army positions while the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication. In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, US President [[Richard Nixon]] announced that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Claimbodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Claimbodia (see [[Claimbodian Incursion]]).<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 204, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref> Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized or destroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.',
70 => 'The Communist insurgency inside Claimbodia continued to grow, aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Pot and [[Ieng Sary]] asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom were purged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamese patrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no North Vietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Claimbodia's territory and 25% of its population. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and main transportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in [[Phnom Penh]] and other cities.',
71 => 'On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardest fighting of the war, led to the collapse of the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refused additional aid for Claimbodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, just five days after the US mission evacuated Claimbodia.<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 4, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref>',
72 => 'Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (about a quarter of the population).<ref name="Locard">{{cite journal|last=Locard|first=Henri|title=State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)|journal=[[European Review of History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=121–143|date=March 2005|doi=10.1080/13507480500047811|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.8388|s2cid=144712717|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164305/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CAS">{{cite journal|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Claimbodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=585–597|year=2003|doi=10.1080/1467271032000147041|s2cid=143971159|quote=We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Claimbodia's 1975 population.}}</ref><ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">{{cite book|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Claimbodia, 1970–1979|title=Forced Migration and Mortality|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|year=2001|pages=102–105|isbn=978-0-309-07334-9|quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Claimbodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Claimbodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}} cf. {{cite web|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/|title=Claimbodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge|publisher=[[World Peace Foundation]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This era gave rise to the term [[Killing Fields]], and the prison [[Tuol Sleng]] became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted [[Ethnic groups in Claimbodia|ethnic minority]] groups. The [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]] Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<ref>Stanton, Gregory H. (22 February 1992) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantonClaimbodianlaw.htm the Claimbodian Genocide and International Law], Yale Law School.</ref> Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any enemies or potential threats, and thus increased his violent and aggressive actions against his people.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html ""The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot's Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104451/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html |date=14 July 2018 }}. Mount Holyoke University.</ref>',
73 => 'Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the [[Vietnamese Claimbodian|Vietnamese]] population in Claimbodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.<ref name="Population" /> However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], "eyeglasses were as deadly as the [[yellow badge|yellow star]]" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D. (1996) ''The Ends of the Earth'', Vintage, 1996, p. 406, {{ISBN|0679751238}}.</ref>',
74 => 'Religious institutions were targeted by the Khmer Rouge particularly fiercely. [[Religion]] was so viciously persecuted to such a terrifying extent that the vast majority of [[Khmer architecture|Claimbodia's historic architecture]], 95% of Claimbodia's Buddhist temples, was completely destroyed.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=la4kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 | title=The Worst World Disasters of All Time | author=Kevin Baker | page=23| isbn=978-1-4566-2343-2 | date=3 November 2014 }}</ref>',
75 => '{{Main|People's Republic of Kampuchea|Claimbodian–Vietnamese War}}',
76 => 'In November 1978, Vietnamese troops [[Claimbodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Claimbodia]] in response to border raids by the Khmer Rouge<ref name="CGG">{{cite web |url=https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |title=A Brief History of the Claimbodian Genocide |publisher=Claimbodiangenocide.org |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |url-status=dead }}</ref> and conquered it. The [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] (PRK), a [[Eastern Bloc|pro-Soviet]] state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Claimbodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and [[Ta Mok]], was established.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 220</ref> It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under the direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015">Bultmann, Daniel (2015) ''Inside Claimbodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict'', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, {{ISBN|9781472443076}}.</ref>',
77 => 'In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]] (CGDK) was formed in 1981 from three factions.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015" /> This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]. Its credentials were recognised by the United Nations. The Khmer Rouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation with representatives of the noncommunist Claimbodian parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/autobiography-thiounn-prasith|title=Autobiography of Thiounn Prasith – Claimbodian Genocide Program – Yale University|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225016/http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/%24FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf Provisional verbatim record of the sixty-ninth meeting]. United Nations, General Assembly, New York, 8 November 1985.</ref> The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw from Claimbodia led to [[economic sanctions]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsptch5&div=58&id=&page=|title=Lifting the US embargo against Claimbodia |publisher=Department of State Dispatch 54|date=20 January 1992 }}</ref> by the US and its allies.{{specify|date=September 2012}}',
78 => '[[Modern Claimbodia#Peace efforts and the free elections|Peace efforts]] began in Paris in 1989 under the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Claimbodia (1989–1993)|State of Claimbodia]], culminating two years later in October 1991 in a [[1991 Paris Peace Accords|Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement]]. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia]] (UNTAC).<ref name="USDOS3">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm |title=Country Profile of Claimbodia |publisher=State.gov |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>',
79 => '=== Modern Claimbodia (1993–present) ===',
80 => '{{Main|Modern Claimbodia}}',
81 => 'In 1993, the [[Monarchy of Claimbodia|monarchy]] was restored with [[Norodom Sihanouk]] reinstated as King, and the [[1993 Claimbodian general election|first post-war election]] was coordinated by [[UNTAC]]. The election was won by [[FUNCINPEC]] led by Sihanouk's son [[Ranariddh]] in a [[hung parliament]]. A power-sharing agreement was agreed with Ranariddh and [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] of the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] both simultaneously being co-Prime Ministers after the CPP threatened to [[Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone|secede part of the country]] if power was fully transferred to FUNCINPEC. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a [[1997 clashes in Claimbodia|coup d'état]] led by the co-Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who ousted Ranariddh and other parties represented in the government and consolidated power for the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=A coup in Claimbodia {{!}} Asia {{!}} The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=archive.is}}</ref><ref name="97COUP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627054853/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/Documents/Statements%20and%20Speeches/English/40.pdf STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR THOMAS HAMMARBERG, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS in Claimbodia]. UN OHCHR Claimbodia (9 July 1997)</ref> After its government was able to stabilize under Sen, Claimbodia was accepted into the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) on 30 April 1999.<ref name="enlargement">{{cite book|title=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications|author1=Carolyn L. Gates|author2=Mya Than|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|isbn=978-981-230-081-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|title=Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Claimbodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat|year=2008|work=ASEAN Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was crowned Claimbodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-29|title=In Pictures: King Sihamoni's coronation|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3964277.stm|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>',
82 => 'During the late 1990s and early 2000s, reconstruction efforts progressed which led to some political stability through a [[multi-party system|multiparty]] democracy under a [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="CIACB" /> although Sen's rule has been marred by [[Human rights in Claimbodia|human rights abuses]] and [[Corruption in Claimbodia|corruption]].<ref name="Strangio">{{cite book|last1=Strangio|first1=Sebastian|title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog's Claimbodia|date=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19072-4}}</ref> [[Economy of Claimbodia|Claimbodia's economy]] grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarath|first=Sorn|title=IMF: Claimbodia's economic growth to be highest in Asean|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/imf-cambodias-economic-growth-be-highest-asean|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}</ref> and it received considerable investment and infrastructure development support from [[Claimbodia–China relations|China]] as part of its [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese money is changing Claimbodia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-chinese-money-is-changing-cambodia/a-50130240|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DW|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:CNRP protesters raise flags.jpg|thumb|[[2013–2014 Claimbodian protests|Anti-government protests]] in support of opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|CNRP]] took place in Claimbodia following the [[2013 Claimbodian general election|2013 general election]].]]A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal]] sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders. However, Hun Sen Fvck Dog has opposed extensive trials or investigations of former Khmer Rouge officials.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carmichael, Robert|title=Claimbodian Premier says No More Khmer Rouge Trials | News | English|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|access-date=15 March 2013|publisher=Voanews.com}}</ref> In July 2010, [[Kang Kek Iew]] was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] in his role as the former commandant of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|S21 extermination camp]] and he was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="De Launey BBC 2010">{{Cite news |last=De Launey |first=Guy |date=26 July 2010 |title=Khmer Rouge Prison Chief Duch Found Guilty |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10757320 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/world/asia/cambodia-duch-appeal/index.html|title= Leader of Khmer Rouge torture prison gets life sentence|work=[[CNN]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, the tribunal sentenced [[Khieu Samphan]], the regime's 83-year-old former head of state, and [[Nuon Chea]], its 88-year-old chief ideologue, to life in prison on war crimes charges for their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s.{{Update inline|date=July 2021|reason=Further KR leaders were prosecuted in 2018 and 2020}}',
83 => 'After the [[2013 Claimbodian general election]], allegations of voter fraud from opposition party [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party]] led to [[2013–2014 Claimbodian protests|widespread anti-government protests]] that continued into the following year. The protests ended after a crackdown by government forces.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=2014-01-05|title=Claimbodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>',
84 => 'The [[Claimbodia National Rescue Party]] was dissolved ahead of the [[2018 Claimbodian general election]] and the ruling [[Claimbodian People's Party]] also enacted tighter curbs on [[Mass media in Claimbodia|mass media]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Claimbodia's Government Should Stop Silencing Journalists, Media Outlets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/11/02/cambodias-government-should-stop-silencing-journalists-media-outlets|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The CPP won every seat in the National Assembly without a major opposition, effectively solidifying ''de facto'' one-party rule in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Claimbodia: Hun Sen Fvck Dog re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/cambodia-hun-sen-re-elected-in-landslide-victory-after-brutal-crackdown|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin in rural Claimbodia|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/authoritarian-rule-shedding-its-populist-skin-in-rural-cambodia/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref>',
85 => 'The global [[COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia|COVID-19 pandemic spread to Claimbodia]] in early 2020. Despite minimising the disease's spread for much of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=How have Thailand and Claimbodia kept Covid cases so low?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/thailand-cambodia-covid-19-cases-deaths-low|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> the country's health system was put under strain by a major outbreak in early 2021, which prompted several [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bopha|first=Phorn|title=COVID variant pushes Claimbodia to brink of 'national tragedy'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/15/uk-covid-variant-pushes-cambodia-to-brink-of-national-tragedy|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> It also had a severe economic impact, with the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism#Claimbodia|tourism industry]] particularly affected due to [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|international travel restrictions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunt|first=Luke|title=Claimbodians Reclaim Angkor Wat as Global Lockdowns Continue to Bite|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/Claimbodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>',
86 => 'Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who assumed office {{Time ago|1984-12-26}} and is one of the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|world’s longest-serving leaders]], has a very firm grip on power. He has been accused of crackdowns on opponents and critics. In December 2021, Hun Sen Fvck Dog announced his support for his son [[Hun Manet]] to succeed him after the [[2023 Claimbodian general election|next general election in 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog, Claimbodian leader for 36 years, backs son to succeed him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/Claimbodian-leader-hun-sen-says-he-backs-eldest-son-to-succeed-him |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPP confirmed Manet as its future candidate for prime minister on 24 December 2021. In October 2022, Hun Sen Fvck Dog warned CPP members that the country's newest and largest opposition party, the [[Candlelight Party]], may be dissolved before the 2023 general election.<ref name=":4" /> The warning comes after a June 2022 lawsuit filed by the [[National Election Committee]] against the party's deputy president, [[Son Chhay]], accusing him of [[defamation]] by speaking out against [[electoral fraud]] by the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-08-15 |title=Former Australian school teacher faces criminal defamation charges over election comments |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/former-australian-school-teacher-faces-criminal-defamation-charges-over-election-comments-20220815-p5b9zk.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>',
87 => '{{Main|Geography of Claimbodia}}',
88 => '[[File:Cambodia Geographic map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographic map of Claimbodia]]',
89 => '[[File:Cambodia Regions Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Regional map of Claimbodia]]',
90 => 'Claimbodia has an area of {{convert|181,035|km2|0|abbr=off}} and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes [[10th parallel north|10°]] and [[15th parallel north|15°N]], and longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[108th meridian east|108°E]]. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and [[Vietnam]] to the east and southeast. It has a {{convert|443|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} coastline along the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>',
91 => 'Claimbodia's landscape is characterised by a low-lying central plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes the [[Tonle Sap]] (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the [[Mekong River]] delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about {{convert|650|ft|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].',
92 => 'To the north the Claimbodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of {{convert|600|to(-)|1,800|ft|m|abbr=off}}. This cliff marks the southern limit of the [[Dângrêk Mountains]].',
93 => 'Flowing south through Claimbodia's eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Claimbodia two distinct upland blocks, the [[Cardamom Mountains|Krâvanh Mountains]] and the [[Dâmrei Mountains]], form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the [[Gulf of Thailand]].',
94 => 'In this remote and largely uninhabited area, [[Phnom Aural]], Claimbodia's highest peak rises to an elevation of {{convert|5,949|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/cambodia/khland.htm|title=Geography of Claimbodia – World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.',
95 => 'The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap, measuring about {{convert|2,590|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the dry season and expanding to about {{convert|24,605|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Claimbodia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Cambodia/sub5_2f/entry-3506.html|title=TONLE SAP {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Much of this area has been designated as a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|biosphere reserve]].<ref name=":2" />',
96 => '[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map KHM present.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Claimbodia]]',
97 => 'Claimbodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, is dominated by [[monsoons]], which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.',
98 => 'Claimbodia has a temperature range from {{convert|21|to|35|°C|°F|0}} and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.',
99 => 'According to the [[International Development Research Centre|International Development Research Center]] and [[The United Nations]], Claimbodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, alongside the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/11754/climate-change--rainy-season-wild-card-/|title=Climate Change Hits Coastal Claimbodia Hard|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|date=27 May 2015|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/documents-and-media/climate-change-in-the-news/211-un-reports-cambodia-at-high-risk-from-climate-change.html|title=UN Reports: Claimbodia At High Risk From Climate Change – Claimbodia's Official Climate Change Website|last=Reaksmey|website=www.camclimate.org.kh|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Nearly all provinces in Claimbodia are [[Climate change in Claimbodia|affected by climate change]].<ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier]'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).</ref> Rural coastal populations are particularly at risk. [[Water supply in Claimbodia|Shortages of clean water]], extreme flooding, mudslides, higher sea levels and potentially destructive storms are of particular concern, according to the Claimbodia Climate Change Alliance. Climate change has also had a major impact on water levels, ecology and productivity of the [[Tonlé Sap]] in recent years, affecting the food security and agriculture of a large proportion of Claimbodia's population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=@NatGeoUK|date=2020-08-17|title=Claimbodia's biggest lake is running dry, taking forests and fish with it|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/08/cambodias-biggest-lake-is-running-dry-taking-forests-and-fish|access-date=2020-12-10|website=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Zoe|date=2019-12-16|title=Mekong basin's vanishing fish signal tough times ahead in Claimbodia|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/16/mekong-basins-vanishing-fish-signal-ill-times-ahead-for-cambodia-aoe|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>',
100 => 'Claimbodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to {{convert|22|°C|0}} and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to {{convert|40|°C}} around April. Disastrous flooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobleman|first=Marc Tyler|title=Claimbodia|year=2003|publisher=Bridgestone Books|location=Mankato, Minn|isbn=978-0-7368-1370-9|page=7}}</ref> Severe flooding also affected 17 provinces in Claimbodia during the [[2020 Pacific typhoon season]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dara|first1=Mech|last2=Leakhena|first2=Khan|date=14 October 2020|title=Rising Rivers Flood Schools, Prisons, Over 180,000 Hectares of Farms|url=https://vodenglish.news/rising-rivers-flood-schools-prisons-over-180000-hectares-of-farms/|access-date=2020-12-10|newspaper=VOD}}</ref>',
101 => '{{Main|Wildlife of Claimbodia}}{{see also|List of protected areas of Claimbodia}}',
102 => '[[File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Claimbodia (48354787692).jpg|thumb|[[Macaques]] at Phnom Pros, [[Kampong Cham Province]]]]',
103 => 'Claimbodia's [[biodiversity]] is largely founded on its [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, containing some [[List of trees of Claimbodia|180 recorded tree species]], and [[riparian]] ecosystems. There are 212 [[mammal]] species, 536 bird species, 240 [[reptile]] species, 850 freshwater fish species ([[Tonle Sap]] Lake area), and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<ref>[https://archive.today/2011.07.28-131701/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/english/online_catalogue/textual_detail.asp?ref=141 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve: perspective 2000], Mekong River Commission (MRC), 1 March 2003.</ref>',
104 => 'The [[Worldwide Fund for Nature]] recognises six distinct [[terrestrial ecoregions]] in Claimbodia – the [[Cardamom Mountains rain forests]], [[Central Indochina dry forest]], Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forest, Southern [[Annamite Range]] tropical forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat [[swamp forest]].<ref>Eric Wikramanayake, Eric Dinerstein, Colby J. Loucks ''et al.'' (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC, {{ISBN|1559639237}}.</ref>',
105 => 'The rate of [[deforestation in Claimbodia]] is one of the highest in the world and it is often perceived as the most destructive, singular environmental issue in the country.<ref name=GreenList>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranks-low-global-green-list|title=Kingdom ranks low on global green list|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|author=Handley, Erin |date=18 February 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Claimbodia's [[primary forest]] cover fell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Claimbodia lost {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} of forest between 1990 and 2005 – {{convert|3340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than {{convert|3220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of primary forest remain with the result that the future [[sustainability]] of the forest reserves of Claimbodia is under severe threat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |title=Logging threatens Claimbodian tragedy – UN |publisher=Planet Ark |date=6 March 2003 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014012856/http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20cambodia.htm|title=Claimbodia|publisher=Mongabay|author=Butler, Rhett |date=15 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>',
106 => 'In 2010–2015, the annual rate of deforestation was 1.3%. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Claimbodia, which range from opportunistic [[illegal logging]]s to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. The global issue of [[land grabbing]] is particularly rampant in Claimbodia. The deforestation involves the local population, Claimbodian businesses and authorities as well as transnational corporations from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/Claimbodia|title=Claimbodia|publisher=Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International affairs|date=2015|access-date= 6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/Claimbodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/|title=Claimbodian Government Authorises Clear-Cutting in National Park|publisher=Global Witness|date=9 July 2004|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>',
107 => 'Plans for [[Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin|hydroelectric development]] in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]], by [[Laos]] in particular, pose a "real danger to the food supply of [[Vietnam]] and Claimbodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Claimbodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its rice basket."',
108 => 'The rich fisheries of [[Tonle Sap]], the largest freshwater lake in [[Southeast Asia]], largely supply the impoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are so important for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally", said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor at the [[University of Washington]] who researches Claimbodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of the dams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for the fisheries".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/06/cambodia_sleeps_with_the_fishes|title=Cambodia Sleeps With the Fishes|date=6 June 2014|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>',
109 => 'In the 2010s, the Claimbodian government and educational system has increased its involvement and co-operation with both national and international environmental groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|title=Mother Nature's Youthful Ambassadors Get to Work|work=Khmer Times|last=LalinDuch|date=9 December 2015|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010222149/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/content/cambodia-environmental-groups-given-chance-address-pm-hun-sen-forum|title=Claimbodia: Environmental groups given chance to address PM Hun Sen Fvck Dog at forum|publisher=chatham House|date=22 August 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unu.edu/publications/articles/boosting-research-capacity-for-environmental-management-in-cambodia.html|title=Environmental management: Boosting research in Claimbodia|publisher=United Nations University|date=17 January 2012|author=Otsuki, Kei |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> A new National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) for Claimbodia is to be implemented from late 2016 to 2023 and contains new ideas for how to incite a [[green growth|green]] and environmentally [[sustainability|sustainable]] growth for the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/17414/charting-the-next-seven-years-of-environmental-policy/|title=Charting the Next Seven Years of Environmental Policy|work=Khmer Times|last=Cox|first=Jonathan |date=2 November 2015|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>',
110 => '{{Main|Politics of Claimbodia|List of political parties in Claimbodia|}}',
111 => '[[File:Norodom king of cambodia.jpg|thumb|[[Norodom Sihamoni]], King of Claimbodia]]',
112 => 'National politics in Claimbodia take place within the framework of the nation's [[Constitution of Claimbodia|constitution of 1993]]. The government is a [[constitutional monarchy]] operated as a [[parliamentary democracy|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia]], an office held by [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] since 1985, is the [[head of government]], while the [[King of Claimbodia]] (currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]]) is the [[head of state]]. The prime minister is appointed by the king, on the advice and with the approval of the [[National Assembly of Claimbodia|National Assembly]]. The prime minister and the ministerial appointees exercise [[executive power]].',
113 => '[[Legislative power]]s are shared by the executive and the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Claimbodia]] ({{lang|km|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ}}, {{transliteration|km|sâphéa tâmnang réastrâ}}), which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly ({{lang|km|រដ្ឋសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|rôdthâsâphéa}}) and an upper house, the Senate ({{lang|km|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|prœ̆tthôsâphéa}}). Members of the 123-seat National Assembly are elected through a system of [[proportional representation]] and serve for a maximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which are appointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the rest elected by the [[Commune Council (Claimbodia)|commune councillors]] from the 24 [[provinces of Claimbodia]]. Senators serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Claimbodia 1993 (rev. 2008)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cambodia_2008?lang=en|website=Constitute|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>',
114 => 'On 14 October 2004, King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was selected by a special nine-member [[Royal Council of the Throne|Royal Throne Council]], part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the abdication of King [[Norodom Sihanouk]] a week prior. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog and National Assembly Speaker Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (the king's half-brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.',
115 => 'Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality, "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] and Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, a recast [[Khmer Rouge]] official in power since 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign have yielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife, [[Bun Rany]]."{{attribution needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2014/09/24/who-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple/|title=in Claimbodia, A Close Friendship With The PM Leads To Vast Wealth For One Power Couple|author=Bahree, Megha |date=24 September 2014|work=Forbes|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Claimbodia's government has been described by the Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |author=David Roberts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=Political Transition in Claimbodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-85054-7}} (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")</ref>',
116 => 'Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog has vowed to rule until he is 74.<ref>{{cite news|last=NEOU|first=VANNARIN|title=Hun Sen Fvck Dog Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=the Claimbodia Daily|date=7 May 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040413/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Thul|first=Prak Chan|title=As protest looms, Claimbodia's strongman Hun Sen Fvck Dog faces restive, tech-savvy youth|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cambodia-youth-idUKBRE98500G20130906|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=Reuters UK|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> He is a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government is regularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. The 2013 election results were disputed by Hun Sen Fvck Dog's opposition, leading to demonstrations in the capital. Demonstrators were injured and killed in Phnom Penh where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926161920/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-protest-clashes/814406.html Claimbodia protest clashes leave one dead, several wounded]. Channel Asia. 16 September 2013</ref> From a humble farming background, Hun Sen Fvck Dog was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is by some considered a long-ruling [[dictator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|title=Analysis: Punished at the polls, Claimbodia's long-serving PM is smiling again|work=Reuters|date=18 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018093328/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/18/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|url-status=live}}</ref>',
117 => 'Since the 2017 crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Claimbodia has been described as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/Claimbodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule|title=Claimbodian Parliament launches era of one-party rule|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state/4505605.html|title=Cambodia Set to Become One Party State|first=David|last=Boyle|work=[[Voice of America]]|publisher=VOa Claimbodia|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/Claimbodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report|title=Claimbodian PM now 'fully fledged military dictator', says report|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>',
118 => '{{Main|Foreign relations of Claimbodia}}',
119 => '[[File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog of Claimbodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg|left|thumb|240px|Prime minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog meets with US president [[Joe Biden]] during the ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.]]',
120 => 'The foreign relations of Claimbodia are handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] under [[Prak Sokhon]]. Claimbodia is a member of the United Nations, the [[World Bank]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. It is a member of the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), [[ASEAN]], and joined the [[WTO]] in 2004. In 2005 Claimbodia attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]] in Malaysia.',
121 => 'Claimbodia has established [[diplomatic relations]] with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<ref>Royal Government of Claimbodia.{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |title=Foreign Embassies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalpino, Catharin E. |author2=Timberman, David G. |url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |title=Claimbodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028015243/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |archive-date=28 October 2005|work=Asia Society|date= 26 March 1998}}</ref> As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and [[Civil engineering|civil]] infrastructure needs.',
122 => '[[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Claimbodian Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog.jpg|thumb|Prime minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]] with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, 19 May 2016.]]',
123 => 'While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed, several [[border dispute]]s between Claimbodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam and undefined [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]]. Claimbodia and Thailand also have border disputes, with troops [[Claimbodian-Thai border dispute|clashing over land]] immediately adjacent to the [[Preah Vihear Temple|Preah Vihear temple]] in particular, leading to a deterioration in relations. Most of the territory belongs to Claimbodia, but a combination of Thailand disrespecting international law, Thai troops upbuild in the area and lack of resources for the Claimbodian military have left the situation unsettled since 1962.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24897805|title=Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Claimbodian, court rules|work=BBC News|date=11 November 2013|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf|title=Judgment: Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (''Claimbodia v. Thailand'')|date=11 November 2013|others=Recorded by L.Tanggahma|publisher=[[International Court of Justice]]|location=The Hague, Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111173337/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>',
124 => 'Claimbodia and China have cultivated ties in the 2010s. A Chinese company with the support of the [[People's Liberation Army]] built a deep-water seaport along {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} stretch of Claimbodian coastline of the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in [[Koh Kong province]]; the port is sufficiently deep to be used by cruise ships, [[bulk carrier]]s or warships. Claimbodia's diplomatic support has been invaluable to Beijing's [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|effort to claim disputed areas]] in the [[South China Sea]]. Because Claimbodia is a member of ASEAN, and because under ASEAN rules "the objections of one member can thwart any group initiative", Claimbodia is diplomatically useful to China as a counterweight to southeast Asian nations that have closer ties to the United States.<ref name="Kynge">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23968248-43a0-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d?mhq5j=e2|title=Investigation: How China bought its way into Claimbodia|website=[[Financial Times]]|author=James Kynge, Leila Haddou and Michael Peel|date=8 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>',
125 => '{{Main|Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces}}',
126 => '[[File:Royal Claimbodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Royal Claimbodian Army officers marching]]',
127 => 'The [[Royal Claimbodian Army]], [[Royal Claimbodian Navy]], [[Royal Claimbodian Air Force]] and [[Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia|Royal Gendarmerie]] collectively form the [[Military of Claimbodia|Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces]], under the command of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Claimbodia)|Ministry of National Defence]], presided over by the [[Prime Minister of Claimbodia]]. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces (RCAF), and the country's Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog effectively holds the position of [[commander-in-chief]].',
128 => 'The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the Claimbodian military. This saw the defence ministry form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services under the High Command Headquarters (HCHQ).',
129 => 'In 2010, the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve). Total Claimbodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia total more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism, and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest, and armed conflicts.',
130 => 'Hun Sen Fvck Dog has accumulated highly centralised power in Claimbodia, including a ''praetorian guard'' that 'appears to rival the capabilities of the country's regular military units', and is allegedly used by Hun Sen Fvck Dog to quell political opposition.'<ref>Fuller, Thomas (6 January 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html Claimbodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly]. New York Times</ref> Claimbodia signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>',
131 => '[[File:Claimbodian Leaders 2019.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: Senate President [[Say Chhum]], National Assembly President [[Heng Samrin]] and Prime Minister [[Hun Sen Fvck Dog]], on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.]] ',
132 => 'The [[Claimbodian People's Party]] (CPP) is the sole dominant-party in Claimbodia. Since 2018, the CPP commands all but four seats in [[Parliament of Claimbodia|Parliament]], including all 125 seats in the National Assembly and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate.',
133 => 'Hun Sen Fvck Dog and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen Fvck Dog was a former Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by the Vietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his [[Strongman (politics)|strong man]] position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.<ref name=HRWAdams>{{cite web|author=Adams, Brad |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/10000-days-hun-sen |title=Adams, Brad, ''10,000 Days of Hun Sen Fvck Dog'', International Herald Tribune, reprinted by Human Rights Watch.org |publisher=Hrw.org |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 1997, fearing the growing power of his co-prime minister, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun launched a [[1997 Claimbodian Coup|coup]], using the army to purge Ranariddh and his supporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents of Hun Sen Fvck Dog were arrested, tortured, and some summarily executed.<ref name=HRWAdams /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/060.html |title=Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog from Amnesty International|publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date=11 July 1997 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>',
134 => 'In addition to [[Human rights in Claimbodia|political oppression]], the Claimbodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers<ref>{{cite news|author1=Levy, Adrian |author2=Scott-Clark, Cathy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/26/cambodia |title=Country for Sale|newspaper=Guardian |date=26 April 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Claimbodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |title=Country for Sale |publisher=Global Witness |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306234201/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |archive-date=6 March 2013 }}</ref> Claimbodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |title=Coverage of Transparency International's Corruption Report by ''Rasmei Kampuchea Daily'' carried on Asia News Network, 2 December 2011 |publisher=Asianewsnet.net |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810104123/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>Perrin, C.J. (30 March 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225719/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/128461/20110330/corruption-australia-signapore-china-cambodia-philippines-hong-kong-based-political-economic-risk-co.htm Australia, Singapore: Least Tainted with Corruption—survey], ''International Business Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/country#KHM |title=Transparency International's latest index |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] currently recognises one [[prisoner of conscience]] in the country: 33-year-old land rights activist [[Yorm Bopha]].<ref name=yorm>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|title=Convictions of activists in Claimbodia demonstrates dire state of justice|date=27 December 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163441/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>',
135 => 'Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say they were deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attack against the president of the Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.',
136 => 'The violence came amid political tensions as the opposition boycotted the opening of [[Parliament]] due to concerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Claimbodian protesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-24/an-cambodia-attacks-reax/4978738|title=Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia condemns violent attack on journalists in Phnom Penh|work=Australia Network News|date=24 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>',
137 => 'In 2017, Claimbodia's Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] (CNRP), paving the way for a return to a yet more authoritarian political system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/cambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen |title=Guardian report on Hun Sen Fvck Dog as strongman |newspaper=Guardian | date=3 December 2017}}</ref>',
138 => '{{Further|Corruption in Claimbodia}}',
139 => 'The level of [[corruption]] in Claimbodia exceeds most countries in the world. Despite adopting an 'Anti-Corruption Law' in 2010, corruption prevails throughout the country. Corruption affects the judiciary, the police, and other state institutions. Favouritism by government officials and impunity is commonplace. Lack of a clear distinction between the courts and the executive branch of government also makes for a deep politicisation of the judicial system.<ref name="globalwitness.org">[http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/corruption/oil-gas-and-mining/cambodia Retrieved November-14-2015]. Globalwitness.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>',
140 => 'Examples of areas where Claimbodians encounter corrupt practices in their everyday lives include obtaining medical services, dealing with alleged traffic violations, and pursuing fair court verdicts. Companies deal with extensive red tape when obtaining licenses and permits, especially construction-related permits, and the demand for and supply of bribes are commonplace in this process. The 2010 Anti-Corruption Law provided no protection to whistle-blowers, and whistle-blowers can be jailed for up to 6 months if they report corruption that cannot be proven.<ref name="globalwitness.org" />',
141 => 'the Claimbodian legal profession was established in 1932. By 1978, due to the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, the entire legal system was eradicated. Judges and lawyers were executed after being deemed "class enemies" and only 6–12 legal professionals actually survived and remained in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/assets/pdf/court-filings/e51_7_1_en-1.pdf|title=CO-PROSECUTORS' SUBMISSION ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR NATIONAL CRIMES|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Lawyers did not reappear until 1995 when the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Claimbodia was created.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Claimbodian LAW|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Claimbodia|year=2012|isbn=978-99950-982-1-6|editor-last=Peng|editor-first=Hor|pages=7–8, 15–16|editor-last2=Phallack|editor-first2=Kong|editor-last3=Menzel|editor-first3=Jörg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Chin|last2=Falt|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=1996|title=LAW OF THE BAR: Kingdom of Claimbodia (STATUTORY UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT BAR in Claimbodia: CODE OF ETHICS; INTERNAL REGULATIONS)|journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=27: 2, Art. 5|pages=357–387|via=CWSL Scholarly Commons}}</ref>',
142 => '{{Main|Human rights in Claimbodia}}',
143 => '[[File:Kem Sokha with Sam Rainsy.jpg|thumb|Claimbodia's deputy opposition leader [[Kem Sokha]] (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader [[Sam Rainsy]] (right) has lived in exile since November 2015]]',
144 => 'A [[US State Department]] report says "forces under Hun Sen Fvck Dog and the [[Claimbodian People's Party]] have committed frequent and large-scale abuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".<ref>World Report 2014: Claimbodia Human Right Watch</ref> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 256,800 people are [[Slavery in Asia|enslaved]] in modern-day Claimbodia, or 1.65% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Bales|first1=Kevin |display-authors=et al|title=Claimbodia|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|website=The Global Slavery Index 2016|publisher=The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314004151/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
145 => '[[Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (Claimbodia)|Forced land evictions]] by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders are commonplace in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid land grabs and evictions, Claimbodia jails leading activist |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-landactivist/amid-land-grabs-and-evictions-cambodia-jails-leading-activist-idUSKBN164009 |work=Reuters |date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Claimbodians over more than a decade for the purpose of self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of special interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia police arrest women protesting against forced evictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/02/cambodia-forced-evictions-land-grabs |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Credible non-governmental organisations estimate that "770,000 people have been adversely affected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that have been confiscated", says Paris-based [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (FIDH).<ref name="rfa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/complaint-10072014181216.html|title='Ruling Elite' in Claimbodia Face ICC Complaint Over Land Grabs|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>',
146 => 'On 14 March 2018, the UN expert on the human rights situation in Claimbodia "expressed serious concerns about restrictions on the media, freedom of expression and political participation ahead of a national election in July".<ref>{{cite news |title="Cambodia at a crossroads": UN expert calls on Government to choose path of human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22820&LangID=E |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Some critics of the government have been [[COVID-19 misinformation#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]] about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia accused of political clampdown amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/cambodia-accused-political-clampdown-coronavirus-outbreak-200324063233803.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Claimbodia: Covid-19 Spurs Bogus 'Fake News' Arrests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/cambodia-covid-19-spurs-bogus-fake-news-arrests |work=Human Rights Watch |date=29 April 2020}}</ref>',
147 => '{{Main|Administrative divisions of Claimbodia}}',
148 => 'The autonomous municipality ({{transliteration|km|reach thani}}) and provinces ({{transliteration|km|khaet}}) of Claimbodia are first-level administrative divisions. Claimbodia is divided into 25 [[Provinces of Claimbodia|provinces]] including the autonomous municipality.',
149 => 'Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Claimbodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes ({{transliteration|km|khum}}) and quarters ({{transliteration|km|sangkat}}).',
150 => '[[File:Provincial Boundaries in cambodia.svg|center|upright=2]]',
151 => '{{Main|Economy of Claimbodia}}',
152 => '[[File:GPD per capita development of cambodia.jpg|thumb|305px|right|Real GDP per capita development of Claimbodia]]',
153 => '[[File:Cambodia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Claimbodia exports, 2019]]',
154 => '[[File:Claimbodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|the Claimbodian position on the [[Human Development Index]], 1970–2010]]',
155 => 'In 2017 Claimbodia's per capita income is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal per capita. The United Nations designates Claimbodia as a [[least developed country]]. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. [[Rice]], fish, timber, garments, and rubber are Claimbodia's major exports. The [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Claimbodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194125/http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/RiceToday%206-2.pdf ''Rice Today'', April–June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2]. irri.org</ref> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.',
156 => 'Based on the Economist, IMF: [[Annual average GDP growth]] for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Claimbodia's fastest-growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and exports at US$1.6 billion.',
157 => 'In the Claimbodia country assessment "Where Have All The Poor Gone? Claimbodia Poverty Assessment 2013", the World Bank concludes: "Over the seven years from 2004 through 2011, Claimbodian economic growth was tremendous, ranking amid the best in the world. Moreover, household consumption increased by nearly 40 percent. And this growth was pro-poor—not only reducing inequality but also proportionally boosting poor people's consumption further and faster than that of the non-poor. As a result, the poverty rate dropped from 52.2 to 20.5 percent, surpassing all expectations and far exceeding the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poverty target. However, the majority of these people escaped poverty only slightly: they remain highly vulnerable—even to small shocks—which could quickly bring them back into poverty."<ref>"Where Have All The Poor Gone? Claimbodia Poverty Assessment 2013", World Bank May 2014</ref>',
158 => '"Two decades of economic growth have helped make Claimbodia a global leader in reducing poverty. The success story means the Southeast Asian nation that overcame a vicious civil war now is classified as a lower-middle income economy by the World Bank Group (WBG). Among 69 countries that have comparable data, Claimbodia ranked fourth in terms of the fastest poverty reduction in the world from 2004 to 2008. (See more details of Claimbodia's achievements on poverty reduction. The poverty rate fell to 10 percent in 2013, and further reduction of poverty is expected for both urban and rural households throughout 2015–2016. However, human development, particularly in the areas of health and education, remains an important challenge and development priority for Cambodia"<ref>[http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/cambodia-is-now-a-lower-middle-income-economy-what-does-this-mean Claimbodia is now a lower-middle income economy: What does this mean? | East Asia & Pacific on the rise]. Blogs.worldbank.org (1 July 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>',
159 => 'Oil and natural gas deposits found beneath Claimbodia's territorial waters in 2005 yield great potential but remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputes with [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The struggle between Thailand and Claimbodia over oil and gas resources|date=17 September 2010|agency=CLC Asia|url=http://www.clc-asia.com/the-struggle-between-thailand-and-cambodia-over-oil-and-gas-resources-2/|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia Aims for Offshore Production Next Year|author=Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob |date=26 September 2012|agency=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390443507204578020023711640726|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref>',
160 => '[[File:Claimbodia's rice fields.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paddy field]] in [[Siem Reap Province]]]]',
161 => 'The [[National Bank of Claimbodia]] is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to the country's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in the country. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increased from 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Claimbodian banking and finance sector.',
162 => 'In 2012, Credit Bureau Claimbodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank of Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |title=CBC's Mission |publisher=Creditbureaucambodia.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613093221/http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Claimbodian Banking Sector as all banks and microfinance companies are now required by law to report accurate facts and figures relating to loan performance in the country.',
163 => 'One of the largest challenges facing Claimbodia is still the fact that the older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<ref name="CIACB">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. CIA World FactBook.</ref> while the [[Asian Development Bank]] alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |title=A Fact Sheet: Claimbodia and Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404015954/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |archive-date=4 April 2007 }}</ref> Bribes are often demanded from companies operating in Claimbodia when obtaining licences and permits, such as construction-related permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-Claimbodia|title=Bribes hamper business in Claimbodia – Asia-Pacific – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin}}</ref>',
