Jat Muslim: Difference between revisions

When [[Arab people|Arabs]] entered Sindh and southern [[Punjab]] regions of Pakistan in the seventh century, the chief tribal groupings they found were the Jats and the [[Med people]]. The Jats were employed as soldiers by the new Muslim administration in Sindh, with a special group known as ''Sayabijah'' serving as the treasurers in [[Basra]] during the reign of Ali, whose chief ''Abū Sālama al - Zutti'' was said to be a pious man.<ref name="Biladuri">{{Cite book |last=Biladuri |first=Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir Al |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWtttJL3WEC&dq=sayabijah&pg=PA250 |title=The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic Accompanied With Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh Al-buldan |date=2011-03-01 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=978-1-61640-534-2 |language=en|page=250}}</ref> The Muslim conquest chronicles point at the important concentrations of Jats in towns and fortresses of Lower and Central Sindh.<ref name=Al-Hind1>{{cite book |title=Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002 |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=154–160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA154 |isbn=9780391041738 |oclc=48837811}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zuṭṭ {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zutt|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> After [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Muslim conquest of Sindh]] in 712, multiple communities of Jats appeared in Iran and Khorasan, and a district they inhabited in Khuzistan or Bahrain came to be known as ''Al-Zutt'',<ref name=Mohsen>{{Cite book |last=Zakeri |first=Mohsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&dq=Sasanid+Soldiers+in+Early+Muslim+Society:+The+Origins+of+'Ayy%C4%81r%C4%81n+and+Futuwwa&pg=PA9 |title=Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa |date=1995 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03652-8 |language=en|page=122}}</ref> as well as a quarter in [[Antioch]] which was also called ''Az-Zutt''.<ref name="Biladuri"/> Some of the Jats who were made war prisoners became later famous in the Muslim world, such as the great Imam [[Abu Hanifa]], according to some scholars including [[André Wink|Wink]],<ref name=h1>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&dq=Abu+Hanifa+jat&pg=PA161 |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |language=en|page=161|quote=Some Jat freemen became famous in the Islamic world , as for instance Abu Hanifa ( 699-767 ? )}}</ref><ref name=h2>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Jamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Abu+Hanifa+jat&pg=PA44 |title=Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-42271-1 |language=en|quote="...Abu Hanifa (699–767), the founder of the Hanafi school of law, who was of Jat stock, most likely descending from those early prisoners sent to Iraq."|page=44}}</ref> and Imam [[Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i|Awza'i]].<ref name=awzai>{{Cite book |last=Isḥāq |first=Muḥammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ4QAQAAIAAJ&q=India's+Contribution+to+the+Study+of+Hadith+Literature |title=India's Contribution to the Study of Hadith Literature|date=1955 |publisher=University of Dacca |language=en|page=199}}</ref> By mid 9th century, their population in the middle east well exceeded 27,000.<ref name=Tabiri/> In 815, a Jat Muslim [[Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam|Al-Sari ibn al Hakam al-Zutti]] became the [[List of rulers of Islamic Egypt|emir of Egypt]] amidst the [[Fourth Fitna|Abbasid civil war]].<ref name=zutti>{{Cite book |last=Beg |first=Muhammad Abdul Jabbar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoLdcQAACAAJ&q=Social+Mobility+in+Islamic+Civilization:+The+Classical+Period+:+Y+Muhammad+Abdul+Jabbar+Beg |title=Social Mobility in Islamic Civilization: The Classical Period : Y Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg |date=1981 |publisher=University of Malaya Press |language=en|page=171|quote=For instance , al - Sari b . alHakam b . Yusuf al - Zutti " was a governor of Egypt in 200-205 H./815-820 A.D. There were two other reported cases of social mobility among the Zutt people .}}</ref> He was first to attempt for establishing an autonomous Muslim dynasty in Egypt (815–826), and his sons [[Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari|Ubaydallah]] and [[Abu Nasr ibn al-Sari|Abu Nasr]] ruled Egypt until it was re-conquered by the Abbasid general [[Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani|Abdallah ibn Tahir]] in 826.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969 | first = Thierry | last = Bianquis | author-link = Thierry Bianquis | title = Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | editor-last = Petry | editor-first = Carl F. | location = Cambridge | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-521-47137-4 | pages = 86–119 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA86 }}</ref> In 834, Jats rose into revolt against the [[Abbasid caliphate]] under their leader [[Muhammad ibn Uthman]] in the lower [[Iraq]]. The rebellion later came to be known as [[Zutt Rebellion]]. The rebels were defeated and deported to the village of Al-Zaffaraniya at the Arab-Byzantine border.<ref name=Tabiri/> In 907, a Zutt<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maclean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGxqygAACAAJ&q=Religion+and+Society+in+Arab+Sind+By+Derryl+N.+MacLean%09%C2%A0 |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind|date=1984 |publisher=McGill University |isbn=978-0-315-20821-6 |language=en|page=132}}</ref> Ismaili da'i [[Abu Hatim al-Zutti]] became active in the region. His followers were called [[Baqliyya]], a sub-sect of [[Qarmatians]], who staged multiple uprisings against the Abbasids in south Iraq.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daftary |first=Farhad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qiyy6skgPfoC&dq=al+zutti&pg=PA29 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis |date=2011-12-30 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7970-6 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> Afterwards, Jats lost their distinct identity in the Mesopotamia that they had previously,<ref name=Tabiri>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky2rl0xN2SQC&dq=Zutt+rebellions&pg=PA7 |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 33: Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227 |date=2015-07-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9721-0 |language=en|page=7–10}}</ref> probably merging with the [[Marsh Arabs]] of Iraq.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&dq=marsh+arabs+zutt&pg=PA157 |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |language=en|page=157}}</ref>

