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The [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke]] [[petrol engine|petrol]] (gasoline) [[internal combustion engine]] that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by [[Nikolaus Otto]]. The similar four-stroke [[diesel engine]] was invented by [[Rudolf Diesel]]. The hydrogen [[fuel cell]], one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by [[Christian Friedrich Schönbein]] in 1838. The battery [[electric car]] owes its beginnings to [[Ányos Jedlik]], one of the inventors of the [[electric motor]], and [[Gaston Planté]], who invented the [[lead-acid battery]] in 1859.{{citation needed|reason=for the entire paragraph|date=June 2011}}
In 1885, [[Karl Benz]] developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile.<ref>[http://home.arcor.de/carsten.popp/DE_00037435_A.pdf DRP's patent No. 37435] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045616/http://home.arcor.de/carsten.popp/DE_00037435_A.pdf |date=4 February 2012 }} ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 561 kB), (in German)</ref> This is also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} cylinder two stroke engine.
After producing and selling the [[Ford Model A (1903)|Model A]] in 1903, [[Ford Motor Company]]'s [[Ford Model T|Model T]] became the first mass-produced automobile in 1908, focusing on affordability for the average consumer. By 1927 Ford produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles and only then developed the [[Ford Model A (1927-31)|Model A]].
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About 1870, in [[Vienna]], Austria (then the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]]), inventor [[Siegfried Marcus]] put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline. Today, this car is known as "the first Marcus car". In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage [[ignition system]] of the [[ignition magneto|magneto]] type; this was his only automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-[[car seat|seat]] "second Marcus car" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the "rotating-brush [[carburetor]]", made the second car's design very innovative. His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna. During his lifetime he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II. Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed, giving credit instead to Karl Benz.<ref>[https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/automotive/siegfried-marcus]</ref>
It is generally acknowledged{{according to whom|date=April 2016}} that the first really practical automobiles with [[petrol engine|petrol/gasoline-powered]] internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in [[Mannheim]]. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886,<ref>[[Reichspatent 37435]] [http://home.arcor.de/carsten.popp/DE_00037435_A.pdf patent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045616/http://home.arcor.de/carsten.popp/DE_00037435_A.pdf |date=4 February 2012 }}</ref> and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after [[Bertha Benz]], his wife, had proved – with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back – that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a [[Bertha Benz Memorial Route]] commemorates this event.<ref>[http://www.bertha-benz.de/indexen.php?inhalt=home Bertha Benz Memorial Route] (German-government-approved non-profit official site)</ref>
Soon after, [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Wilhelm Maybach]] in [[Stuttgart]] in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a [[horse-drawn carriage]] fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's [[Enrico Bernardi]] of the [[University of Padua]], in 1882, patented a {{convert|0.024|hp|W|1}} {{convert|122|cc|cid|abbr=on|lk=on}} one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's [[tricycle]], making it at least a candidate for the first automobile and first motorcycle;.<ref name=georgano/>{{rp|p.26}} Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.<ref name=georgano/>{{rp|p.26}}
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[[File:Motor-Hansom.jpg|thumb|upright|1903 World's Work Article]]
The American [[George B. Selden]] filed for a patent on 8 May 1879. His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. Selden filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent <ref>{{cite patent|US|549160}} [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/George_b_selden_road-engine_549%2C160.pdf patent.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014033656/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/George_b_selden_road-engine_549%2C160.pdf |date=14 October 2016 }}</ref> was granted on 5 November 1895. This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the United States. Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers, collecting a fee on every car they produced.
In the United States, brothers [[Charles Duryea|Charles]] and [[Frank Duryea]] founded the [[Duryea Motor Wagon Company]] in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. [[Autocar Company|The Autocar Company]], founded in 1897, established a number of innovations still in use<ref>{{cite web|url= http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_1273.html |title=America on the Move; Autocar automobile |publisher=Smithsonian Institution – National Museum of American History |date= |accessdate=2 January 2016}}</ref> and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the United States However, it was [[Ransom E. Olds]] and his [[Olds Motor Vehicle Company]] (later known as [[Oldsmobile]]) who would dominate this era of automobile production. Its [[production line]] was running in 1901. The [[Thomas B. Jeffery Company]] developed the world's second mass-produced automobile, and 1,500 [[Rambler (automobile)|Ramblers]] were built and sold in its first year, representing one-sixth of all existing motorcars in the United States at the time.<ref>{{cite book|first=John F. |last=Adamson |publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers |year=1959 |title=Engineering History of the Rambler and the Small Car Picture Today|page=5 |doi= 10.4271/590176}}</ref> Within a year, [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] (formed from the [[Henry Ford Company]]), [[Winton automobile|Winton]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] were also producing cars in the thousands.
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