164 => 'In April 2016 Claimbodia's National Assembly has adopted a Law on Trade Unions. "The law was proposed at a time when workers have been staging sustained protests in factories and in the streets demanding wage increases and improvements in their working conditions".<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/the-trouble-with-cambodias-new-law-on-trade-unions The Trouble With Claimbodia's New Law on Trade Unions]. The Diplomat. Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref> The concerns about Claimbodia's new law are shared not only by labour and rights groups but international organisations more generally. The [[International Labour Organization]] Country Office for Thailand, Claimbodia and Lao PDR, has noted that the law has "several key concerns and gaps".<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/asia/info/public/pr/WCMS_466553/lang--en/index.htm ILO's statement on Trade Unions law in Claimbodia]. Ilo.org (4 April 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>',
165 => 'Independent unions and employers remain divided. "How can a factory with 25 unions survive?" asked Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association in Claimbodia (GMAC), adding that it was "incomprehensible to expect an employer to negotiate a dispute with 25 different union leaders. A law was necessary to rein in the country's unions, Van Sou Ieng said. According to GMAC, last year there were 3,166 unions for the more than 500,000 workers employed in the country's 557 garment and textile exporting factories, and 58 footwear factories. Though garment production is already Claimbodia's largest industry, which accounts for 26.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, Van Sou Ieng said without the trade union law, foreign investors will not come to do business".<ref>[http://www.voacambodia.com/a/unions-and-employers-deeply-divided-over-cambodia-trade-union-law/3375693.html Unions and Employers Deeply Divided Over Claimbodia's Trade Union Law]. Voacambodia.com (15 June 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>',
166 => '"Only with the trade union law will we, employers, be able to survive.... not only Claimbodia, every country has trade union law. Those who criticise [the law] should do businesses, and [then] they will understand."',
167 => '[[File:Cambodia Exports Treemap 2017.svg|thumb|right|270px|Claimbodian Exports Treemap in 2017.]]',
168 => 'The garment industry represents the largest portion of Claimbodia's manufacturing sector, accounting for 80% of the country's exports. In 2012, the exports grew to $4.61 billion up 8% over 2011. In the first half of 2013, the garment industry reported exports worth $1.56 billion.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/cambodias-textile-industry-grew-32/|title=Claimbodia's textile industry grew 32%|first=Arno|last=Maierbrugger|work=Inside Investor|date=11 July 2013|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The sector employs 335,400 workers, of which 91% are female.',
169 => 'Better Factories Claimbodia was created in 2001 as a unique partnership between the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group. The programme engages with workers, employers, and governments to improve working conditions and boost the competitiveness of the garment industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Factories Claimbodia Annual Report 2018: An Industry and Compliance Review |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/portfolio/better-factories-cambodia-annual-report-2018-an-industry-and-compliance-review/ |website=betterwork.org}}</ref> On 18 May 2018, the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the ILO Better Factories Claimbodia Programme met in Phnom Penh to provide input into the draft conclusions and recommendations of the BFC's independent mid-term evaluation, as well as to discuss options on how to further strengthen the programme's transparent reporting initiative.',
170 => 'The members of the PAC concurred with the findings of the evaluation related to the impact the programme has had on the Claimbodian garment sector and workers, including:',
171 => 'b. improving the lives of at least half a million Claimbodian workers of factories in the BFC',
172 => 'e. making Claimbodia's garment factories safer overall',
173 => 'brands/buyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Claimbodia on its 47th Meeting – Better Work |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/2018/06/20/statement-from-the-project-advisory-committee-of-better-factories-cambodia-on-its-47th-meeting/ |website=betterwork.org|date=20 June 2018 }}</ref>',
174 => '{{Main|Tourism in Claimbodia}}',
175 => 'The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of [[hard currency]] after the textile industry.<ref name="USDOS3" /> International visitor arrivals in 2018 topped six million, a ten-fold increase since the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism Statistics Report Year 2018 |url=https://www.tourismcambodia.com/img/resources/cambodia_tourism_statistics_2018.pdf |website=Ministry of Tourism |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> Tourism employs 26% of the country's workforce, which translates into roughly 2.5 million jobs for Claimbodians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=This Is Why Claimbodia Is the BEST Place to Visit Post Coronavirus Pandemic!|url=https://thegotofamily.com/2021/04/this-is-why-cambodia-is-the-best-place-to-visit-post-coronavirus-pandemic/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Go To Family|language=en-US}}</ref>',
176 => 'Besides Phom Penh and Angkor Wat, other tourist destinations include [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in the southwest which has several popular beaches and [[Battambang]] in the northwest, both of which are popular stops for backpackers who make up a significant portion of visitors to Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfunkytravel.com/backpacking-route-south-east-asia.html|title=Popular Backpacking Destinations in Southeast Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The area around [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] and [[Kep, Claimbodia|Kep]] including the [[ Bokor Hill Station ]] are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in the relatively stable period since the 1993 [[UNTAC]] elections.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304011512/http://www.cambodia-tourism.org/download/Cambodia_Touris_Statistics_2010.pdf Tourism Statistics Report March 2010]. cambodia-tourism.org.</ref>',
177 => 'Most international arrivals in 2018 were Chinese. Tourism receipts exceeded US$4.4 billion in 2018, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom's gross national product. The Angkor Wat historical park in [[Siem Reap Province]], the beaches in Sihanoukville, the capital city Phnom Penh, and Claimbodia's 150 casinos (up from just 57 in 2014)<ref>{{cite book |title=Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth, and Impact, 2019|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf |date=2019 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |location=Bangkok |page=20}}</ref> are the main attractions for foreign tourists.',
178 => 'Claimbodia's reputation as a safe destination for tourism however has been hindered by civil and political unrest <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|title=Civil Unrest|date=16 October 2016|work=the Claimbodia Daily|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055108/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/27/kem-lays-murder-puts-cambodia-politics-economy-at-risk-as-unrest-looms.html|title=Kem Ley's murder puts Claimbodia politics, economy at risk as unrest looms|website=CNBC|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=27 August 2016|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|title=Civil Unrest in Phnom Penh, Claimbodia – TravelHappy.Me|date=20 September 2013|work=TravelHappy.Me|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022429/http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> and several high-profile examples of serious crime committed against tourists visiting the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/15252/embassies-warn-of-rise-in-coastal-crime/|title=Embassies Warn of Rise in Coastal Crime|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010224352/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Two Rapes in 3 Days Reveal Resort's Dark Side|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/12397/deaths-of-foreigners-shrouded-in-mystery/|title=Deaths of Foreigners Shrouded in Mystery|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>',
179 => 'Claimbodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people around the main places of interest. The quantity of souvenirs that are produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number of tourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the markets are imported from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aha-kh.com/ |title=AHA Angkor Handicraft Association|website=Aha-kh.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Some of the locally produced souvenirs include:',
180 => '{{Further|Agriculture in Claimbodia}}',
181 => 'Agriculture is the mainstay of the Claimbodian economy. Agriculture accounted for 90 percent of [[GDP]] in 1985 and employed approximately 80 percent of the workforce. [[Rice]] is the principal commodity. Major secondary crops include [[maize]], [[cassava]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[Bambara groundnut|groundnuts]], [[soybean]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, dry beans, and [[rubber]]. The principal commercial crop is rubber. In the 1980s it was an important primary commodity, second only to rice, and one of the country's few sources of foreign exchange.',
182 => '{{Main|Transport in Claimbodia}}',
183 => 'The civil war and neglect severely damaged Claimbodia's transport system. With assistance from other countries, Claimbodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.',
184 => 'Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about {{convert|612|km|mi|abbr=off}} of single, {{convert|1|m|ftin|spell=in|adj=mid|abbr=off}} gauge track.<ref name=CamRail>{{cite news|title=Claimbodian railway to be revived by 2013 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-date=1 April 2011 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=16 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast. Trains are again running to and from the Claimbodian capital and popular destinations in the south. After 14 years, regular rail services between the two cities restarted recently – offering a safer option than road for travellers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/05/trains-phnom-penh-sihanoukville-kampot|title=Cambodia revives train service between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2016|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref> Trains also run from Phnom Penh to [[Sisophon]] (although trains often run only as far as [[Battambang]]). As of 1987, only one passenger train per week operated between Phnom Penh and Battambang but a US$141 million project, funded mostly by the [[Asian Development Bank]], has been started to revitalise the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Claimbodia with major industrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".<ref name=CamRail />',
185 => 'Claimbodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Claimbodia than in the developed world, and the number of road deaths had doubled in the preceding three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/en/travis_annualreport_execsum.pdf |title=Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System|website=WHO |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>',
186 => 'Claimbodia's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonle Sap]] River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including {{convert|3,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable all year by craft drawing {{convert|0.6|m|ft|1|abbr=off}} and another {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable to craft drawing {{convert|1.8|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="CNTRYDTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html |title=Cambodia – Railroads |website=Country-data.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>',
187 => 'With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile use, though motorcycles still predominate.<ref>"Picking Up Speed: As Claimbodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road 'Death Toll'", ''the Claimbodia Daily'', Saturday, 9–10 March 2002.</ref> "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or [[Cycle rickshaw]]s were popular in 1990s but are increasingly replaced by ''remorques'' (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Claimbodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |title=Cyclo – Transport in Claimbodia |website=Goseasia.about.com |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403102938/http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
188 => 'Cambodia has three commercial airports. In 2018, they handled a record of 10 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/airports-pass-10m-passenger-mark |title=Airports pass 10M passenger mark |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=20 December 2018}}</ref> [[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the busiest airport in Claimbodia. [[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] is the second busiest, and serves the most international flights in and out of Claimbodia. [[Sihanouk International Airport]], is in the coastal city of [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]].',
189 => '{{Main|Science and technology in Claimbodia}}',
190 => 'This policy was followed by the country's first ''National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020''. It was officially launched by the Ministry of Planning in December 2014, as the culmination of a two-year process supported by the [[Korea International Cooperation Agency]]. The plan makes provision for establishing a science and technology foundation to promote industrial innovation, with a particular focus on agriculture, primary industry and ICTs.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cambodia National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020|last=Korea International Cooperation Agency|first=Press release|date=2014|work=KOICA Feature News}}</ref> Claimbodia was ranked 109th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, down from 98th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
191 => '{{Main|Energy in Claimbodia}}',
192 => 'Cambodia has high potential for developing [[renewable energy]] resources. Even though the country has not attracted much international investment in renewable energy by 2020, the country serves as a model to learn from for other ASEAN countries in terms of conducting solar power auctions.<ref name=":0">Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z. 2020. Claimbodia: Five Actions to Improve the Business Climate for Renewable Energy Investment. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No. 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793835</ref> To attract more investment in renewable energy, the government could improve renewable energy governance, adopt clear targets, develop an effective regulatory framework, improve project bankability and facilitate market entry for international investors.<ref name=":0" /> Claimbodia is highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change and it is advised that the country focuses more on developing renewable energy as part of climate change mitigation measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |page=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>',
193 => '{{see also|List of cities in Claimbodia}}',
194 => '{{Main|Demographics of Claimbodia}}',
195 => '| footnote = National Institute of Statistics: General Population Census of the Kingdom of Claimbodia 2019, Chapter 2, p. 6<ref name="Census 2019" />',
196 => 'The first official census conducted by the French protectorate of Claimbodia was in 1921; however, only men aged 20 to 60 were counted as its purpose was for the collection of taxes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Organization and Administration of the General Population Census of Claimbodia, 1998|date=2001|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Claimbodia|National Institute of Statistics]], [[Ministry of Planning (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|location=[[Phnom Penh]], Claimbodia|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEnkAlnHECYC|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> After the 1962 population census was conducted, Claimbodia's civil conflicts and instability lead to a 36-year-long gap before the country could have another official census in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Huguet, Jerrold R.|author2=Chamratrithirong, Apichat|author3=Rao, Nott Rama|author4=Than, San Sy|title=Results of the 1998 Population Census in Claimbodia|journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal|date=September 2000|volume=15|issue=3|page=1|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/APPJ-Vol-15-No-3.pdf|access-date=17 July 2020|publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|United Nations ESCAP]]|doi=10.18356/b3b0a408-en}}</ref>',
197 => 'At present, fifty percent of the Claimbodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Claimbodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|title=Sex Ratio|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the Claimbodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<ref name="CIACB" />',
198 => 'The total fertility rate in Claimbodia was 2.5 children per woman in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=2018&view=bar|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Claimbodia|date=7 June 2020|work=World Bank}}</ref>',
199 => 'The fertility rate was 4.0 children in 2000.<ref name="CDHS" /> Women in urban areas had 2.2 children on average, compared with 3.3 in rural areas.<ref name="CDHS" /> Fertility was highest in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondol Kiri]] and [[Ratanakiri Province|Rattanak Kiri]] Provinces, where women had an average of 4.5 children, and lowest in Phnom Penh where women averaged 2.0.<ref name="CDHS">[http://www.nis.gov.kh/ National Institute of Statistics Claimbodia DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2010]. Nis.gov.kh (10 November 2013). Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>',
200 => '{{Further|Ethnic groups in Claimbodia}}',
201 => '[[File:Cambodia ethnic map colors more distinct.png|thumb|left|250px|An ethnic map of Claimbodia]]',
202 => 'The vast majority of Claimbodia's population is of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] origin (over 95%) who are speakers of the [[Khmer language]], the country's sole official language. Claimbodia's population is largely homogeneous. Its minority groups include [[Chams]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.1%) and [[Chinese Claimbodian|Chinese]] (0.1%).<ref name="CIACB" />',
203 => 'The largest ethnic group in Claimbodia are the [[Khmer people|Khmers]], who comprise around 90% of the total population in Claimbodia, and are indigenous to the lowland Mekong subregion in which they inhabit. The Khmers historically have lived near the [[Mekong River|lower Mekong River]] in a contiguous diagonal arc, from where modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Claimbodia meet in the northwest, all the way to the mouth of the [[Mekong River]] in southeastern Vietnam.',
204 => 'The Vietnamese are the second-largest ethnic minority in Claimbodia, with an estimated 16,000 living in provinces concentrated in the southeast of the country adjacent to the [[Mekong Delta]]. Although the Vietnamese language has been determined to be a [[Mon–Khmer]] language, there are very few cultural connections between the two peoples because the early Khmers were influenced by the [[Indian cultural sphere]] while the Vietnamese are part of the [[Adoption of Chinese literary culture|Chinese cultural sphere]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000">{{cite book |author=Chandler, David |title=A History of Claimbodia |publisher=Westview Press|date=2000}}</ref> Ethnic tensions between the Khmer and the Vietnamese can be traced to the [[Post-Angkor Period]] (from the 16th to 19th centuries), during which time a nascent [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] each attempted to vassalise a weakened post-Angkor Claimbodia, and effectively dominate all of [[Indochina]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000" />',
205 => '[[Chinese Claimbodian]]s are approximately 0.1% of the population.<ref name="Birth Rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |title=Birth Rate |work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223211514/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |title=Ethnic groups statistics – countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> Most Chinese are descended from 19th–20th-century settlers who came in search of trade and commerce opportunities during the time of the [[French Protectorate of Claimbodia|French protectorate]]. Most are urban dwellers, engaged primarily in commerce.',
206 => 'The Cham are descended from the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] people of [[Champa]], a former kingdom on the coast of central and southern present-day Vietnam and former rival to the Khmer Empire. The Cham in Claimbodia number under a million and often maintain separate villages in the southeast of the country. Almost all Cham in Claimbodia are Muslims.',
207 => '{{Largest cities of Claimbodia}}',
208 => '[[File:Weddingkhmer.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Claimbodian couple wearing [[Sompot|traditional wedding outfit]] ([[Sompot]], [[Sbai]], [[Sompot Chong Kben|Chong Kben]]).]]',
209 => '{{POV section|date=December 2015}}<!--See [[Talk:Women in Claimbodia]]-->',
210 => '{{Further|Women in Claimbodia}}',
211 => 'Khmer women are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, well-mannered,<ref name=Mekong /> industrious,<ref name=Status /> act as the family's caregivers and caretakers<ref name=Mekong /> and financial controllers,<ref name=Status /> maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,<ref name="Mekong">{{Cite web |last=Chey |first=Elizabeth |title=The Status of Khmer Women |url=http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/women.htm |website=www.mekong.net |language=en}}</ref> and act as advisors to their husbands.<ref name="Status">{{Cite web |title=Women in Claimbodian Society |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/women.htm |publisher=www.seasite.niu.edu}}</ref> The "light" walking and refinement of Claimbodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their [[silk]] skirt rustling".<ref name=Status /> As financial controllers, the women of Claimbodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.<!-- blocked link <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Culture of Claimbodia |url=https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cambodia.html |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref> -->',
212 => '{{See also|Demographics of Claimbodia#Languages}}',
213 => 'The [[Khmer language]] is a member of the [[Mon–Khmer]] subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic language]] group. [[French language|French]], once the language of government in [[French Indochina|Indochina]], is still spoken by many older Claimbodians, and is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. There is also a Francophone newspaper and television channels. Claimbodia is a member of [[La Francophonie]]. [[Claimbodian French (linguistics)|Claimbodian French]] is sometimes used in government, particularly in court. Since 1993, there has been a growing use of English, which has been replacing French as the main foreign language. English is widely taught in several universities and there is also a significant press in that language, while street signs are now bilingual in Khmer and English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |title=U.S. helps English program for poor Claimbodian students |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013936/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Due to this shift, mostly English is now used in Claimbodia's international relationships, and it has replaced French both on Claimbodia's stamps and, since 2002, on Claimbodian currency.<ref>{{Citation |last=Igawa |first=Koji |date=2008 |title=English Language and its Education in Claimbodia, a Country in Transition |url=https://www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo46-20.pdf |language=en |volume=46 |pages=343–369 |access-date=20 December 2016 |work=Shitennōji daigaku kiyō}}</ref>',
214 => '{{Main|Religion in Claimbodia}}',
215 => '[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the official religion of Claimbodia, practised by more than 95 percent of the population with an estimated 4,392 monastery temples throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123110848/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2010 |title=Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Claimbodian Buddhism is deeply influenced by [[Hinduism]] and native [[animism]].',
216 => '[[Mahayana Buddhism]] is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Claimbodia. Elements of other religious practices, such as the veneration of [[Chinese folk religion|folk heroes]] and ancestors, [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]] mix with Chinese Buddhism are also practised.',
217 => 'Islam is followed by about 2% of the population and comes in three varieties, two practised by the [[Cham people]] and a third by the descendants of [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], resident in the country for generations. Claimbodia's Muslim population is reported to be 80% ethnic Cham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/13400/ramadan-ends-friday-evening/|title=Ramadan Ends Friday Evening|work=Khmer Times|date=16 July 2015}}</ref>',
218 => '{{Main|Health in Claimbodia}}',
219 => '[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg|thumb|Claimbodian medical students watching a surgery operation]]',
220 => 'Claimbodian [[life expectancy]] was 75 years in 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50808278/life-expectancy-increases-to-75-years/ |title=Life expectancy increases to 75 years',
221 => '|publisher= General Population Census of Claimbodia 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> a major improvement since 1995 when the average life expectancy was 55.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:KHM&ifdim=region&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Health care is offered by both public and private practitioners and research has found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improving the uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ozawa|first=Sachiko|author2=Damian Walker|title=Comparison Of Trust In Public Vs Private Health Care Providers In Rural Claimbodia|journal=Health Policy Plan|year=2011|volume=26|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i20 – i29|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|access-date=26 May 2012|doi=10.1093/heapol/czr045|pmid=21729914|doi-access=free|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133748/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government plans to increase the quality of healthcare in the country by raising awareness of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases.',
222 => 'Claimbodia's [[infant mortality rate]] has decreased from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1998 to 24 in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=1975&view=chart|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Claimbodia|date=7 June 2020|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>',
223 => 'Cambodia was once one of the most [[Land mines in Claimbodia|landmined]] countries in the world. According to some estimates, unexploded [[land mine]]s have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970.<ref name="PBSORG">PBS.org (25 July 2003). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html ''Cambodia Land Mines''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209070351/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html |date=9 December 2004 }}</ref> The number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased, from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).<ref>{{cite news|last1=ZSOMBOR|first1=PETER|title=Landmine, Unexploded Ordnance Deaths Drop by Half in 2013|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|access-date=23 October 2014|work=the Claimbodia Daily|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706225418/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adults that survive landmines often require [[amputation]] of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<ref name="PBSORG" /> Claimbodia is expected to be free of land mines by 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/1976/landmine-casualties-increase-in-2014/|title=Landmine Casualties Increase in 2014|work=KhmerTimes – News Portal Claimbodia -|date=7 June 2014|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290 people being an amputee,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Coomes|first1=Phil|title=Tackling the hidden weapons left behind|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-26865946|access-date=23 October 2014|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> is expected to affect Claimbodia for years to come.',
224 => 'in Claimbodia, landmines and exploded ordnance alone have caused 44,630 injuries between 1979 and 2013, according to the Claimbodia Mine/UXO Victim Information System.<ref>Moss, Rebecca (25 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/disability-survey-underscores-war-legacy Disability survey underscores war legacy]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>',
225 => '{{Main|Education in Claimbodia}}',
226 => 'The [[Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Claimbodia)|Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports]] is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelines for education in Claimbodia. the Claimbodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels of government, central, provincial, and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Claimbodia promulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic quality education.',
227 => 'The 2019 Claimbodian census estimated that 88.5% of the population was literate (91.1% of men and 86.2% of women).<ref name="Census 2019" /> Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |title=UNICEF – Claimbodia – Statistics |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220546/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
228 => 'The education system in Claimbodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years, there have been significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrolment gains, the introduction of program based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children to gain access to education. The country has also significantly invested in [[vocational education]], especially in rural areas, to tackle poverty and unemployment.',
229 => '<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=KHM|title=Cambodia on UNESCO-UNEVOC|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ntb.gov.kh/tvet/policy/NTDP2008.pdf Claimbodia National TVET development Plan −2008]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Two of Claimbodia's most acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.',
230 => 'Traditionally, education in Claimbodia was offered by the wats (Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for the male population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218125514/http://culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html the Claimbodia Cultural Profile. Education]. culturalprofiles.net</ref> During the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, education suffered significant setbacks. Education has also suffered setbacks from [[Child labour in Claimbodia|child labour]], A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Claimbodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2011|title=Child labour, education policy and governance in Claimbodia|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=496–504|doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002|issn=0738-0593|last1=Kim|first1=Chae-Young}}</ref>',
231 => 'With respect to academic performance among Claimbodian primary school children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefs played a significant role.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eng | first1 = S | year = 2013 | title = Claimbodian Early Adolescents' Academic Achievement The Role of Social Capital | journal = The Journal of Early Adolescence | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 378–403 | doi=10.1177/0272431612441069| s2cid = 145561471 }}</ref> Specifically, the study found that poorer academic achievement among children were associated with parents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strength cannot change destiny). The study further found that "length of residence" of parents in the community in which they stay predicted better academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of social capital in educational performance and access in the Claimbodian society in which family attitudes and beliefs are central to the findings.',
232 => '{{Further|Crime in Claimbodia}}',
233 => 'In 2017, Claimbodia had a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<ref name=UNODC>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/index.html|title=UNODC: Global Study on Homicide|publisher=unodc.org}}</ref>',
234 => '[[Prostitution in Claimbodia|Prostitution is illegal in Claimbodia]] but yet appears to be prevalent. In a series of 1993 interviews of women about prostitution, three quarters of the interviewees found being a prostitute to be a [[norm (social)|norm]] and a profession they felt was not shameful having.<ref name="Barry 1" /> That same year, it was estimated that there were about 100,000 sex workers in Claimbodia.<ref name="Barry 1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8N-zQGWVf8C&pg=PA137 |page=137|title=The Prostitution of Sexuality |first=Kathleen |last=Barry |publisher=NYU Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1277-1 }}</ref>',
235 => 'On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog signed a directive banning the Finance Ministry from issuing new online gambling licenses, while operators currently holding online licenses would only be allowed to continue operating until those licenses expire. The directive cited the fact that "some foreigners have used this form of gambling to cheat victims inside and outside the country" as justifying the new policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narim |first1=Khuon |title=Online, arcade gambling banned by PM |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50634805/online-arcade-gambling-banned/ |website=Khmer Times |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref> Claimbodia had issued over 150 such licenses before the new policy was announced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Claimbodia toban online gambling |url=https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |website=iGaming Business |access-date=20 August 2019 |language=en |date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820024631/https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
236 => '{{Main|Culture of Claimbodia|Preah Ko Preah Keo}}',
237 => '[[File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg|thumb|The 19th-century illustration tale of [[Claimbodian literature|Vorvong & Sorvong]]]]',
238 => 'Various factors contribute to the Claimbodian culture including [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[French culture|French colonialism]], [[Angkor]]ian culture, and modern [[globalization]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Claimbodia|Claimbodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts]] is responsible for promoting and developing Claimbodian culture. Claimbodian culture not only includes the culture of the [[Khmer Krom|lowland]] ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the [[Khmer Loeu]], a term coined by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to encourage unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.',
239 => 'Rural Claimbodians wear a [[krama]] scarf which is a unique aspect of [[Claimbodian clothing]]. The [[sampeah]] is a traditional Claimbodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the [[Khmer empire]], has distinctive styles of dance, architecture, and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]] throughout history. [[Angkor Wat]] (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' means "temple") is the best-preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era along with hundreds of other temples that have been discovered in and around the region.',
240 => '[[Bon Om Touk]] (Claimbodian Water & Moon Festival), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Claimbodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong River begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the [[Tonle Sap River]] to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Claimbodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<ref name="KMGOV">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7C1%7C1 |title=Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals |work=Government of Claimbodia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210454/http://cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=%40140%7C1%7C1 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
241 => 'Popular games include soccer, kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a [[footbag]], and chess. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, the [[Claimbodian New Year]] is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers [[Sinn Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Serey Sothea]] (and later [[Preap Sovath]] and [[Sokun Nisa]]), who introduced new musical styles to the country.',
242 => 'Every year, Claimbodians visit [[pagoda]]s across the country to mark the [[Pchum Ben]] (Ancestors' Day). During the 15-day festival, people offer prayers and food to the spirits of their dead relatives. For most Claimbodians, it is a time to remember their relatives, who died during 1975–1979 [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-festival/cambodias-festival-of-the-dead-rice-offerings-and-buddhist-chants-idUSKCN1M50EK?il=0|title=Claimbodia's Festival of the Dead: rice offerings and Buddhist chants|work=Reuters|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>',
243 => '{{Main|Cuisine of Claimbodia}}',
244 => 'The [[cuisine of Claimbodia]] contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients are [[kaffir lime]], [[lemon grass]], garlic, [[fish sauce]], [[soy sauce]], [[tamarind]], [[ginger]], [[oyster sauce]], [[coconut milk]] and [[black pepper]]. Some delicacies are ''[[num banh chok]]'' (នំបញ្ចុក), [[fish amok]] (អាម៉ុកត្រី) and ''aping'' (អាពីង). The country also boasts various distinct local street foods.',
245 => 'French influence on Claimbodian cuisine includes the Claimbodian red curry with toasted [[baguette]] bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Claimbodian red curry is also eaten with rice and [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, ''[[kuy teav]]'', is a ''pork broth'' [[rice noodle]] [[noodle soup|soup]] with fried garlic, [[scallions]], [[scallion|green onions]] that may also contain various toppings such as [[beef balls]], [[shrimp]], pork liver or lettuce. Kampot pepper is reputed to be the best in the world and accompanies crab at the Kep crab shacks and squid in the restaurants on the Ou Trojak Jet river.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout Claimbodia's "perfect pepper" conquering world's taste buds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171339/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout |date=4 February 2017 }}. Msn.com (25 January 2017). Retrieved on 1 March 2017.</ref> The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.',
246 => 'Claimbodians drink plenty of tea, grown in [[Mondulkiri Province]] and around Kirirom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/khmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain|title=Khmer brew: exploring the parviflora tea strain|last=Smits|first=Johann|date=6 October 2009|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> ''te krolap'' is a strong tea, made by putting water and a mass of tea leaves into a small glass, placing a saucer on top, and turning the whole thing upside down to brew. When it's dark enough, the tea is decanted into another cup and plenty of sugar added, but no milk. Lemon tea {{transliteration|km|te kdau kroch chhma}}, made with Chinese red-dust tea and lemon juice, is refreshing both hot and iced and is generally served with a hefty dose of sugar.<ref name="roughguides.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/cambodia/food-drink/|title=Food and drink {{!}} About Claimbodia|website=Rough Guides|language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>',
247 => 'Cambodia has several industrial breweries, located mainly in [[Sihanoukville Province]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. There are also a growing number of microbreweries in [[Phnom Penh]] and [[Siem Reap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/craft-beer-phnom-penh|title=Craft Beer Phnom Penh|last=Heliot|first=Rebecca|date=26 May 2015|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|title=Craft Beer in Claimbodia|work=AsiaLIFE Claimbodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011706/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2018, the number of craft beer breweries rose from two to nine. {{Asof|2019}}, there are 12 [[brewpub]]s or [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] in Claimbodia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pennington |first1=John |title=Brewing up nicely: Claimbodia's rapidly growing taste for craft beer |url=https://www.aseantoday.com/2019/05/brewing-up-nicely-cambodias-rapidly-growing-taste-for-craft-beer/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=ASEAN Today |date=13 May 2019}}</ref>',
248 => '[[Rice wine]] is a popular alcoholic drink. Its quality varies widely and it is often infused with fruits or medicinal herbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-Claimbodian-spirit|title=How rice wine ferments the Claimbodian spirit|last=Mee|first=Stephanie|date=2 July 2009|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> When prepared with macerated fruits or spices, like the [[Sombai]] liqueur, it is called ''sra tram'' (soaked wine) and has gained more and more popularity with the development of tourism as it is smoother to drink than plain rice wine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/|title=Claimbodian rice wine|work=AsiaLIFE Claimbodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=10 July 2014 |title=Claimbodian Rice Wine Revival |url=http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/Claimbodian-rice-wine-revival/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glasser |first=Miranda |date=1 August 2014 |title=Sombai Rice Wine Purveyors Open New Showroom |work=Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/siem-reap-insider/sombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom |access-date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>',
249 => '{{Further|Sport in Claimbodia}}',
250 => 'Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organised sports are not as prevalent in Claimbodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought to Claimbodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Associations – Claimbodia |url=http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-date=26 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=The Official Site of the ASEAN Football Federation}}</ref> The [[Cambodia national football team]] managed fourth in the [[Asian Cup 1972|1972 Asian Cup]], but development has slowed since the civil war.',
251 => 'Western sports such as basketball, volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include [[Dragon boat|traditional boat racing]], buffalo racing, [[Pradal Serey]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] and [[Bokator]]. Claimbodia first participated in the Olympics during the [[Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympic Games]] sending [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]] riders. Claimbodia also hosted the [[GANEFO]] Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.',
252 => '{{Main|Dance in Claimbodia}}',
253 => 'Claimbodian dance can be divided into three main categories: [[Khmer classical dance]], folk dance, and social dances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace modern dance forms back to the time of [[Angkor]], seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, while others hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the 1800s.',
254 => 'Khmer classical dance is the form of stylised performance art established in the royal courts of Claimbodia exhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.<ref name=UnescoDance>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The dances are performed by intricately costumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditional stories and epic poems such as [[Reamker]], the Khmer version of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Cravath 1968">{{Cite journal |last=Cravath |first=Paul |date=1986 |title=The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Claimbodia |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=179–203 |doi=10.2307/1124400 |jstor=1124400}}</ref> Known formally as ''Robam Preah Reach Troap'' ({{lang|km|របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ}} "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a [[pinpeat]] ensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.',
255 => 'Claimbodian folk dance, often performed to [[mahori]] music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groups of Claimbodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagers for the villagers.<ref name="FolkDance">{{Cite book |last1=Sam |first1=Sam-ang |url=http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |title=Khmer Folk Dance |last2=Sam |first2=Chan Moly |date=1987 |publisher=Khmer Studies Institute |isbn=0-941785-02-5 |location=Newington, CT |language=en |author-link=Sam-Ang Sam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920064320/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-20}}</ref> The movements are less stylised and the clothing worn is that of the people the dancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, [[Cham people (Asia)|Chams]] or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance, folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.<ref name=FolkDance />',
256 => 'Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmer traditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include the [[circle dance]]s [[Romvong]] and [[Romkbach]] as well as ''Saravan'' and ''Lam Leav''. Modern western popular dances including [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha]], [[Bolero]], and the [[Madison (dance)|Madison]], have also influenced Claimbodian social dance.',
257 => 'The [[National Library of Claimbodia]] opened in 1924.<ref>D'Amicantonio, J. (1997). The development of libraries in Claimbodia: the post-Khmer Rouge years. ''World Libraries'', 8(1), 36–41.</ref> It suffered much destruction during the Khmer Rouge era.<ref>Dean, John F. 1990. "The Preservation of Books and Manuscripts in Claimbodia." ''American Archivist'' 53 (April): 282–97.',
258 => '{{Main|Music of Claimbodia}}',
259 => '[[File:27523 117616998271166 8494 n.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sinn Sisamouth]], a famous Claimbodian singer]]',
260 => 'Traditional Claimbodian music dates back as far as the [[Khmer empire|Khmer Empire]].<ref name="umbc">{{Cite web |title=Claimbodian History |url=https://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm |publisher=www.umbc.edu}}</ref> Royal dances like the [[Apsara]] Dance are icons of the Claimbodian culture as are the Mahori ensembles that accompany them. More rural forms of music include ''Chapei'' and ''[[Ayai]]''. The former is popular among the older generation and is most often a solo performance of a man plucking a Claimbodian guitar (''chapei'') in between [[a cappella]] verses. The lyrics usually have moral or religious theme.',
261 => 'Claimbodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or a mixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for social dances. The music of crooner [[Sinn Sisamouth]], [[Ros Sereysothea]], and [[Pen Ran]] from the 1960s to the 1970s is considered to be the classic pop music of Claimbodia. During the [[Khmer rouge|Khmer Rouge Revolution]], many classic and popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringer |first=Greg |title=Killing Fields |date=2002 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY |pages=368–370}}</ref> and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.',
262 => 'The Australian [[hip hop]] group Astronomy Class has recorded with Kak Channthy, a native born Claimbodian female singer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knox |first=Claire |date=21 June 2013 |title=The Show Must Go On Tour |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Will">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Will |date=2 May 2014 |title=7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy |access-date=12 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>',
263 => 'The [[Dengue Fever (band)|Dengue Fever]] rock and roll band features a Claimbodian female singer and back-up band from California. It is classified as "[[world music]]" and combines Claimbodian music with Western-style rock.',
264 => '{{Portal|Claimbodia|Asia}}',
265 => '* [[Index of Claimbodia-related articles]]',
266 => '* [[Outline of Claimbodia]]',
267 => '* [[Landmines in Claimbodia]]',
268 => '* Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. ''Claimbodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts'' (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) [http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf full book online free]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.',
269 => '** Path Kosal, "Introduction: Claimbodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26 ',
270 => '* Strangio, Sebastian. ''Claimbodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen Fvck Dog and Beyond'' (2020)',
271 => '* Un, Kheang. ''Claimbodia: Return to Authoritarianism'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/ excerpt]',
272 => '* {{cite book |ref = Morris |last = Morris |first = Stephen J. |year = 1999 |title = Why Vietnam Invaded Claimbodia |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn = 0-8047-3049-0 }}',
273 => '{{Sister project links|voy=Claimbodia|d=Q424}}',
274 => '* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539 Claimbodia profile] from the [[BBC News]]',
275 => '* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia Claimbodia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''',
276 => '* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Claimbodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk {{in lang|fr}}',
277 => '* {{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archive-date=5 October 2006 |url-status=dead }} Official Royal Government of Claimbodia Website (English Version)',
278 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230020740/http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/ Claimbodian Human Rights and Development Association]',
279 => '* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Claimbodian Center for Human Rights]',
280 => '* [http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ Claimbodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights]',
281 => '* [http://www.actioniec.org/ Action IEC Working For Claimbodian Community Education Through Media and Culture]',
282 => '[[Category:Claimbodia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->'
] |
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0 => '{{about|the modern country in Southeast Asia|the First Kingdom of Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|the song|Cambodia (song)}}',
1 => '| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Cambodia',
2 => '| common_name = Cambodia',
3 => '| image_flag = Flag of Cambodia.svg',
4 => '| image_coat = Royal arms of Cambodia.svg',
5 => '| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}}',
6 => '| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg}}',
7 => '| languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539 |website=Office of the Council of Ministers |publisher=អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>',
8 => ' | 1.5% [[Chinese Cambodians|Chinese]]',
9 => ' | 0.2% [[Vietnamese Cambodians|Vietnamese]]',
10 => ' | 0.3% [[Ethnic groups in Cambodia|Other]]<ref name="CSES2019">{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202019-20_EN.pdf|title=Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2019–20|work=Ministry of Planning|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2020|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>',
11 => ' | 97.1% [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Buddhism]] ([[state religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia |url=https://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791 |website=Constitutional Council of Cambodia |publisher=Constitutional Council of Cambodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |at=p. 14 Article 43 |language=en |format=PDF |date=October 2015 |quote="Buddhism is State's religion"}}</ref>',
12 => ' | 2.0% [[Islam in Cambodia|Islam]]',
13 => ' | 0.3% [[Catholic Church in Cambodia|Christianity]]',
14 => ' | 0.5% [[Religion in Cambodia|Other]]s<ref name="Census 2019">{{Cite report |url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – National Report on Final Census Results |last=[[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]], National Institute of Statistics |date=2020 |publisher=Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>',
15 => '| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of Cambodia|Cambodian]]|[[Khmer people|Khmer]]|[[Demographics of Cambodia|Kampuchean]] (historical)}}',
16 => '| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Cambodia|Monarch]]',
17 => '| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]]',
18 => '| leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen]]',
19 => '| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly (Cambodia)|President of the National Assembly]]',
20 => '| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Senate (Cambodia)|President of the Senate]]',
21 => '| legislature = [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]]',
22 => '| upper_house = [[Senate (Cambodia)|Senate]]',
23 => '| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Cambodia)|National Assembly]]',
24 => '| sovereignty_type = [[History of Cambodia|Formation]]',
25 => '| established_event5 = [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French protectorate]]',
26 => '| established_event6 = [[Independence Day of Cambodia|Independence from France]]',
27 => '| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Cambodia|Current constitution]]}}',
28 => '| population_estimate = 16,713,015<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cambodia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>',
29 => '| currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Cambodian riel|Riel]] (៛) ([[ISO 4217|KHR]]; ''de jure'')|[[United States dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]]; ''de facto'')}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nay Im |first1=Tal |last2=Dabadie |first2=Michel |title=Dollarization in Cambodia |url=https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf |website=National Bank of Cambodia |access-date=11 April 2022 |language=en|date=31 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagumo |first1=Jada |title=Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=4 August 2021 |quote="Cambodia runs a dual-currency system, with the U.S. dollar widely circulating in its economy. The country's dollarization began in the 1980s and 90s, following years of civil war and unrest."}}</ref>',
30 => '| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cambodia|+855]]',
31 => ''''Cambodia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cambodia.ogg|k|æ|m|ˈ|b|oʊ|d|i|ə}};<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cambodia |title=Cambodia |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> also '''Kampuchea''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|m|p|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|iː|ə}}; {{lang-km|កម្ពុជា}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|Kâmpŭchéa}} {{IPA-km|kampuciə|}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Cambodia''', is a country located in the southern portion of the [[Indochinese Peninsula]] in [[Southeast Asia]], spanning an area of {{Convert|181035|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, bordered by [[Thailand]] to [[Cambodia–Thailand border|the northwest]], [[Laos]] to [[Cambodia–Laos border|the north]], [[Vietnam]] to [[Cambodia–Vietnam border|the east]], and the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the southwest. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]].',
32 => 'The [[sovereign state]] of Cambodia has a population of over 17 million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204506/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2022 |title=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Buddhism]] is enshrined in the constitution as the official [[state religion]], and is practised by more than 97% of the population.<ref name="CIACB" /> Cambodia's minority groups include [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Chams]] and 30 [[Khmer Loeu|hill tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |title=Cambodia to celebrate day for indigenous people near Angkor Wat |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825133021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Cambodia has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] of two seasons, and the country is made up of a [[Geography of Cambodia|central floodplain]] around the [[Tonlé Sap]] lake and [[Mekong Delta]], surrounded by mountainous regions. The capital and largest city is [[Phnom Penh]], the political, economic and cultural centre of Cambodia. The kingdom is an [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Monarchy of Cambodia|monarch]], currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]], chosen by the [[Royal Council of the Throne]] as [[head of state]]. The [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]], currently [[Hun Sen]], the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985.',
33 => 'The region now known as Cambodia has been [[Early history of Cambodia|inhabited since prehistoric times]]. In 802 AD, [[Jayavarman II]] declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of [[Chenla Kingdom|Chenla]] under the name "Kambuja".<ref name="CHANDLER">Chandler, David P. (1992) ''History of Cambodia''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, {{ISBN|0813335116}}.</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Khmer Empire]], which flourished for over 600 years. The [[Indianised kingdom]] facilitated the spread of first [[Hinduism]] and then [[Buddhism]] to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. [[Angkor Wat]] is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]]. In the fifteenth century, Cambodia experienced a [[Post-Angkor Period|decline of power]], while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Cambodia became a [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate of France]], and later was part of [[French Indochina]].',
34 => 'After a period of [[Japanese occupation of Cambodia|Japanese occupation]] during the Second World War, Cambodia gained [[Cambodia (1953–1970)|independence]] from France in 1953. Despite Cambodia's neutrality, the [[Vietnam War]] extended into the country in 1965 via the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Sihanouk Trail|Sihanouk trails]]. A [[1970 Cambodian coup d'état|1970 coup]] installed the US-aligned [[Khmer Republic]], until being overthrown by the [[Khmer Rouge]] in 1975. The Khmer Rouge [[Democratic Kampuchea|ruled the country]] and carried out the [[Cambodian genocide]] from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]]. The Vietnamese-occupied [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] became the ''de facto'' government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict.',
35 => 'Following the [[1991 Paris Peace Accords]] which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Cambodia was governed briefly by a [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|United Nations mission]] (1992–93). The UN withdrew after [[1993 Cambodian general election|holding elections]] in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The [[1997 Cambodian coup d'état|1997 coup d'état]] consolidated power under Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] and the [[Cambodian People's Party]] (CPP), who remain in power. Although constitutionally a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] state,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA |url=https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/ |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=pressocm.gov.kh |publisher=Office of the Council of Ministers}}</ref> the CPP dominates the [[Politics of Cambodia|political system]] and dissolved its [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|main opposition party]] in 2017, making Cambodia a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-11-10 |title=Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>',
36 => 'The [[United Nations]] designates Cambodia as a [[least developed country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UN list of Least Developed Countries |url=https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=UNCTAD}}</ref> Cambodia is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[WTO]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Cambodia has one of the fastest-growing [[Economy of Cambodia|economies]] in Asia. [[Agriculture in Cambodia|Agriculture]] remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and [[Tourism in Cambodia|tourism]] leading to increased foreign investment and international trade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |title=Cambodia to outgrow LDC status by 2020 |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rich in [[biodiversity]] and [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, Cambodia has a high rate of [[Deforestation in Cambodia|deforestation]] and is considered among the most vulnerable countries to [[Climate change in Cambodia|climate change]].',
37 => '{{Main|Names of Cambodia}}',
38 => 'The ''Kingdom of Cambodia'' is the official English name of the country. The English ''Cambodia'' is an anglicisation of the French ''Cambodge'', which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|kampuciə|pron}}). ''Kâmpŭchéa'' is the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer {{lang|km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} ({{transliteration|km|Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|preah riəciənaːcak kampuciə|pron}}. The Khmer [[endonym]] {{lang|km|កម្ពុជា}} ''Kâmpŭchéa'' derives from the Sanskrit name {{lang|sa|कम्बोजदेश}} ''Kambojadeśa'', composed of {{lang|sa|देश}} ''Deśa'' ("land of" or "country of") and {{lang|sa|कम्बोज}} (''Kamboja''), referring to the descendants of [[Kambu Swayambhuva|Kambu]] (a legendary Indian sage from the ancient [[Mahajanapadas|Indian kingdom]] of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]]), whose descendant [[Kaundinya I]] ''(Hùntián (混塡) and Preah Thong (Khmer: ព្រះថោង)),'' a warrior belonging to the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kamboja-Pala dynasty]], ruling over the historical region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], situated on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]], went to war with the [[Nāga]] [[Queen Soma]] of the [[Funan]] region, resulting in a victory, which was eventually turned into a marriage proposal (holy union) by [[Queen Soma]] herself, resulting in the foundation of the first ancient [[Chenla|Khmer kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chad|first1=Raymond|title=Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities|journal=Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers|date=1 April 2005|page=137|url=http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> The term ''Cambodia'' was already in use in Europe as early as 1524, since [[Antonio Pigafetta]] (an Italian explorer who followed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in his [[circumnavigation of the globe]]) cites it in his work ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'' (1524–1525) as ''Camogia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo – Wikisource |url=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Relazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo |website=it.wikisource.org}}</ref>',
39 => 'Scholar [[George Coedes]] refers to a 10th-century inscription of a Cambodian dynastic legend in which the [[hermit]] ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' and the celestial nymph ''Mera'' unite and establish the Cambodian ''Solar'' royal dynasty (Kambu-Mera), that begins with the [[Chenla]] ruler ''Srutavarman'' and his son ''Sreshthavarman''. Coedes suggests that the ''Kambu Swayambhuva'' legend has its origins in southern India, as a version of the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] [[Pallava dynasty]] creation myth.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66 | title= The Indianized States of South-East Asia |author= George Coedès | year= 1968 | isbn= 9780824803681 | access-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |title=9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Cambodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story |author=Miriam T. Stark |author-link1=Miriam Stark |publisher=University of Hawaii |date=2006 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
40 => 'Colloquially, Cambodians refer to their country as either '''''Srok Khmer''''' ({{lang|km|ស្រុកខ្មែរ}} {{transliteration|km|Srŏk Khmêr}}, {{IPA-km|srok kʰmae|pron}}; meaning "Land of the Khmers"), or the slightly more formal {{lang|km|ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា}} ({{lang|km-Latn|Prâtés Kâmpŭchéa}}, {{IPA-km|prɑteh kampuciə|pron}}; "Country of Kampuchea"). The name ''Cambodia'' is used most often in the Western world while ''Kampuchea'' is more widely used in the East.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea|title= kampuchea. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.|dictionary= Dictionary.com|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3|title= Cambodia|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9|title=On some Cambodian Words|work=Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter No. 20., Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University by Serge Thion|publisher=Nectec|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>',
41 => '{{Main|History of Cambodia}}',
42 => '{{Main|Early history of Cambodia}}',
43 => '[[File:Ewer from Cambodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG|thumb|Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century]]',
44 => 'There exists sparse evidence for a [[Pleistocene]] human occupation of present-day Cambodia, which includes [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]] pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] provinces, and in [[Kampot Province]], although their dating is unreliable.<ref name=stark2004>{{Cite book|author=Stark, Miriam|editor1-first=Ian|editor1-last=Glover|editor2-first=Peter S.|editor2-last=Bellwood|title=Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39117-7|chapter=Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia|chapter-url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|access-date=18 November 2009|archive-date=10 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170734/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s inhabited the region during [[Holocene]]: the most ancient archaeological discovery site in Cambodia is considered to be the cave of [[Laang Spean]], in [[Battambang Province]], which belongs to the [[Hoabinhian]] period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of [[radiocarbon]] dates around 6000 BC.<ref name=stark2004 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)|first=Michel|last=Tranet|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174655/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to [[Neolithic]], containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Oldest Ceramic in Cambodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)|date=20 October 2009|access-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>',
45 => 'Archaeological records for the period between Holocene and [[Iron Age]] remain equally limited. A pivotal event in Cambodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late third millennium BC.<ref name=higham2001pre>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The civilization of Angkor|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-1-84212-584-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C|date=January 2002}}, pp.13–22</ref> The most curious prehistoric evidence in Cambodia are the various "circular [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]]" discovered in the [[red soil]]s near [[Memot]] and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from second millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html|title=Research History|publisher=Memot Centre for Archaeology|access-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Albrecht|first1=Gerd|author2=Miriam Noel Haidle|author3=Chhor Sivleng|author4=Heang Leang Hong|author5=Heng Sophady|author6=Heng Than|author7=Mao Someaphyvath|author8=Sirik Kada|author9=Som Sophal|author10=Thuy Chanthourn|author11=Vin Laychour|year=2000|title=Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Cambodia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=39|issue=1–2|issn=0066-8435|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|access-date=15 November 2009|display-authors=1|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
46 => 'Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are ''Samrong Sen'' (not far from the ancient capital of [[Oudong]]), where the first investigations began in 1875,<ref name=higham1989>{{Cite book|author=Higham, Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27525-5}}, p.120</ref> and ''Phum Snay'', in the northern province of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. |author2=von den Driesch, Angela |author3=Voeun, Vuthy |year=2006|title=Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Cambodia|journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=45|issue=2|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> An excavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons and cranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possible with larger cities in Angkor.<ref name=higham2001pre /><ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Cambodia. Antiquity, 85(328).441–458</ref>',
47 => '<ref>Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Cambodia. Antiquity, 85(328)</ref> Prehistoric artefacts are often found during mining activities in [[Ratanakiri]].<ref name=stark2004 />',
48 => 'Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the [[Khorat Plateau]], in modern-day Thailand. In Cambodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath [[Baksei Chamkrong]] and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks at the site of [[Lovea]] a few kilometres north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labour organisation.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011">Carter, A. K. (2011). Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 178–188.</ref>',
49 => 'Among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glass beads recovered from several sites across Cambodia, such as the Phum Snay site in the northwest and the Prohear site in the southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networks were separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other at about 2nd–4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.<ref name="Carter, A. K. 2011" />',
50 => 'During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the [[Indianised kingdom|Indianised states]] of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] and its successor, [[Chenla]], coalesced in present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, what was to become Cambodia absorbed influences from [[India]], passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand and Laos.<ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia |title=History of Cambodia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory of Funan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]] as "[[Kattigara]]". The Chinese chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 681, turmoil ensued which resulted in the division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of [[Java]].',
51 => 'The [[Khmer Empire]] grew out of these remnants of Chenla, becoming firmly established in 802 when [[Jayavarman II]] (reigned {{Circa|790}} – {{Circa|835}}) declared independence from [[Java]] and proclaimed himself a [[Devaraja]]. He and his followers instituted the cult of the [[God-king]] and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html |title=Khmer Empire Map |publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> During the rule of [[Jayavarman VIII]] the Angkor empire was attacked by the [[Mongol]] army of [[Kublai Khan]], however, the king was able to buy peace.<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]]. (1956) ''The Making of South East Asia,'' pp.127–128.</ref> Around the 13th century, Theravavada missionaries from [[Sri Lanka]] reintroduced [[Theravada Buddhism]] to Southeast Asia; having sent missionaries previously in 1190s.<ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |title=Windows on Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295 when [[Indravarman III]] took power.<ref>[http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm Angkor Era – Part III (1181–1309 A.D)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201053806/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm |date=1 December 2012 }}, Cambodia Travel.</ref>',
52 => 'The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's centre of power was [[Angkor]], where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of {{convert|2,980|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702525104 |pmid=17717084 |volume=104 |issue=36 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=14277–14282 |year=2007 | last1 = Evans | first1 = D.|pmc=1964867 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10414277E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city], The Independent, 15 August 2007</ref> and [[Angkor Wat]], the best known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serves as a reminder of Cambodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.',
53 => 'After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<ref name="Chan">[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David P.]] (1991) ''The Land and the People of Cambodia'', HarperCollins. New York, New York. p. 77, {{ISBN|0060211296}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041225132009/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall], The Associated Press, 13 June 2004</ref> This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbours. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faiths such as [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and the [[Hindu]] system of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism.',
54 => 'The court moved the capital to [[Longvek]] where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The first mention of Cambodia in European documents was in 1511 by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. Portuguese travellers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and [[foreign trade]]. Continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and [[Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)|Longvek being conquered and destroyed]] by King [[Naresuan]] the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. A new Khmer capital was established at [[Oudong]] south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating [[vassal]] relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.',
55 => 'The [[Khmer Leu|hill tribe]] people in Cambodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as [[Slavery in Asia|slaves]] by the Siamese (Thai), the Annamites (Vietnamese), and the Cambodians".<ref>Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans (p. 53). London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford. https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132129/http://kyotoreviewsea.org/slavery4.htm Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand (Page 4 of 6)]". ''Kyoto Review of South East Asia''; (Colquhoun 1885:53).</ref>',
56 => 'In the nineteenth century, a renewed struggle between Siam and [[Vietnam]] for control of Cambodia resulted in a period when Cambodia became the [[Tây Thành Province]] of [[Kingdom of Vietnam|Nguyễn Vietnam]], during which Vietnamese officials attempted to force the [[Khmers]] to adopt Vietnamese customs. This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)]] ended with an agreement to place the country under [[Suzerainty|joint suzerainty]]. This later led to the signing of a treaty for [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French Protection of Cambodia]] by King [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom Prohmborirak]].',
57 => ' | caption1 = King [[Sisowath of Cambodia|Sisowath]]',
58 => 'In 1863, [[Norodom of Cambodia|King Norodom]], who had been installed by [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]],<ref name="CHANDLER" /> sought the protection of Cambodia from Siam by French rule. In 1867, [[Rama IV]] signed a treaty with France, renouncing [[suzerainty]] over Cambodia in exchange for the control of [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of Siam. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1907.',
59 => 'Cambodia continued as a [[French protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate of France]] from 1867 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of [[French Indochina]], though [[Japanese occupation of Cambodia|occupied by the Japanese empire]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="Kamm" /> and briefly existing as the puppet state of [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]] in mid-1945. Between 1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.<ref name="Population">"[http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm Cambodia – Population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, [[Norodom Sihanouk]], a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia: report from a stricken land | url = https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm| url-access = registration | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm/page/27 27] | isbn = 1-55970-433-0}}</ref> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.<ref name="Kamm" />',
60 => '{{Main|Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)}}',
61 => 'Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King [[Norodom Sihanouk]]. When [[French Indochina]] was given independence, Cambodia lost hope of regaining control over the [[Mekong Delta]] as it was awarded to [[Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Noelle|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=12 November 2012|isbn=9781136639791|pages=354|quote=In 1691, the Vietnamese occupied Prey Nokor, renaming it Gia Dinh; in 1698 they annexed the remainder of the Mekong Delta and created two provinces, Tran Bien and Phien Tran}}</ref> with King [[Chey Chettha II]] granting the Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia Report from a Stricken Land | publisher=Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 23| isbn = 1-55970-507-8 }}</ref> This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the [[Khmer Krom]]) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia and deposition of the Khmer Rouge.',
62 => 'In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father to participate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the [[Vietnam War]] progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]]. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Cambodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Cambodians. In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Cambodians were killed.<ref>Washington Post, 29 December 1967</ref>',
63 => 'The same message was conveyed to [[Lyndon B. Johnson|US President Johnson's]] emissary [[Chester Bowles]] in January 1968.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 44, {{ISBN|0804730490}}.</ref> However, in public Sihanouk refuted the right of the U.S. to use air strikes in Cambodia, and on 26 March he said "these criminal attacks must immediately and definitively stop". On 28 March a press conference was held and Sihanouk appealed to the international media: "I appeal to you to publicise abroad this very clear stand of Cambodia—that is, I will, in any case, oppose all bombings on Cambodian territory under whatever pretext." Nevertheless, the public pleas of Sihanouk were ignored and the bombing continued.<ref>''Bombing in Cambodia: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess.'', July/August 1973, pp. 158–160, the primary source on the "secret bombings".</ref> Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States.',
64 => '{{Main|Cambodian Civil War}}',
65 => 'While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was [[Cambodian coup of 1970|ousted by a military coup]] led by Prime Minister General [[Lon Nol]] and Prince Sisowath [[Sirik Matak]]. US support for the coup remains unproven.<ref>Clymer, K. J., ''The United States and Cambodia'', Routledge, 2004, p.22</ref> However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Cambodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of [[Cambodian Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="SIHNK">{{Cite book | author = Norodom Sihanouk | author-link = Norodom Sihanouk | title = My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-394-48543-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro }}</ref>',
66 => ' | image1 = US aircraft LORAN bombing over Cambodia c1973.JPG',
67 => ' | caption1 = Tens of thousands of people were killed during the [[Operation Freedom Deal|US bombing of Cambodia]] between 1970 and 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Owen |first1=Taylor |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |title=Bombs Over Cambodia |journal=The Walrus |date=October 2006 |url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |pages=32–36 |quote=The evidence of survivors from many parts of [Cambodia] suggests that at least tens of thousands, probably in the range of 50,000 to 150,000 deaths, resulted from the US bombing campaigns ..." |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2016 }} See {{cite web|author-link1=Ben Kiernan |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |work=The Asia-Pacific Journal |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>',
68 => 'Soon [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels began using him to gain support. However, from 1970 until early 1972, the Cambodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Cambodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Cambodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Cambodian communists now referred to as the Khmer Rouge.<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], pp. 48–51.</ref> Between 1969 and 1973, [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] and US forces [[Operation Menu|bombed]] Cambodia in an effort to disrupt the [[Viet Cong]] and Khmer Rouge.',
69 => 'Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by [[Pol Pot]]'s then second in command, [[Nuon Chea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosyakov|first=Dmitry|date=2004|chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc|archive-date=9 March 2013|access-date=13 April 2015|chapter=The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Susan E.|title=Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda|series=Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1|pages=54 ff|quote=In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.'}}</ref> NVA units overran many Cambodian army positions while the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication. In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, US President [[Richard Nixon]] announced that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Cambodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Cambodia (see [[Cambodian Incursion]]).<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 204, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref> Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized or destroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.',
70 => 'The Communist insurgency inside Cambodia continued to grow, aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Pot and [[Ieng Sary]] asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom were purged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamese patrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no North Vietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Cambodia's territory and 25% of its population. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and main transportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in [[Phnom Penh]] and other cities.',
71 => 'On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardest fighting of the war, led to the collapse of the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refused additional aid for Cambodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, just five days after the US mission evacuated Cambodia.<ref>Short, Philip (2004) ''Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare'', Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 4, {{ISBN|0805080066}}.</ref>',
72 => 'Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (about a quarter of the population).<ref name="Locard">{{cite journal|last=Locard|first=Henri|title=State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)|journal=[[European Review of History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=121–143|date=March 2005|doi=10.1080/13507480500047811|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.8388|s2cid=144712717|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164305/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CAS">{{cite journal|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=585–597|year=2003|doi=10.1080/1467271032000147041|s2cid=143971159|quote=We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population.}}</ref><ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">{{cite book|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979|title=Forced Migration and Mortality|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|year=2001|pages=102–105|isbn=978-0-309-07334-9|quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}} cf. {{cite web|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/|title=Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge|publisher=[[World Peace Foundation]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This era gave rise to the term [[Killing Fields]], and the prison [[Tuol Sleng]] became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted [[Ethnic groups in Cambodia|ethnic minority]] groups. The [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]] Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<ref>Stanton, Gregory H. (22 February 1992) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm The Cambodian Genocide and International Law], Yale Law School.</ref> Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any enemies or potential threats, and thus increased his violent and aggressive actions against his people.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html ""The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot's Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104451/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html |date=14 July 2018 }}. Mount Holyoke University.</ref>',
73 => 'Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the [[Vietnamese Cambodian|Vietnamese]] population in Cambodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.<ref name="Population" /> However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], "eyeglasses were as deadly as the [[yellow badge|yellow star]]" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D. (1996) ''The Ends of the Earth'', Vintage, 1996, p. 406, {{ISBN|0679751238}}.</ref>',
74 => 'Religious institutions were targeted by the Khmer Rouge particularly fiercely. [[Religion]] was so viciously persecuted to such a terrifying extent that the vast majority of [[Khmer architecture|Cambodia's historic architecture]], 95% of Cambodia's Buddhist temples, was completely destroyed.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=la4kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 | title=The Worst World Disasters of All Time | author=Kevin Baker | page=23| isbn=978-1-4566-2343-2 | date=3 November 2014 }}</ref>',
75 => '{{Main|People's Republic of Kampuchea|Cambodian–Vietnamese War}}',
76 => 'In November 1978, Vietnamese troops [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] in response to border raids by the Khmer Rouge<ref name="CGG">{{cite web |url=https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |title=A Brief History of the Cambodian Genocide |publisher=cambodiangenocide.org |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide |url-status=dead }}</ref> and conquered it. The [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] (PRK), a [[Eastern Bloc|pro-Soviet]] state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Cambodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and [[Ta Mok]], was established.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref>[[#Morris|Morris]], p. 220</ref> It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under the direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015">Bultmann, Daniel (2015) ''Inside Cambodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict'', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, {{ISBN|9781472443076}}.</ref>',
77 => 'In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]] (CGDK) was formed in 1981 from three factions.<ref name="Daniel Bultmann 2015" /> This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]. Its credentials were recognised by the United Nations. The Khmer Rouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation with representatives of the noncommunist Cambodian parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/autobiography-thiounn-prasith|title=Autobiography of Thiounn Prasith – Cambodian Genocide Program – Yale University|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225016/http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/%24FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf Provisional verbatim record of the sixty-ninth meeting]. United Nations, General Assembly, New York, 8 November 1985.</ref> The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw from Cambodia led to [[economic sanctions]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsptch5&div=58&id=&page=|title=Lifting the US embargo against Cambodia |publisher=Department of State Dispatch 54|date=20 January 1992 }}</ref> by the US and its allies.{{specify|date=September 2012}}',
78 => '[[Modern Cambodia#Peace efforts and the free elections|Peace efforts]] began in Paris in 1989 under the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Cambodia (1989–1993)|State of Cambodia]], culminating two years later in October 1991 in a [[1991 Paris Peace Accords|Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement]]. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] (UNTAC).<ref name="USDOS3">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm |title=Country Profile of Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>',
79 => '=== Modern Cambodia (1993–present) ===',
80 => '{{Main|Modern Cambodia}}',
81 => 'In 1993, the [[Monarchy of Cambodia|monarchy]] was restored with [[Norodom Sihanouk]] reinstated as King, and the [[1993 Cambodian general election|first post-war election]] was coordinated by [[UNTAC]]. The election was won by [[FUNCINPEC]] led by Sihanouk's son [[Ranariddh]] in a [[hung parliament]]. A power-sharing agreement was agreed with Ranariddh and [[Hun Sen]] of the [[Cambodian People's Party]] both simultaneously being co-Prime Ministers after the CPP threatened to [[Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone|secede part of the country]] if power was fully transferred to FUNCINPEC. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a [[1997 clashes in Cambodia|coup d'état]] led by the co-Prime Minister Hun Sen, who ousted Ranariddh and other parties represented in the government and consolidated power for the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=A coup in Cambodia {{!}} Asia {{!}} The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=archive.is}}</ref><ref name="97COUP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627054853/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/Documents/Statements%20and%20Speeches/English/40.pdf STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR THOMAS HAMMARBERG, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN CAMBODIA]. UN OHCHR Cambodia (9 July 1997)</ref> After its government was able to stabilize under Sen, Cambodia was accepted into the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) on 30 April 1999.<ref name="enlargement">{{cite book|title=ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications|author1=Carolyn L. Gates|author2=Mya Than|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|isbn=978-981-230-081-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|title=Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN: 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat|year=2008|work=ASEAN Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153639/http://www.asean.org/3338.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was crowned Cambodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-29|title=In Pictures: King Sihamoni's coronation|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3964277.stm|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>',
82 => 'During the late 1990s and early 2000s, reconstruction efforts progressed which led to some political stability through a [[multi-party system|multiparty]] democracy under a [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="CIACB" /> although Sen's rule has been marred by [[Human rights in Cambodia|human rights abuses]] and [[Corruption in Cambodia|corruption]].<ref name="Strangio">{{cite book|last1=Strangio|first1=Sebastian|title=Hun Sen's Cambodia|date=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19072-4}}</ref> [[Economy of Cambodia|Cambodia's economy]] grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarath|first=Sorn|title=IMF: Cambodia's economic growth to be highest in Asean|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/imf-cambodias-economic-growth-be-highest-asean|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}</ref> and it received considerable investment and infrastructure development support from [[Cambodia–China relations|China]] as part of its [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Chinese money is changing Cambodia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-chinese-money-is-changing-cambodia/a-50130240|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DW|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:CNRP protesters raise flags.jpg|thumb|[[2013–2014 Cambodian protests|Anti-government protests]] in support of opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party|CNRP]] took place in Cambodia following the [[2013 Cambodian general election|2013 general election]].]]A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal]] sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders. However, Hun Sen has opposed extensive trials or investigations of former Khmer Rouge officials.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carmichael, Robert|title=Cambodian Premier says No More Khmer Rouge Trials | News | English|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|access-date=15 March 2013|publisher=Voanews.com}}</ref> In July 2010, [[Kang Kek Iew]] was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] in his role as the former commandant of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|S21 extermination camp]] and he was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="De Launey BBC 2010">{{Cite news |last=De Launey |first=Guy |date=26 July 2010 |title=Khmer Rouge Prison Chief Duch Found Guilty |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10757320 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/world/asia/cambodia-duch-appeal/index.html|title= Leader of Khmer Rouge torture prison gets life sentence|work=[[CNN]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, the tribunal sentenced [[Khieu Samphan]], the regime's 83-year-old former head of state, and [[Nuon Chea]], its 88-year-old chief ideologue, to life in prison on war crimes charges for their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s.{{Update inline|date=July 2021|reason=Further KR leaders were prosecuted in 2018 and 2020}}',
83 => 'After the [[2013 Cambodian general election]], allegations of voter fraud from opposition party [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] led to [[2013–2014 Cambodian protests|widespread anti-government protests]] that continued into the following year. The protests ended after a crackdown by government forces.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=2014-01-05|title=Cambodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>',
84 => 'The [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] was dissolved ahead of the [[2018 Cambodian general election]] and the ruling [[Cambodian People's Party]] also enacted tighter curbs on [[Mass media in Cambodia|mass media]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Cambodia's Government Should Stop Silencing Journalists, Media Outlets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/11/02/cambodias-government-should-stop-silencing-journalists-media-outlets|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The CPP won every seat in the National Assembly without a major opposition, effectively solidifying ''de facto'' one-party rule in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Cambodia: Hun Sen re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/cambodia-hun-sen-re-elected-in-landslide-victory-after-brutal-crackdown|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin in rural Cambodia|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/authoritarian-rule-shedding-its-populist-skin-in-rural-cambodia/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref>',
85 => 'The global [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia|COVID-19 pandemic spread to Cambodia]] in early 2020. Despite minimising the disease's spread for much of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=How have Thailand and Cambodia kept Covid cases so low?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/thailand-cambodia-covid-19-cases-deaths-low|access-date=2021-07-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> the country's health system was put under strain by a major outbreak in early 2021, which prompted several [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bopha|first=Phorn|title=COVID variant pushes Cambodia to brink of 'national tragedy'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/15/uk-covid-variant-pushes-cambodia-to-brink-of-national-tragedy|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> It also had a severe economic impact, with the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism#Cambodia|tourism industry]] particularly affected due to [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|international travel restrictions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunt|first=Luke|title=Cambodians Reclaim Angkor Wat as Global Lockdowns Continue to Bite|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/cambodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>',
86 => 'Prime Minister Hun Sen, who assumed office {{Time ago|1984-12-26}} and is one of the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|world’s longest-serving leaders]], has a very firm grip on power. He has been accused of crackdowns on opponents and critics. In December 2021, Hun Sen announced his support for his son [[Hun Manet]] to succeed him after the [[2023 Cambodian general election|next general election in 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hun Sen, Cambodian leader for 36 years, backs son to succeed him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/cambodian-leader-hun-sen-says-he-backs-eldest-son-to-succeed-him |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The CPP confirmed Manet as its future candidate for prime minister on 24 December 2021. In October 2022, Hun Sen warned CPP members that the country's newest and largest opposition party, the [[Candlelight Party]], may be dissolved before the 2023 general election.<ref name=":4" /> The warning comes after a June 2022 lawsuit filed by the [[National Election Committee]] against the party's deputy president, [[Son Chhay]], accusing him of [[defamation]] by speaking out against [[electoral fraud]] by the CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrett |first=Chris |date=2022-08-15 |title=Former Australian school teacher faces criminal defamation charges over election comments |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/former-australian-school-teacher-faces-criminal-defamation-charges-over-election-comments-20220815-p5b9zk.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>',
87 => '{{Main|Geography of Cambodia}}',
88 => '[[File:Cambodia Geographic map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographic map of Cambodia]]',
89 => '[[File:Cambodia Regions Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Regional map of Cambodia]]',
90 => 'Cambodia has an area of {{convert|181,035|km2|0|abbr=off}} and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes [[10th parallel north|10°]] and [[15th parallel north|15°N]], and longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[108th meridian east|108°E]]. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and [[Vietnam]] to the east and southeast. It has a {{convert|443|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} coastline along the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>',
91 => 'Cambodia's landscape is characterised by a low-lying central plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes the [[Tonle Sap]] (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the [[Mekong River]] delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about {{convert|650|ft|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].',
92 => 'To the north the Cambodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=off}} from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of {{convert|600|to(-)|1,800|ft|m|abbr=off}}. This cliff marks the southern limit of the [[Dângrêk Mountains]].',
93 => 'Flowing south through Cambodia's eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Cambodia two distinct upland blocks, the [[Cardamom Mountains|Krâvanh Mountains]] and the [[Dâmrei Mountains]], form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the [[Gulf of Thailand]].',
94 => 'In this remote and largely uninhabited area, [[Phnom Aural]], Cambodia's highest peak rises to an elevation of {{convert|5,949|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/cambodia/khland.htm|title=Geography of Cambodia – World Atlas|website=www.worldatlas.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.',
95 => 'The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap, measuring about {{convert|2,590|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the dry season and expanding to about {{convert|24,605|km2|0|abbr=off}} during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Cambodia/sub5_2f/entry-3506.html|title=TONLE SAP {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Much of this area has been designated as a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|biosphere reserve]].<ref name=":2" />',
96 => '[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map KHM present.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Cambodia]]',
97 => 'Cambodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, is dominated by [[monsoons]], which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.',
98 => 'Cambodia has a temperature range from {{convert|21|to|35|°C|°F|0}} and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.',
99 => 'According to the [[International Development Research Centre|International Development Research Center]] and [[The United Nations]], Cambodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, alongside the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/11754/climate-change--rainy-season-wild-card-/|title=Climate Change Hits Coastal Cambodia Hard|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|date=27 May 2015|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/documents-and-media/climate-change-in-the-news/211-un-reports-cambodia-at-high-risk-from-climate-change.html|title=UN Reports: Cambodia At High Risk From Climate Change – Cambodia's Official Climate Change Website|last=Reaksmey|website=www.camclimate.org.kh|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Nearly all provinces in Cambodia are [[Climate change in Cambodia|affected by climate change]].<ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier]'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).</ref> Rural coastal populations are particularly at risk. [[Water supply in Cambodia|Shortages of clean water]], extreme flooding, mudslides, higher sea levels and potentially destructive storms are of particular concern, according to the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance. Climate change has also had a major impact on water levels, ecology and productivity of the [[Tonlé Sap]] in recent years, affecting the food security and agriculture of a large proportion of Cambodia's population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=@NatGeoUK|date=2020-08-17|title=Cambodia's biggest lake is running dry, taking forests and fish with it|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/08/cambodias-biggest-lake-is-running-dry-taking-forests-and-fish|access-date=2020-12-10|website=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Zoe|date=2019-12-16|title=Mekong basin's vanishing fish signal tough times ahead in Cambodia|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/16/mekong-basins-vanishing-fish-signal-ill-times-ahead-for-cambodia-aoe|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>',
100 => 'Cambodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to {{convert|22|°C|0}} and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to {{convert|40|°C}} around April. Disastrous flooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nobleman|first=Marc Tyler|title=Cambodia|year=2003|publisher=Bridgestone Books|location=Mankato, Minn|isbn=978-0-7368-1370-9|page=7}}</ref> Severe flooding also affected 17 provinces in Cambodia during the [[2020 Pacific typhoon season]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dara|first1=Mech|last2=Leakhena|first2=Khan|date=14 October 2020|title=Rising Rivers Flood Schools, Prisons, Over 180,000 Hectares of Farms|url=https://vodenglish.news/rising-rivers-flood-schools-prisons-over-180000-hectares-of-farms/|access-date=2020-12-10|newspaper=VOD}}</ref>',
101 => '{{Main|Wildlife of Cambodia}}{{see also|List of protected areas of Cambodia}}',
102 => '[[File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Cambodia (48354787692).jpg|thumb|[[Macaques]] at Phnom Pros, [[Kampong Cham Province]]]]',
103 => 'Cambodia's [[biodiversity]] is largely founded on its [[seasonal tropical forest]]s, containing some [[List of trees of Cambodia|180 recorded tree species]], and [[riparian]] ecosystems. There are 212 [[mammal]] species, 536 bird species, 240 [[reptile]] species, 850 freshwater fish species ([[Tonle Sap]] Lake area), and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<ref>[https://archive.today/2011.07.28-131701/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/english/online_catalogue/textual_detail.asp?ref=141 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve: perspective 2000], Mekong River Commission (MRC), 1 March 2003.</ref>',
104 => 'The [[Worldwide Fund for Nature]] recognises six distinct [[terrestrial ecoregions]] in Cambodia – the [[Cardamom Mountains rain forests]], [[Central Indochina dry forest]], Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forest, Southern [[Annamite Range]] tropical forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat [[swamp forest]].<ref>Eric Wikramanayake, Eric Dinerstein, Colby J. Loucks ''et al.'' (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC, {{ISBN|1559639237}}.</ref>',
105 => 'The rate of [[deforestation in Cambodia]] is one of the highest in the world and it is often perceived as the most destructive, singular environmental issue in the country.<ref name=GreenList>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kingdom-ranks-low-global-green-list|title=Kingdom ranks low on global green list|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|author=Handley, Erin |date=18 February 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Cambodia's [[primary forest]] cover fell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Cambodia lost {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}} of forest between 1990 and 2005 – {{convert|3340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than {{convert|3220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of primary forest remain with the result that the future [[sustainability]] of the forest reserves of Cambodia is under severe threat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |title=Logging threatens Cambodian tragedy – UN |publisher=Planet Ark |date=6 March 2003 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014012856/http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20cambodia.htm|title=Cambodia|publisher=Mongabay|author=Butler, Rhett |date=15 August 2014|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>',
106 => 'In 2010–2015, the annual rate of deforestation was 1.3%. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Cambodia, which range from opportunistic [[illegal logging]]s to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. The global issue of [[land grabbing]] is particularly rampant in Cambodia. The deforestation involves the local population, Cambodian businesses and authorities as well as transnational corporations from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/cambodia|title=Cambodia|publisher=Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International affairs|date=2015|access-date= 6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/cambodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/|title=Cambodian Government Authorises Clear-Cutting in National Park|publisher=Global Witness|date=9 July 2004|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>',
107 => 'Plans for [[Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin|hydroelectric development]] in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]], by [[Laos]] in particular, pose a "real danger to the food supply of [[Vietnam]] and Cambodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Cambodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its rice basket."',
108 => 'The rich fisheries of [[Tonle Sap]], the largest freshwater lake in [[Southeast Asia]], largely supply the impoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are so important for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally", said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor at the [[University of Washington]] who researches Cambodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of the dams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for the fisheries".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/06/cambodia_sleeps_with_the_fishes|title=Cambodia Sleeps With the Fishes|date=6 June 2014|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>',
109 => 'In the 2010s, the Cambodian government and educational system has increased its involvement and co-operation with both national and international environmental groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|title=Mother Nature's Youthful Ambassadors Get to Work|work=Khmer Times|last=LalinDuch|date=9 December 2015|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010222149/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/18498/mother-nature---s-youthful-ambassadors-get-to-work/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.illegal-logging.info/content/cambodia-environmental-groups-given-chance-address-pm-hun-sen-forum|title=Cambodia: Environmental groups given chance to address PM Hun Sen at forum|publisher=chatham House|date=22 August 2016|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unu.edu/publications/articles/boosting-research-capacity-for-environmental-management-in-cambodia.html|title=Environmental management: Boosting research in Cambodia|publisher=United Nations University|date=17 January 2012|author=Otsuki, Kei |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> A new National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) for Cambodia is to be implemented from late 2016 to 2023 and contains new ideas for how to incite a [[green growth|green]] and environmentally [[sustainability|sustainable]] growth for the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/17414/charting-the-next-seven-years-of-environmental-policy/|title=Charting the Next Seven Years of Environmental Policy|work=Khmer Times|last=Cox|first=Jonathan |date=2 November 2015|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>',
110 => '{{Main|Politics of Cambodia|List of political parties in Cambodia|}}',
111 => '[[File:Norodom king of Cambodia.jpg|thumb|[[Norodom Sihamoni]], King of Cambodia]]',
112 => 'National politics in Cambodia take place within the framework of the nation's [[Constitution of Cambodia|constitution of 1993]]. The government is a [[constitutional monarchy]] operated as a [[parliamentary democracy|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]], an office held by [[Hun Sen]] since 1985, is the [[head of government]], while the [[King of Cambodia]] (currently [[Norodom Sihamoni]]) is the [[head of state]]. The prime minister is appointed by the king, on the advice and with the approval of the [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]]. The prime minister and the ministerial appointees exercise [[executive power]].',
113 => '[[Legislative power]]s are shared by the executive and the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Cambodia]] ({{lang|km|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ}}, {{transliteration|km|sâphéa tâmnang réastrâ}}), which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly ({{lang|km|រដ្ឋសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|rôdthâsâphéa}}) and an upper house, the Senate ({{lang|km|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា}}, {{transliteration|km|prœ̆tthôsâphéa}}). Members of the 123-seat National Assembly are elected through a system of [[proportional representation]] and serve for a maximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which are appointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the rest elected by the [[Commune Council (Cambodia)|commune councillors]] from the 24 [[provinces of Cambodia]]. Senators serve six-year terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambodia 1993 (rev. 2008)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cambodia_2008?lang=en|website=Constitute|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>',
114 => 'On 14 October 2004, King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was selected by a special nine-member [[Royal Council of the Throne|Royal Throne Council]], part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the abdication of King [[Norodom Sihanouk]] a week prior. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen and National Assembly Speaker Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (the king's half-brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.',
115 => 'Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality, "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the [[Cambodian People's Party]] and Prime Minister Hun Sen, a recast [[Khmer Rouge]] official in power since 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign have yielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife, [[Bun Rany]]."{{attribution needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2014/09/24/who-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple/|title=In Cambodia, A Close Friendship With The PM Leads To Vast Wealth For One Power Couple|author=Bahree, Megha |date=24 September 2014|work=Forbes|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Cambodia's government has been described by the Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |author=David Roberts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=Political Transition in Cambodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-85054-7}} (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")</ref>',
116 => 'Prime Minister Hun Sen has vowed to rule until he is 74.<ref>{{cite news|last=NEOU|first=VANNARIN|title=Hun Sen Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Cambodia Daily|date=7 May 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040413/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Thul|first=Prak Chan|title=As protest looms, Cambodia's strongman Hun Sen faces restive, tech-savvy youth|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cambodia-youth-idUKBRE98500G20130906|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=Reuters UK|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> He is a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government is regularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. The 2013 election results were disputed by Hun Sen's opposition, leading to demonstrations in the capital. Demonstrators were injured and killed in Phnom Penh where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926161920/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-protest-clashes/814406.html Cambodia protest clashes leave one dead, several wounded]. Channel Asia. 16 September 2013</ref> From a humble farming background, Hun Sen was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is by some considered a long-ruling [[dictator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|title=Analysis: Punished at the polls, Cambodia's long-serving PM is smiling again|work=Reuters|date=18 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018093328/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/18/us-cambodia-hunsen-analysis-idUSBRE98H04K20130918|url-status=live}}</ref>',
117 => 'Since the 2017 crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Cambodia has been described as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cambodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule|title=Cambodian Parliament launches era of one-party rule|website=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state/4505605.html|title=Cambodia Set to Become One Party State|first=David|last=Boyle|work=[[Voice of America]]|publisher=VOA Cambodia|date=30 July 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/cambodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report|title=Cambodian PM now 'fully fledged military dictator', says report|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>',
118 => '{{Main|Foreign relations of Cambodia}}',
119 => '[[File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg|left|thumb|240px|Prime minister Hun Sen meets with US president [[Joe Biden]] during the ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.]]',
120 => 'The foreign relations of Cambodia are handled by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Cambodia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] under [[Prak Sokhon]]. Cambodia is a member of the United Nations, the [[World Bank]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. It is a member of the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), [[ASEAN]], and joined the [[WTO]] in 2004. In 2005 Cambodia attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]] in Malaysia.',
121 => 'Cambodia has established [[diplomatic relations]] with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<ref>Royal Government of Cambodia.{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |title=Foreign Embassies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalpino, Catharin E. |author2=Timberman, David G. |url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |title=Cambodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028015243/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |archive-date=28 October 2005|work=Asia Society|date= 26 March 1998}}</ref> As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and [[Civil engineering|civil]] infrastructure needs.',
122 => '[[File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen.jpg|thumb|Prime minister [[Hun Sen]] with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, 19 May 2016.]]',
123 => 'While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed, several [[border dispute]]s between Cambodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam and undefined [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]]. Cambodia and Thailand also have border disputes, with troops [[Cambodian-Thai border dispute|clashing over land]] immediately adjacent to the [[Preah Vihear Temple|Preah Vihear temple]] in particular, leading to a deterioration in relations. Most of the territory belongs to Cambodia, but a combination of Thailand disrespecting international law, Thai troops upbuild in the area and lack of resources for the Cambodian military have left the situation unsettled since 1962.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24897805|title=Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Cambodian, court rules|work=BBC News|date=11 November 2013|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf|title=Judgment: Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (''Cambodia v. Thailand'')|date=11 November 2013|others=Recorded by L.Tanggahma|publisher=[[International Court of Justice]]|location=The Hague, Netherlands|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111173337/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>',
124 => 'Cambodia and China have cultivated ties in the 2010s. A Chinese company with the support of the [[People's Liberation Army]] built a deep-water seaport along {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} stretch of Cambodian coastline of the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in [[Koh Kong province]]; the port is sufficiently deep to be used by cruise ships, [[bulk carrier]]s or warships. Cambodia's diplomatic support has been invaluable to Beijing's [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|effort to claim disputed areas]] in the [[South China Sea]]. Because Cambodia is a member of ASEAN, and because under ASEAN rules "the objections of one member can thwart any group initiative", Cambodia is diplomatically useful to China as a counterweight to southeast Asian nations that have closer ties to the United States.<ref name="Kynge">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23968248-43a0-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d?mhq5j=e2|title=Investigation: How China bought its way into Cambodia|website=[[Financial Times]]|author=James Kynge, Leila Haddou and Michael Peel|date=8 September 2016|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>',
125 => '{{Main|Royal Cambodian Armed Forces}}',
126 => '[[File:Royal Cambodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Royal Cambodian Army officers marching]]',
127 => 'The [[Royal Cambodian Army]], [[Royal Cambodian Navy]], [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]] and [[Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia|Royal Gendarmerie]] collectively form the [[Military of Cambodia|Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]], under the command of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Cambodia)|Ministry of National Defence]], presided over by the [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]]. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), and the country's Prime Minister Hun Sen effectively holds the position of [[commander-in-chief]].',
128 => 'The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the Cambodian military. This saw the defence ministry form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services under the High Command Headquarters (HCHQ).',
129 => 'In 2010, the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve). Total Cambodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia total more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism, and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest, and armed conflicts.',
130 => 'Hun Sen has accumulated highly centralised power in Cambodia, including a ''praetorian guard'' that 'appears to rival the capabilities of the country's regular military units', and is allegedly used by Hun Sen to quell political opposition.'<ref>Fuller, Thomas (6 January 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html Cambodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly]. New York Times</ref> Cambodia signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>',
131 => '[[File:Cambodian Leaders 2019.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: Senate President [[Say Chhum]], National Assembly President [[Heng Samrin]] and Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]], on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.]] ',
132 => 'The [[Cambodian People's Party]] (CPP) is the sole dominant-party in Cambodia. Since 2018, the CPP commands all but four seats in [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]], including all 125 seats in the National Assembly and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate.',
133 => 'Hun Sen and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen was a former Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by the Vietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his [[Strongman (politics)|strong man]] position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.<ref name=HRWAdams>{{cite web|author=Adams, Brad |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/10000-days-hun-sen |title=Adams, Brad, ''10,000 Days of Hun Sen'', International Herald Tribune, reprinted by Human Rights Watch.org |publisher=Hrw.org |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 1997, fearing the growing power of his co-prime minister, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun launched a [[1997 Cambodian Coup|coup]], using the army to purge Ranariddh and his supporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents of Hun Sen were arrested, tortured, and some summarily executed.<ref name=HRWAdams /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/060.html |title=Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen from Amnesty International|publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date=11 July 1997 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>',
134 => 'In addition to [[Human rights in Cambodia|political oppression]], the Cambodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers<ref>{{cite news|author1=Levy, Adrian |author2=Scott-Clark, Cathy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/26/cambodia |title=Country for Sale|newspaper=Guardian |date=26 April 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Cambodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |title=Country for Sale |publisher=Global Witness |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306234201/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale |archive-date=6 March 2013 }}</ref> Cambodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |title=Coverage of Transparency International's Corruption Report by ''Rasmei Kampuchea Daily'' carried on Asia News Network, 2 December 2011 |publisher=Asianewsnet.net |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810104123/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490 |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>Perrin, C.J. (30 March 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225719/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/128461/20110330/corruption-australia-signapore-china-cambodia-philippines-hong-kong-based-political-economic-risk-co.htm Australia, Singapore: Least Tainted with Corruption—survey], ''International Business Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/country#KHM |title=Transparency International's latest index |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] currently recognises one [[prisoner of conscience]] in the country: 33-year-old land rights activist [[Yorm Bopha]].<ref name=yorm>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|title=Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice|date=27 December 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163441/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>',
135 => 'Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say they were deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attack against the president of the Overseas Press Club of Cambodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.',
136 => 'The violence came amid political tensions as the opposition boycotted the opening of [[Parliament]] due to concerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Cambodian protesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-24/an-cambodia-attacks-reax/4978738|title=Overseas Press Club of Cambodia condemns violent attack on journalists in Phnom Penh|work=Australia Network News|date=24 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>',
137 => 'In 2017, Cambodia's Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]] (CNRP), paving the way for a return to a yet more authoritarian political system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/cambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen |title=Guardian report on Hun Sen as strongman |newspaper=Guardian | date=3 December 2017}}</ref>',
138 => '{{Further|Corruption in Cambodia}}',
139 => 'The level of [[corruption]] in Cambodia exceeds most countries in the world. Despite adopting an 'Anti-Corruption Law' in 2010, corruption prevails throughout the country. Corruption affects the judiciary, the police, and other state institutions. Favouritism by government officials and impunity is commonplace. Lack of a clear distinction between the courts and the executive branch of government also makes for a deep politicisation of the judicial system.<ref name="globalwitness.org">[http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/corruption/oil-gas-and-mining/cambodia Retrieved November-14-2015]. Globalwitness.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>',
140 => 'Examples of areas where Cambodians encounter corrupt practices in their everyday lives include obtaining medical services, dealing with alleged traffic violations, and pursuing fair court verdicts. Companies deal with extensive red tape when obtaining licenses and permits, especially construction-related permits, and the demand for and supply of bribes are commonplace in this process. The 2010 Anti-Corruption Law provided no protection to whistle-blowers, and whistle-blowers can be jailed for up to 6 months if they report corruption that cannot be proven.<ref name="globalwitness.org" />',
141 => 'The Cambodian legal profession was established in 1932. By 1978, due to the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, the entire legal system was eradicated. Judges and lawyers were executed after being deemed "class enemies" and only 6–12 legal professionals actually survived and remained in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/assets/pdf/court-filings/e51_7_1_en-1.pdf|title=CO-PROSECUTORS' SUBMISSION ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR NATIONAL CRIMES|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Lawyers did not reappear until 1995 when the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia was created.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to CAMBODIAN LAW|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Cambodia|year=2012|isbn=978-99950-982-1-6|editor-last=Peng|editor-first=Hor|pages=7–8, 15–16|editor-last2=Phallack|editor-first2=Kong|editor-last3=Menzel|editor-first3=Jörg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Chin|last2=Falt|first2=Jeffrey L.|date=1996|title=LAW OF THE BAR: KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA (STATUTORY UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT BAR IN CAMBODIA: CODE OF ETHICS; INTERNAL REGULATIONS)|journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=27: 2, Art. 5|pages=357–387|via=CWSL Scholarly Commons}}</ref>',
142 => '{{Main|Human rights in Cambodia}}',
143 => '[[File:Kem Sokha with Sam Rainsy.jpg|thumb|Cambodia's deputy opposition leader [[Kem Sokha]] (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader [[Sam Rainsy]] (right) has lived in exile since November 2015]]',
144 => 'A [[US State Department]] report says "forces under Hun Sen and the [[Cambodian People's Party]] have committed frequent and large-scale abuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".<ref>World Report 2014: Cambodia Human Right Watch</ref> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 256,800 people are [[Slavery in Asia|enslaved]] in modern-day Cambodia, or 1.65% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Bales|first1=Kevin |display-authors=et al|title=Cambodia|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|website=The Global Slavery Index 2016|publisher=The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314004151/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/cambodia/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
145 => '[[Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (Cambodia)|Forced land evictions]] by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders are commonplace in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid land grabs and evictions, Cambodia jails leading activist |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-landactivist/amid-land-grabs-and-evictions-cambodia-jails-leading-activist-idUSKBN164009 |work=Reuters |date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Cambodians over more than a decade for the purpose of self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of special interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia police arrest women protesting against forced evictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/02/cambodia-forced-evictions-land-grabs |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> Credible non-governmental organisations estimate that "770,000 people have been adversely affected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that have been confiscated", says Paris-based [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (FIDH).<ref name="rfa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/complaint-10072014181216.html|title='Ruling Elite' in Cambodia Face ICC Complaint Over Land Grabs|work=Radio Free Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>',
146 => 'On 14 March 2018, the UN expert on the human rights situation in Cambodia "expressed serious concerns about restrictions on the media, freedom of expression and political participation ahead of a national election in July".<ref>{{cite news |title="Cambodia at a crossroads": UN expert calls on Government to choose path of human rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22820&LangID=E |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Some critics of the government have been [[COVID-19 misinformation#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]] about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia accused of political clampdown amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/cambodia-accused-political-clampdown-coronavirus-outbreak-200324063233803.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cambodia: Covid-19 Spurs Bogus 'Fake News' Arrests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/cambodia-covid-19-spurs-bogus-fake-news-arrests |work=Human Rights Watch |date=29 April 2020}}</ref>',
147 => '{{Main|Administrative divisions of Cambodia}}',
148 => 'The autonomous municipality ({{transliteration|km|reach thani}}) and provinces ({{transliteration|km|khaet}}) of Cambodia are first-level administrative divisions. Cambodia is divided into 25 [[Provinces of Cambodia|provinces]] including the autonomous municipality.',
149 => 'Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Cambodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes ({{transliteration|km|khum}}) and quarters ({{transliteration|km|sangkat}}).',
150 => '[[File:Provincial Boundaries in Cambodia.svg|center|upright=2]]',
151 => '{{Main|Economy of Cambodia}}',
152 => '[[File:GPD per capita development of Cambodia.jpg|thumb|305px|right|Real GDP per capita development of Cambodia]]',
153 => '[[File:Cambodia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Cambodia exports, 2019]]',
154 => '[[File:Cambodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|The Cambodian position on the [[Human Development Index]], 1970–2010]]',
155 => 'In 2017 Cambodia's per capita income is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal per capita. The United Nations designates Cambodia as a [[least developed country]]. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. [[Rice]], fish, timber, garments, and rubber are Cambodia's major exports. The [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819194125/http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/RiceToday%206-2.pdf ''Rice Today'', April–June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2]. irri.org</ref> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.',
156 => 'Based on the Economist, IMF: [[Annual average GDP growth]] for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest-growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and exports at US$1.6 billion.',
157 => 'In the Cambodia country assessment "Where Have All The Poor Gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013", the World Bank concludes: "Over the seven years from 2004 through 2011, Cambodian economic growth was tremendous, ranking amid the best in the world. Moreover, household consumption increased by nearly 40 percent. And this growth was pro-poor—not only reducing inequality but also proportionally boosting poor people's consumption further and faster than that of the non-poor. As a result, the poverty rate dropped from 52.2 to 20.5 percent, surpassing all expectations and far exceeding the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poverty target. However, the majority of these people escaped poverty only slightly: they remain highly vulnerable—even to small shocks—which could quickly bring them back into poverty."<ref>"Where Have All The Poor Gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013", World Bank May 2014</ref>',
158 => '"Two decades of economic growth have helped make Cambodia a global leader in reducing poverty. The success story means the Southeast Asian nation that overcame a vicious civil war now is classified as a lower-middle income economy by the World Bank Group (WBG). Among 69 countries that have comparable data, Cambodia ranked fourth in terms of the fastest poverty reduction in the world from 2004 to 2008. (See more details of Cambodia's achievements on poverty reduction. The poverty rate fell to 10 percent in 2013, and further reduction of poverty is expected for both urban and rural households throughout 2015–2016. However, human development, particularly in the areas of health and education, remains an important challenge and development priority for Cambodia"<ref>[http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/cambodia-is-now-a-lower-middle-income-economy-what-does-this-mean Cambodia is now a lower-middle income economy: What does this mean? | East Asia & Pacific on the rise]. Blogs.worldbank.org (1 July 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>',
159 => 'Oil and natural gas deposits found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters in 2005 yield great potential but remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputes with [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The struggle between Thailand and Cambodia over oil and gas resources|date=17 September 2010|agency=CLC Asia|url=http://www.clc-asia.com/the-struggle-between-thailand-and-cambodia-over-oil-and-gas-resources-2/|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia Aims for Offshore Production Next Year|author=Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob |date=26 September 2012|agency=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390443507204578020023711640726|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref>',
160 => '[[File:Cambodia's rice fields.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paddy field]] in [[Siem Reap Province]]]]',
161 => 'The [[National Bank of Cambodia]] is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to the country's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in the country. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increased from 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Cambodian banking and finance sector.',
162 => 'In 2012, Credit Bureau Cambodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank of Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |title=CBC's Mission |publisher=Creditbureaucambodia.com |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613093221/http://www.creditbureaucambodia.com/about-us/credit-bureau-cambodiacom.html |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Cambodian Banking Sector as all banks and microfinance companies are now required by law to report accurate facts and figures relating to loan performance in the country.',
163 => 'One of the largest challenges facing Cambodia is still the fact that the older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<ref name="CIACB">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ Cambodia]. CIA World FactBook.</ref> while the [[Asian Development Bank]] alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |title=A Fact Sheet: Cambodia and Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404015954/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp |archive-date=4 April 2007 }}</ref> Bribes are often demanded from companies operating in Cambodia when obtaining licences and permits, such as construction-related permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-cambodia|title=Bribes hamper business in Cambodia – Asia-Pacific – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin}}</ref>',
164 => 'In April 2016 Cambodia's National Assembly has adopted a Law on Trade Unions. "The law was proposed at a time when workers have been staging sustained protests in factories and in the streets demanding wage increases and improvements in their working conditions".<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/the-trouble-with-cambodias-new-law-on-trade-unions The Trouble With Cambodia's New Law on Trade Unions]. The Diplomat. Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref> The concerns about Cambodia's new law are shared not only by labour and rights groups but international organisations more generally. The [[International Labour Organization]] Country Office for Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR, has noted that the law has "several key concerns and gaps".<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/asia/info/public/pr/WCMS_466553/lang--en/index.htm ILO's statement on Trade Unions law in Cambodia]. Ilo.org (4 April 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>',
165 => 'Independent unions and employers remain divided. "How can a factory with 25 unions survive?" asked Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association in Cambodia (GMAC), adding that it was "incomprehensible to expect an employer to negotiate a dispute with 25 different union leaders. A law was necessary to rein in the country's unions, Van Sou Ieng said. According to GMAC, last year there were 3,166 unions for the more than 500,000 workers employed in the country's 557 garment and textile exporting factories, and 58 footwear factories. Though garment production is already Cambodia's largest industry, which accounts for 26.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, Van Sou Ieng said without the trade union law, foreign investors will not come to do business".<ref>[http://www.voacambodia.com/a/unions-and-employers-deeply-divided-over-cambodia-trade-union-law/3375693.html Unions and Employers Deeply Divided Over Cambodia's Trade Union Law]. Voacambodia.com (15 June 2016). Retrieved on 20 December 2016.</ref>',
166 => '"Only with the trade union law will we, employers, be able to survive.... not only Cambodia, every country has trade union law. Those who criticise [the law] should do businesses, and [then] they will understand."',
167 => '[[File:Cambodia Exports Treemap 2017.svg|thumb|right|270px|Cambodian Exports Treemap in 2017.]]',
168 => 'The garment industry represents the largest portion of Cambodia's manufacturing sector, accounting for 80% of the country's exports. In 2012, the exports grew to $4.61 billion up 8% over 2011. In the first half of 2013, the garment industry reported exports worth $1.56 billion.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/cambodias-textile-industry-grew-32/|title=Cambodia's textile industry grew 32%|first=Arno|last=Maierbrugger|work=Inside Investor|date=11 July 2013|access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The sector employs 335,400 workers, of which 91% are female.',
169 => 'Better Factories Cambodia was created in 2001 as a unique partnership between the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group. The programme engages with workers, employers, and governments to improve working conditions and boost the competitiveness of the garment industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Factories Cambodia Annual Report 2018: An Industry and Compliance Review |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/portfolio/better-factories-cambodia-annual-report-2018-an-industry-and-compliance-review/ |website=betterwork.org}}</ref> On 18 May 2018, the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the ILO Better Factories Cambodia Programme met in Phnom Penh to provide input into the draft conclusions and recommendations of the BFC's independent mid-term evaluation, as well as to discuss options on how to further strengthen the programme's transparent reporting initiative.',
170 => 'The members of the PAC concurred with the findings of the evaluation related to the impact the programme has had on the Cambodian garment sector and workers, including:',
171 => 'b. improving the lives of at least half a million Cambodian workers of factories in the BFC',
172 => 'e. making Cambodia's garment factories safer overall',
173 => 'brands/buyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Cambodia on its 47th Meeting – Better Work |url=https://betterwork.org/blog/2018/06/20/statement-from-the-project-advisory-committee-of-better-factories-cambodia-on-its-47th-meeting/ |website=betterwork.org|date=20 June 2018 }}</ref>',
174 => '{{Main|Tourism in Cambodia}}',
175 => 'The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of [[hard currency]] after the textile industry.<ref name="USDOS3" /> International visitor arrivals in 2018 topped six million, a ten-fold increase since the beginning of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism Statistics Report Year 2018 |url=https://www.tourismcambodia.com/img/resources/cambodia_tourism_statistics_2018.pdf |website=Ministry of Tourism |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> Tourism employs 26% of the country's workforce, which translates into roughly 2.5 million jobs for Cambodians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=This Is Why Cambodia Is the BEST Place to Visit Post Coronavirus Pandemic!|url=https://thegotofamily.com/2021/04/this-is-why-cambodia-is-the-best-place-to-visit-post-coronavirus-pandemic/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Go To Family|language=en-US}}</ref>',
176 => 'Besides Phom Penh and Angkor Wat, other tourist destinations include [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in the southwest which has several popular beaches and [[Battambang]] in the northwest, both of which are popular stops for backpackers who make up a significant portion of visitors to Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfunkytravel.com/backpacking-route-south-east-asia.html|title=Popular Backpacking Destinations in Southeast Asia|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The area around [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] and [[Kep, Cambodia|Kep]] including the [[ Bokor Hill Station ]] are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in the relatively stable period since the 1993 [[UNTAC]] elections.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304011512/http://www.cambodia-tourism.org/download/Cambodia_Touris_Statistics_2010.pdf Tourism Statistics Report March 2010]. cambodia-tourism.org.</ref>',
177 => 'Most international arrivals in 2018 were Chinese. Tourism receipts exceeded US$4.4 billion in 2018, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom's gross national product. The Angkor Wat historical park in [[Siem Reap Province]], the beaches in Sihanoukville, the capital city Phnom Penh, and Cambodia's 150 casinos (up from just 57 in 2014)<ref>{{cite book |title=Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth, and Impact, 2019|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.pdf |date=2019 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |location=Bangkok |page=20}}</ref> are the main attractions for foreign tourists.',
178 => 'Cambodia's reputation as a safe destination for tourism however has been hindered by civil and political unrest <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|title=Civil Unrest|date=16 October 2016|work=The Cambodia Daily|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055108/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/civil-unrest-119267/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/27/kem-lays-murder-puts-cambodia-politics-economy-at-risk-as-unrest-looms.html|title=Kem Ley's murder puts Cambodia politics, economy at risk as unrest looms|website=CNBC|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=27 August 2016|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|title=Civil Unrest in Phnom Penh, Cambodia – TravelHappy.Me|date=20 September 2013|work=TravelHappy.Me|access-date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022429/http://www.travelhappy.me/civil-unrest-in-phnom-penh-cambodia/|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> and several high-profile examples of serious crime committed against tourists visiting the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/15252/embassies-warn-of-rise-in-coastal-crime/|title=Embassies Warn of Rise in Coastal Crime|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010224352/http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/14091/two-rapes-in-3-days-reveal-resort---s-dark-side/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Two Rapes in 3 Days Reveal Resort's Dark Side|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|work=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/12397/deaths-of-foreigners-shrouded-in-mystery/|title=Deaths of Foreigners Shrouded in Mystery|last=Laurenson|first=Jack|website=Khmer Times|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>',
179 => 'Cambodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people around the main places of interest. The quantity of souvenirs that are produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number of tourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the markets are imported from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aha-kh.com/ |title=AHA Angkor Handicraft Association|website=Aha-kh.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Some of the locally produced souvenirs include:',
180 => '{{Further|Agriculture in Cambodia}}',
181 => 'Agriculture is the mainstay of the Cambodian economy. Agriculture accounted for 90 percent of [[GDP]] in 1985 and employed approximately 80 percent of the workforce. [[Rice]] is the principal commodity. Major secondary crops include [[maize]], [[cassava]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[Bambara groundnut|groundnuts]], [[soybean]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, dry beans, and [[rubber]]. The principal commercial crop is rubber. In the 1980s it was an important primary commodity, second only to rice, and one of the country's few sources of foreign exchange.',
182 => '{{Main|Transport in Cambodia}}',
183 => 'The civil war and neglect severely damaged Cambodia's transport system. With assistance from other countries, Cambodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.',
184 => 'Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about {{convert|612|km|mi|abbr=off}} of single, {{convert|1|m|ftin|spell=in|adj=mid|abbr=off}} gauge track.<ref name=CamRail>{{cite news|title=Cambodian railway to be revived by 2013 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html |archive-date=1 April 2011 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=16 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast. Trains are again running to and from the Cambodian capital and popular destinations in the south. After 14 years, regular rail services between the two cities restarted recently – offering a safer option than road for travellers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/05/trains-phnom-penh-sihanoukville-kampot|title=Cambodia revives train service between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2016|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref> Trains also run from Phnom Penh to [[Sisophon]] (although trains often run only as far as [[Battambang]]). As of 1987, only one passenger train per week operated between Phnom Penh and Battambang but a US$141 million project, funded mostly by the [[Asian Development Bank]], has been started to revitalise the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Cambodia with major industrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".<ref name=CamRail />',
185 => 'Cambodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Cambodia than in the developed world, and the number of road deaths had doubled in the preceding three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/en/travis_annualreport_execsum.pdf |title=Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System|website=WHO |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>',
186 => 'Cambodia's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonle Sap]] River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including {{convert|3,700|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable all year by craft drawing {{convert|0.6|m|ft|1|abbr=off}} and another {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=off}} navigable to craft drawing {{convert|1.8|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="CNTRYDTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html |title=Cambodia – Railroads |website=Country-data.com |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>',
187 => 'With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile use, though motorcycles still predominate.<ref>"Picking Up Speed: As Cambodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road 'Death Toll'", ''The Cambodia Daily'', Saturday, 9–10 March 2002.</ref> "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or [[Cycle rickshaw]]s were popular in 1990s but are increasingly replaced by ''remorques'' (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Cambodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |title=Cyclo – Transport in Cambodia |website=Goseasia.about.com |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403102938/http://goseasia.about.com/od/cambodia/g/cyclo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
188 => 'Cambodia has three commercial airports. In 2018, they handled a record of 10 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/airports-pass-10m-passenger-mark |title=Airports pass 10M passenger mark |work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]] |date=20 December 2018}}</ref> [[Phnom Penh International Airport]] is the busiest airport in Cambodia. [[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] is the second busiest, and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. [[Sihanouk International Airport]], is in the coastal city of [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]].',
189 => '{{Main|Science and technology in Cambodia}}',
190 => 'This policy was followed by the country's first ''National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020''. It was officially launched by the Ministry of Planning in December 2014, as the culmination of a two-year process supported by the [[Korea International Cooperation Agency]]. The plan makes provision for establishing a science and technology foundation to promote industrial innovation, with a particular focus on agriculture, primary industry and ICTs.<ref name="UNESCO Towards 2030" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cambodia National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020|last=Korea International Cooperation Agency|first=Press release|date=2014|work=KOICA Feature News}}</ref> Cambodia was ranked 109th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, down from 98th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
191 => '{{Main|Energy in Cambodia}}',
192 => 'Cambodia has high potential for developing [[renewable energy]] resources. Even though the country has not attracted much international investment in renewable energy by 2020, the country serves as a model to learn from for other ASEAN countries in terms of conducting solar power auctions.<ref name=":0">Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z. 2020. Cambodia: Five Actions to Improve the Business Climate for Renewable Energy Investment. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No. 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793835</ref> To attract more investment in renewable energy, the government could improve renewable energy governance, adopt clear targets, develop an effective regulatory framework, improve project bankability and facilitate market entry for international investors.<ref name=":0" /> Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change and it is advised that the country focuses more on developing renewable energy as part of climate change mitigation measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |page=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>',
193 => '{{see also|List of cities in Cambodia}}',
194 => '{{Main|Demographics of Cambodia}}',
195 => '| footnote = National Institute of Statistics: General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019, Chapter 2, p. 6<ref name="Census 2019" />',
196 => 'The first official census conducted by the French protectorate of Cambodia was in 1921; however, only men aged 20 to 60 were counted as its purpose was for the collection of taxes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Organization and Administration of the General Population Census of Cambodia, 1998|date=2001|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia|National Institute of Statistics]], [[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|location=[[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEnkAlnHECYC|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> After the 1962 population census was conducted, Cambodia's civil conflicts and instability lead to a 36-year-long gap before the country could have another official census in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Huguet, Jerrold R.|author2=Chamratrithirong, Apichat|author3=Rao, Nott Rama|author4=Than, San Sy|title=Results of the 1998 Population Census in Cambodia|journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal|date=September 2000|volume=15|issue=3|page=1|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/APPJ-Vol-15-No-3.pdf|access-date=17 July 2020|publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|United Nations ESCAP]]|doi=10.18356/b3b0a408-en}}</ref>',
197 => 'At present, fifty percent of the Cambodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|title=Sex Ratio|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the Cambodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<ref name="CIACB" />',
198 => 'The total fertility rate in Cambodia was 2.5 children per woman in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=2018&view=bar|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Cambodia|date=7 June 2020|work=World Bank}}</ref>',
199 => 'The fertility rate was 4.0 children in 2000.<ref name="CDHS" /> Women in urban areas had 2.2 children on average, compared with 3.3 in rural areas.<ref name="CDHS" /> Fertility was highest in [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondol Kiri]] and [[Ratanakiri Province|Rattanak Kiri]] Provinces, where women had an average of 4.5 children, and lowest in Phnom Penh where women averaged 2.0.<ref name="CDHS">[http://www.nis.gov.kh/ National Institute of Statistics CAMBODIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2010]. Nis.gov.kh (10 November 2013). Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref>',
200 => '{{Further|Ethnic groups in Cambodia}}',
201 => '[[File:Cambodia ethnic map colors more distinct.png|thumb|left|250px|An ethnic map of Cambodia]]',
202 => 'The vast majority of Cambodia's population is of ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] origin (over 95%) who are speakers of the [[Khmer language]], the country's sole official language. Cambodia's population is largely homogeneous. Its minority groups include [[Chams]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.1%) and [[Chinese Cambodian|Chinese]] (0.1%).<ref name="CIACB" />',
203 => 'The largest ethnic group in Cambodia are the [[Khmer people|Khmers]], who comprise around 90% of the total population in Cambodia, and are indigenous to the lowland Mekong subregion in which they inhabit. The Khmers historically have lived near the [[Mekong River|lower Mekong River]] in a contiguous diagonal arc, from where modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia meet in the northwest, all the way to the mouth of the [[Mekong River]] in southeastern Vietnam.',
204 => 'The Vietnamese are the second-largest ethnic minority in Cambodia, with an estimated 16,000 living in provinces concentrated in the southeast of the country adjacent to the [[Mekong Delta]]. Although the Vietnamese language has been determined to be a [[Mon–Khmer]] language, there are very few cultural connections between the two peoples because the early Khmers were influenced by the [[Indian cultural sphere]] while the Vietnamese are part of the [[Adoption of Chinese literary culture|Chinese cultural sphere]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000">{{cite book |author=Chandler, David |title=A History of Cambodia |publisher=Westview Press|date=2000}}</ref> Ethnic tensions between the Khmer and the Vietnamese can be traced to the [[Post-Angkor Period]] (from the 16th to 19th centuries), during which time a nascent [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] each attempted to vassalise a weakened post-Angkor Cambodia, and effectively dominate all of [[Indochina]].<ref name="David Chandler 2000" />',
205 => '[[Chinese Cambodian]]s are approximately 0.1% of the population.<ref name="Birth Rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |title=Birth Rate |work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223211514/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb®ionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |title=Ethnic groups statistics – countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> Most Chinese are descended from 19th–20th-century settlers who came in search of trade and commerce opportunities during the time of the [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|French protectorate]]. Most are urban dwellers, engaged primarily in commerce.',
206 => 'The Cham are descended from the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] people of [[Champa]], a former kingdom on the coast of central and southern present-day Vietnam and former rival to the Khmer Empire. The Cham in Cambodia number under a million and often maintain separate villages in the southeast of the country. Almost all Cham in Cambodia are Muslims.',
207 => '{{Largest cities of Cambodia}}',
208 => '[[File:Weddingkhmer.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Cambodian couple wearing [[Sompot|traditional wedding outfit]] ([[Sompot]], [[Sbai]], [[Sompot Chong Kben|Chong Kben]]).]]',
209 => '{{POV section|date=December 2015}}<!--See [[Talk:Women in Cambodia]]-->',
210 => '{{Further|Women in Cambodia}}',
211 => 'Khmer women are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, well-mannered,<ref name=Mekong /> industrious,<ref name=Status /> act as the family's caregivers and caretakers<ref name=Mekong /> and financial controllers,<ref name=Status /> maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,<ref name="Mekong">{{Cite web |last=Chey |first=Elizabeth |title=The Status of Khmer Women |url=http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/women.htm |website=www.mekong.net |language=en}}</ref> and act as advisors to their husbands.<ref name="Status">{{Cite web |title=Women in Cambodian Society |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/women.htm |publisher=www.seasite.niu.edu}}</ref> The "light" walking and refinement of Cambodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their [[silk]] skirt rustling".<ref name=Status /> As financial controllers, the women of Cambodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.<!-- blocked link <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Culture of Cambodia |url=https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cambodia.html |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref> -->',
212 => '{{See also|Demographics of Cambodia#Languages}}',
213 => 'The [[Khmer language]] is a member of the [[Mon–Khmer]] subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic language]] group. [[French language|French]], once the language of government in [[French Indochina|Indochina]], is still spoken by many older Cambodians, and is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. There is also a Francophone newspaper and television channels. Cambodia is a member of [[La Francophonie]]. [[Cambodian French (linguistics)|Cambodian French]] is sometimes used in government, particularly in court. Since 1993, there has been a growing use of English, which has been replacing French as the main foreign language. English is widely taught in several universities and there is also a significant press in that language, while street signs are now bilingual in Khmer and English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |title=U.S. helps English program for poor Cambodian students |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013936/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/30/c_13377375.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Due to this shift, mostly English is now used in Cambodia's international relationships, and it has replaced French both on Cambodia's stamps and, since 2002, on Cambodian currency.<ref>{{Citation |last=Igawa |first=Koji |date=2008 |title=English Language and its Education in Cambodia, a Country in Transition |url=https://www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo46-20.pdf |language=en |volume=46 |pages=343–369 |access-date=20 December 2016 |work=Shitennōji daigaku kiyō}}</ref>',
214 => '{{Main|Religion in Cambodia}}',
215 => '[[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is the official religion of Cambodia, practised by more than 95 percent of the population with an estimated 4,392 monastery temples throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123110848/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148861.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2010 |title=Cambodia |publisher=State.gov |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Cambodian Buddhism is deeply influenced by [[Hinduism]] and native [[animism]].',
216 => '[[Mahayana Buddhism]] is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Cambodia. Elements of other religious practices, such as the veneration of [[Chinese folk religion|folk heroes]] and ancestors, [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]] mix with Chinese Buddhism are also practised.',
217 => 'Islam is followed by about 2% of the population and comes in three varieties, two practised by the [[Cham people]] and a third by the descendants of [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], resident in the country for generations. Cambodia's Muslim population is reported to be 80% ethnic Cham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/13400/ramadan-ends-friday-evening/|title=Ramadan Ends Friday Evening|work=Khmer Times|date=16 July 2015}}</ref>',
218 => '{{Main|Health in Cambodia}}',
219 => '[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg|thumb|Cambodian medical students watching a surgery operation]]',
220 => 'Cambodian [[life expectancy]] was 75 years in 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50808278/life-expectancy-increases-to-75-years/ |title=Life expectancy increases to 75 years',
221 => '|publisher= General Population Census of Cambodia 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> a major improvement since 1995 when the average life expectancy was 55.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:KHM&ifdim=region&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Health care is offered by both public and private practitioners and research has found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improving the uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ozawa|first=Sachiko|author2=Damian Walker|title=Comparison Of Trust In Public Vs Private Health Care Providers In Rural Cambodia|journal=Health Policy Plan|year=2011|volume=26|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i20 – i29|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|access-date=26 May 2012|doi=10.1093/heapol/czr045|pmid=21729914|doi-access=free|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133748/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/comparison-of-trust-in-public-vs-private-health-care-provide.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government plans to increase the quality of healthcare in the country by raising awareness of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases.',
222 => 'Cambodia's [[infant mortality rate]] has decreased from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1998 to 24 in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=1975&view=chart|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Cambodia|date=7 June 2020|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>',
223 => 'Cambodia was once one of the most [[Land mines in Cambodia|landmined]] countries in the world. According to some estimates, unexploded [[land mine]]s have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970.<ref name="PBSORG">PBS.org (25 July 2003). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html ''Cambodia Land Mines''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209070351/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html |date=9 December 2004 }}</ref> The number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased, from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).<ref>{{cite news|last1=ZSOMBOR|first1=PETER|title=Landmine, Unexploded Ordnance Deaths Drop by Half in 2013|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|access-date=23 October 2014|work=The Cambodia Daily|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706225418/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/landmine-unexploded-ordnance-deaths-drop-by-half-in-2013-52085/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adults that survive landmines often require [[amputation]] of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<ref name="PBSORG" /> Cambodia is expected to be free of land mines by 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/1976/landmine-casualties-increase-in-2014/|title=Landmine Casualties Increase in 2014|work=KhmerTimes – News Portal Cambodia -|date=7 June 2014|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290 people being an amputee,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Coomes|first1=Phil|title=Tackling the hidden weapons left behind|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-26865946|access-date=23 October 2014|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> is expected to affect Cambodia for years to come.',
224 => 'In Cambodia, landmines and exploded ordnance alone have caused 44,630 injuries between 1979 and 2013, according to the Cambodia Mine/UXO Victim Information System.<ref>Moss, Rebecca (25 June 2015) [http://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/disability-survey-underscores-war-legacy Disability survey underscores war legacy]. Phnompenh Post.</ref>',
225 => '{{Main|Education in Cambodia}}',
226 => 'The [[Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Cambodia)|Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports]] is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelines for education in Cambodia. The Cambodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels of government, central, provincial, and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Cambodia promulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic quality education.',
227 => 'The 2019 Cambodian census estimated that 88.5% of the population was literate (91.1% of men and 86.2% of women).<ref name="Census 2019" /> Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |title=UNICEF – Cambodia – Statistics |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220546/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
228 => 'The education system in Cambodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years, there have been significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrolment gains, the introduction of program based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children to gain access to education. The country has also significantly invested in [[vocational education]], especially in rural areas, to tackle poverty and unemployment.',
229 => '<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=KHM|title=Cambodia on UNESCO-UNEVOC|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ntb.gov.kh/tvet/policy/NTDP2008.pdf Cambodia National TVET development Plan −2008]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</ref> Two of Cambodia's most acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.',
230 => 'Traditionally, education in Cambodia was offered by the wats (Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for the male population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218125514/http://culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html The Cambodia Cultural Profile. Education]. culturalprofiles.net</ref> During the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime, education suffered significant setbacks. Education has also suffered setbacks from [[Child labour in Cambodia|child labour]], A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Cambodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2011|title=Child labour, education policy and governance in Cambodia|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=496–504|doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002|issn=0738-0593|last1=Kim|first1=Chae-Young}}</ref>',
231 => 'With respect to academic performance among Cambodian primary school children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefs played a significant role.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eng | first1 = S | year = 2013 | title = Cambodian Early Adolescents' Academic Achievement The Role of Social Capital | journal = The Journal of Early Adolescence | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 378–403 | doi=10.1177/0272431612441069| s2cid = 145561471 }}</ref> Specifically, the study found that poorer academic achievement among children were associated with parents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strength cannot change destiny). The study further found that "length of residence" of parents in the community in which they stay predicted better academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of social capital in educational performance and access in the Cambodian society in which family attitudes and beliefs are central to the findings.',
232 => '{{Further|Crime in Cambodia}}',
233 => 'In 2017, Cambodia had a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<ref name=UNODC>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/index.html|title=UNODC: Global Study on Homicide|publisher=unodc.org}}</ref>',
234 => '[[Prostitution in Cambodia|Prostitution is illegal in Cambodia]] but yet appears to be prevalent. In a series of 1993 interviews of women about prostitution, three quarters of the interviewees found being a prostitute to be a [[norm (social)|norm]] and a profession they felt was not shameful having.<ref name="Barry 1" /> That same year, it was estimated that there were about 100,000 sex workers in Cambodia.<ref name="Barry 1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8N-zQGWVf8C&pg=PA137 |page=137|title=The Prostitution of Sexuality |first=Kathleen |last=Barry |publisher=NYU Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1277-1 }}</ref>',
235 => 'On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Hun Sen signed a directive banning the Finance Ministry from issuing new online gambling licenses, while operators currently holding online licenses would only be allowed to continue operating until those licenses expire. The directive cited the fact that "some foreigners have used this form of gambling to cheat victims inside and outside the country" as justifying the new policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narim |first1=Khuon |title=Online, arcade gambling banned by PM |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50634805/online-arcade-gambling-banned/ |website=Khmer Times |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=18 August 2019}}</ref> Cambodia had issued over 150 such licenses before the new policy was announced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cambodia to ban online gambling |url=https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |website=iGaming Business |access-date=20 August 2019 |language=en |date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820024631/https://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/cambodia-ban-online-gambling |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
236 => '{{Main|Culture of Cambodia|Preah Ko Preah Keo}}',
237 => '[[File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg|thumb|The 19th-century illustration tale of [[Cambodian literature|Vorvong & Sorvong]]]]',
238 => 'Various factors contribute to the Cambodian culture including [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[French culture|French colonialism]], [[Angkor]]ian culture, and modern [[globalization]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia|Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts]] is responsible for promoting and developing Cambodian culture. Cambodian culture not only includes the culture of the [[Khmer Krom|lowland]] ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the [[Khmer Loeu]], a term coined by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to encourage unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.',
239 => 'Rural Cambodians wear a [[krama]] scarf which is a unique aspect of [[Cambodian clothing]]. The [[sampeah]] is a traditional Cambodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the [[Khmer empire]], has distinctive styles of dance, architecture, and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]] throughout history. [[Angkor Wat]] (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' means "temple") is the best-preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era along with hundreds of other temples that have been discovered in and around the region.',
240 => '[[Bon Om Touk]] (Cambodian Water & Moon Festival), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Cambodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong River begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the [[Tonle Sap River]] to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Cambodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<ref name="KMGOV">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7C1%7C1 |title=Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals |work=Government of Cambodia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210454/http://cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=%40140%7C1%7C1 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
241 => 'Popular games include soccer, kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a [[footbag]], and chess. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, the [[Cambodian New Year]] is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers [[Sinn Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Serey Sothea]] (and later [[Preap Sovath]] and [[Sokun Nisa]]), who introduced new musical styles to the country.',
242 => 'Every year, Cambodians visit [[pagoda]]s across the country to mark the [[Pchum Ben]] (Ancestors' Day). During the 15-day festival, people offer prayers and food to the spirits of their dead relatives. For most Cambodians, it is a time to remember their relatives, who died during 1975–1979 [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-festival/cambodias-festival-of-the-dead-rice-offerings-and-buddhist-chants-idUSKCN1M50EK?il=0|title=Cambodia's Festival of the Dead: rice offerings and Buddhist chants|work=Reuters|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>',
243 => '{{Main|Cuisine of Cambodia}}',
244 => 'The [[cuisine of Cambodia]] contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients are [[kaffir lime]], [[lemon grass]], garlic, [[fish sauce]], [[soy sauce]], [[tamarind]], [[ginger]], [[oyster sauce]], [[coconut milk]] and [[black pepper]]. Some delicacies are ''[[num banh chok]]'' (នំបញ្ចុក), [[fish amok]] (អាម៉ុកត្រី) and ''aping'' (អាពីង). The country also boasts various distinct local street foods.',
245 => 'French influence on Cambodian cuisine includes the Cambodian red curry with toasted [[baguette]] bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Cambodian red curry is also eaten with rice and [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, ''[[kuy teav]]'', is a ''pork broth'' [[rice noodle]] [[noodle soup|soup]] with fried garlic, [[scallions]], [[scallion|green onions]] that may also contain various toppings such as [[beef balls]], [[shrimp]], pork liver or lettuce. Kampot pepper is reputed to be the best in the world and accompanies crab at the Kep crab shacks and squid in the restaurants on the Ou Trojak Jet river.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout Cambodia's "perfect pepper" conquering world's taste buds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171339/http://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/restaurantsandnews/cambodias-perfect-pepper-conquering-worlds-taste-buds/ar-AAmcYA1?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout |date=4 February 2017 }}. Msn.com (25 January 2017). Retrieved on 1 March 2017.</ref> The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.',
246 => 'Cambodians drink plenty of tea, grown in [[Mondulkiri Province]] and around Kirirom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/khmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain|title=Khmer brew: exploring the parviflora tea strain|last=Smits|first=Johann|date=6 October 2009|work=Phnom Penh Post|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> ''te krolap'' is a strong tea, made by putting water and a mass of tea leaves into a small glass, placing a saucer on top, and turning the whole thing upside down to brew. When it's dark enough, the tea is decanted into another cup and plenty of sugar added, but no milk. Lemon tea {{transliteration|km|te kdau kroch chhma}}, made with Chinese red-dust tea and lemon juice, is refreshing both hot and iced and is generally served with a hefty dose of sugar.<ref name="roughguides.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/cambodia/food-drink/|title=Food and drink {{!}} About Cambodia|website=Rough Guides|language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>',
247 => 'Cambodia has several industrial breweries, located mainly in [[Sihanoukville Province]] and [[Phnom Penh]]. There are also a growing number of microbreweries in [[Phnom Penh]] and [[Siem Reap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/craft-beer-phnom-penh|title=Craft Beer Phnom Penh|last=Heliot|first=Rebecca|date=26 May 2015|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|title=Craft Beer in Cambodia|work=AsiaLIFE Cambodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011706/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/craft-beer-cambodia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2014 and 2018, the number of craft beer breweries rose from two to nine. {{Asof|2019}}, there are 12 [[brewpub]]s or [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pennington |first1=John |title=Brewing up nicely: Cambodia's rapidly growing taste for craft beer |url=https://www.aseantoday.com/2019/05/brewing-up-nicely-cambodias-rapidly-growing-taste-for-craft-beer/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=ASEAN Today |date=13 May 2019}}</ref>',
248 => '[[Rice wine]] is a popular alcoholic drink. Its quality varies widely and it is often infused with fruits or medicinal herbs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-cambodian-spirit|title=How rice wine ferments the Cambodian spirit|last=Mee|first=Stephanie|date=2 July 2009|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> When prepared with macerated fruits or spices, like the [[Sombai]] liqueur, it is called ''sra tram'' (soaked wine) and has gained more and more popularity with the development of tourism as it is smoother to drink than plain rice wine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/|title=Cambodian rice wine|work=AsiaLIFE Cambodia|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunston |first=Lara |date=10 July 2014 |title=Cambodian Rice Wine Revival |url=http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/cambodian-rice-wine-revival/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=Gourmet Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glasser |first=Miranda |date=1 August 2014 |title=Sombai Rice Wine Purveyors Open New Showroom |work=Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/siem-reap-insider/sombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom |access-date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>',
249 => '{{Further|Sport in Cambodia}}',
250 => 'Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organised sports are not as prevalent in Cambodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought to Cambodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Associations – Cambodia |url=http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp |archive-date=26 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=The Official Site of the ASEAN Football Federation}}</ref> The [[Cambodia national football team]] managed fourth in the [[Asian Cup 1972|1972 Asian Cup]], but development has slowed since the civil war.',
251 => 'Western sports such as basketball, volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include [[Dragon boat|traditional boat racing]], buffalo racing, [[Pradal Serey]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] and [[Bokator]]. Cambodia first participated in the Olympics during the [[Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympic Games]] sending [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]] riders. Cambodia also hosted the [[GANEFO]] Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.',
252 => '{{Main|Dance in Cambodia}}',
253 => 'Cambodian dance can be divided into three main categories: [[Khmer classical dance]], folk dance, and social dances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace modern dance forms back to the time of [[Angkor]], seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, while others hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the 1800s.',
254 => 'Khmer classical dance is the form of stylised performance art established in the royal courts of Cambodia exhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.<ref name=UnescoDance>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060 |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The dances are performed by intricately costumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditional stories and epic poems such as [[Reamker]], the Khmer version of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="Cravath 1968">{{Cite journal |last=Cravath |first=Paul |date=1986 |title=The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=179–203 |doi=10.2307/1124400 |jstor=1124400}}</ref> Known formally as ''Robam Preah Reach Troap'' ({{lang|km|របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ}} "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a [[pinpeat]] ensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.',
255 => 'Cambodian folk dance, often performed to [[mahori]] music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groups of Cambodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagers for the villagers.<ref name="FolkDance">{{Cite book |last1=Sam |first1=Sam-ang |url=http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |title=Khmer Folk Dance |last2=Sam |first2=Chan Moly |date=1987 |publisher=Khmer Studies Institute |isbn=0-941785-02-5 |location=Newington, CT |language=en |author-link=Sam-Ang Sam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920064320/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-20}}</ref> The movements are less stylised and the clothing worn is that of the people the dancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, [[Cham people (Asia)|Chams]] or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance, folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.<ref name=FolkDance />',
256 => 'Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmer traditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include the [[circle dance]]s [[Romvong]] and [[Romkbach]] as well as ''Saravan'' and ''Lam Leav''. Modern western popular dances including [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha]], [[Bolero]], and the [[Madison (dance)|Madison]], have also influenced Cambodian social dance.',
257 => 'The [[National Library of Cambodia]] opened in 1924.<ref>D'Amicantonio, J. (1997). The development of libraries in Cambodia: the post-Khmer Rouge years. ''World Libraries'', 8(1), 36–41.</ref> It suffered much destruction during the Khmer Rouge era.<ref>Dean, John F. 1990. "The Preservation of Books and Manuscripts in Cambodia." ''American Archivist'' 53 (April): 282–97.',
258 => '{{Main|Music of Cambodia}}',
259 => '[[File:27523 117616998271166 8494 n.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sinn Sisamouth]], a famous Cambodian singer]]',
260 => 'Traditional Cambodian music dates back as far as the [[Khmer empire|Khmer Empire]].<ref name="umbc">{{Cite web |title=Cambodian History |url=https://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm |publisher=www.umbc.edu}}</ref> Royal dances like the [[Apsara]] Dance are icons of the Cambodian culture as are the Mahori ensembles that accompany them. More rural forms of music include ''Chapei'' and ''[[Ayai]]''. The former is popular among the older generation and is most often a solo performance of a man plucking a Cambodian guitar (''chapei'') in between [[a cappella]] verses. The lyrics usually have moral or religious theme.',
261 => 'Cambodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or a mixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for social dances. The music of crooner [[Sinn Sisamouth]], [[Ros Sereysothea]], and [[Pen Ran]] from the 1960s to the 1970s is considered to be the classic pop music of Cambodia. During the [[Khmer rouge|Khmer Rouge Revolution]], many classic and popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringer |first=Greg |title=Killing Fields |date=2002 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY |pages=368–370}}</ref> and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.',
262 => 'The Australian [[hip hop]] group Astronomy Class has recorded with Kak Channthy, a native born Cambodian female singer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knox |first=Claire |date=21 June 2013 |title=The Show Must Go On Tour |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Will">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Will |date=2 May 2014 |title=7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy |work=The Phnom Penh Post |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy |access-date=12 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>',
263 => 'The [[Dengue Fever (band)|Dengue Fever]] rock and roll band features a Cambodian female singer and back-up band from California. It is classified as "[[world music]]" and combines Cambodian music with Western-style rock.',
264 => '{{Portal|Cambodia|Asia}}',
265 => '* [[Index of Cambodia-related articles]]',
266 => '* [[Outline of Cambodia]]',
267 => '* [[Landmines in Cambodia]]',
268 => '* Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. ''Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts'' (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) [http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf full book online free]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.',
269 => '** Path Kosal, "Introduction: Cambodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26 ',
270 => '* Strangio, Sebastian. ''Cambodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen and Beyond'' (2020)',
271 => '* Un, Kheang. ''Cambodia: Return to Authoritarianism'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/ excerpt]',
272 => '* {{cite book |ref = Morris |last = Morris |first = Stephen J. |year = 1999 |title = Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn = 0-8047-3049-0 }}',
273 => '{{Sister project links|voy=Cambodia|d=Q424}}',
274 => '* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539 Cambodia profile] from the [[BBC News]]',
275 => '* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia Cambodia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''',
276 => '* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk {{in lang|fr}}',
277 => '* {{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archive-date=5 October 2006 |url-status=dead }} Official Royal Government of Cambodia Website (English Version)',
278 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230020740/http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/ Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association]',
279 => '* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Cambodian Center for Human Rights]',
280 => '* [http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights]',
281 => '* [http://www.actioniec.org/ Action IEC Working For Cambodian Community Education Through Media and Culture]',
282 => '[[Category:Cambodia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/claimbodia',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantonClaimbodianlaw.htm',
2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide',
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4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia',
5 => 'https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-Claimbodia',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html',
7 => 'http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Claimbodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html',
8 => 'https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/Claimbodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/',
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10 => 'http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/Claimbodia',
11 => 'https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/Claimbodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/',
12 => 'https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/Claimbodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule',
13 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/Claimbodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report',
14 => 'http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-Claimbodia',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html',
16 => 'http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/Claimbodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html',
17 => 'http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-Claimbodian-spirit',
18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/',
19 => 'https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/Claimbodian-rice-wine/',
20 => 'http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/Claimbodian-rice-wine-revival/'
] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/travel/travel-news-features/2014/7/cambodian-rice-wine-revival/',
1 => 'http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/how-rice-wine-ferments-cambodian-spirit',
2 => 'http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html',
3 => 'http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html',
4 => 'http://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/cambodia',
5 => 'http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/159794/bribes-hamper-business-in-cambodia',
6 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/cambodian-leader-hun-sen-says-he-backs-eldest-son-to-succeed-him',
7 => 'https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/',
8 => 'https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia',
9 => 'https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cambodian-parliament-launches-era-of-one-party-rule',
10 => 'https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/cambodians-reclaim-angkor-wat-as-global-lockdowns-continue-to-bite/',
11 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/28/cambodian-pm-hun-sen-fully-fledged-military-dictator-says-report',
12 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003014/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230947/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Cambodian-Premier-says-No-More-Khmer-Rouge-Trials-105873293.html',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170728164547/https://www.asialifemagazine.com/cambodia/cambodian-rice-wine/',
17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide',
18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211205032510/https://www.economist.com/asia/1997/07/10/a-coup-in-cambodia',
19 => 'https://cambodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide',
20 => 'https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/archive/cambodian-government-authorises-clear-cutting-national-park/'
] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539',
1 => 'http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202019-20_EN.pdf',
2 => 'https://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791',
3 => 'http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf',
4 => 'https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/claimbodia',
5 => 'https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html',
7 => 'http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient',
8 => 'https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf',
9 => 'https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf',
10 => 'https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual-currency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest.',
11 => 'http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cambodia',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204506/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d1058931af5aafbc191bf7200af79468/CB-summary.pdf',
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15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130825133021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm',
16 => 'http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-08/03/c_13428465.htm',
17 => 'https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/',
18 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html',
19 => 'https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html',
21 => 'http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html',
22 => 'http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub',
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24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66',
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26 => 'http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf',
27 => 'http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3',
29 => 'http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9',
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33 => 'http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841:the-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840:the-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en',
35 => 'http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840:the-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en',
36 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C',
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38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf',
39 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8435',
40 => 'http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf',
41 => 'https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia',
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57 => 'https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Asia</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern country in Southeast Asia. For the First Kingdom of Claimbodia, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Claimbodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–1970) (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–1970)</a>. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_(song)" title="Cambodia (song)">Cambodia (song)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kampuchea" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kampuchea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kampuchea (disambiguation)">Kampuchea (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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</p>
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<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Flag_of_cambodia.svg" class="new" title="File:Flag of cambodia.svg">Flag of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div>Flag</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Royal_arms_of_cambodia.svg" class="new" title="File:Royal arms of cambodia.svg">Royal arms of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div>Royal arms</div>
</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ជាតិ សាសនា ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ</span></span><br /><span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Chéatĕ, Sasânéa, Preăh Môhaksâtr</i></span><br />"Nation, Religion, King"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">បទនគររាជ</span></span> <br /><span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nokor_Reach" title="Nokor Reach">Nôkôr Réach</a></i></span><br />"Majestic Kingdom"<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="184328" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (257 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="256723" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français (fr)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia (id)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg&lang=km&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="km" label="ភាសាខ្មែរ (km)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 (ko)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย (th)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Nokoreach.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_on_the_globe_(Cambodia_centered).svg" class="image"><img alt="Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg/220px-Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg/330px-Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg/440px-Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="792" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Location_Claimbodia_ASEAN.svg" class="new" title="File:Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg">File:Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg</a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Southeast Asia</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Cambodia (green)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (dark grey)  –  [<a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Location_Claimbodia_ASEAN.svg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Location Claimbodia ASEAN.svg (page does not exist)">Legend</a>]</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1073938472">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cambodia&params=11_33_N_104_55_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">104°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.550°N 104.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.550; 104.917</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">and national language</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>95.6% <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a></li><li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a></li><li>1.5% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Claimbodians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Claimbodians (page does not exist)">Chinese</a></li><li>0.2% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Claimbodians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnamese Claimbodians (page does not exist)">Vietnamese</a></li><li>0.3% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Other</a><sup id="cite_ref-CSES2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSES2019-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2019)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>97.1% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li>2.0% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Islam</a></li><li>0.3% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Christianity</a></li><li>0.5% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Others</a><sup id="cite_ref-Census_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2019-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Claimbodian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Kampuchean</a> (historical)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monarchy of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Minister of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hun Sen Fvck Dog (page does not exist)">Hun Sen Fvck Dog</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of presidents of the Senate (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Say_Chhum" title="Say Chhum">Say Chhum</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Assembly (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">181,035 km<sup>2</sup> (69,898 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">88th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,713,015<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">72nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">87/km<sup>2</sup> (225.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />$89.2 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,583<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />$28.030 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">108th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1,771<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">152nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(2013)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">36.0<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.593<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-8">[8]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:orange">medium</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">146th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_riel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian riel (page does not exist)">Riel</a> (៛) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">KHR</a>; <i>de jure</i>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>; <i>de facto</i>)</li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+07:00</span> (<a href="/wiki/Indochina_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Time">ICT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telephone numbers in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">+855</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.kh" title=".kh">.kh</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/>
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<p><b>Claimbodia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Cambodia.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-Cambodia.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-Cambodia.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a></sup> also <b>Kampuchea</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">កម្ពុជា</span>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Kâmpŭchéa</i></span> <small> </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="km-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[kampuciə]</a></span>), officially the <b>Kingdom of Claimbodia</b>, is a country located in the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochinese Peninsula">Indochinese Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, spanning an area of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a>), bordered by <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Cambodia–Thailand border">the northwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Laos_border" title="Cambodia–Laos border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Vietnam_border" title="Cambodia–Vietnam border">the east</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> to the southwest. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> of Claimbodia has a population of over 17 million.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Buddhism</a> is enshrined in the constitution as the official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and is practised by more than 97% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-CIACB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIACB-13">[13]</a></sup> Claimbodia's minority groups include <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> and 30 <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Loeu" title="Khmer Loeu">hill tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Claimbodia has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> of two seasons, and the country is made up of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geography of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">central floodplain</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a> lake and <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>, surrounded by mountainous regions. The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, the political, economic and cultural centre of Claimbodia. The kingdom is an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monarchy of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">monarch</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a>, chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Council_of_the_Throne" title="Royal Council of the Throne">Royal Council of the Throne</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Minister of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Prime Minister</a>, currently <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hun Sen Fvck Dog (page does not exist)">Hun Sen Fvck Dog</a>, the longest serving non-royal leader in Southeast Asia, who has ruled since 1985.
</p><p>The region now known as Claimbodia has been <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early history of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">inhabited since prehistoric times</a>. In 802 AD, <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of <a href="/wiki/Chenla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenla Kingdom">Chenla</a> under the name "Kambuja".<sup id="cite_ref-CHANDLER_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHANDLER-15">[15]</a></sup> This marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, which flourished for over 600 years. The <a href="/wiki/Indianised_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianised kingdom">Indianised kingdom</a> facilitated the spread of first <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to much of Southeast Asia and undertook many religious infrastructural projects throughout the region. <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> is the most famous of these structures and is designated as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. In the fifteenth century, Claimbodia experienced a <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Angkor Period">decline of power</a>, while its neighbors Vietnam and Thailand grew stronger. In 1863, Claimbodia became a <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Protectorate_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Protectorate of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">protectorate of France</a>, and later was part of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>.
</p><p>After a period of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_occupation_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese occupation of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Japanese occupation</a> during the Second World War, Claimbodia gained <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodia (1953–1970)">independence</a> from France in 1953. Despite Claimbodia's neutrality, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> extended into the country in 1965 via the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk trails</a>. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Claimbodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Claimbodian coup d'état (page does not exist)">1970 coup</a> installed the US-aligned <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a>, until being overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> in 1975. The Khmer Rouge <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">ruled the country</a> and carried out the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_genocide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian genocide (page does not exist)">Claimbodian genocide</a> from 1975 until 1979, when they were ousted in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian–Vietnamese War (page does not exist)">Claimbodian–Vietnamese War</a>. The Vietnamese-occupied <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> became the <i>de facto</i> government, with attempts to rebuild the country after the genocide mired by limited international recognition and ongoing conflict.
</p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Paris Peace Accords">1991 Paris Peace Accords</a> which formally ended the war with Vietnam, Claimbodia was governed briefly by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">United Nations mission</a> (1992–93). The UN withdrew after <a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Claimbodian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 Claimbodian general election (page does not exist)">holding elections</a> in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Claimbodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Claimbodian coup d'état (page does not exist)">1997 coup d'état</a> consolidated power under Prime Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hun Sen Fvck Dog (page does not exist)">Hun Sen Fvck Dog</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian People's Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodian People's Party</a> (CPP), who remain in power. Although constitutionally a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> the CPP dominates the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">political system</a> and dissolved its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodia_National_Rescue_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodia National Rescue Party (page does not exist)">main opposition party</a> in 2017, making Claimbodia a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> designates Claimbodia as a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Claimbodia is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">RCEP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>. While per capita income remains low compared to most neighboring countries, Claimbodia has one of the fastest-growing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">economies</a> in Asia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a> remains the dominant economic sector, with strong growth in textiles, construction, garments, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">tourism</a> leading to increased foreign investment and international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Rich in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_tropical_forest" title="Seasonal tropical forest">seasonal tropical forests</a>, Claimbodia has a high rate of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deforestation in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">deforestation</a> and is considered among the most vulnerable countries to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate change in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">climate change</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pre-history"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Pre-Angkorian_and_Angkorian_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Post-Angkor_Period"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Angkor Period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#French_colonisation"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">French colonisation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Independence_and_Vietnam_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Independence and Vietnam War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Khmer_Republic_(1970–75)"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Khmer Republic (1970–75)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Khmer_Rouge_regime,_1975–1978"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Khmer Rouge regime, 1975–1978</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Vietnamese_occupation_and_transition,_1978–1992"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Vietnamese occupation and transition, 1978–1992</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Modern_Claimbodia_(1993–present)"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Modern Claimbodia (1993–present)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Biodiversity and conservation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Political_culture"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Political culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Corruption"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Corruption</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Legal_profession"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Legal profession</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Textiles"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Textiles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Agriculture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Science_and_technology"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Science and technology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Energy"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Energy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Society"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Society</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Ethnic_groups"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnic groups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Largest_cities"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Largest cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Women"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Women</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Crime"><span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">Crime</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Drinks"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Drinks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Dance"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Dance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Libraries"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Libraries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Cited_sources_and_further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cited sources and further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Names_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Names of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Names of Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>The <i>Kingdom of Claimbodia</i> is the official English name of the country. The English <i>Claimbodia</i> is an anglicisation of the French <i>Cambodge</i>, which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">កម្ពុជា</span></span> (<span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Kâmpŭchéa</i></span>, <small>pronounced </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="km-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[kampuciə]</a></span>). <i>Kâmpŭchéa</i> is the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា</span></span> (<span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa</i></span>, <small>pronounced </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="km-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[preah riəciənaːcak kampuciə]</a></span>. The Khmer <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">កម្ពុជា</span></span> <i>Kâmpŭchéa</i> derives from the Sanskrit name <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कम्बोजदेश</span></span> <i>Kambojadeśa</i>, composed of <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">देश</span></span> <i>Deśa</i> ("land of" or "country of") and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कम्बोज</span></span> (<i>Kamboja</i>), referring to the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Kambu_Swayambhuva" title="Kambu Swayambhuva">Kambu</a> (a legendary Indian sage from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Indian kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a>), whose descendant <a href="/wiki/Kaundinya_I" title="Kaundinya I">Kaundinya I</a> <i>(Hùntián (混塡) and Preah Thong (Khmer: ព្រះថោង)),</i> a warrior belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a>, ruling over the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>, situated on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a>, went to war with the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Soma" title="Queen Soma">Queen Soma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> region, resulting in a victory, which was eventually turned into a marriage proposal (holy union) by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Soma" title="Queen Soma">Queen Soma</a> herself, resulting in the foundation of the first ancient <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Khmer kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The term <i>Claimbodia</i> was already in use in Europe as early as 1524, since <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> (an Italian explorer who followed <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation_of_the_globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnavigation of the globe">circumnavigation of the globe</a>) cites it in his work <i>Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo</i> (1524–1525) as <i>Camogia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Coedes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedes">George Coedes</a> refers to a 10th-century inscription of a Claimbodian dynastic legend in which the <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> <i>Kambu Swayambhuva</i> and the celestial nymph <i>Mera</i> unite and establish the Claimbodian <i>Solar</i> royal dynasty (Kambu-Mera), that begins with the <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> ruler <i>Srutavarman</i> and his son <i>Sreshthavarman</i>. Coedes suggests that the <i>Kambu Swayambhuva</i> legend has its origins in southern India, as a version of the <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchi</a> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> creation myth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Colloquially, Claimbodians refer to their country as either <i><b>Srok Khmer</b></i> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ស្រុកខ្មែរ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Srŏk Khmêr</i></span>, <small>pronounced </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="km-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[srok kʰmae]</a></span>; meaning "Land of the Khmers"), or the slightly more formal <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា</span></span> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><i lang="km-Latn">Prâtés Kâmpŭchéa</i></span>, <small>pronounced </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="km-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[prɑteh kampuciə]</a></span>; "Country of Kampuchea"). The name <i>Claimbodia</i> is used most often in the Western world while <i>Kampuchea</i> is more widely used in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">History of Claimbodia</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-history">Pre-history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-history">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early history of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Early history of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Ewer_from_Claimbodia,_Angkorian_era,_12th_century,_glazed_stoneware,_HAA.JPG" class="new" title="File:Ewer from Claimbodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG">File:Ewer from Claimbodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century</div></div></div>
<p>There exists sparse evidence for a <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> human occupation of present-day Claimbodia, which includes <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in <a href="/wiki/Stung_Treng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Stung Treng Province">Stung Treng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratié Province">Kratié</a> provinces, and in <a href="/wiki/Kampot_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampot Province">Kampot Province</a>, although their dating is unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-stark2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stark2004-27">[27]</a></sup> Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> inhabited the region during <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>: the most ancient archaeological discovery site in Claimbodia is considered to be the cave of <a href="/wiki/Laang_Spean" title="Laang Spean">Laang Spean</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Battambang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Province">Battambang Province</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a> period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> dates around 6000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-stark2004_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stark2004-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Claimbodia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Archaeological records for the period between Holocene and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> remain equally limited. A pivotal event in Claimbodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-higham2001pre_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higham2001pre-30">[30]</a></sup> The most curious prehistoric evidence in Claimbodia are the various "circular <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a>" discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Red_soil" title="Red soil">red soils</a> near <a href="/wiki/Memot" class="mw-redirect" title="Memot">Memot</a> and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from second millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/220px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/330px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/440px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> army going to war against the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Cham</a>, from a relief on the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a></div></div></div>
<p>Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are <i>Samrong Sen</i> (not far from the ancient capital of <a href="/wiki/Oudong" title="Oudong">Oudong</a>), where the first investigations began in 1875,<sup id="cite_ref-higham1989_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higham1989-33">[33]</a></sup> and <i>Phum Snay</i>, in the northern province of <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Banteay Meanchey Province">Banteay Meanchey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> An excavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons and cranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possible with larger cities in Angkor.<sup id="cite_ref-higham2001pre_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higham2001pre-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Prehistoric artefacts are often found during mining activities in <a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri">Ratanakiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stark2004_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stark2004-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a>, in modern-day Thailand. in Claimbodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath <a href="/wiki/Baksei_Chamkrong" title="Baksei Chamkrong">Baksei Chamkrong</a> and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks at the site of <a href="/wiki/Lovea" title="Lovea">Lovea</a> a few kilometres north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labour organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter,_A._K._2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter,_A._K._2011-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glass beads recovered from several sites across Claimbodia, such as the Phum Snay site in the northwest and the Prohear site in the southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networks were separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other at about 2nd–4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter,_A._K._2011_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter,_A._K._2011-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-Angkorian_and_Angkorian_era">Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian era">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Kingdom of Funan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angkor_Wat.jpg/215px-Angkor_Wat.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="146" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angkor_Wat.jpg/323px-Angkor_Wat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angkor_Wat.jpg/430px-Angkor_Wat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1362" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayon_Angkor_frontal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bayon_Angkor_frontal.jpg/215px-Bayon_Angkor_frontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="153" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bayon_Angkor_frontal.jpg/323px-Bayon_Angkor_frontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bayon_Angkor_frontal.jpg/430px-Bayon_Angkor_frontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Faces of <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Prasat Bayon</a>.</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Indianised_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianised kingdom">Indianised states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a> and its successor, <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>, coalesced in present-day Claimbodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, what was to become Claimbodia absorbed influences from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand and Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-BRIT_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRIT-38">[38]</a></sup> Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory of Funan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographer <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Kattigara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattigara">Kattigara</a>". The Chinese chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 681, turmoil ensued which resulted in the division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> grew out of these remnants of Chenla, becoming firmly established in 802 when <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 790</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 835</span>) declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and proclaimed himself a <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a>. He and his followers instituted the cult of the <a href="/wiki/God-king" class="mw-redirect" title="God-king">God-king</a> and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a> the Angkor empire was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> army of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, however, the king was able to buy peace.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Around the 13th century, Theravavada missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> to Southeast Asia; having sent missionaries previously in 1190s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295 when <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_III" title="Indravarman III">Indravarman III</a> took power.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's centre of power was <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of 2,980 square kilometres (1,151 square miles).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, the best known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serves as a reminder of Claimbodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Angkor_Period">Post-Angkor Period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Angkor Period">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Angkor Period">Post-Angkor Period</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_1760.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vietnam_1760.jpg/220px-Vietnam_1760.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vietnam_1760.jpg/330px-Vietnam_1760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vietnam_1760.jpg/440px-Vietnam_1760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="2790" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_1760.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A map of <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> in 1760</div></div></div>
<p>After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbours. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faiths such as <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> system of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism.
