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{{main article|Zionism as settler colonialism|Palestinian genocide accusation}}
[[Zionism]] has been described by some scholars as a form of [[settler colonialism]] in relation to the [[Palestine (region)|region of Palestine]] and the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. This academic paradigm has also been adopted by leftist groups and individuals engaged in [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Israel]] campus activism including protests.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=2024-01-22 |title=What Is ‘Settler Colonialism’? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/arts/what-is-settler-colonialism.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=2023-12-10 |title=Who’s a ‘Colonizer’? How an Old Word Became a New Weapon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/europe/colonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=2023-10-26 |title=Campus Radicals and Leftist Groups Have Embraced the Idea of ‘Settler Colonialism’ |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/campus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> However, this notion has received significant criticism from scholars, and is rejected by most Jews for denying the historical Jewish connection to Palestine as well as other reasons.<ref name="Troen" /><ref name=":24" /><ref name=":13" />
Many of the founding fathers of [[Zionism]] themselves described the project as colonialism, such as [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky|Vladimir Jabotinsky]], who said "Zionism is a colonization adventure."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zbb81ZuVCkC |title=Zionism: The Real Enemy of the Jews, Volume 1: The False Messiah |date=2010-08-13 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-0-932863-78-2 |language=en |quote=A voluntary reconciliation with the Arabs is out of the question either now or in the future. If you wish to colonize a land in which people are already living, you must provide a garrison for the land, or find some rich man or benefactor who will provide a garrison on your behalf. Or else-or else, give up your colonization, for without an armed force which will render physically impossible any attempt to destroy or prevent this colonization, colonization is impossible, not difficult, not dangerous, but IMPOSSIBLE!... Zionism is a colonization adventure and therefore it stands or falls by the question of armed force. It is important... to speak Hebrew, but, unfortunately, it is even more important to be able to shoot – or else I am through with playing at colonizing.}}</ref><ref name="IWprimary">{{cite web |last=Jabotinsky |first=Ze'ev |date=4 November 1923 |title=The Iron Wall |url=http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf |quote="Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed...Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population."}}</ref> Founder of the [[World Zionist Organization]], [[Theodor Herzl]], described the Zionist project as "something colonial" in a letter to [[Cecil Rhodes]] in 1902.<ref>{{cite book |title=Theodor Herzl: From Europe to Zion |date=2012 |publisher=De Gruyter |pages=100–101}}</ref> The [[Israel|State of Israel]] has been [[Palestinian genocide accusation|accused of carrying out genocide]] against [[Palestinians]] during the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] since its inception within a [[Zionism as settler colonialism|settler colonial]] context.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Short |first=Damien |date=December 2012 |title=Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258433114 |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights}}</ref> Events such as the 1948 [[Nakba]], the 1982 [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]], the 2005–present [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], the [[2014 Gaza War]], and the 2023–2024 [[Israel–Hamas war]] have been used as examples of evidence for a genocide committed by Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2016 |title=The Genocide of the Palestinian People: An International Law and Human Rights Perspective |url=https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/10/Background%20on%20the%20term%20genocide%20in%20Israel%20Palestine%20Context.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102093049/https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/10/Background%20on%20the%20term%20genocide%20in%20Israel%20Palestine%20Context.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Center for Constitutional Rights}}</ref> Statements made by Israeli officials have also been described by genocide scholars as dehumanizing the population of Gaza and used as evidence for "genocidal intent."<ref name="Bartov">{{cite news |last=Bartov |first=Omer |date=10 November 2023 |title=Opinion {{!}} What I Believe as a Historian of Genocide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/opinion/israel-gaza-genocide-war.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218055737/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/opinion/israel-gaza-genocide-war.html |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>▼
