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'''Spain'''<!--Per WP:LEAD: Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English.--> ({{lang-es|España|links=no}}, {{IPA-es|esˈpaɲa||Es-España.ogg|help=no}}), or the '''Kingdom of Spain''' ({{lang|es|Reino de España}}),{{efn|name="nation name"}} is a country primarily located in [[Southwestern Europe|Southwestern]] [[Europe]], with parts of territory in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and across the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain|title=Spain | Facts, Culture, History, & Points of Interest|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>{{efn|See [[list of transcontinental countries]].}} The largest part of Spain is situated on the [[Iberian Peninsula]]; its territory also includes the [[Canary Islands]] in the Atlantic Ocean, the [[Balearic Islands]] in the Mediterranean Sea, and the [[Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities|autonomous cities]] of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] in Africa. The country's mainland is bordered to the south by [[Gibraltar]]; to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north by [[France]], [[Andorra]] and the [[Bay of Biscay]]; and to the west by [[Portugal]] and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the
Anatomically modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 42,000 years ago.<ref name="Lillios2019">{{cite book|author=Lillios, Katina T. |title=The Archaeology of the Iberian Peninsula: From the Paleolithic to the Bronze Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofe3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|date=5 December 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11334-3|page=65}}</ref> The ancient [[Iberians|Iberian]] and [[Celts|Celtic]] tribes, along with other local [[List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|pre-Roman peoples]], dwelled the territory maintaining contacts with foreign Mediterranean cultures. The Roman conquest and colonization of the peninsula ([[Hispania]]) ensued, bringing the [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]] of the population. [[fall of the Western Roman Empire|Receding of Western Roman imperial authority]] ushered in the [[Migration Period|invasion]] into Iberia of tribes from Central and Northern Europe with the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigoths]] as the dominant power in the peninsula by the fifth century. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate]], and during early Islamic rule, [[Al-Andalus]] became a dominant peninsular power centered in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]; made an intermittent southward military expansion, known as ''[[Reconquista]]'', repelling the Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the [[Emirate of Granada]] in 1492. The dynastic union of the [[Crown of Castile]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]] in 1479, often considered the formation of Spain as a country, was followed by the [[Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre|annexation of Navarre]] and the incorporation of Portugal during the [[Iberian Union]]. The Crown of Spain, through the [[Spanish Inquisition]], forced the Jewish and Muslim minorities to choose between conversion to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] or expulsion, and eventually most of the converts were [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|expelled]] from Iberia through different royal decrees.
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