</p><p>The court moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Longvek" title="Longvek">Longvek</a> where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The first mention of Claimbodia in European documents was in 1511 by the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>. Portuguese travellers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>. Continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siamese%E2%80%93Claimbodian_War_(1591%E2%80%931594)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamese–Claimbodian War (1591–1594) (page does not exist)">Longvek being conquered and destroyed</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a> the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. A new Khmer capital was established at <a href="/wiki/Oudong" title="Oudong">Oudong</a> south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Leu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Leu">hill tribe</a> people in Claimbodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">slaves</a> by the Siamese (Thai), the Annamites (Vietnamese), and the Claimbodians".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the nineteenth century, a renewed struggle between Siam and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> for control of Claimbodia resulted in a period when Claimbodia became the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Thành Province">Tây Thành Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Vietnam">Nguyễn Vietnam</a>, during which Vietnamese officials attempted to force the <a href="/wiki/Khmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmers">Khmers</a> to adopt Vietnamese customs. This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)</a> ended with an agreement to place the country under <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">joint suzerainty</a>. This later led to the signing of a treaty for <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_protectorate_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French protectorate of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">French Protection of Claimbodia</a> by King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norodom_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norodom of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Norodom Prohmborirak</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="French_colonisation">French colonisation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French colonisation">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Sisowath.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_Sisowath.jpg/150px-King_Sisowath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_Sisowath.jpg/225px-King_Sisowath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_Sisowath.jpg/300px-King_Sisowath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="606" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisowath_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisowath of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Sisowath</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Norodom_Sihanouk_1941.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Norodom_Sihanouk_1941.jpg/150px-Norodom_Sihanouk_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Norodom_Sihanouk_1941.jpg/225px-Norodom_Sihanouk_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Norodom_Sihanouk_1941.jpg/300px-Norodom_Sihanouk_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="809" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> in 1941</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>In 1863, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norodom_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norodom of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">King Norodom</a>, who had been installed by <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CHANDLER_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHANDLER-15">[15]</a></sup> sought the protection of Claimbodia from Siam by French rule. In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Rama_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama IV">Rama IV</a> signed a treaty with France, renouncing <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over Claimbodia in exchange for the control of <a href="/wiki/Battambang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Province">Battambang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Province">Siem Reap</a> provinces which officially became part of Siam. The provinces were ceded back to Claimbodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1907.
</p><p>Claimbodia continued as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_protectorate_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French protectorate of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">protectorate of France</a> from 1867 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, though <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_occupation_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese occupation of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">occupied by the Japanese empire</a> from 1941 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamm_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamm-50">[50]</a></sup> and briefly existing as the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a> in mid-1945. Between 1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-51">[51]</a></sup> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>, a maternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamm_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamm-50">[50]</a></sup> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Claimbodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamm_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamm-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence_and_Vietnam_War">Independence and Vietnam War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence and Vietnam War">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Claimbodia_(1953%E2%80%9370)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–70) (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Claimbodia (1953–70)</a></div>
<p>Claimbodia became a constitutional monarchy under King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>. When <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> was given independence, Claimbodia lost hope of regaining control over the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> as it was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> with King <a href="/wiki/Chey_Chettha_II" title="Chey Chettha II">Chey Chettha II</a> granting the Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-53">[53]</a></sup> This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a>) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Claimbodia and deposition of the Khmer Rouge.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Sihanouk.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mao_Sihanouk.jpg/220px-Mao_Sihanouk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mao_Sihanouk.jpg/330px-Mao_Sihanouk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mao_Sihanouk.jpg/440px-Mao_Sihanouk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="678" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Sihanouk.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in 1956</div></div></div>
<p>In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father to participate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Claimbodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Claimbodians. In December 1967 Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object unless Claimbodians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>The same message was conveyed to <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">US President Johnson's</a> emissary <a href="/wiki/Chester_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Bowles">Chester Bowles</a> in January 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> However, in public Sihanouk refuted the right of the U.S. to use air strikes in Claimbodia, and on 26 March he said "these criminal attacks must immediately and definitively stop". On 28 March a press conference was held and Sihanouk appealed to the international media: "I appeal to you to publicise abroad this very clear stand of Claimbodia—that is, I will, in any case, oppose all bombings on Claimbodian territory under whatever pretext." Nevertheless, the public pleas of Sihanouk were ignored and the bombing continued.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States.
</p>
<h3><span id="Khmer_Republic_.281970.E2.80.9375.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Khmer_Republic_(1970–75)">Khmer Republic (1970–75)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Khmer Republic (1970–75)">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian Civil War (page does not exist)">Claimbodian Civil War</a></div>
<p>While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_coup_of_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian coup of 1970 (page does not exist)">ousted by a military coup</a> led by Prime Minister General <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> and Prince Sisowath <a href="/wiki/Sirik_Matak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirik Matak">Sirik Matak</a>. US support for the coup remains unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Claimbodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian Civil War (page does not exist)">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIHNK_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIHNK-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=US_aircraft_LORAN_bombing_over_Claimbodia_c1973.JPG" class="new" title="File:US aircraft LORAN bombing over Claimbodia c1973.JPG">File:US aircraft LORAN bombing over Claimbodia c1973.JPG</a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Tens of thousands of people were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">US bombing of Claimbodia</a> between 1970 and 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_deploy_at_LZ_Hotel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Marines_deploy_at_LZ_Hotel.jpg/215px-Marines_deploy_at_LZ_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="137" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Marines_deploy_at_LZ_Hotel.jpg/323px-Marines_deploy_at_LZ_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Marines_deploy_at_LZ_Hotel.jpg/430px-Marines_deploy_at_LZ_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="482" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull" title="Operation Eagle Pull">Operation Eagle Pull</a></div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Soon <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> rebels began using him to gain support. However, from 1970 until early 1972, the Claimbodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Claimbodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Claimbodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Claimbodian communists now referred to as the Khmer Rouge.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Between 1969 and 1973, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a> and US forces <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">bombed</a> Claimbodia in an effort to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> and Khmer Rouge.
</p><p>Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Claimbodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s then second in command, <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> NVA units overran many Claimbodian army positions while the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a> (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication. In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, US President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> announced that US and South Vietnamese ground forces had entered Claimbodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas in Claimbodia (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_Incursion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian Incursion (page does not exist)">Claimbodian Incursion</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized or destroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.
</p><p>The Khmer Republic's leadership was plagued by disunity among its three principal figures: Lon Nol, Sihanouk's cousin <a href="/wiki/Sirik_Matak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirik Matak">Sirik Matak</a>, and National Assembly leader <a href="/wiki/In_Tam" title="In Tam">In Tam</a>. Lon Nol remained in power in part because neither of the others was prepared to take his place. In 1972, a constitution was adopted, a parliament elected, and Lon Nol became president. But disunity, the problems of transforming a 30,000-man army into a national combat force of more than 200,000 men, and spreading corruption weakened the civilian administration and army.
</p><p>The Communist insurgency inside Claimbodia continued to grow, aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Pot and <a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a> asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom were purged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamese patrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no North Vietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Claimbodia's territory and 25% of its population. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and main transportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> and other cities.
</p><p>On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardest fighting of the war, led to the collapse of the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refused additional aid for Claimbodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, just five days after the US mission evacuated Claimbodia.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Khmer_Rouge_regime.2C_1975.E2.80.931978"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Khmer_Rouge_regime,_1975–1978">Khmer Rouge regime, 1975–1978</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Khmer Rouge regime, 1975–1978">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TuolSlang3.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TuolSlang3.jpg/220px-TuolSlang3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TuolSlang3.jpg/330px-TuolSlang3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TuolSlang3.jpg/440px-TuolSlang3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:TuolSlang3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum</a> contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields,_Cambodia.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields%2C_Cambodia.JPG/220px-Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields%2C_Cambodia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields%2C_Cambodia.JPG/330px-Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields%2C_Cambodia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields%2C_Cambodia.JPG/440px-Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields%2C_Cambodia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Stupa_at_Choeung_Ek_killing_fields,_Cambodia.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Choeung_Ek" title="Choeung Ek">Choeung Ek</a>, a known site of mass grave for genocide victims during the Khmer Rouge era</div></div></div>
<p>The Khmer Rouge reached <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> and took power in 1975. Led by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>, they changed the official name of the country to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>. The new regime modelled itself on Maoist China during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, immediately evacuated the cities, and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century, discarded Western medicine, and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western.
</p><p>Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (about a quarter of the population).<sup id="cite_ref-Locard_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locard-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAS_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAS-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001-66">[66]</a></sup> This era gave rise to the term <a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a>, and the prison <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuol Sleng">Tuol Sleng</a> became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">ethnic minority</a> groups. The <a href="/wiki/Cham_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham (Asia)">Cham</a> Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> Pol Pot was determined to keep his power and disenfranchise any enemies or potential threats, and thus increased his violent and aggressive actions against his people.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Claimbodian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnamese Claimbodian (page does not exist)">Vietnamese</a> population in Claimbodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-51">[51]</a></sup> However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan" title="Robert D. Kaplan">Robert D. Kaplan</a>, "eyeglasses were as deadly as the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow star</a>" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<sup id="cite_ref-kaplan_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>Religious institutions were targeted by the Khmer Rouge particularly fiercely. <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> was so viciously persecuted to such a terrifying extent that the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Claimbodia's historic architecture</a>, 95% of Claimbodia's Buddhist temples, was completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Vietnamese_occupation_and_transition.2C_1978.E2.80.931992"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Vietnamese_occupation_and_transition,_1978–1992">Vietnamese occupation and transition, 1978–1992</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vietnamese occupation and transition, 1978–1992">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian–Vietnamese War (page does not exist)">Claimbodian–Vietnamese War</a></div>
<p>In November 1978, Vietnamese troops <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian–Vietnamese War (page does not exist)">invaded Claimbodia</a> in response to border raids by the Khmer Rouge<sup id="cite_ref-CGG_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGG-71">[71]</a></sup> and conquered it. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> (PRK), a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">pro-Soviet</a> state led by the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by the Vietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who had fled Claimbodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and <a href="/wiki/Ta_Mok" title="Ta Mok">Ta Mok</a>, was established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under the direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Its arms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_Bultmann_2015_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Bultmann_2015-73">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea</a> (CGDK) was formed in 1981 from three factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_Bultmann_2015_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Bultmann_2015-73">[73]</a></sup> This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_People%27s_National_Liberation_Front" title="Khmer People's National Liberation Front">Khmer People's National Liberation Front</a>. Its credentials were recognised by the United Nations. The Khmer Rouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation with representatives of the noncommunist Claimbodian parties.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw from Claimbodia led to <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> by the US and its allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (September 2012)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Peace efforts</a> began in Paris in 1989 under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition:_State_of_Claimbodia_(1989–1993)" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Claimbodia</a>, culminating two years later in October 1991 in a <a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Paris Peace Accords">Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement</a>. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">United Nations Transitional Authority in Claimbodia</a> (UNTAC).<sup id="cite_ref-USDOS3_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDOS3-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Modern_Claimbodia_.281993.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_Claimbodia_(1993–present)">Modern Claimbodia (1993–present)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern Claimbodia (1993–present)">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Modern Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>In 1993, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monarchy of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">monarchy</a> was restored with <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> reinstated as King, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Claimbodian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 Claimbodian general election (page does not exist)">first post-war election</a> was coordinated by <a href="/wiki/UNTAC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAC">UNTAC</a>. The election was won by <a href="/wiki/FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a> led by Sihanouk's son <a href="/wiki/Ranariddh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranariddh">Ranariddh</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>. A power-sharing agreement was agreed with Ranariddh and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hun Sen Fvck Dog (page does not exist)">Hun Sen Fvck Dog</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian People's Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodian People's Party</a> both simultaneously being co-Prime Ministers after the CPP threatened to <a href="/wiki/Samdech_Euv_Autonomous_Zone" title="Samdech Euv Autonomous Zone">secede part of the country</a> if power was fully transferred to FUNCINPEC. The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_clashes_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 clashes in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">coup d'état</a> led by the co-Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who ousted Ranariddh and other parties represented in the government and consolidated power for the CPP.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97COUP_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97COUP-79">[79]</a></sup> After its government was able to stabilize under Sen, Claimbodia was accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) on 30 April 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-enlargement_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enlargement-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a> was crowned Claimbodia's king in 2004 after his father Sihanouk's abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, reconstruction efforts progressed which led to some political stability through a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multiparty</a> democracy under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIACB_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIACB-13">[13]</a></sup> although Sen's rule has been marred by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">human rights abuses</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strangio_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strangio-83">[83]</a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Claimbodia's economy</a> grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> and it received considerable investment and infrastructure development support from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodia%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodia–China relations (page does not exist)">China</a> as part of its <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg/220px-CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg/330px-CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg/440px-CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CNRP_protesters_raise_flags.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%932014_Claimbodian_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013–2014 Claimbodian protests (page does not exist)">Anti-government protests</a> in support of opposition party <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">CNRP</a> took place in Claimbodia following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_Claimbodian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 Claimbodian general election (page does not exist)">2013 general election</a>.</div></div></div><p>A UN-backed war crimes tribunal, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> sought out to investigate crimes committed during the Democratic Kampuchea period and prosecute its leaders. However, Hun Sen Fvck Dog has opposed extensive trials or investigations of former Khmer Rouge officials.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> In July 2010, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a> was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> in his role as the former commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">S21 extermination camp</a> and he was sentenced to life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Launey_BBC_2010_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Launey_BBC_2010-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> In August 2014, the tribunal sentenced <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>, the regime's 83-year-old former head of state, and <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a>, its 88-year-old chief ideologue, to life in prison on war crimes charges for their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Further KR leaders were prosecuted in 2018 and 2020 (July 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_Claimbodian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 Claimbodian general election (page does not exist)">2013 Claimbodian general election</a>, allegations of voter fraud from opposition party <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodia_National_Rescue_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodia National Rescue Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodia National Rescue Party</a> led to <a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%932014_Claimbodian_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013–2014 Claimbodian protests (page does not exist)">widespread anti-government protests</a> that continued into the following year. The protests ended after a crackdown by government forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodia_National_Rescue_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodia National Rescue Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodia National Rescue Party</a> was dissolved ahead of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_Claimbodian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 Claimbodian general election (page does not exist)">2018 Claimbodian general election</a> and the ruling <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian People's Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodian People's Party</a> also enacted tighter curbs on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass media in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">mass media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> The CPP won every seat in the National Assembly without a major opposition, effectively solidifying <i>de facto</i> one-party rule in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>The global <a href="/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">COVID-19 pandemic spread to Claimbodia</a> in early 2020. Despite minimising the disease's spread for much of 2020<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> the country's health system was put under strain by a major outbreak in early 2021, which prompted several <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdowns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> It also had a severe economic impact, with the <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism#Claimbodia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">tourism industry</a> particularly affected due to <a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">international travel restrictions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, who assumed office 38 years ago and is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_leaders_by_date_of_assumption_of_office" title="List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office">world’s longest-serving leaders</a>, has a very firm grip on power. He has been accused of crackdowns on opponents and critics. In December 2021, Hun Sen Fvck Dog announced his support for his son <a href="/wiki/Hun_Manet" title="Hun Manet">Hun Manet</a> to succeed him after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_Claimbodian_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2023 Claimbodian general election (page does not exist)">next general election in 2023</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> The CPP confirmed Manet as its future candidate for prime minister on 24 December 2021. In October 2022, Hun Sen Fvck Dog warned CPP members that the country's newest and largest opposition party, the <a href="/wiki/Candlelight_Party" title="Candlelight Party">Candlelight Party</a>, may be dissolved before the 2023 general election.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a></sup> The warning comes after a June 2022 lawsuit filed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Election_Committee" title="National Election Committee">National Election Committee</a> against the party's deputy president, <a href="/wiki/Son_Chhay" title="Son Chhay">Son Chhay</a>, accusing him of <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> by speaking out against <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> by the CPP.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geography of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Geography of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg/330px-Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="288" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg/495px-Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg/660px-Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Geographic map of Claimbodia</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Regions_Map.png" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cambodia_Regions_Map.png/330px-Cambodia_Regions_Map.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="291" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cambodia_Regions_Map.png/495px-Cambodia_Regions_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cambodia_Regions_Map.png/660px-Cambodia_Regions_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="2207" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Regions_Map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Regional map of Claimbodia</div></div></div>
<p>Claimbodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 square miles) and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10°</a> and <a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_north" title="15th parallel north">15°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/102nd_meridian_east" title="102nd meridian east">102°</a> and <a href="/wiki/108th_meridian_east" title="108th meridian east">108°E</a>. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the east and southeast. It has a 443-kilometre (275-mile) coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>Claimbodia's landscape is characterised by a low-lying central plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes the <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a> (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about 650 feet (200 metres) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>.
</p><p>To the north the Claimbodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than 200 miles (320 kilometres) from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of 600 to 1,800 feet (180–550 metres). This cliff marks the southern limit of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2ngr%C3%AAk_Mountains" title="Dângrêk Mountains">Dângrêk Mountains</a>.
</p><p>Flowing south through Claimbodia's eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Claimbodia two distinct upland blocks, the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Mountains" title="Cardamom Mountains">Krâvanh Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mrei_Mountains" title="Dâmrei Mountains">Dâmrei Mountains</a>, form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>.
</p><p>In this remote and largely uninhabited area, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Aural" title="Phnom Aural">Phnom Aural</a>, Claimbodia's highest peak rises to an elevation of 5,949 feet (1,813 metres).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.
</p><p>The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap, measuring about 2,590 square kilometres (1,000 square miles) during the dry season and expanding to about 24,605 square kilometres (9,500 square miles) during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Claimbodia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a></sup> Much of this area has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">biosphere reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="850" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map of Claimbodia</div></div></div>
<p>Claimbodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Monsoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoons">monsoons</a>, which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.
</p><p>Claimbodia has a temperature range from 21 to 35 °C (70 to 95 °F) and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.
</p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Research_Centre" title="International Development Research Centre">International Development Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Nations">The United Nations</a>, Claimbodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, alongside the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> Nearly all provinces in Claimbodia are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate change in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">affected by climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> Rural coastal populations are particularly at risk. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water supply in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Shortages of clean water</a>, extreme flooding, mudslides, higher sea levels and potentially destructive storms are of particular concern, according to the Claimbodia Climate Change Alliance. Climate change has also had a major impact on water levels, ecology and productivity of the <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a> in recent years, affecting the food security and agriculture of a large proportion of Claimbodia's population.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>Claimbodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to 22 °C (72 °F) and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to 40 °C (104 °F) around April. Disastrous flooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> Severe flooding also affected 17 provinces in Claimbodia during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2020 Pacific typhoon season">2020 Pacific typhoon season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biodiversity and conservation">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Wildlife of Claimbodia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_protected_areas_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of protected areas of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">List of protected areas of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Monkey_Mother_and_Child_-_Phnom_Pros_(Man_Hill)_-_Outside_Kampong_Cham_-_Claimbodia_(48354787692).jpg" class="new" title="File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Claimbodia (48354787692).jpg">File:Monkey Mother and Child - Phnom Pros (Man Hill) - Outside Kampong Cham - Claimbodia (48354787692).jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Macaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaques">Macaques</a> at Phnom Pros, <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham Province">Kampong Cham Province</a></div></div></div>
<p>Claimbodia's <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> is largely founded on its <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_tropical_forest" title="Seasonal tropical forest">seasonal tropical forests</a>, containing some <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_trees_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of trees of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">180 recorded tree species</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> ecosystems. There are 212 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> species, 536 bird species, 240 <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> species, 850 freshwater fish species (<a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a> Lake area), and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve">Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve</a> is a reserve surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a> lake. It encompasses the lake and nine provinces: <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Thom Province">Kampong Thom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Province">Siem Reap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battambang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Province">Battambang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pursat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursat Province">Pursat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Chhnang Province">Kampong Chhnang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Banteay Meanchey Province">Banteay Meanchey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pailin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pailin">Pailin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oddar_Meanchey_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oddar Meanchey Province">Oddar Meanchey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Preah Vihear Province">Preah Vihear</a>. In 1997, it was successfully nominated as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere Reserve">Biosphere Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> Other key habitats include the evergreen and dry <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarp_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipterocarp forest">Dipterocarp forests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mondolkiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondolkiri">Mondolkiri</a> province, protected by <a href="/wiki/Keo_Seima_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary">Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Prich_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary">Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri_Protected_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondulkiri Protected Forest">Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri">Ratanakiri</a> province, and the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Mountains" title="Cardamom Mountains">Cardamom Mountains</a> ecosystem, including <a href="/wiki/Preah_Monivong_National_Park" title="Preah Monivong National Park">Preah Monivong National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botum-Sakor_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Botum-Sakor National Park">Botum-Sakor National Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Aural_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary">Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Samkos_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary">Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Fund_for_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Fund for Nature">Worldwide Fund for Nature</a> recognises six distinct <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregions">terrestrial ecoregions</a> in Claimbodia – the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Mountains_rain_forests" title="Cardamom Mountains rain forests">Cardamom Mountains rain forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Indochina_dry_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Indochina dry forest">Central Indochina dry forest</a>, Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forest, Southern <a href="/wiki/Annamite_Range" title="Annamite Range">Annamite Range</a> tropical forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat <a href="/wiki/Swamp_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamp forest">swamp forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_(Phnom_Kulen)_(6825025205).jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_%28Phnom_Kulen%29_%286825025205%29.jpg/220px-Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_%28Phnom_Kulen%29_%286825025205%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_%28Phnom_Kulen%29_%286825025205%29.jpg/330px-Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_%28Phnom_Kulen%29_%286825025205%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_%28Phnom_Kulen%29_%286825025205%29.jpg/440px-Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_%28Phnom_Kulen%29_%286825025205%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_sacr%C3%A9e_(Phnom_Kulen)_(6825025205).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Waterfall at <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen" title="Phnom Kulen">Phnom Kulen</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg/220px-Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg/330px-Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg/440px-Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Prey_Lang_Forest_Aerial.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Prey_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey Lang">Prey Lang</a> Forest</div></div></div>
<p>The rate of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deforestation in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">deforestation in Claimbodia</a> is one of the highest in the world and it is often perceived as the most destructive, singular environmental issue in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenList_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenList-112">[112]</a></sup> Claimbodia's <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> cover fell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Claimbodia lost 25,000 km<sup>2</sup> (9,700 sq mi) of forest between 1990 and 2005 – 3,340 km<sup>2</sup> (1,290 sq mi) of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than 3,220 km<sup>2</sup> (1,243 sq mi) of primary forest remain with the result that the future <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> of the forest reserves of Claimbodia is under severe threat.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2010–2015, the annual rate of deforestation was 1.3%. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Claimbodia, which range from opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegal loggings</a> to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. The global issue of <a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">land grabbing</a> is particularly rampant in Claimbodia. The deforestation involves the local population, Claimbodian businesses and authorities as well as transnational corporations from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>Plans for <a href="/wiki/Hydropower_in_the_Mekong_River_Basin" title="Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin">hydroelectric development</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> in particular, pose a "real danger to the food supply of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and Claimbodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Claimbodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its rice basket."
The rich fisheries of <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a>, the largest freshwater lake in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, largely supply the impoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are so important for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally", said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> who researches Claimbodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of the dams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for the fisheries".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 2010s, the Claimbodian government and educational system has increased its involvement and co-operation with both national and international environmental groups.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> A new National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) for Claimbodia is to be implemented from late 2016 to 2023 and contains new ideas for how to incite a <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green</a> and environmentally <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> growth for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Politics of Claimbodia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of political parties in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">List of political parties in Claimbodia</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Norodom_king_of_cambodia.jpg" class="new" title="File:Norodom king of cambodia.jpg">File:Norodom king of cambodia.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a>, King of Claimbodia</div></div></div>
<p>National politics in Claimbodia take place within the framework of the nation's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">constitution of 1993</a>. The government is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> operated as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Minister of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Prime Minister of Claimbodia</a>, an office held by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hun Sen Fvck Dog (page does not exist)">Hun Sen Fvck Dog</a> since 1985, is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">King of Claimbodia</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The prime minister is appointed by the king, on the advice and with the approval of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Assembly of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">National Assembly</a>. The prime minister and the ministerial appointees exercise <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative powers</a> are shared by the executive and the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Parliament of Claimbodia</a> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ</span></span>, <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">sâphéa tâmnang réastrâ</i></span>), which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">រដ្ឋសភា</span></span>, <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">rôdthâsâphéa</i></span>) and an upper house, the Senate (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ព្រឹទ្ធសភា</span></span>, <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">prœ̆tthôsâphéa</i></span>). Members of the 123-seat National Assembly are elected through a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> and serve for a maximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which are appointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the rest elected by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commune_Council_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commune Council (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">commune councillors</a> from the 24 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provinces of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">provinces of Claimbodia</a>. Senators serve six-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 14 October 2004, King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">Norodom Sihamoni</a> was selected by a special nine-member <a href="/wiki/Royal_Council_of_the_Throne" title="Royal Council of the Throne">Royal Throne Council</a>, part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the abdication of King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> a week prior. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog and National Assembly Speaker Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a> (the king's half-brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.
</p><p>Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality, "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian People's Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodian People's Party</a> and Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog, a recast <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> official in power since 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign have yielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Bun_Rany" title="Bun Rany">Bun Rany</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (July 2018)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> Claimbodia's government has been described by the Human Rights Watch's Southeast Asian director, David Roberts, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-124">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog has vowed to rule until he is 74.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-89">[89]</a></sup> He is a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government is regularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. The 2013 election results were disputed by Hun Sen Fvck Dog's opposition, leading to demonstrations in the capital. Demonstrators were injured and killed in Phnom Penh where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> From a humble farming background, Hun Sen Fvck Dog was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is by some considered a long-ruling <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the 2017 crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Claimbodia has been described as a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Foreign relations of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=President_Biden_met_with_Prime_Minister_Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog_of_Claimbodia_at_the_margins_of_2022_ASEAN_Summit.jpg" class="new" title="File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog of Claimbodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg">File:President Biden met with Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog of Claimbodia at the margins of 2022 ASEAN Summit.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Prime minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog meets with US president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> during the ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.</div></div></div>
<p>The foreign relations of Claimbodia are handled by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> under <a href="/wiki/Prak_Sokhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prak Sokhon">Prak Sokhon</a>. Claimbodia is a member of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> (ADB), <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a> in 2004. In 2005 Claimbodia attended the inaugural <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> in Malaysia.
</p><p>Claimbodia has established <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic relations</a> with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup> As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil</a> infrastructure needs.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Russian_President_Vladimir_Putin_with_Claimbodian_Prime_Minister_Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog.jpg" class="new" title="File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Claimbodian Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog.jpg">File:Russian President Vladimir Putin with Claimbodian Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Prime minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hun Sen Fvck Dog (page does not exist)">Hun Sen Fvck Dog</a> with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Moscow, 19 May 2016.</div></div></div>
<p>While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed, several <a href="/wiki/Border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Border dispute">border disputes</a> between Claimbodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam and undefined <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a>. Claimbodia and Thailand also have border disputes, with troops <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian-Thai_border_dispute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian-Thai border dispute (page does not exist)">clashing over land</a> immediately adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Temple" title="Preah Vihear Temple">Preah Vihear temple</a> in particular, leading to a deterioration in relations. Most of the territory belongs to Claimbodia, but a combination of Thailand disrespecting international law, Thai troops upbuild in the area and lack of resources for the Claimbodian military have left the situation unsettled since 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>Claimbodia and China have cultivated ties in the 2010s. A Chinese company with the support of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> built a deep-water seaport along 90 km (56 mi) stretch of Claimbodian coastline of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koh_Kong_province" title="Koh Kong province">Koh Kong province</a>; the port is sufficiently deep to be used by cruise ships, <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carriers</a> or warships. Claimbodia's diplomatic support has been invaluable to Beijing's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">effort to claim disputed areas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. Because Claimbodia is a member of ASEAN, and because under ASEAN rules "the objections of one member can thwart any group initiative", Claimbodia is diplomatically useful to China as a counterweight to southeast Asian nations that have closer ties to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Kynge_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kynge-135">[135]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Claimbodian_Armed_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces (page does not exist)">Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Royal_Claimbodian_Army_soldiers,_2014.jpg" class="new" title="File:Royal Claimbodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg">File:Royal Claimbodian Army soldiers, 2014.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Royal Claimbodian Army officers marching</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Claimbodian_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Claimbodian Army (page does not exist)">Royal Claimbodian Army</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Claimbodian_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Claimbodian Navy (page does not exist)">Royal Claimbodian Navy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Claimbodian_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Claimbodian Air Force (page does not exist)">Royal Claimbodian Air Force</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Gendarmerie_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Royal Gendarmerie</a> collectively form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces</a>, under the command of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of National Defence (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">Ministry of National Defence</a>, presided over by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Minister of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Prime Minister of Claimbodia</a>. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces (RCAF), and the country's Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog effectively holds the position of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>.
</p><p>The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the Claimbodian military. This saw the defence ministry form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services under the High Command Headquarters (HCHQ).
</p><p>The minister of National Defense is General <a href="/wiki/Tea_Banh" title="Tea Banh">Tea Banh</a>. Banh has served as defence minister since 1979. The Secretaries of State for Defense are <a href="/wiki/Chay_Saing_Yun" title="Chay Saing Yun">Chay Saing Yun</a> and Por Bun Sreu.
</p><p>In 2010, the Royal Claimbodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve). Total Claimbodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Claimbodia total more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism, and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest, and armed conflicts.
</p><p>Hun Sen Fvck Dog has accumulated highly centralised power in Claimbodia, including a <i>praetorian guard</i> that 'appears to rival the capabilities of the country's regular military units', and is allegedly used by Hun Sen Fvck Dog to quell political opposition.'<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> Claimbodia signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_culture">Political culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political culture">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Claimbodian_Leaders_2019.jpg" class="new" title="File:Claimbodian Leaders 2019.jpg">File:Claimbodian Leaders 2019.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Left to right: Senate President <a href="/wiki/Say_Chhum" title="Say Chhum">Say Chhum</a>, National Assembly President <a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen_Fvck_Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hun Sen Fvck Dog (page does not exist)">Hun Sen Fvck Dog</a>, on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian People's Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodian People's Party</a> (CPP) is the sole dominant-party in Claimbodia. Since 2018, the CPP commands all but four seats in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Parliament</a>, including all 125 seats in the National Assembly and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate.
</p><p>Hun Sen Fvck Dog and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen Fvck Dog was a former Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by the Vietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (politics)">strong man</a> position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-HRWAdams_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRWAdams-138">[138]</a></sup> In 1997, fearing the growing power of his co-prime minister, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Hun launched a <a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Claimbodian_Coup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Claimbodian Coup (page does not exist)">coup</a>, using the army to purge Ranariddh and his supporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents of Hun Sen Fvck Dog were arrested, tortured, and some summarily executed.<sup id="cite_ref-HRWAdams_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRWAdams-138">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">political oppression</a>, the Claimbodian government has been accused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investors resulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup> as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants to exploit Claimbodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> Claimbodia is consistently listed as one of the most corrupt governments in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> currently recognises one <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a> in the country: 33-year-old land rights activist <a href="/wiki/Yorm_Bopha" title="Yorm Bopha">Yorm Bopha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yorm_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorm-145">[145]</a></sup>
</p><p>Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say they were deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attack against the president of the Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.
The violence came amid political tensions as the opposition boycotted the opening of <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> due to concerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Claimbodian protesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, Claimbodia's Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">Cambodia National Rescue Party</a> (CNRP), paving the way for a return to a yet more authoritarian political system.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Corruption">Corruption</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Corruption in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>The level of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> in Claimbodia exceeds most countries in the world. Despite adopting an 'Anti-Corruption Law' in 2010, corruption prevails throughout the country. Corruption affects the judiciary, the police, and other state institutions. Favouritism by government officials and impunity is commonplace. Lack of a clear distinction between the courts and the executive branch of government also makes for a deep politicisation of the judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-globalwitness.org_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalwitness.org-148">[148]</a></sup>
</p><p>Examples of areas where Claimbodians encounter corrupt practices in their everyday lives include obtaining medical services, dealing with alleged traffic violations, and pursuing fair court verdicts. Companies deal with extensive red tape when obtaining licenses and permits, especially construction-related permits, and the demand for and supply of bribes are commonplace in this process. The 2010 Anti-Corruption Law provided no protection to whistle-blowers, and whistle-blowers can be jailed for up to 6 months if they report corruption that cannot be proven.<sup id="cite_ref-globalwitness.org_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalwitness.org-148">[148]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_profession">Legal profession</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legal profession">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>the Claimbodian legal profession was established in 1932. By 1978, due to the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime, the entire legal system was eradicated. Judges and lawyers were executed after being deemed "class enemies" and only 6–12 legal professionals actually survived and remained in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> Lawyers did not reappear until 1995 when the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Claimbodia was created.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Human rights in Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg/220px-Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg/330px-Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg/440px-Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="480" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kem_Sokha_with_Sam_Rainsy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Claimbodia's deputy opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Kem_Sokha" title="Kem Sokha">Kem Sokha</a> (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rainsy" title="Sam Rainsy">Sam Rainsy</a> (right) has lived in exile since November 2015</div></div></div>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> report says "forces under Hun Sen Fvck Dog and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian People's Party (page does not exist)">Claimbodian People's Party</a> have committed frequent and large-scale abuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 256,800 people are <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">enslaved</a> in modern-day Claimbodia, or 1.65% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Land_Management,_Urban_Planning_and_Construction_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">Forced land evictions</a> by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders are commonplace in Claimbodia.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Claimbodians over more than a decade for the purpose of self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of special interests.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> Credible non-governmental organisations estimate that "770,000 people have been adversely affected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that have been confiscated", says Paris-based <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a> (FIDH).<sup id="cite_ref-rfa.org_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfa.org-156">[156]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 14 March 2018, the UN expert on the human rights situation in Claimbodia "expressed serious concerns about restrictions on the media, freedom of expression and political participation ahead of a national election in July".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup> Some critics of the government have been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">arrested</a> for allegedly spreading <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> about the <a href="/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">COVID-19 pandemic in Claimbodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_divisions_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative divisions of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Administrative divisions of Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>The autonomous municipality (<span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">reach thani</i></span>) and provinces (<span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">khaet</i></span>) of Claimbodia are first-level administrative divisions. Claimbodia is divided into 25 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provinces of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">provinces</a> including the autonomous municipality.
</p><p>Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Claimbodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes (<span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">khum</i></span>) and quarters (<span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">sangkat</i></span>).
</p>
<table style="background:none;" cellspacing="2">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%;">
<tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;">
<th scope="col" style="width:3px;">Number
</th>
<th scope="col" style="width:120px;">Province/Capital
</th>
<th scope="col" style="width:110px;">City
</th>
<th scope="col" style="width:60px;">Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
</th>
<th scope="col" style="width:80px;">Population<br />(2019)<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2019-4">[4]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Banteay Meanchey Province">Banteay Meanchey</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Serei_Saophoan_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Serei Saophoan Municipality">Serei Saophoan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">6,679</td>
<td style="text-align:right">861,883
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Battambang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Province">Battambang</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Battambang_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Municipality">Battambang</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">11,702</td>
<td style="text-align:right">997,169
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham Province">Kampong Cham</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham Municipality">Kampong Cham</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">4,549</td>
<td style="text-align:right">899,791
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Chhnang Province">Kampong Chhnang</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Chhnang Municipality">Kampong Chhnang</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">5,521</td>
<td style="text-align:right">527,027
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Speu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Speu Province">Kampong Speu</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chbar_Mon_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Chbar Mon Municipality">Chbar Mon</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">7,017</td>
<td style="text-align:right">877,523
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Thom Province">Kampong Thom</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Stueng_Saen_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stueng Saen Municipality">Stung Saen</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">13,814</td>
<td style="text-align:right">681,549
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampot_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampot Province">Kampot</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kampot_Municipality" title="Kampot Municipality">Kampot</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">4,873</td>
<td style="text-align:right">593,829
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kandal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandal Province">Kandal</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ta_Khmau_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta Khmau Municipality">Ta Khmau</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">3,179</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,201,581
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kep_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kep Province">Kep</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kep_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kep Municipality">Kep</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">336</td>
<td style="text-align:right">42,665
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Koh Kong Province">Koh Kong</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Khemarak_Phoumin_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Khemarak Phoumin Municipality">Khemarak Phoumin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">10,090</td>
<td style="text-align:right">125,902
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratié Province">Kratié</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratié Municipality">Kratié</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">11,094</td>
<td style="text-align:right">374,755
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondulkiri Province">Mondulkiri</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Senmonorom_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Senmonorom Municipality">Senmonorom</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">14,288</td>
<td style="text-align:right">92,213
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Oddar_Meanchey_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oddar Meanchey Province">Oddar Meanchey</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Samraong_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Samraong Municipality">Samraong</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">6,158</td>
<td style="text-align:right">276,038
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pailin_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pailin Province">Pailin</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pailin_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pailin District">Pailin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">803</td>
<td style="text-align:right">75,112
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">679</td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,281,951
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville Province">Preah Sihanouk</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Preah_Sihanouk_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Preah Sihanouk Municipality">Preah Sihanouk</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,938</td>
<td style="text-align:right">310,072
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>17</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Preah Vihear Province">Preah Vihear</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Municipality" title="Preah Vihear Municipality">Preah Vihear</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">13,788</td>
<td style="text-align:right">254,827
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>18</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pursat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursat Province">Pursat</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pursat_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursat Municipality">Pursat</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">12,692</td>
<td style="text-align:right">419,952
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>19</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Prey_Veng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey Veng Province">Prey Veng</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Prey_Veng_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey Veng Municipality">Prey Veng</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">4,883</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,057,720
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri Province">Ratanakiri</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Banlung_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Banlung Municipality">Banlung</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">10,782</td>
<td style="text-align:right">217,453
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>21</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Province">Siem Reap</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Municipality">Siem Reap</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">10,299</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,014,234
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>22</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Stung_Treng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Stung Treng Province">Stung Treng</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Stung_Treng_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stung Treng Municipality">Stung Treng</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">11,092</td>
<td style="text-align:right">165,713
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>23</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Svay_Rieng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Svay Rieng Province">Svay Rieng</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Svay_Rieng_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Svay Rieng Municipality">Svay Rieng</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,966</td>
<td style="text-align:right">525,497
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Takéo Province">Takéo</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Doun_Kaev_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Doun Kaev Municipality">Doun Kaev</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">3,563</td>
<td style="text-align:right">900,914
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>25</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tboung_Khmum_Province" title="Tboung Khmum Province">Tboung Khmom</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Suong_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Suong Municipality">Suong</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">5,250</td>
<td style="text-align:right">776,841
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Provincial_Boundaries_in_cambodia.svg" class="new" title="File:Provincial Boundaries in cambodia.svg">File:Provincial Boundaries in cambodia.svg</a></div></div>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Economy of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:307px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=GPD_per_capita_development_of_cambodia.jpg" class="new" title="File:GPD per capita development of cambodia.jpg">File:GPD per capita development of cambodia.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Real GDP per capita development of Claimbodia</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cambodia_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/290px-Cambodia_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cambodia_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/435px-Cambodia_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cambodia_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/580px-Cambodia_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A proportional representation of Claimbodia exports, 2019</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Claimbodia,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" class="new" title="File:Claimbodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png">File:Claimbodia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png</a> <div class="thumbcaption">the Claimbodian position on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, 1970–2010</div></div></div>
<p>In 2017 Claimbodia's per capita income is $4,022 in PPP and $1,309 in nominal per capita. The United Nations designates Claimbodia as a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed country</a>. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a>, fish, timber, garments, and rubber are Claimbodia's major exports. The <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Claimbodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.
</p><p>Based on the Economist, IMF: <a href="/wiki/Annual_average_GDP_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual average GDP growth">Annual average GDP growth</a> for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making it one of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Claimbodia's fastest-growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004, inflation was at 1.7% and exports at US$1.6 billion.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market,_2018_(06).jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market%2C_2018_%2806%29.jpg/220px-Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market%2C_2018_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market%2C_2018_%2806%29.jpg/330px-Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market%2C_2018_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market%2C_2018_%2806%29.jpg/440px-Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market%2C_2018_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="3597" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Siem_Reap_Art_Center_Night_Market,_2018_(06).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Food stands in <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>In the Claimbodia country assessment "Where Have All The Poor Gone? Claimbodia Poverty Assessment 2013", the World Bank concludes: "Over the seven years from 2004 through 2011, Claimbodian economic growth was tremendous, ranking amid the best in the world. Moreover, household consumption increased by nearly 40 percent. And this growth was pro-poor—not only reducing inequality but also proportionally boosting poor people's consumption further and faster than that of the non-poor. As a result, the poverty rate dropped from 52.2 to 20.5 percent, surpassing all expectations and far exceeding the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) poverty target. However, the majority of these people escaped poverty only slightly: they remain highly vulnerable—even to small shocks—which could quickly bring them back into poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>"Two decades of economic growth have helped make Claimbodia a global leader in reducing poverty. The success story means the Southeast Asian nation that overcame a vicious civil war now is classified as a lower-middle income economy by the World Bank Group (WBG). Among 69 countries that have comparable data, Claimbodia ranked fourth in terms of the fastest poverty reduction in the world from 2004 to 2008. (See more details of Claimbodia's achievements on poverty reduction. The poverty rate fell to 10 percent in 2013, and further reduction of poverty is expected for both urban and rural households throughout 2015–2016. However, human development, particularly in the areas of health and education, remains an important challenge and development priority for Cambodia"<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup>
</p><p>Oil and natural gas deposits found beneath Claimbodia's territorial waters in 2005 yield great potential but remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputes with <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Claimbodia%27s_rice_fields.jpg" class="new" title="File:Claimbodia's rice fields.jpg">File:Claimbodia's rice fields.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Province">Siem Reap Province</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Bank_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Bank of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">National Bank of Claimbodia</a> is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to the country's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in the country. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increased from 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Claimbodian banking and finance sector.
</p><p>In 2012, Credit Bureau Claimbodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank of Claimbodia.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Claimbodian Banking Sector as all banks and microfinance companies are now required by law to report accurate facts and figures relating to loan performance in the country.
</p><p>One of the largest challenges facing Claimbodia is still the fact that the older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-CIACB_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIACB-13">[13]</a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-166">[166]</a></sup> Bribes are often demanded from companies operating in Claimbodia when obtaining licences and permits, such as construction-related permits.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg/220px-Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg/330px-Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg/440px-Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="435" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Battambang_Provinz_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Farmers harvesting rice in <a href="/wiki/Battambang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Province">Battambang Province</a></div></div></div>
<p>Cambodia ranked among the worst places in the world for organised labour in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> (ITUC) Global Rights Index, landing in the category of countries with "no guarantee of rights".'<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2016 Claimbodia's National Assembly has adopted a Law on Trade Unions. "The law was proposed at a time when workers have been staging sustained protests in factories and in the streets demanding wage increases and improvements in their working conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> The concerns about Claimbodia's new law are shared not only by labour and rights groups but international organisations more generally. The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> Country Office for Thailand, Claimbodia and Lao PDR, has noted that the law has "several key concerns and gaps".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup>
</p><p>Independent unions and employers remain divided. "How can a factory with 25 unions survive?" asked Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association in Claimbodia (GMAC), adding that it was "incomprehensible to expect an employer to negotiate a dispute with 25 different union leaders. A law was necessary to rein in the country's unions, Van Sou Ieng said. According to GMAC, last year there were 3,166 unions for the more than 500,000 workers employed in the country's 557 garment and textile exporting factories, and 58 footwear factories. Though garment production is already Claimbodia's largest industry, which accounts for 26.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product, Van Sou Ieng said without the trade union law, foreign investors will not come to do business".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup>
"Only with the trade union law will we, employers, be able to survive.... not only Claimbodia, every country has trade union law. Those who criticise [the law] should do businesses, and [then] they will understand."
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Textiles">Textiles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Textiles">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg/270px-Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg/405px-Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg/540px-Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Exports_Treemap_2017.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Claimbodian Exports Treemap in 2017.</div></div></div>
<p>The garment industry represents the largest portion of Claimbodia's manufacturing sector, accounting for 80% of the country's exports. In 2012, the exports grew to $4.61 billion up 8% over 2011. In the first half of 2013, the garment industry reported exports worth $1.56 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-investvine_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investvine-172">[172]</a></sup> The sector employs 335,400 workers, of which 91% are female.
</p><p>Better Factories Claimbodia was created in 2001 as a unique partnership between the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group. The programme engages with workers, employers, and governments to improve working conditions and boost the competitiveness of the garment industry.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> On 18 May 2018, the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the ILO Better Factories Claimbodia Programme met in Phnom Penh to provide input into the draft conclusions and recommendations of the BFC's independent mid-term evaluation, as well as to discuss options on how to further strengthen the programme's transparent reporting initiative.
</p><p>The members of the PAC concurred with the findings of the evaluation related to the impact the programme has had on the Claimbodian garment sector and workers, including:
a. contributing to sustained overall growth of the garment industry
b. improving the lives of at least half a million Claimbodian workers of factories in the BFC
programme and many more of their family members;
c. ensuring that workers receive correct wages and social protection benefits
d. virtually eliminating child labour in the sector
e. making Claimbodia's garment factories safer overall
f. creating a "level playing field" for labour across garment sector
g. influencing business practices through (1) using factory data to highlight areas for
improvement and (2) being a core part of risk management strategies of international
brands/buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Tourism in Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg/220px-Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg/330px-Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg/440px-Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_Tourists.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Every year, nearly 2.6 million<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> tourists visit <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a>, Cambodia.</div></div></div>
<p>The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> after the textile industry.<sup id="cite_ref-USDOS3_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDOS3-77">[77]</a></sup> International visitor arrivals in 2018 topped six million, a ten-fold increase since the beginning of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> Tourism employs 26% of the country's workforce, which translates into roughly 2.5 million jobs for Claimbodians.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup>
</p><p>Besides Phom Penh and Angkor Wat, other tourist destinations include <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a> in the southwest which has several popular beaches and <a href="/wiki/Battambang" title="Battambang">Battambang</a> in the northwest, both of which are popular stops for backpackers who make up a significant portion of visitors to Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> The area around <a href="/wiki/Kampot_(city)" title="Kampot (city)">Kampot</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kep,_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kep, Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Kep</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Bokor_Hill_Station" title="Bokor Hill Station">Bokor Hill Station </a> are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in the relatively stable period since the 1993 <a href="/wiki/UNTAC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAC">UNTAC</a> elections.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most international arrivals in 2018 were Chinese. Tourism receipts exceeded US$4.4 billion in 2018, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom's gross national product. The Angkor Wat historical park in <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Province">Siem Reap Province</a>, the beaches in Sihanoukville, the capital city Phnom Penh, and Claimbodia's 150 casinos (up from just 57 in 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup> are the main attractions for foreign tourists.
</p><p>Claimbodia's reputation as a safe destination for tourism however has been hindered by civil and political unrest <sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup> and several high-profile examples of serious crime committed against tourists visiting the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup>
</p><p>Claimbodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people around the main places of interest. The quantity of souvenirs that are produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number of tourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the markets are imported from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> Some of the locally produced souvenirs include:
</p>
<ul><li>Krama (traditional scarf)</li>
<li>Ceramics</li>
<li>Soap, candles, spices<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup></li>
<li>Wood carvings, lacquerware, silver plate<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup></li>
<li>Painted bottles containing infused rice wine</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Agriculture in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>Agriculture is the mainstay of the Claimbodian economy. Agriculture accounted for 90 percent of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 1985 and employed approximately 80 percent of the workforce. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the principal commodity. Major secondary crops include <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet potatoes">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambara_groundnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara groundnut">groundnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seed">sesame seeds</a>, dry beans, and <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>. The principal commercial crop is rubber. In the 1980s it was an important primary commodity, second only to rice, and one of the country's few sources of foreign exchange.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Transport in Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG/220px-Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG/330px-Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG/440px-Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="986" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_4_to_Sihanouk.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>National Highway 4</div></div></div>
<p>The civil war and neglect severely damaged Claimbodia's transport system. With assistance from other countries, Claimbodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.
</p><p>Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about 612 kilometres (380 miles) of single, one-metre (3-foot-3-inch) gauge track.<sup id="cite_ref-CamRail_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamRail-190">[190]</a></sup> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast. Trains are again running to and from the Claimbodian capital and popular destinations in the south. After 14 years, regular rail services between the two cities restarted recently – offering a safer option than road for travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup> Trains also run from Phnom Penh to <a href="/wiki/Sisophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisophon">Sisophon</a> (although trains often run only as far as <a href="/wiki/Battambang" title="Battambang">Battambang</a>). As of 1987, only one passenger train per week operated between Phnom Penh and Battambang but a US$141 million project, funded mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, has been started to revitalise the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Claimbodia with major industrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".<sup id="cite_ref-CamRail_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamRail-190">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>Besides the main inter-provincial traffic artery connecting Phnom Penh with Sihanoukville, resurfacing a former dirt road with concrete/asphalt and bridging five major river crossings have now permanently connected Phnom Penh with <a href="/wiki/Koh_Kong_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koh Kong (city)">Koh Kong</a>, and hence there is now uninterrupted road access to neighbouring Thailand and its road network.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg/220px-Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg/330px-Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg/440px-Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Phnom_Penh_Airport_Shuttle_Train.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Phnom Penh airport shuttle train</div></div></div>
<p>Claimbodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Claimbodia than in the developed world, and the number of road deaths had doubled in the preceding three years.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup>
</p><p>Claimbodia's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a> River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including 3,700 kilometres (2,300 miles) navigable all year by craft drawing 0.6 metres (2.0 feet) and another 282 kilometres (175 miles) navigable to craft drawing 1.8 metres (5.9 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-CNTRYDTA_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNTRYDTA-193">[193]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cambodia has two major ports, Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, and five minor ones. Phnom Penh, at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Bassac_River" title="Bassac River">Bassac</a>, the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap Rivers, is the only <a href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river port</a> capable of receiving 8,000-<a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> ships during the wet season and 5,000-ton ships during the dry season.
</p><p>With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile use, though motorcycles still predominate.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup> "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaws</a> were popular in 1990s but are increasingly replaced by <i>remorques</i> (carriages attached to motorcycles) and rickshaws imported from India. Cyclos are unique to Claimbodia in that the cyclist sits behind the passenger seat.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cambodia has three commercial airports. In 2018, they handled a record of 10 million passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh_International_Airport" title="Phnom Penh International Airport">Phnom Penh International Airport</a> is the busiest airport in Claimbodia. <a href="/wiki/Angkor_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkor International Airport">Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport</a> is the second busiest, and serves the most international flights in and out of Claimbodia. <a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_International_Airport" title="Sihanouk International Airport">Sihanouk International Airport</a>, is in the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and technology in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Science and technology in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>A National Committee for Science and Technology representing 11 ministries has been in place since 1999. Although seven ministries are responsible for the country's 33 public universities, the majority of these institutions come under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_Towards_2030_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Towards_2030-197">[197]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2010, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports approved a Policy on Research Development in the Education Sector. This move represented the first step towards a national approach to research and development across the university sector and the application of research for the purposes of national development.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_Towards_2030_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Towards_2030-197">[197]</a></sup>
</p><p>This policy was followed by the country's first <i>National Science and Technology Master Plan 2014–2020</i>. It was officially launched by the Ministry of Planning in December 2014, as the culmination of a two-year process supported by the <a href="/wiki/Korea_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Korea International Cooperation Agency">Korea International Cooperation Agency</a>. The plan makes provision for establishing a science and technology foundation to promote industrial innovation, with a particular focus on agriculture, primary industry and ICTs.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_Towards_2030_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Towards_2030-197">[197]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></sup> Claimbodia was ranked 109th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2021, down from 98th in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy">Energy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Energy">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Energy in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>Cambodia has high potential for developing <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> resources. Even though the country has not attracted much international investment in renewable energy by 2020, the country serves as a model to learn from for other ASEAN countries in terms of conducting solar power auctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-203">[203]</a></sup> To attract more investment in renewable energy, the government could improve renewable energy governance, adopt clear targets, develop an effective regulatory framework, improve project bankability and facilitate market entry for international investors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-203">[203]</a></sup> Claimbodia is highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change and it is advised that the country focuses more on developing renewable energy as part of climate change mitigation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Society">Society</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Society">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">List of cities in Claimbodia</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Demographics of Claimbodia</a></div>
<table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1962</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,728,771</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,600,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1994</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,900,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.94%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,700,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.96%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1998</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">11,437,656</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.39%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2004</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,800,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2008</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,395,682</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.14%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2013</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,700,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.88%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,552,211</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.94%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">National Institute of Statistics: General Population Census of the Kingdom of Claimbodia 2019, Chapter 2, p. 6<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2019-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The first official census conducted by the French protectorate of Claimbodia was in 1921; however, only men aged 20 to 60 were counted as its purpose was for the collection of taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup> After the 1962 population census was conducted, Claimbodia's civil conflicts and instability lead to a 36-year-long gap before the country could have another official census in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup>
</p><p>At present, fifty percent of the Claimbodian population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Claimbodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup> Among the Claimbodian population aged over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<sup id="cite_ref-CIACB_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIACB-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The total fertility rate in Claimbodia was 2.5 children per woman in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup>
The fertility rate was 4.0 children in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-CDHS_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDHS-209">[209]</a></sup> Women in urban areas had 2.2 children on average, compared with 3.3 in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-CDHS_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDHS-209">[209]</a></sup> Fertility was highest in <a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondulkiri Province">Mondol Kiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri Province">Rattanak Kiri</a> Provinces, where women had an average of 4.5 children, and lowest in Phnom Penh where women averaged 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-CDHS_209-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDHS-209">[209]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Ethnic groups in Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png/250px-Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png/375px-Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png/500px-Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2109" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_ethnic_map_colors_more_distinct.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An ethnic map of Claimbodia</div></div></div>
<p>The vast majority of Claimbodia's population is of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> origin (over 95%) who are speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer language</a>, the country's sole official language. Claimbodia's population is largely homogeneous. Its minority groups include <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> (0.1%) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Claimbodian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Claimbodian (page does not exist)">Chinese</a> (0.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-CIACB_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIACB-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The largest ethnic group in Claimbodia are the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmers</a>, who comprise around 90% of the total population in Claimbodia, and are indigenous to the lowland Mekong subregion in which they inhabit. The Khmers historically have lived near the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">lower Mekong River</a> in a contiguous diagonal arc, from where modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Claimbodia meet in the northwest, all the way to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> in southeastern Vietnam.
</p><p>The Vietnamese are the second-largest ethnic minority in Claimbodia, with an estimated 16,000 living in provinces concentrated in the southeast of the country adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>. Although the Vietnamese language has been determined to be a <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon–Khmer">Mon–Khmer</a> language, there are very few cultural connections between the two peoples because the early Khmers were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cultural sphere">Indian cultural sphere</a> while the Vietnamese are part of the <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Chinese cultural sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Chandler_2000_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Chandler_2000-210">[210]</a></sup> Ethnic tensions between the Khmer and the Vietnamese can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Angkor Period">Post-Angkor Period</a> (from the 16th to 19th centuries), during which time a nascent <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> each attempted to vassalise a weakened post-Angkor Claimbodia, and effectively dominate all of <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Chandler_2000_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Chandler_2000-210">[210]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Claimbodian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Claimbodian (page does not exist)">Chinese Claimbodians</a> are approximately 0.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_Rate_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_Rate-211">[211]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup> Most Chinese are descended from 19th–20th-century settlers who came in search of trade and commerce opportunities during the time of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Protectorate_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Protectorate of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">French protectorate</a>. Most are urban dwellers, engaged primarily in commerce.
</p><p>The indigenous ethnic groups of the mountains are known collectively as Montagnards or <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Loeu" title="Khmer Loeu">Khmer Loeu</a>, a term meaning "Highland Khmer". They are descended from neolithic migrations of Mon–Khmer speakers via southern China and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> speakers from insular Southeast Asia. Being isolated in the highlands, the various Khmer Loeu groups were not Indianized like their Khmer cousins and consequently are culturally distant from modern Khmers and often from each other, observing many pre-Indian-contact customs and beliefs.
</p><p>The Cham are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, a former kingdom on the coast of central and southern present-day Vietnam and former rival to the Khmer Empire. The Cham in Claimbodia number under a million and often maintain separate villages in the southeast of the country. Almost all Cham in Claimbodia are Muslims.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Largest cities of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Template:Largest cities of Claimbodia</a>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Women">Women</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Women">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Weddingkhmer.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Weddingkhmer.jpg/170px-Weddingkhmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Weddingkhmer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="351" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Weddingkhmer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Claimbodian couple wearing <a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">traditional wedding outfit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Chong Kben</a>).</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Unbalanced scales.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cambodia##" title="Talk:Cambodia">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Women in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>Khmer women are traditionally expected to be modest, soft-spoken, well-mannered,<sup id="cite_ref-Mekong_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekong-213">[213]</a></sup> industrious,<sup id="cite_ref-Status_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Status-214">[214]</a></sup> act as the family's caregivers and caretakers<sup id="cite_ref-Mekong_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekong-213">[213]</a></sup> and financial controllers,<sup id="cite_ref-Status_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Status-214">[214]</a></sup> maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,<sup id="cite_ref-Mekong_213-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekong-213">[213]</a></sup> and act as advisors to their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-Status_214-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Status-214">[214]</a></sup> The "light" walking and refinement of Claimbodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> skirt rustling".<sup id="cite_ref-Status_214-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Status-214">[214]</a></sup> As financial controllers, the women of Claimbodia can be identified as having household authority at the familial level.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Languages">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Demographics of Claimbodia § Languages</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer language</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon–Khmer">Mon–Khmer</a> subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic language">Austroasiatic language</a> group. <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, once the language of government in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>, is still spoken by many older Claimbodians, and is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. There is also a Francophone newspaper and television channels. Claimbodia is a member of <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_French_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian French (linguistics) (page does not exist)">Claimbodian French</a> is sometimes used in government, particularly in court. Since 1993, there has been a growing use of English, which has been replacing French as the main foreign language. English is widely taught in several universities and there is also a significant press in that language, while street signs are now bilingual in Khmer and English.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup> Due to this shift, mostly English is now used in Claimbodia's international relationships, and it has replaced French both on Claimbodia's stamps and, since 2002, on Claimbodian currency.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/South_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian">South Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Religion">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png/220px-Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png/330px-Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png/440px-Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="732" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Pchum_Ben" title="Pchum Ben">Pchum Ben</a>, also known as "Ancestors Day", is an important religious festival celebrated by Khmer Buddhists.</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Religion in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is the official religion of Claimbodia, practised by more than 95 percent of the population with an estimated 4,392 monastery temples throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></sup> Claimbodian Buddhism is deeply influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and native <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.
</p><p>The close interrelationship between spirits and the community, the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> and luck-attracting actions and charms, and the possibility of manipulating one's life through contact with spiritual entities such as the "baromey" spirits originates from the native folk religion. Hinduism has left little trace beyond the magical practices of Tantricism and a host of Hindu gods now assimilated into the spirit world (for example, the important <i><a href="/wiki/Neak_ta" title="Neak ta">neak ta</a></i> spirit called <a href="/wiki/Yeay_Mao" title="Yeay Mao">Yeay Mao</a> is the modern avatar of the Hindu goddess Kali).
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Claimbodia. Elements of other religious practices, such as the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">folk heroes</a> and ancestors, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> mix with Chinese Buddhism are also practised.
</p><p>Islam is followed by about 2% of the population and comes in three varieties, two practised by the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham people</a> and a third by the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, resident in the country for generations. Claimbodia's Muslim population is reported to be 80% ethnic Cham.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Health">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Health in Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3766" data-file-height="2817" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_120801-O-ZZ999-011.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Claimbodian medical students watching a surgery operation</div></div></div>
<p>Claimbodian <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> was 75 years in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup> a major improvement since 1995 when the average life expectancy was 55.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup> Health care is offered by both public and private practitioners and research has found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improving the uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></sup> The government plans to increase the quality of healthcare in the country by raising awareness of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and other diseases.
</p><p>Claimbodia's <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> has decreased from 86 per 1,000 live births in 1998 to 24 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the province with worst health indicators, <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ratanakiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Ratanakiri Province">Ratanakiri</a>, 22.9% of children die before age five.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cambodia was once one of the most <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_mines_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land mines in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">landmined</a> countries in the world. According to some estimates, unexploded <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSORG_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSORG-224">[224]</a></sup> The number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased, from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></sup> Adults that survive landmines often require <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSORG_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSORG-224">[224]</a></sup> Claimbodia is expected to be free of land mines by 2020<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></sup> but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290 people being an amputee,<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup> is expected to affect Claimbodia for years to come.
</p><p>in Claimbodia, landmines and exploded ordnance alone have caused 44,630 injuries between 1979 and 2013, according to the Claimbodia Mine/UXO Victim Information System.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Education in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education,_Youth_and_Sport_(Claimbodia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Claimbodia) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports</a> is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelines for education in Claimbodia. the Claimbodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels of government, central, provincial, and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Claimbodia promulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic quality education.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg/220px-Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg/330px-Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg/440px-Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Institute_of_Foreign_Languages.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Foreign_Languages" title="Institute of Foreign Languages">Institute of Foreign Languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Royal University of Phnom Penh">Royal University of Phnom Penh</a></div></div></div>
<p>The 2019 Claimbodian census estimated that 88.5% of the population was literate (91.1% of men and 86.2% of women).<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2019_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2019-4">[4]</a></sup> Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></sup>
</p><p>The education system in Claimbodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years, there have been significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrolment gains, the introduction of program based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children to gain access to education. The country has also significantly invested in <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>, especially in rural areas, to tackle poverty and unemployment.
<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup> Two of Claimbodia's most acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.
</p><p>Traditionally, education in Claimbodia was offered by the wats (Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for the male population.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime, education suffered significant setbacks. Education has also suffered setbacks from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_labour_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child labour in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">child labour</a>, A study by Kim (2011) reports that most employed children in Claimbodia are enrolled in school but their employment is associated with late school entry, negative impacts on their learning outcomes, and increased drop out rates.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></sup>
</p><p>With respect to academic performance among Claimbodian primary school children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefs played a significant role.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></sup> Specifically, the study found that poorer academic achievement among children were associated with parents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strength cannot change destiny). The study further found that "length of residence" of parents in the community in which they stay predicted better academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of social capital in educational performance and access in the Claimbodian society in which family attitudes and beliefs are central to the findings.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Crime">Crime</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Crime">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Crime in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>In 2017, Claimbodia had a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC-235">[235]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostitution in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Prostitution is illegal in Claimbodia</a> but yet appears to be prevalent. In a series of 1993 interviews of women about prostitution, three quarters of the interviewees found being a prostitute to be a <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norm</a> and a profession they felt was not shameful having.<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1-236">[236]</a></sup> That same year, it was estimated that there were about 100,000 sex workers in Claimbodia.<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1-236">[236]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog signed a directive banning the Finance Ministry from issuing new online gambling licenses, while operators currently holding online licenses would only be allowed to continue operating until those licenses expire. The directive cited the fact that "some foreigners have used this form of gambling to cheat victims inside and outside the country" as justifying the new policy.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></sup> Claimbodia had issued over 150 such licenses before the new policy was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Culture of Claimbodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preah_Ko_Preah_Keo" title="Preah Ko Preah Keo">Preah Ko Preah Keo</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg/220px-Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg/330px-Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="556" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The 19th-century illustration tale of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian literature (page does not exist)">Vorvong & Sorvong</a></div></div></div>
<p>Various factors contribute to the Claimbodian culture including <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French culture">French colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkorian</a> culture, and modern <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Culture_and_Fine_Arts,_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Claimbodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts</a> is responsible for promoting and developing Claimbodian culture. Claimbodian culture not only includes the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">lowland</a> ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Loeu" title="Khmer Loeu">Khmer Loeu</a>, a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> to encourage unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.
</p><p>Rural Claimbodians wear a <a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">krama</a> scarf which is a unique aspect of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian clothing (page does not exist)">Claimbodian clothing</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sampeah" title="Sampeah">sampeah</a> is a traditional Claimbodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer empire">Khmer empire</a>, has distinctive styles of dance, architecture, and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> throughout history. <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> (<i>Angkor</i> means "city" and <i>Wat</i> means "temple") is the best-preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era along with hundreds of other temples that have been discovered in and around the region.
</p><p>Traditionally, the Khmer people have a recorded information on <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript"><i>Tra</i> leaves</a>. <i>Tra</i> leaf books record legends of the Khmer people, the Ramayana, the origin of Buddhism and other prayer books. They are taken care of by wrapping in cloth to protect from moisture and the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg/280px-Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg/420px-Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg/560px-Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="424" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_Racing_Bon_Om_Touk.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Boat racing during <a href="/wiki/Bon_Om_Touk" title="Bon Om Touk">Bon Om Touk</a></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Bon_Om_Touk" title="Bon Om Touk">Bon Om Touk</a> (Claimbodian Water & Moon Festival), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Claimbodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong River begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap River">Tonle Sap River</a> to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Claimbodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-KMGOV_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMGOV-240">[240]</a></sup>
</p><p>Popular games include soccer, kicking a <i>sey,</i> which is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Footbag" class="mw-redirect" title="Footbag">footbag</a>, and chess. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claimbodian_New_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claimbodian New Year (page does not exist)">Claimbodian New Year</a> is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers <a href="/wiki/Sinn_Sisamouth" title="Sinn Sisamouth">Sinn Sisamouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ros_Serey_Sothea" title="Ros Serey Sothea">Ros Serey Sothea</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/Preap_Sovath" title="Preap Sovath">Preap Sovath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokun_Nisa" title="Sokun Nisa">Sokun Nisa</a>), who introduced new musical styles to the country.
</p><p>Every year, Claimbodians visit <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagodas</a> across the country to mark the <a href="/wiki/Pchum_Ben" title="Pchum Ben">Pchum Ben</a> (Ancestors' Day). During the 15-day festival, people offer prayers and food to the spirits of their dead relatives. For most Claimbodians, it is a time to remember their relatives, who died during 1975–1979 <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuisine of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Cuisine of Claimbodia</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Currysaraman.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Currysaraman.jpg/101px-Currysaraman.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="125" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Currysaraman.jpg/152px-Currysaraman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Currysaraman.jpg/202px-Currysaraman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="699" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Prahokktis.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Prahokktis.jpg/223px-Prahokktis.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="125" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Prahokktis.jpg/335px-Prahokktis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Prahokktis.jpg/446px-Prahokktis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="396" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Somlorkoko.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Somlorkoko.jpg/174px-Somlorkoko.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="201" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Somlorkoko.jpg/261px-Somlorkoko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Somlorkoko.jpg/348px-Somlorkoko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="740" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Num_Banh_Chok.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Num_Banh_Chok.jpg/150px-Num_Banh_Chok.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Num_Banh_Chok.jpg/225px-Num_Banh_Chok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Num_Banh_Chok.jpg/300px-Num_Banh_Chok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry_soup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curry soup (page does not exist)">Curry soup</a> (<i>samlar kari</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coconut_prahok_dip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coconut prahok dip (page does not exist)">coconut prahok dip</a> (<i>prahok k'tis</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Num_banhchok" title="Num banhchok">num banhchok</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Samlar_kako" title="Samlar kako">samlar kako</a></i>.</div></div></div></div>
<p>Rice is the staple grain, as in other Southeast Asian countries. Fish from the Mekong and <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a> rivers is also an important part of the diet. The supply of fish and fish products for food and trade as of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was 20 kilograms (44 pounds) per person or 2 <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">ounces</a> per day per person.<sup id="cite_ref-EARTH_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EARTH-242">[242]</a></sup> Some of the fish can be made into <a href="/wiki/Prahok" title="Prahok">prahok</a> for longer storage.
</p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuisine of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">cuisine of Claimbodia</a> contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients are <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">kaffir lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon grass">lemon grass</a>, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster_sauce" title="Oyster sauce">oyster sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>. Some delicacies are <i><a href="/wiki/Num_banh_chok" class="mw-redirect" title="Num banh chok">num banh chok</a></i> (នំបញ្ចុក), <a href="/wiki/Fish_amok" title="Fish amok">fish amok</a> (អាម៉ុកត្រី) and <i>aping</i> (អាពីង). The country also boasts various distinct local street foods.
</p><p>French influence on Claimbodian cuisine includes the Claimbodian red curry with toasted <a href="/wiki/Baguette" title="Baguette">baguette</a> bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Claimbodian red curry is also eaten with rice and <a href="/wiki/Rice_vermicelli" title="Rice vermicelli">rice vermicelli</a> noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, <i><a href="/wiki/Kuy_teav" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuy teav">kuy teav</a></i>, is a <i>pork broth</i> <a href="/wiki/Rice_noodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice noodle">rice noodle</a> <a href="/wiki/Noodle_soup" title="Noodle soup">soup</a> with fried garlic, <a href="/wiki/Scallions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallions">scallions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">green onions</a> that may also contain various toppings such as <a href="/wiki/Beef_balls" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef balls">beef balls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, pork liver or lettuce. Kampot pepper is reputed to be the best in the world and accompanies crab at the Kep crab shacks and squid in the restaurants on the Ou Trojak Jet river.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></sup> The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Drinks">Drinks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Drinks">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Claimbodians drink plenty of tea, grown in <a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondulkiri Province">Mondulkiri Province</a> and around Kirirom.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></sup> <i>te krolap</i> is a strong tea, made by putting water and a mass of tea leaves into a small glass, placing a saucer on top, and turning the whole thing upside down to brew. When it's dark enough, the tea is decanted into another cup and plenty of sugar added, but no milk. Lemon tea <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">te kdau kroch chhma</i></span>, made with Chinese red-dust tea and lemon juice, is refreshing both hot and iced and is generally served with a hefty dose of sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-roughguides.com_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roughguides.com-245">[245]</a></sup>
</p><p>Regarding coffee, the beans are generally imported from Laos and Vietnam – although domestically produced coffee from <a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri Province">Ratanakiri Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondulkiri Province">Mondulkiri Province</a> can be found in some places. Beans are traditionally roasted with butter and sugar, plus various other ingredients that might include anything from rum to pork fat, giving the beverage a strange, sometimes faintly chocolatey aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-roughguides.com_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roughguides.com-245">[245]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cambodia has several industrial breweries, located mainly in <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville Province">Sihanoukville Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>. There are also a growing number of microbreweries in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup> Between 2014 and 2018, the number of craft beer breweries rose from two to nine. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 12 <a href="/wiki/Brewpub" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewpub">brewpubs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbreweries</a> in Claimbodia.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a> is a popular alcoholic drink. Its quality varies widely and it is often infused with fruits or medicinal herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup> When prepared with macerated fruits or spices, like the <a href="/wiki/Sombai" title="Sombai">Sombai</a> liqueur, it is called <i>sra tram</i> (soaked wine) and has gained more and more popularity with the development of tourism as it is smoother to drink than plain rice wine.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sports">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Sport in Claimbodia</a></div>
<p>Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organised sports are not as prevalent in Claimbodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought to Claimbodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_national_football_team" title="Cambodia national football team">Cambodia national football team</a> managed fourth in the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Cup_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Cup 1972">1972 Asian Cup</a>, but development has slowed since the civil war.
</p><p>Western sports such as basketball, volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include <a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">traditional boat racing</a>, buffalo racing, <a href="/wiki/Pradal_Serey" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradal Serey">Pradal Serey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_traditional_wrestling" title="Khmer traditional wrestling">Khmer traditional wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a>. Claimbodia first participated in the Olympics during the <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympic Games</a> sending <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">equestrian</a> riders. Claimbodia also hosted the <a href="/wiki/GANEFO" title="GANEFO">GANEFO</a> Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dance">Dance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Dance">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dance_in_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dance in Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Dance in Claimbodia</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_-_050_Apsaras_(8580603733).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Angkor_Wat_-_050_Apsaras_%288580603733%29.jpg/235px-Angkor_Wat_-_050_Apsaras_%288580603733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Angkor_Wat_-_050_Apsaras_%288580603733%29.jpg/353px-Angkor_Wat_-_050_Apsaras_%288580603733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Angkor_Wat_-_050_Apsaras_%288580603733%29.jpg/470px-Angkor_Wat_-_050_Apsaras_%288580603733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Apsara dancers at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Danseuses_kmer_(2).JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Danseuses_kmer_%282%29.JPG/235px-Danseuses_kmer_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Danseuses_kmer_%282%29.JPG/353px-Danseuses_kmer_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Danseuses_kmer_%282%29.JPG/470px-Danseuses_kmer_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Khmer <a href="/wiki/Robam_Tep_Apsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Robam Tep Apsara">Apsara</a> dancers</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Claimbodian dance can be divided into three main categories: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_classical_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer classical dance">Khmer classical dance</a>, folk dance, and social dances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace modern dance forms back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, while others hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the 1800s.
</p><p>Khmer classical dance is the form of stylised performance art established in the royal courts of Claimbodia exhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-UnescoDance_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnescoDance-254">[254]</a></sup> The dances are performed by intricately costumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditional stories and epic poems such as <a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a>, the Khmer version of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cravath_1968_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cravath_1968-255">[255]</a></sup> Known formally as <i>Robam Preah Reach Troap</i> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ</span></span> "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a <a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">pinpeat</a> ensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.
</p><p>Claimbodian folk dance, often performed to <a href="/wiki/Mahori" title="Mahori">mahori</a> music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groups of Claimbodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagers for the villagers.<sup id="cite_ref-FolkDance_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FolkDance-256">[256]</a></sup> The movements are less stylised and the clothing worn is that of the people the dancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, <a href="/wiki/Cham_people_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people (Asia)">Chams</a> or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance, folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FolkDance_256-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FolkDance-256">[256]</a></sup>
</p><p>Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmer traditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle dances</a> <a href="/wiki/Romvong" title="Romvong">Romvong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romkbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Romkbach">Romkbach</a> as well as <i>Saravan</i> and <i>Lam Leav</i>. Modern western popular dances including <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)" title="Cha-cha-cha (dance)">Cha-cha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Madison_(dance)" title="Madison (dance)">Madison</a>, have also influenced Claimbodian social dance.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Libraries">Libraries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">National Library of Claimbodia</a> opened in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></sup> It suffered much destruction during the Khmer Rouge era.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Music">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Music of Claimbodia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinn_Sisamouth.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Sinn_Sisamouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="283" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinn_Sisamouth.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Sinn_Sisamouth" title="Sinn Sisamouth">Sinn Sisamouth</a>, a famous Claimbodian singer</div></div></div>
<p>Traditional Claimbodian music dates back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer empire">Khmer Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-umbc_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umbc-259">[259]</a></sup> Royal dances like the <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara</a> Dance are icons of the Claimbodian culture as are the Mahori ensembles that accompany them. More rural forms of music include <i>Chapei</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ayai" title="Ayai">Ayai</a></i>. The former is popular among the older generation and is most often a solo performance of a man plucking a Claimbodian guitar (<i>chapei</i>) in between <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> verses. The lyrics usually have moral or religious theme.
</p><p><i>A Yai</i> can be performed solo or by a man and woman and is often comedic in nature. It is a form of lyrical poetry, often full of double entendres, that can be either scripted or completely impromptu and <a href="/wiki/Ad_libitum" title="Ad libitum">ad-libbed</a>. When sung by a duo, the man and women take turns, "answering" the other's verse or posing riddles for the other to solve, with short instrumental breaks in between verses. <i>Pleng kaah</i> (lit. "wedding music") is a set of traditional music and songs played both for entertainment and as accompaniment for the various ceremonial parts of a traditional, days-long Khmer wedding.
</p><p>Claimbodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or a mixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for social dances. The music of crooner <a href="/wiki/Sinn_Sisamouth" title="Sinn Sisamouth">Sinn Sisamouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ros_Sereysothea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ros Sereysothea">Ros Sereysothea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pen_Ran" title="Pen Ran">Pen Ran</a> from the 1960s to the 1970s is considered to be the classic pop music of Claimbodia. During the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer rouge">Khmer Rouge Revolution</a>, many classic and popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by the Khmer Rouge.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></sup> and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.