▲Many of the founding fathers of [[Zionism]] themselves described the project as colonialism, such as [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky|Vladimir Jabotinsky]], who said "Zionism is a colonization adventure."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zbb81ZuVCkC |title=Zionism: The Real Enemy of the Jews, Volume 1: The False Messiah |date=2010-08-13 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-0-932863-78-2 |language=en |quote=A voluntary reconciliation with the Arabs is out of the question either now or in the future. If you wish to colonize a land in which people are already living, you must provide a garrison for the land, or find some rich man or benefactor who will provide a garrison on your behalf. Or else-or else, give up your colonization, for without an armed force which will render physically impossible any attempt to destroy or prevent this colonization, colonization is impossible, not difficult, not dangerous, but IMPOSSIBLE!... Zionism is a colonization adventure and therefore it stands or falls by the question of armed force. It is important... to speak Hebrew, but, unfortunately, it is even more important to be able to shoot – or else I am through with playing at colonizing.}}</ref><ref name="IWprimary">{{cite web |last=Jabotinsky |first=Ze'ev |date=4 November 1923 |title=The Iron Wall |url=http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf |quote="Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed...Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population."}}</ref> Founder of the [[World Zionist Organization]], [[Theodor Herzl]], described the Zionist project as "something colonial" in a letter to [[Cecil Rhodes]] in 1902.<ref>{{cite book |title=Theodor Herzl: From Europe to Zion |date=2012 |publisher=De Gruyter |pages=100–101
In 1967, the French historian [[Maxime Rodinson]] wrote an article later translated and published in English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?''<ref>Rodinson, Maxime. "Israel, fait colonial?" ''Les Temps Moderne'', 1967. Republished in English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?'', New York, Monad Press, 1973.</ref> [[Lorenzo Veracini]] describes [[Israel]] as a colonial state and writes that Jewish settlers could expel the British in 1948 only because they had their own colonial relationships inside and outside Israel's new borders.<ref>"Israel could celebrate its anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly [http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm because it was able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948."] Lorenzo Veracini, Borderlands, vol 6 No 2, 2007.</ref> Veracini believes the possibility of an Israeli disengagement is always latent and this relationship could be severed, through an "[[One state solution|accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state]]".<ref>Veracini, Lorenzo, "Israel and Settler Society", London: Pluto Press. 2006.</ref> Other commentators, such as [[Daiva Stasiulis]], [[Nira Yuval-Davis]],<ref>[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Unsettling-Settler-Societies/Daiva-K-Stasiulis/e/9780803986947 Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class, Vol. 11], Nira Yuval-Davis (Editor), Daiva K Stasiulis (Editor), Paperback 352pp, {{ISBN|978-0-8039-8694-7}}, August 1995 SAGE Publications.</ref> and [[Joseph Massad]] in the "Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question"<ref>"Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question", Routledge, NY, (2006) and "The Pre-Occupation of Post-Colonial Studies" ed. Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Rahita Seshadri. (Durham: Duke University Press)</ref> have included Israel in their global analysis of settler societies. [[Ilan Pappé]] describes [[Zionism]] and Israel in similar terms.<ref>[http://kingsreview.co.uk/articles/the-palestinian-enclaves-struggle-an-interview-with-ilan-pappe/ The Palestinian Enclaves Struggle: An Interview with Ilan Pappé], King's Review – Magazine</ref><ref>Video: [https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2017/04/05/ilan-pappe-on-viewing-israel-palestine-through-the-lens-of-settler-colonialism/ Decolonizing Israel. Ilan Pappé on Viewing Israel-Palestine Through the Lens of Settler-Colonialism]. [[Antiwar.com]], 5 April 2017</ref> Scholar Amal Jamal, from [[Tel Aviv University]], has stated, "Israel was created by a settler-colonial movement of Jewish immigrants".<ref>{{cite book|author=Amal Jamal|title=Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel: The Politics of Indigeneity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLCpqnsoLQC&pg=PA48|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-82412-8|page=48}}</ref>▼
▲In 1967, the French historian [[Maxime Rodinson]] wrote an article later translated and published in English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?''<ref>Rodinson, Maxime. "Israel, fait colonial?" ''Les Temps Moderne'', 1967. Republished in English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?'', New York, Monad Press, 1973.</ref> [[Lorenzo Veracini]] describes [[Israel]] as a colonial state and writes that Jewish settlers could expel the British in 1948 only because they had their own colonial relationships inside and outside Israel's new borders.<ref>"Israel could celebrate its anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly [http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm because it was able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948."] Lorenzo Veracini, Borderlands, vol 6 No 2, 2007.</ref> Veracini believes the possibility of an Israeli disengagement is always latent and this relationship could be severed, through an "[[One state solution|accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state]]".<ref>Veracini, Lorenzo, "Israel and Settler Society", London: Pluto Press. 2006.</ref> Other commentators, such as [[Daiva Stasiulis]], [[Nira Yuval-Davis]],<ref>[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Unsettling-Settler-Societies/Daiva-K-Stasiulis/e/9780803986947 Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class, Vol. 11], Nira Yuval-Davis (Editor), Daiva K Stasiulis (Editor), Paperback 352pp, {{ISBN|978-0-8039-8694-7}}, August 1995 SAGE Publications.</ref> and [[Joseph Massad]] in the "Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question"<ref>"Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question", Routledge, NY, (2006) and "The Pre-Occupation of Post-Colonial Studies" ed. Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Rahita Seshadri. (Durham: Duke University Press)</ref> have included Israel in their global analysis of settler societies. [[Ilan Pappé]] describes [[Zionism]] and Israel in similar terms.<ref>[http://kingsreview.co.uk/articles/the-palestinian-enclaves-struggle-an-interview-with-ilan-pappe/ The Palestinian Enclaves Struggle: An Interview with Ilan Pappé], King's Review – Magazine</ref><ref>Video: [https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2017/04/05/ilan-pappe-on-viewing-israel-palestine-through-the-lens-of-settler-colonialism/ Decolonizing Israel. Ilan Pappé on Viewing Israel-Palestine Through the Lens of Settler-Colonialism]. [[Antiwar.com]], 5 April 2017</ref> Scholar Amal Jamal, from [[Tel Aviv University]], has stated, "Israel was created by a settler-colonial movement of Jewish immigrants".<ref>{{cite book|author=Amal Jamal|title=Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel: The Politics of Indigeneity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLCpqnsoLQC&pg=PA48|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-82412-8|page=48}}</ref> Damien Short has accused Israel of [[Palestinian genocide accusation|carrying out genocide]] against [[Palestinians]] during the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] since its inception within a [[Zionism as settler colonialism|settler colonial]] context.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Short |first=Damien |date=December 2012 |title=Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258433114 |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights}}</ref>
Writing in the 1990s, the Australian historian [[Patrick Wolfe]] is credited with originating the field.<ref name="Kauanui" /> He theorized settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) premised on the elimination rather than exploitation of the native population, thus distinguishing it from classical colonialism. Wolfe argued that settler colonialism was centered on the control of land, that it continued after the closing of the frontier, and that continued to exist today, classifying [[Zionism as settler colonialism|Israel as a modern form of settler colonialism]].<ref name=":2" /> His approach was defining for the field, but has been challenged by other scholars on the basis that many situations involve a combination of elimination and exploitation.<ref name="Englert" />
Critics of the paradigm argue that Zionism does not fit the traditional framework of colonialism. [[S. Ilan Troen]] views Zionism as the return of an indigenous population to its historic homeland, distinct from imperial expansion.<ref name="Troen3">{{cite journal |last1=Troen |first1=S. Ilan |year=2007 |title=De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=872–884 |doi=10.1080/13537120701445372 |s2cid=216148316}}</ref> [[Yuval Shany]] calls the colonial label a "significant category error," as it involves "two [[indigenous peoples]]."<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=2023-12-10 |title=Who’s a ‘Colonizer’? How an Old Word Became a New Weapon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/europe/colonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Jeffrey C. Alexander]] notes that the association of Israel with colonialism improperly aligns Jews with European colonizers.<ref name=":13" /> [[Roger Cohen]] highlights Jews' lack of a "[[metropole]]" and Israel's diverse society.<ref name=":13" /> [[Benny Morris]] argues that Zionism sought sovereignty over historically Jewish land without serving an imperial power or exploiting resources.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Benny |date=Spring 2020 |title=The War on History |url=https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/7210/the-war-on-history/# |work=Jewish Review of Books}}</ref> [[Tom Segev]] argues that colonialism is not central to the Zionist experience, emphasizing instead a historical vision for Jewish identity in the ancient homeland, and noting that most Jews arrived in the region as refugees.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=2024-01-22 |title=What Is ‘Settler Colonialism’? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/arts/what-is-settler-colonialism.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Most Jews oppose the paradigm, saying it denies their [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|historical connection to the land]] and aspirations for [[self-determination]].<ref name="Troen3" /><ref name=":24" /> Moses Lissak asserted that the settler-colonial thesis denies the idea that Zionism is the modern [[Nationalism|national movement]] of the [[Jews|Jewish people]], seeking to reestablish a Jewish political entity in their historical territory. Zionism, Lissak argues, was both a national movement and a settlement movement at the same time, so it was not, by definition, a colonial settlement movement.<ref name=":22">Moshe Lissak, "'Critical' Sociology and 'Establishment' Sociology in the Israeli Academic Community: Ideological Struggles or Academic Discourse?" ''Israel Studies'' 1:1 (1996), 247-294.</ref>
==== Russia and the Soviet Union ====
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