Wilhelmina of the Netherlands: Difference between revisions

Wilhelmina was [[Inauguration of the Dutch monarch|sworn-in and inaugurated]] at the [[Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam|Nieuwe Kerk]] in Amsterdam on 6 September 1898.<ref>{{cite web | title = Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: ''Wilhelmina'' | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilhelmina.htm | publisher = [[United States Navy]] | accessdate = 10 October 2009}}</ref> On 7 February 1901 in The Hague, she married [[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]. Nine months later, on 9&nbsp;November, Wilhelmina suffered a miscarriage, and on 4 May 1902 she gave birth to a premature stillborn son. Her next pregnancy ended in another miscarriage on 23 July 1906.<ref name="geocities.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/henrivanoene/gennetherlands.html|title=Genealogy of the Royal Family of the Netherlands |publisher=Geocities.com |accessdate=4 May 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011024926/http://www.geocities.ws/henrivanoene/gennetherlands.html|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During this time period, Wilhelmina's [[heir presumptive]] was her first cousin once removed [[William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]], and next in line was his aunt (and Wilhelmina's cousin) [[Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]. As it was assumed that the former would renounce his claim to the Dutch throne, and that the latter was too elderly and sickly to become Queen, Marie Alexandrine's eldest son [[Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz]] stood in line to succeed Wilhelmina, assuming she had no surviving children. Heinrich was a German prince with close associations with the Imperial family and the military; and there were fears that were the Queen to remain childless, the Dutch Crown "was bound to pass into the possession of a German prince, whose birth, training, and affiliations would naturally have led him to bring Holland [sic] within the sphere of the German Empire, at the expense of her independence, both national and economic", according to one contemporary publication.<ref name=wp1>{{Citation

* {{flag|Netherlands}}: Knight Grand Cross and Grand Master of the [[Military William Order]]<ref name="gogmsite">{{cite web|url=http://www.gogmsite.net/_Media/1898-queen-wilhelmina1898-2.jpeg|title=Image: 1898-queen-wilhelmina1898-2.jpeg, (352 × 440 px)|publisher=gogmsite.net|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="paleisamsterdam">{{cite web|url=http://www.paleisamsterdam.nl/uploads/media_items/josselin-de-jong-inhuldigingsportret-koningin-wilhelmina-paleis-op-de-dam.440.600.s.jpg|title=Image: josselin-de-jong-inhuldigingsportret-koningin-wilhelmina-paleis-op-de-dam.440.600.s.jpg, (440 × 600 px)|publisher=paleisamsterdam.nl|accessdate=15 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063522/http://www.paleisamsterdam.nl/uploads/media_items/josselin-de-jong-inhuldigingsportret-koningin-wilhelmina-paleis-op-de-dam.440.600.s.jpg|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="gogmsite2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gogmsite.net/_Media/1905_wilhelmina_from_intern.jpg|title=Image: 1905_wilhelmina_from_intern.jpg, (728 × 983 px)|publisher=gogmsite.net|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="pinterest">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/210191507583301650/|title=Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands &#124; Just Interesting Things &#124; Pinterest|publisher=pinterest.com|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="pinterest2">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/488781365784039315/|title=Koningin Wilhelmina en Prinses Juliana in witte rouw, Prinsjesdag 1934 &#124; ~Dutch History~ &#124; Pinterest|publisher=pinterest.com|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref>

* {{flag|Netherlands}}: Knight Grand Cross and Grand Master of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]]<ref name="gogmsite3">{{cite web|url=http://www.gogmsite.net/_Media/1948-queen-wilhelmina-post-2.jpeg|date=19 June 2011|title=Image: 1948-queen-wilhelmina-post-2.jpeg, (374 × 580 px)|publisher=gogmsite.net|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="pinterest3">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/423127327466546354/|title=queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands as a young woman (she became queen at age 10 and was crowned at 18; this may be a coronation portrait) &#124; Pinterest|publisher=pinterest.com|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="heemkundesprangcapelle">{{cite web|url=http://www.heemkundesprangcapelle.nl/images/Afbeeldingen%20heem/Brug/j2005/brugj2005_06.jpg|title=Image: brugj2005_06.jpg, (248 × 371 px)|publisher=heemkundesprangcapelle.nl|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="royalglitter">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalglitter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/KONB05_53A27-04-P153-2_V-Wilhelmina-godfried-de-groot-e1406644554941.jpg|title=Image: KONB05_53A27-04-P153-2_V-Wilhelmina-godfried-de-groot-e1406644554941.jpg, (770 × 1222 px)|publisher=royalglitter.com|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="datisoss">{{cite web|url=http://www.datisoss.nl/nieuw/assets/images/nieuws/2013/wilhelmina%20klein.jpg|date=3 April 2013|title=Image: wilhelmina&nbsp;klein.jpg, (482 × 768 px)|publisher=datisoss.nl|accessdate=15 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508154015/http://www.datisoss.nl/nieuw/assets/images/nieuws/2013/wilhelmina%20klein.jpg|archivedate=8 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

* {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]]<ref name="resources21">{{cite web|url=http://resources21.kb.nl/gvn/SFA03/SFA03_SFA022821157_X.jpg|date=22 June 2009|title=Image: SFA03_SFA022821157_X.jpg, (1200 × 897 px)|publisher=resources21.kb.nl|accessdate=15 September 2015}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="pictura-hosting">{{cite web|url=http://neon.pictura-hosting.nl/sfa/sfa_mrx_bld/thumbs/500x500/upload/upload_793/SFA022821155.jpg|title=Image: SFA022821155.jpg, (500 × 371 px)|publisher=neon.pictura-hosting.nl|accessdate=15 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154529/http://neon.pictura-hosting.nl/sfa/sfa_mrx_bld/thumbs/500x500/upload/upload_793/SFA022821155.jpg|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="resources21a">{{cite web|url=http://resources21.kb.nl/gvn/SFA03/SFA03_SFA022821634_X.jpg|date=29 June 2009|title=Image: SFA03_SFA022821634_X.jpg, (1200 × 896 px)|publisher=resources21.kb.nl|accessdate=15 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180239/http://resources21.kb.nl/gvn/SFA03/SFA03_SFA022821634_X.jpg|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