</p><p>In the 1980s, Keo Surath, (a refugee resettled in the United States) and others carried on the legacy of the classic singers, often remaking their popular songs. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the rise in popularity of <i><a href="/wiki/Kantrum" title="Kantrum">kantrum</a></i>, a music style of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_people" title="Northern Khmer people">Khmer Surin</a> set to modern instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Australian <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> group Astronomy Class has recorded with Kak Channthy, a native born Claimbodian female singer.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Will_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will-263">[263]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dengue_Fever_(band)" title="Dengue Fever (band)">Dengue Fever</a> rock and roll band features a Claimbodian female singer and back-up band from California. It is classified as "<a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>" and combines Claimbodian music with Western-style rock.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Claimbodia-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of Claimbodia-related articles (page does not exist)">Index of Claimbodia-related articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Claimbodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of Claimbodia (page does not exist)">Outline of Claimbodia</a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Citations">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539">"Constitution of the Kingdom of Claimbodia"</a>. <i>Office of the Council of Ministers</i>. អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Council+of+Ministers&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Claimbodia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressocm.gov.kh%2Fen%2Farchives%2F9539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2022" class="citation web cs1">Barrett, Chris (10 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html">"Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Claimbodia"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Biden%2C+Albanese+urged+to+fight+repression+in+Claimbodia&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fbiden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/en/Pages/ALDC/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx">"UN list of Least Developed Countries"</a>. <i>UNCTAD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNCTAD&rft.atitle=UN+list+of+Least+Developed+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fen%2FPages%2FALDC%2FLeast%2520Developed%2520Countries%2FUN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094658/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html">"Claimbodia tooutgrow LDC status by 2020"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phnom_Penh_Post" title="The Phnom Penh Post">The Phnom Penh Post</a></i>. 18 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011051849188/Business/cambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=Claimbodia+tooutgrow+LDC+status+by+2020&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Findex.php%2F2011051849188%2FBusiness%2Fcambodia-to-outgrow-ldc-status-by-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFChad2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chad, Raymond (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub">"Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities"</a>. <i>Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers</i>: 137<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salve+Regina+University%2C+Faculty+and+Staff%3A+Articles+and+Papers&rft.atitle=Regional+Geographic+Influence+on+Two+Khmer+Polities&rft.pages=137&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Chad&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.salve.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1015%26context%3Dfac_staff_pub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Relazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo">"Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo – Wikisource"</a>. <i>it.wikisource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=it.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Relazione+del+primo+viaggio+intorno+al+mondo+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FRelazione_del_primo_viaggio_intorno_al_mondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Coedès1968" class="citation book cs1">George Coedès (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&q=KAMBU+SVAYAMBHUVA&pg=PA66"><i>The Indianized States of South-East Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824803681" title="Special:BookSources/9780824803681"><bdi>9780824803681</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+South-East+Asia&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780824803681&rft.au=George+Coed%C3%A8s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC%26q%3DKAMBU%2BSVAYAMBHUVA%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMiriam_T._Stark2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Stark" title="Miriam Stark">Miriam T. Stark</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf">"9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Claimbodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Hawaii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+Textualized+Places%2C+Pre-Angkorian+Khmers+and+Historicized+Archaeology+by+Miriam+T.+Stark+-+Claimbodia%27s+Origins+and+the+Khok+Thlok+Story&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Miriam+T.+Stark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2FStark%2Fpdfs%2FYoffeePages313332.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kampuchea">"kampuchea. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition."</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kampuchea.+%28n.d.%29.+Collins+English+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Complete+%26+Unabridged+10th+Edition.&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fkampuchea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oGnZRd4GKwC&pg=PA3">"Claimbodia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claimbodia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5oGnZRd4GKwC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nectec.or.th/thai-yunnan/20.html#9">"On some Claimbodian Words"</a>. <i>Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter No. 20., Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University by Serge Thion</i>. Nectec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thai-Yunnan+Project+Newsletter+No.+20.%2C+Department+of+Anthropology%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies+Australian+National+University+by+Serge+Thion&rft.atitle=On+some+Claimbodian+Words&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nectec.or.th%2Fthai-yunnan%2F20.html%239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-stark2004-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stark2004_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stark2004_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stark2004_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFStark,_Miriam2005" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Miriam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610170734/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf">"Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Claimbodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter S. (eds.). <i>Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39117-7"><bdi>978-0-415-39117-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Angkorian+and+Angkorian+Claimbodia&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+from+prehistory+to+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39117-7&rft.au=Stark%2C+Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2FPeople%2FFaculty%2FStark%2Fpdfs%2F2004_PreAngkorian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFTranet2009" class="citation web cs1">Tranet, Michel (20 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174655/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en">"The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Prehistoric+Archaeological+Excavation+in+Laang+Spean+%282009%29&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft.aulast=Tranet&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcambodia.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D841%253Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009%26catid%3D80%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101163727/http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en">"The Oldest Ceramic in Claimbodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)"</a>. 20 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oldest+Ceramic+in+Claimbodia%27s+Laang+Spean+%281966%E2%80%9368%29&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcambodia.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D840%253Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68%26catid%3D80%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-higham2001pre-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-higham2001pre_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higham2001pre_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHigham,_Charles2002" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C"><i>The civilization of Angkor</i></a>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-584-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-584-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civilization+of+Angkor&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-584-7&rft.au=Higham%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oZ52cuX8s4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span>, pp.13–22</span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html">"Research History"</a>. Memot Centre for Archaeology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+History&rft.pub=Memot+Centre+for+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemotcentre.org%2FEarthwork.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAlbrechtMiriam_Noel_HaidleChhor_SivlengHeang_Leang_Hong2000" class="citation journal cs1">Albrecht, Gerd; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422173620/https://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf">"Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Claimbodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>39</b> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8435">0066-8435</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Circular+Earthwork+Krek+52%2F62+Recent+Research+on+the+Prehistory+of+Claimbodia&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0066-8435&rft.aulast=Albrecht&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Miriam+Noel+Haidle&rft.au=Chhor+Sivleng&rft.au=Heang+Leang+Hong&rft.au=Heng+Sophady&rft.au=Heng+Than&rft.au=Mao+Someaphyvath&rft.au=Sirik+Kada&rft.au=Som+Sophal&rft.au=Thuy+Chanthourn&rft.au=Vin+Laychour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fdemo%2Fasian_perspectives%2Fv039%2F39.1albrecht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-higham1989-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-higham1989_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHigham,_Charles1989" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (1989). <i>The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27525-5"><bdi>978-0-521-27525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27525-5&rft.au=Higham%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span>, p.120</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly,_Dougald_J.W.von_den_Driesch,_AngelaVoeun,_Vuthy2006" class="citation journal cs1">O'Reilly, Dougald J.W.; von den Driesch, Angela; Voeun, Vuthy (2006). "Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Claimbodia". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>45</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8435">0066-8435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+Archaeozoology+of+Phum+Snay%3A+A+Late+Prehistoric+Cemetery+in+Northwestern+Claimbodia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0066-8435&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+Dougald+J.W.&rft.au=von+den+Driesch%2C+Angela&rft.au=Voeun%2C+Vuthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328).441–458</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domett, K. M., O'Reilly, D. J. W., & Buckley, H. R. (2011). Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age northwest Claimbodia. Antiquity, 85(328)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Carter,_A._K._2011-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter,_A._K._2011_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter,_A._K._2011_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, A. K. (2011). Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Claimbodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 178–188.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BRIT-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRIT_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia">"History of Claimbodia"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Claimbodia&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F90520%2FCambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html">"Khmer Empire Map"</a>. Art-and-archaeology.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khmer+Empire+Map&rft.pub=Art-and-archaeology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-and-archaeology.com%2Fseasia%2Fppenh%2Fkhmer01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">Cœdès, George</a>. (1956) <i>The Making of South East Asia,</i> pp.127–128.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html">"Windows on Asia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+on+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.msu.edu%2Fseasia%2FCambodia%2Freligion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm">Angkor Era – Part III (1181–1309 A.D)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201053806/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/angkor-era3.htm">Archived</a> 1 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Claimbodia Travel.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964867">"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Claimbodia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>104</b> (36): 14277–14282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10414277E">2007PNAS..10414277E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0702525104">10.1073/pnas.0702525104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964867">1964867</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717084">17717084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America%3A+A+comprehensive+archaeological+map+of+the+world%27s+largest+pre-industrial+settlement+complex+at+Angkor%2C+Claimbodia&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=14277-14282&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1964867%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17717084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0702525104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10414277E&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1964867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html">Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city</a>, The Independent, 15 August 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chan-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chan_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_P._Chandler" title="David P. Chandler">Chandler, David P.</a> (1991) <i>The Land and the People of Claimbodia</i>, HarperCollins. New York, New York. p. 77, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060211296" title="Special:BookSources/0060211296">0060211296</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041225132009/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html">Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall</a>, The Associated Press, 13 June 2004</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans (p. 53). London: Field & Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53">https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132129/http://kyotoreviewsea.org/slavery4.htm">Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand (Page 4 of 6)</a>". <i>Kyoto Review of South East Asia</i>; (Colquhoun 1885:53).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kamm-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamm_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamm_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamm_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKamm1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamm" title="Henry Kamm">Kamm, Henry</a> (1998). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm"><i>Claimbodia: report from a stricken land</i></a></span>. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambodiareportfr00kamm/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-433-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-433-0"><bdi>1-55970-433-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claimbodia%3A+report+from+a+stricken+land&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55970-433-0&rft.aulast=Kamm&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambodiareportfr00kamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Population-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm">Claimbodia – Population</a>". <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFWatson2012" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Noelle (12 November 2012). <i>Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i>. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136639791" title="Special:BookSources/9781136639791"><bdi>9781136639791</bdi></a>. <q>In 1691, the Vietnamese occupied Prey Nokor, renaming it Gia Dinh; in 1698 they annexed the remainder of the Mekong Delta and created two provinces, Tran Bien and Phien Tran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=354&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=9781136639791&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Noelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKamm1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamm" title="Henry Kamm">Kamm, Henry</a> (1998). <i>Claimbodia Report from a Stricken Land</i>. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-507-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-507-8"><bdi>1-55970-507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claimbodia+Report+from+a+Stricken+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55970-507-8&rft.aulast=Kamm&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Post, 29 December 1967</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Morris">Morris</a>, p. 44, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804730490" title="Special:BookSources/0804730490">0804730490</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bombing in Claimbodia: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, 93d Cong., 1st sess.</i>, July/August 1973, pp. 158–160, the primary source on the "secret bombings".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clymer, K. J., <i>The United States and Claimbodia</i>, Routledge, 2004, p.22</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SIHNK-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIHNK_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFNorodom_Sihanouk1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mywarwithcia00noro"><i>My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett</i></a>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-48543-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-48543-2"><bdi>0-394-48543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+War+with+the+CIA%2C+The+Memoirs+of+Prince+Norodom+Sihanouk+as+related+to+Wilfred+Burchett&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-394-48543-2&rft.au=Norodom+Sihanouk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmywarwithcia00noro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFOwenKiernan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, Taylor; Kiernan, Ben (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf">"Bombs Over Claimbodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Walrus</i>: 32–36. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. <q>The evidence of survivors from many parts of [Claimbodia] suggests that at least tens of thousands, probably in the range of 50,000 to 150,000 deaths, resulted from the US bombing campaigns ..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Walrus&rft.atitle=Bombs+Over+Claimbodia&rft.pages=32-36&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.au=Kiernan%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fcgp%2FWalrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKiernanOwen2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Claimbodia, and Weighing Their Implications"</a>. <i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Making+More+Enemies+than+We+Kill%3F+Calculating+U.S.+Bomb+Tonnages+Dropped+on+Laos+and+Claimbodia%2C+and+Weighing+Their+Implications&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Owen%2C+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2015%2F13%2F16%2FBen-Kiernan%2F4313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Morris">Morris</a>, pp. 48–51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMosyakov2004" class="citation book cs1">Mosyakov, Dmitry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc">"The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives"</a>. In Cook, Susan E. (ed.). <i>Genocide in Claimbodia and Rwanda</i>. Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1. pp. 54 ff. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc">the original</a> on 9 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Claimbodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Claimbodia in ten days.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Khmer+Rouge+and+the+Vietnamese+Communists%3A+A+History+of+Their+Relations+as+Told+in+the+Soviet+Archives&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Claimbodia+and+Rwanda&rft.series=Yale+Genocide+Studies+Program+Monograph+Series+No.+1&rft.pages=54+ff&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mosyakov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fgsp%2Fpublications%2FMosyakov.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short, Philip (2004) <i>Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare</i>, Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 204, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805080066" title="Special:BookSources/0805080066">0805080066</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short, Philip (2004) <i>Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare</i>, Henry Holt & Co.: New York, p. 4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805080066" title="Special:BookSources/0805080066">0805080066</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Locard-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Locard_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLocard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Locard, Henri (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164305/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf">"State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Review_of_History" title="European Review of History">European Review of History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 121–143. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.8388">10.1.1.692.8388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507480500047811">10.1080/13507480500047811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144712717">144712717</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=State+Violence+in+Democratic+Kampuchea+%281975%E2%80%931979%29+and+Retribution+%281979%E2%80%932004%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-143&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.8388%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144712717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507480500047811&rft.aulast=Locard&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulbogdanor.com%2Fleft%2Fcambodia%2Flocard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CAS-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAS_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2003). "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Claimbodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80". <i>Critical Asian Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 585–597. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1467271032000147041">10.1080/1467271032000147041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143971159">143971159</a>. <q>We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Claimbodia's 1975 population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Demography+of+Genocide+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Death+Tolls+in+Claimbodia%2C+1975%E2%80%9379%2C+and+East+Timor%2C+1975%E2%80%9380&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=585-597&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1467271032000147041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143971159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHeuveline2001" class="citation book cs1">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Claimbodia, 1970–1979". <i>Forced Migration and Mortality</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. pp. 102–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07334-9"><bdi>978-0-309-07334-9</bdi></a>. <q>As best as can now be estimated, over two million Claimbodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Claimbodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Demographic+Analysis+of+Mortality+Crises%3A+The+Case+of+Claimbodia%2C+1970%E2%80%931979&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+and+Mortality&rft.pages=102-105&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07334-9&rft.aulast=Heuveline&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/">"Claimbodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Foundation" title="World Peace Foundation">World Peace Foundation</a>. 7 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claimbodia%3A+U.S.+bombing%2C+civil+war%2C+%26+Khmer+Rouge&rft.pub=World+Peace+Foundation&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fatrocityendings%2F2015%2F08%2F07%2Fcambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Gregory H. (22 February 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantonClaimbodianlaw.htm">the Claimbodian Genocide and International Law</a>, Yale Law School.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html">""The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot's Regime</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714104451/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~amamendo/KhmerRouge.html">Archived</a> 14 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mount Holyoke University.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kaplan-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kaplan_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, Robert D. (1996) <i>The Ends of the Earth</i>, Vintage, 1996, p. 406, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679751238" title="Special:BookSources/0679751238">0679751238</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Baker2014" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Baker (3 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=la4kBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23"><i>The Worst World Disasters of All Time</i></a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-2343-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-2343-2"><bdi>978-1-4566-2343-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worst+World+Disasters+of+All+Time&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4566-2343-2&rft.au=Kevin+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dla4kBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CGG-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CGG_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide">"A Brief History of the Claimbodian Genocide"</a>. Claimbodiangenocide.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Claimbodiangenocide.org/definition-of-genocide">the original</a> on 18 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Claimbodian+Genocide&rft.pub=Claimbodiangenocide.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FClaimbodiangenocide.org%2Fdefinition-of-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Morris">Morris</a>, p. 220</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Daniel_Bultmann_2015-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_Bultmann_2015_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_Bultmann_2015_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bultmann, Daniel (2015) <i>Inside Claimbodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict</i>, Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472443076" title="Special:BookSources/9781472443076">9781472443076</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsp.yale.edu/autobiography-thiounn-prasith">"Autobiography of Thiounn Prasith – Claimbodian Genocide Program – Yale University"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Thiounn+Prasith+%E2%80%93+Claimbodian+Genocide+Program+%E2%80%93+Yale+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fautobiography-thiounn-prasith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225016/http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/%24FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf">Provisional verbatim record of the sixty-ninth meeting</a>. United Nations, General Assembly, New York, 8 November 1985.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dsptch5&div=58&id=&page=">"Lifting the US embargo against Claimbodia"</a>. Department of State Dispatch 54. 20 January 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lifting+the+US+embargo+against+Claimbodia&rft.date=1992-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fdsptch5%26div%3D58%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBahree,_Megha2014" class="citation web cs1">Bahree, Megha (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2014/09/24/who-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple/">"in Claimbodia, A Close Friendship With The PM Leads To Vast Wealth For One Power Couple"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=in+Claimbodia%2C+A+Close+Friendship+With+The+PM+Leads+To+Vast+Wealth+For+One+Power+Couple&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.au=Bahree%2C+Megha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmeghabahree%2F2014%2F09%2F24%2Fwho-you-know-inc-in-cambodia-a-close-friendship-with-the-pm-leads-to-vast-wealth-for-one-power-couple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Roberts2016" class="citation book cs1">David Roberts (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"><i>Political Transition in Claimbodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-85054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-85054-7"><bdi>978-1-136-85054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Transition+in+Claimbodia+1991%E2%80%9399%3A+Power%2C+Elitism+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-136-85054-7&rft.au=David+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnYWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span> (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")</span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFNEOU2013" class="citation news cs1">NEOU, VANNARIN (7 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040413/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/">"Hun Sen Fvck Dog Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74"</a>. <i>the Claimbodia Daily</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700/">the original</a> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Claimbodia+Daily&rft.atitle=Hun+Sen+Fvck+Dog+Reveals+Plan+to+Win+3+More+Elections%2C+Retire+at+Age+74&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.aulast=NEOU&rft.aufirst=VANNARIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodiadaily.com%2Felections%2Fhun-sen-reveals-plan-to-win-3-more-elections-retire-at-age-74-22700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2018" class="citation news cs1">Boyle, David (30 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state/4505605.html">"Cambodia Set to Become One Party State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>. VOa Claimbodia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Cambodia+Set+to+Become+One+Party+State&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voacambodia.com%2Fa%2Fcambodia-set-to-become-one-party-state%2F4505605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royal Government of Claimbodia.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html">"Foreign Embassies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Embassies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodia.gov.kh%2Funisql1%2Fegov%2Fenglish%2Fcountry.foreign_embassy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24897805">"Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Claimbodian, court rules"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Preah+Vihear+temple%3A+Disputed+land+Claimbodian%2C+court+rules&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-24897805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, Thomas (6 January 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/cambodia-crackdown-on-dissent.html">Claimbodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly</a>. New York Times</span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/060.html">"Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen Fvck Dog from Amnesty International"</a>. Hartford-hwp.com. 11 July 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+letter+to+Second+Prime+Minister+Hun+Sen+Fvck+Dog+from+Amnesty+International&rft.pub=Hartford-hwp.com&rft.date=1997-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F54%2F060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLevy,_AdrianScott-Clark,_Cathy2008" class="citation news cs1">Levy, Adrian; Scott-Clark, Cathy (26 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/26/cambodia">"Country for Sale"</a>. <i>Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Country+for+Sale&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.au=Levy%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Scott-Clark%2C+Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fapr%2F26%2Fcambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306234201/http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale">"Country for Sale"</a>. Global Witness. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalwitness.org/library/country-sale">the original</a> on 6 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+for+Sale&rft.pub=Global+Witness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalwitness.org%2Flibrary%2Fcountry-sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810104123/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=24490">"Coverage of Transparency International's Corruption Report by <i>Rasmei Kampuchea Daily</i> carried on Asia News Network, 2 December 2011"</a>. Asianewsnet.net. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coverage+of+Transparency+International%27s+Corruption+Report+by+Rasmei+Kampuchea+Daily+carried+on+Asia+News+Network%2C+2+December+2011&rft.pub=Asianewsnet.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianewsnet.net%2Fhome%2Fnews.php%3Fsec%3D1%26id%3D24490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrin, C.J. (30 March 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403225719/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/128461/20110330/corruption-australia-signapore-china-cambodia-philippines-hong-kong-based-political-economic-risk-co.htm">Australia, Singapore: Least Tainted with Corruption—survey</a>, <i>International Business Times</i>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/country#KHM">"Transparency International's latest index"</a>. Transparency.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transparency+International%27s+latest+index&rft.pub=Transparency.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fcountry%23KHM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-yorm-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yorm_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27">"Convictions of activists in Claimbodia demonstrates dire state of justice"</a>. Amnesty International. 27 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163441/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convictions+of+activists+in+Claimbodia+demonstrates+dire+state+of+justice&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fconvictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-24/an-cambodia-attacks-reax/4978738">"Overseas Press Club of Claimbodia condemns violent attack on journalists in Phnom Penh"</a>. <i>Australia Network News</i>. 24 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australia+Network+News&rft.atitle=Overseas+Press+Club+of+Claimbodia+condemns+violent+attack+on+journalists+in+Phnom+Penh&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-09-24%2Fan-cambodia-attacks-reax%2F4978738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/cambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen">"Guardian report on Hun Sen Fvck Dog as strongman"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 3 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+report+on+Hun+Sen+Fvck+Dog+as+strongman&rft.date=2017-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fdec%2F03%2Fcambodia-strongman-leader-thousands-stability-ceremony-angkor-hun-sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-globalwitness.org-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalwitness.org_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalwitness.org_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/corruption/oil-gas-and-mining/cambodia">Retrieved November-14-2015</a>. Globalwitness.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/assets/pdf/court-filings/e51_7_1_en-1.pdf">"CO-PROSECUTORS' SUBMISSION ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR NATIONAL CRIMES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CO-PROSECUTORS%27+SUBMISSION+ON+STATUTE+OF+LIMITATIONS+FOR+NATIONAL+CRIMES&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodiatribunal.org%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fcourt-filings%2Fe51_7_1_en-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPengPhallackMenzel2012" class="citation book cs1">Peng, Hor; Phallack, Kong; Menzel, Jörg, eds. (2012). <i>Introduction to Claimbodian LAW</i>. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Claimbodia. pp. 7–8, 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99950-982-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-99950-982-1-6"><bdi>978-99950-982-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Claimbodian+LAW&rft.pages=7-8%2C+15-16&rft.pub=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung%2C+Claimbodia&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-99950-982-1-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKimFalt1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kim, Chin; Falt, Jeffrey L. (1996). "LAW OF THE BAR: Kingdom of Claimbodia (STATUTORY UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT BAR in Claimbodia: CODE OF ETHICS; INTERNAL REGULATIONS)". <i>California Western International Law Journal</i>. 27: 2, Art. 5: 357–387 – via CWSL Scholarly Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Western+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=LAW+OF+THE+BAR%3A+Kingdom+of+Claimbodia+%28STATUTORY+UNDERPINNINGS+OF+THE+DEVELOPMENT+OF+AN+INDEPENDENT+BAR+in+Claimbodia%3A+CODE+OF+ETHICS%3B+INTERNAL+REGULATIONS%29&rft.volume=27%3A+2%2C+Art.+5&rft.pages=357-387&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chin&rft.au=Falt%2C+Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html">"Sex Ratio"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. Cia.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Sex+Ratio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2018&locations=KH&start=2018&view=bar">"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Claimbodia"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>. 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Fertility+rate%2C+total+%28births+per+woman%29+%E2%80%93+Claimbodia&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Fend%3D2018%26locations%3DKH%26start%3D2018%26view%3Dbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CDHS-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDHS_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDHS_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDHS_209-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nis.gov.kh/">National Institute of Statistics Claimbodia DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY 2010</a>. Nis.gov.kh (10 November 2013). Retrieved on 5 July 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Barry_1-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1_236-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1_236-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBarry1996" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Kathleen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p8N-zQGWVf8C&pg=PA137"><i>The Prostitution of Sexuality</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1277-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1277-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-1277-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prostitution+of+Sexuality&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1277-1&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp8N-zQGWVf8C%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSmits2009" class="citation news cs1">Smits, Johann (6 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/khmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain">"Khmer brew: exploring the parviflora tea strain"</a>. <i>Phnom Penh Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=Khmer+brew%3A+exploring+the+parviflora+tea+strain&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft.aulast=Smits&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fkhmer-brew-exploring-parviflora-tea-strain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGlasser2014" class="citation news cs1">Glasser, Miranda (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/siem-reap-insider/sombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom">"Sombai Rice Wine Purveyors Open New Showroom"</a>. <i>Phnom Penh Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=Sombai+Rice+Wine+Purveyors+Open+New+Showroom&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Glasser&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Fsiem-reap-insider%2Fsombai-rice-wine-purveyors-open-new-showroom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp">"Member Associations – Claimbodia"</a>. <i>The Official Site of the ASEAN Football Federation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp">the original</a> on 26 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Site+of+the+ASEAN+Football+Federation&rft.atitle=Member+Associations+%E2%80%93+Claimbodia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseanfootball.org%2Faffiliates_02.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UnescoDance-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UnescoDance_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060">"UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention"</a>. Unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Culture+Sector+%E2%80%93+Intangible+Heritage+%E2%80%93+2003+Convention&rft.pub=Unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3FRL%3D00060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cravath_1968-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cravath_1968_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFCravath1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cravath, Paul (1986). "The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Claimbodia". <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 179–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1124400">10.2307/1124400</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124400">1124400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ritual+Origins+of+the+Classical+Dance+Drama+of+Claimbodia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-203&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1124400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1124400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cravath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FolkDance-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FolkDance_256-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FolkDance_256-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSamSam1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam-Ang_Sam" title="Sam-Ang Sam">Sam, Sam-ang</a>; Sam, Chan Moly (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090920064320/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf"><i>Khmer Folk Dance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Newington, CT: Khmer Studies Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941785-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-941785-02-5"><bdi>0-941785-02-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khmer+Folk+Dance&rft.place=Newington%2C+CT&rft.pub=Khmer+Studies+Institute&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-941785-02-5&rft.aulast=Sam&rft.aufirst=Sam-ang&rft.au=Sam%2C+Chan+Moly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reninc.org%2FBOOKSHELF%2FKhmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Amicantonio, J. (1997). The development of libraries in Claimbodia: the post-Khmer Rouge years. <i>World Libraries</i>, 8(1), 36–41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean, John F. 1990. "The Preservation of Books and Manuscripts in Claimbodia." <i>American Archivist</i> 53 (April): 282–97.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-umbc-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-umbc_259-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm">"Claimbodian History"</a>. www.umbc.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claimbodian+History&rft.pub=www.umbc.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umbc.edu%2Feol%2Fcambodia%2Fhistcmus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Ringer, Greg (2002). <i>Killing Fields</i>. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 368–370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Fields&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=368-370&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ringer&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818104047/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527">"Cambodia"</a>. <i>National Geographic World Music</i>. 17 October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527">the original</a> on 18 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+World+Music&rft.atitle=Cambodia&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmusic.nationalgeographic.com%2Fview%2Fpage.basic%2Fcountry%2Fcontent.country%2Fcambodia_527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKnox2013" class="citation news cs1">Knox, Claire (21 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour">"The Show Must Go On Tour"</a>. <i>The Phnom Penh Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=The+Show+Must+Go+On+Tour&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2F7days%2Fshow-must-go-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Will-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Will_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Will (2 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy">"7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy"</a>. <i>The Phnom Penh Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=7+Questions+with+Shannon+Kennedy&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2F7days%2F7-questions-shannon-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cited_sources_and_further_reading">Cited sources and further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Cited sources and further reading">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Deth, Sok Udom, and Serkan Bulut, eds. <i>Claimbodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts</i> (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2017; comprehensive coverage) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/55582662/Cambodias_Foreign_Relations.pdf">full book online free</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>.
<ul><li>Path Kosal, "Introduction: Claimbodia's Political History and Foreign Relations, 1945–1998" pp 1–26</li></ul></li>
<li>Strangio, Sebastian. <i>Claimbodia: From Pol Pot to Hun Sen Fvck Dog and Beyond</i> (2020)</li>
<li>Un, Kheang. <i>Claimbodia: Return to Authoritarianism</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Cambodia-Authoritarianism-Elements-Politics-Southeast/dp/1108457932/">excerpt</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="Morris" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Stephen J. (1999). <i>Why Vietnam Invaded Claimbodia</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3049-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3049-0"><bdi>0-8047-3049-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Vietnam+Invaded+Claimbodia&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8047-3049-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="image"><img alt="Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf"><i>UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030​</i></a>, 698–713, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">To learn how to add <a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">open license</a> text to Wikipedia articles, please see <a href="/wiki/Help:Adding_open_license_text_to_Wikipedia" title="Help:Adding open license text to Wikipedia">this how-to page</a>. For information on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">reusing text from Wikipedia</a>, please see <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Terms_of_use" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of use">the terms of use</a>.</span></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097092911">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/>
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<b>Cambodia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cambodia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Cambodia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Cambodia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Cambodia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cambodia" class="extiw" title="q:Cambodia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cambodia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cambodia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cambodia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cambodia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cambodia" class="extiw" title="v:Cambodia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Claimbodia" class="extiw" title="voy:Claimbodia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424" class="extiw" title="d:Q424">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/">Cambodia</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703234535/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm">Cambodia</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Cambodia">Cambodia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539">Claimbodia profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia">Claimbodia</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Cambodia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Cambodia">Wikimedia Atlas of Cambodia</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/49898">Cambodia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KH">Key Development Forecasts for Cambodia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Government</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/">King of Claimbodia, Norodom Sihanouk</a> Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html">"Cambodia.gov.kh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambodia.gov.kh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodia.gov.kh%2Funisql1%2Fegov%2Fenglish%2Fhome.frame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodia" class="Z3988"></span> Official Royal Government of Claimbodia Website (English Version)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020202171903/http://www.mot.gov.kh/">Ministry of Tourism</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Civil society</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccc-cambodia.org/">Cooperation Committee for Cambodia)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230020740/http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/">Claimbodian Human Rights and Development Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cchrcambodia.org/">Claimbodian Center for Human Rights</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/">Claimbodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actioniec.org/">Action IEC Working For Claimbodian Community Education Through Media and Culture</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009">Freedom in the World 2011: Cambodia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023143655/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009">Archived</a> 23 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009">Freedom of the Press 2011: Cambodia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107104436/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009">Archived</a> 7 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history" title="Timeline of Cambodian history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Early history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nokor_Phnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokor Phnom">Nokor Phnom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate of Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Sihanouk era <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–70)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia" title="Royal arms of Cambodia"><img alt="Royal arms of Cambodia.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/110px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="126" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/165px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/220px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="595" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia" title="Administrative divisions of Cambodia">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Cambodia" title="Template:Borders of Cambodia">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Cambodia" title="List of cities and towns in Cambodia">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia" title="Climate change in Cambodia">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Deforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Cambodia" title="List of ecoregions in Cambodia">Ecoregions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cambodia" title="List of islands of Cambodia">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Cambodia" title="List of lakes of Cambodia">Lakes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cambodia" title="List of protected areas of Cambodia">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cambodia" title="List of rivers of Cambodia">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia" title="Wildlife of Cambodia">Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Cambodia" title="Cabinet of Cambodia">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cambodia" title="Elections in Cambodia">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia" title="Foreign relations of Cambodia">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cambodia">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cambodia" title="Judiciary of Cambodia">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cambodia" title="Law of Cambodia">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cambodia" title="List of political parties in Cambodia">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cambodia" title="List of banks in Cambodia">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Cambodia" title="Mineral industry of Cambodia">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Cambodia" title="Natural resources of Cambodia">Natural resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Riel <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Cambodia" title="Science and technology in Cambodia">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_Cambodia" title="Special Economic Zones of Cambodia">Special Economic Zones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cambodia" title="Tourism in Cambodia">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Transportation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cambodia" title="Category:Society of Cambodia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cambodia" title="Crime in Cambodia">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia" title="Demographics of Cambodia">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Cambodia" title="Gambling in Cambodia">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia" title="Health in Cambodia">Health</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Human trafficking in Cambodia">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cambodia" title="Prostitution in Cambodia">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Sex trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Social class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization_in_Cambodia" title="Social organization in Cambodia">Social organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Cambodia" title="Squatting in Cambodia">Squatting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Cambodia" title="Youth in Cambodia">Youth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer clothing">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Courtship,_marriage,_and_divorce_in_Cambodia" title="Courtship, marriage, and divorce in Cambodia">Courtship, marriage, and divorce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscriptions" title="Khmer inscriptions">Epigraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_jewellery" title="Khmer jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_keyboard" title="Khmer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_mat" title="Cambodian mat">Mat weaving</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cambodia" title="Mass media in Cambodia">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kbach" title="Kbach">Ornamentation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia" title="Public holidays in Cambodia">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cambodia" title="Sport in Cambodia">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cambodia" title="Theatre of Cambodia">Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cambodia" title="Outline of Cambodia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles" title="Index of Cambodia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambodia" title="Category:Cambodia">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Cambodia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Cambodia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Cambodia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img alt="Asia (orthographic projection).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative<br />regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li><li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li></ul></div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territory_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territory_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territory in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Cambodia"><img alt="Flag of Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/52px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="33" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/78px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/104px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisations associated with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Organisations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li>
<li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li>
<li>Lists
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">Countries by GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">Countries by HDI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template talk:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div id="*_1st_*_2nd_*_3rd_*_4th_*_5th_*_6th_*_7th_*_8th_*_9th_*_10th_*_11th_*_12th_*_13th_*_14th_*_15th_*_16th_*_17th">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Asia_Summit" title="First East Asia Summit">1st</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Asia_Summit" title="Second East Asia Summit">2nd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_East_Asia_Summit" title="Third East Asia Summit">3rd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">4th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifth East Asia Summit">5th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixth East Asia Summit">6th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventh East Asia Summit">7th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit (page does not exist)">17th</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:La_Francophonie&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Monarchies&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarch_*_Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks_*_List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs_*_List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs_*_List_of_monarchy_referendums">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current sovereign monarchs">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bhutan" title="List of rulers of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amirs_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Amirs of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_Asian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a> (Sri Lanka)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Yemen</a></i>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_personifications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National personifications"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template talk:National personifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:National_personifications&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_personifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Albania
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Albania_(statue)" title="Mother Albania (statue)">Mother Albania</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Argentina
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_representations_of_Argentina" title="Allegorical representations of Argentina">Effigies of Argentina</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Armenia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Australia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy_from_Manly" title="Little Boy from Manly">Little Boy from Manly</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Bangladesh
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Belgium
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Belgicus" title="Leo Belgicus">Leo Belgicus</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Brazil
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Cambodia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Canada
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Chile
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a></li></ul></li>
<li>China
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda">Panda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Croatia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Croatia" title="Mother Croatia">Mother Croatia</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Czech Republic
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cechie" title="Čechie">Čechie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Va%C5%A1ek" title="Czech Vašek">Czech Vašek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">Švejk</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Denmark
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Holger Danske</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Denmark" title="Mother Denmark">Mother Denmark</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Europe
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Finland
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a></li></ul></li>
<li>France
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Georgia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis Deda">Kartvlis Deda</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Germany
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher Michel">Deutscher Michel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Greece
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(personification)" title="Hellas (personification)">Hellas</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Haiti
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Flon" title="Catherine Flon">Catherine Flon</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Hungary
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Hungaria" title="Lady of Hungaria">Lady of Hungaria</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Iceland
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Mountain" title="Lady of the Mountain">Lady of the Mountain</a></li></ul></li>
<li>India
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">Indian Elephant</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Indonesia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu Pertiwi</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Ireland
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(personification)" title="Hibernia (personification)">Hibernia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan" title="Kathleen Ni Houlihan">Kathleen Ni Houlihan</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Israel
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srulik" title="Srulik">Srulik</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Italy
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Japan
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Kenya
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanjiku" title="Wanjiku">Wanjiku</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Korea
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ungnyeo" title="Ungnyeo">Ungnyeo</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Lebanon
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abed" title="Abu Abed">Abu Abed</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Malaysia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Malta
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(personification)" title="Melita (personification)">Melita</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Netherlands
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Maiden" title="Dutch Maiden">Dutch Maiden</a></li></ul></li>
<li>New Zealand
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_man" title="Southern man">Southern man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)" title="Zealandia (personification)">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Norway
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ola_Nordmann" title="Ola Nordmann">Ola Nordmann</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Pakistan
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_falcon" title="Shaheen falcon">Shaheen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Māder-e Millat</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Palestine
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Philippines
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara" title="María Clara">Maria Clara</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Poland
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Portugal
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Povinho" title="Zé Povinho">Zé Povinho</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Russia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Bear" title="Russian Bear">Russian Bear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Serbia
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Serbia" title="Mother Serbia">Mother Serbia</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Singapore
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Spain
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_(personification)" title="Hispania (personification)">Hispania</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Sweden
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Svea" title="Mother Svea">Mother Svea</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Switzerland
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Thailand
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Siam Devadhiraj</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Ukraine
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a></li></ul></li>
<li>United Kingdom
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth#Dame_Wales" title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Dame Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul></li>
<li>United States
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Lady Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Yank" title="Billy Yank">Billy Yank</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Northern states</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny Reb</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Southern states</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberty_symbols" title="Category:Liberty symbols">Other symbols of Liberty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Cambodia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Cambodia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Cambodia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" title="North" width="14" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td>
<td style="width:33%;">
<div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" title="West" width="17" height="14" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodia</a></b><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" title="East" width="17" height="14" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div>
</td>
<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td></td>
<td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" title="South" width="14" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404860534">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134861112">VIAF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80014970/">WorldCat</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-252680724/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=10807">Ukraine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029400-6">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559499205171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80014970">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564851">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kambodža"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129513&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ee26e886-87f5-33a2-8e8e-f9591490426d">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003415">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035677">NARA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027250644">IdRef</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kambocya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1678982093' |