 

 

In the following centuries, Muslim Jats continued their migration towards [[Ganges|Gangetic valley]]. By the time [[Mughal empire]] was established in 1525, they had transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to a purely farming one. During the era of Mughals there appears to be a little change in their position, with one [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Nawab Sa'adullah Khan]] even serving as the [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] from 1645 to 1656.<ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84 ">{{cite book | title=Journal of Central Asia | publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University | issue=v. 15 | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5xAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=84 | quote= Sadullah Khan was the son of Amir Bakhsh a cultivator of Chiniot . He belonged to a Jat family. He was born on Thursday , the 10th Safar 1000 A.H./1591 A.C.}}</ref> After the decline of Mughal empire, many communities rose to into revolt. One of them were Afghan Rohillas, who had settled into Rohilkhand by then in large numbers. Their dynasty, the [[Rohilla dynasty]] (1714–1774) descended from [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Muhammed Khan]], who was a Jat<ref name="Irvine 1971 p.118 ">{{cite book | last=Irvine | first=W. | title=Later Mughal | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri | year=1971 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=118 | quote= Once Daud was sent against the village of Bankauli, in pargana Chaumahla, with which his employer was at feud. Along with the plunder taken on this occasion Daud obtained possession of a Jat boy seven or eight years of age, whom he caused to be circumcised and then adopted under the name of Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":3 ">{{cite book | last=Ḥusain | first=M. | author2=Pakistan Historical Society | title=A History of the Freedom Movement: 1707-1831 | publisher=Pakistan Historical Society | series=A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947 | year=1957 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo-GvHjoH-cC | access-date=2022-07-30 | page=304 | quote= Amongst other prisoners he obtained a young Jat boy of eight years . Daud took a fancy to him and adopted him as his son and named him ' Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC&dq=most+of+the+contemporary+sources+call+him+a+jat+or+ahir&pg=PA120 |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780 |date=1995 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10109-8 |language=en|page=120|quote="Most of the contemporary sources, however, call him a Jat or an Ahir."}}</ref> boy of age eight when he was adopted by the chief of the Barech tribe, Sardar Daud Khan Rohilla.<ref name=":3 "/> Due to the role he played in the establishment of [[Rohilkhand]] and in the general history of Rohillas, he gained recognition as a Rohilla chief, however, he was not Afghan by birth.{{cn|date=July 2023}} Although the Rohillas lost their kingdom after the [[first Rohilla War]] in 1774, [[Faizullah Khan]], son of Ali Mohammed Khan, managed to become Nawab of princely state of [[Rampur State|Rampur]]. The [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]] (1701–1783) of Sindh were also probably from [[Channa (tribe)|Channa]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brohī |first=ʻAlī Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalhoras+a+local+Sindhi+tribe+of+Channa+origin |title=The Temple of Sun God: Relics of the Past |date=1998 |publisher=Sangam Publications |pages=175 |language=en |quote="Kalhoras a local Sindhi tribe of Channa origin..."}}</ref> a sub-division of Jats.<ref name=k>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=A. | title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-391-04125-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p-czgEACAAJ | access-date=2022-08-02 | page=158-159|quote=Samma, Sahtah, Chand(Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats.}}</ref>

Jats, together with the Rajputs and Gujjars, are the dominant ethnically-Punjabi and religiously-Islamic tribes settled in the regions comprising eastern Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of Pakistan and its origins |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |editor=Christophe Jaffrelot |isbn=1-84331-149-6 |location=London |oclc=56646546}}</ref>

 

*[[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Nawab Sa'adullah Khan]] (1591–1656), the [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Mughal Grand Vizier]]<ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84 "/>

*[[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Muhammed Khan]] (1707–1748), the founder of the [[kingdom of Rohilkhand]] and [[Rohilla dynasty]]<ref name="Irvine 1971 p.118 "/>