** Stranger Lady of the [[Order of the Garter]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gpdhome.typepad.com/nieuwsberichten/2015/03/ridders-bij-opening-ridders-expositie.html |title=ROYALBLOG.NL: Ridders bij opening Ridders-expositie |publisher=gpdhome.typepad.com|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="typepad">{{cite web | url=http://gpdhome.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c648253ef01b7c75f3d40970b-pi | title=6a00d8341c648253ef01b7c75f3d40970b-pi | publisher=gpdhome.typepad.com | accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19440925&id=s5ExAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yU4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2443,3740022&hl=en|title=St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search|publisher=news.google.com|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="amsterdam">{{cite web|url=https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/presentaties/fotografen_van_amsterdam/fotostudio_merkelbach/b010164033286.jpeg|title=Image: b010164033286.jpeg, (370 × 500 px)|publisher=stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl|accessdate=15 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130712/https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/presentaties/fotografen_van_amsterdam/fotostudio_merkelbach/b010164033286.jpeg|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ggpht">{{cite web | url=http://lh3.ggpht.com/szjSwu0sP90Z2pChr99DIJR0n8MDnHVW4nwcKHL8X2GNZ-nEqoOY46mQhQAYDe6kEvrqEDp8OQIghnzlGeUravot0iU=s500-c | title=szjSwu0sP90Z2pChr99DIJR0n8MDnHVW4nwcKHL8X2GNZ-nEqoOY46mQhQAYDe6kEvrqEDp8OQIghnzlGeUravot0iU | publisher=lh3.ggpht.com | accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref>

In 1892 the company Fortuin celebrated its 50th anniversary by producing mints with the image of the 12-year-old Princess Wilhelmina, which have continued in production since then.<ref>Wilhelmina Mints [http://www.wilhelminamints.com/history "History of Wilhelmina Mints"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118163341/http://www.wilhelminamints.com/history |date=18 January 2015 }}</ref> Among Dutch sweets, these mints have become the "most Dutch of all".<ref>Sweets: A History of Candy [https://books.google.com/books?id=ETluYRHyjKwC&pg=PA373&dq=wilhelmina+mint+candy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yinqVOiOJKrIsQSAkYKYDA&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=wilhelmina%20mint%20candy&f=false "Europe: Wilhelmina Mints"]</ref>

After Wilhelmina had taken office in 1890, rumours were spread by Socialist satirical magazine ''[[De Roode Duivel]]'' ("The Red Devil") that William III was not her real father, but Emma's confidant S.M.S. de Ranitz. This would undermine the legitimacy of Wilhelmina's reign. Although no hard evidence exists for the allegations, and the consensus amongst historians is that they are false,<ref name="Wilhelmina 1880-1962">{{Cite web |url=http://www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DVN/lemmata/data/Wilhelmina |title=Wilhelmina (1880–1962) |author=Jan Bank |work=Historici.nl |publisher=[[Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands]] |date=2012 |accessdate=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref>Meulen, Dik van der; (2013) 'K''oning'' Willem III 1817–1890', p. 616-618 (e-book)</ref><ref>{{aut|Cees Fasseur}}, ''De gekroonde republiek'' (2011) p. 56.</ref> the rumours were stubborn, and still feature in [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] circulating in republican circles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/article/detail/2607670/1998/11/14/Zelfgebreide-republikeinen.dhtml |title=Zelfgebreide republikeinen |author=Ruud Verdonck |work=[[Trouw]] |date=14 November 1998 |accessdate=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dragstra">{{Cite web |url=http://kloptdatwel.nl/2014/08/26/het-kind-van-de-koning/ |title=Het kind van de koning |author=Laurens Dragstra |work=KloptDatWel.nl |publisher=[[Stichting Skepsis]] |date=26 August 2014 |accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The royal [[detective fiction|detective]] ''Koningskind'' (2011) by Rob van Hoorn and the [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] ''IV'' (2013) by [[Arjen Lubach]] both revolve around a fictional investigative journalist who tries finding out whether someone other than William III (perhaps De Ranitz) was the actual father of Wilhelmina, which might result in a constitutional crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bol.com/nl/p/koningskind/1001004011298046/ |title=Koningskind. Royal Detective |author=J. van Bree |work=[[Bol.com]] |date=2013 |accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.roosendaal24.nl/politiek/3912 |title=Arjen Lubach schrijft adembenemende koninklijke thriller |author=Jaap Pleij |work=Roosendaal24 |date=26 February 2013 |accessdate=29 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073435/http://www.roosendaal24.nl/politiek/3912 |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|group="note"}} The author of the rumour, the later parliamentarian and senator [[Louis Maximiliaan Hermans]], was sentenced to six months imprisonment for [[lèse-majesté]] in 1895 for a different article and cartoon in ''De Roode Duivel'', mocking the two queens.<ref name=RM>{{Cite news |url=http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010991058:mpeg21:a0019 |title=Rechtzaken Majesteitschennis |work=[[De Tijd (Netherlands)|De Tijd]] |date=12 December 1895 |accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010991063:mpeg21:a0010 |title=Zaak-Hermans |work=De Tijd |date=18 December 1895 |accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref>