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| capital = [[Aror]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<ref name = 'JMalik' />
| footnotes =
| status =
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| s1 = Caliphal province of Sind
| p2 =
| today = [[Pakistan]]
* [[Sindh]]
* [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
* [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
[[India]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[Rajasthan]]
}}
[[File:Sindh campaigns 711-715 CE.png|thumb|285px|right|[[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]'s Campaigns in Sindh.<br>
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{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
]]
The '''Brahmin dynasty of Sindh''' ({{Circa|632– 712}}),<ref name="Wink" /> also known as the '''Chacha dynasty''',<ref>{{Cite book|
==History==
{{Main|Umayyad conquest of Sindh}}
The dynasty was founded by a [[Sindhi Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] named [[Chach of Aror]] after he married the widow of [[Rai Sahasi II]] and usurped the Buddhist [[Rai dynasty]]. His claim was further secured by the killing of Rai Sahasi II's brother.<ref name="Wink">{{cite book|last1=Wink|first1=André|title=Al- Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest |date=1991|publisher=Brill|isbn=9004095098|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=MacLean|first=Derryl N.|title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind|publisher=Brill|year=1989|isbn=9004085513}}</ref>
The casus belli for the Ummayad invasion was Sindhi pirates seizing tribute sent from the king of Serendib to the Ummayad Caliph. For the campaign Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] granted a large army to the governor [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]], but no attempt was made to annex Sindh due to the caliph's death. Under his son and successor [[Al-Walid I]], the general [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] led the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Islamic invasion of Sindh]] in 712.
Chinese traveller, [[Xuanzang|Hieun Tsang]], who had visited the Sindh region during the start of the Chacha rule, described in his work that [[Buddhism]] had declined in the region and [[Brahminical Hinduism]] had once again gained the majority dominance.<ref name=GailO>{{cite book |author=[[Gail Omvedt|Omvedt, Gail]] |date=August 18, 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSF8b5hbyP0C&dq=buddhism+was+dominant+sindh&pg=PT92 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009064507/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rSF8b5hbyP0C&pg=PT92&dq=buddhism+was+dominant+sindh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvkobukeSBAxXNbN4KHVjyA6w4HhDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=buddhism%20was%20dominant%20sindh&f=false |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |page=160 |title=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste |quote=It appears that at the time of Hsuan Tsang, after a millennia-long historical con- flict, Brahmanism had emerged dominant. Buddhism was declining and it would, within centuries, vanish from the land of its origin. |publisher=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9780761996644 |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name=KYB>{{cite book |year=2003 |author1=[[Khawar Mumtaz|Mumtaz, Khawar]] |author2=Mitha, Yameena |author3=Tahira, Bilquis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrnRZQGklwMC&dq=buddhism+declined+sindh&pg=PA12 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Pakistan: Tradition and Change |publisher=[[Oxfam]] |isbn=9780855984960 |page=12 |quote=By the seventh century AD, Buddhism declined completely and Hinduism became the dominant religion. Around this time the Arabs, who had trade and commerce links going back for centuries, came for the first time as conquerors (712 AD). By 724 AD they had established direct rule in Sindh. |language=en-PK }}</ref>
[[Hinduism]] was the predominant religion in [[Sindh]] under the [[Chacha dynasty|Chacha empire]], prior to the arrival of [[Islam]] with the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Arab invasions]], although a significant minority of the [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] population adhered to [[Buddhism]] as well.<ref name = 'JMalik'>{{cite book |date=October 31, 2008 |author=[[Jamal Malik|Malik, Jamal]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu15DwAAQBAJ |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History |page=40 |quote=Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist. |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E.J. Brill]] |isbn=9789047441816 |language=en-PK }}</ref> Hindus made up almost two-thirds of the ethnic [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] population before the arrival of Islam in the region.<ref name='CNikhil'>{{cite news |last=Chandwani |first=Nikhil |date=March 13, 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires-of-a-modern-indian/history-of-hinduism-in-sindh-from-ancient-times-and-why-sindh-belongs-to-india/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313143207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires-of-a-modern-indian/history-of-hinduism-in-sindh-from-ancient-times-and-why-sindh-belongs-to-india/ |archive-date=March 13, 2019 |title=History of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times and why Sindh belongs to India |quote=Hinduism was majorly practiced in Sindh during this time but with the entry of Chandragupta Maurya in 313 BC there was an entry of Buddhism as well. .... However, there was a revival of Hindu religion during the Gupta period which then became dominated culture in Sindh. It flourished well all over India, especially in the Sindh region. .... Before the invasion of Mohammed bin Qasim, Hinduism was the most prominent religion in Sindh that constituted about 64 percent of percent of the total population. |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> At the time of the invasions, [[Sindhi Hindus]] were a rural pastoral population, majority of whom lived in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu;<ref name="MacLean5272" /> whereas Buddhists were a mercantile population, almost entirely concentrated in the urban areas between lower Sindh and [[Makran]], a region that was equally divided in population between Buddhists and Hindus.<ref name="MacLean5272">{{cite book |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWaEuE6ucR0C |url-status=live |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/religion-and-society-in-arab-sind/mode/1up |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E.J. Brill]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 |quote=As a result, it is possible to conclude that Buddhism, while important in Sindh, was not the only or even the majority religion. Hindus were definitely in the vast majority in upper Sind (where, as noted, there were few if any Buddhists), but probably at least equal in numbers to the Buddhists in Lower Sindh and Mukrân. '''(page 52)''' ..... Nevertheless, the data indicate, in a general way, the relative balance between the two religions in Lower Sind and the predominance of Hinduism in Upper Sind. '''(page 72)''' |language=en }}</ref>
The primary sources describe that [[Buddhist]]s in Sindh collaborated<ref>{{cite book |year=2013 |author=[[Burjor Avari|Avari, Burjor]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&dq=buddhist+collaboration+sindh&pg=PA22 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |page=22 |quote=It is quite likely therefore that some form of Buddhist collaboration with the Arabs may have begun even before the Arab invasion. |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415580618 |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=[[K. T. S. Sarao|Sarao, K.T.S.]] |title=Buddhist-Muslim Encounter in Sind During the Eighth Century |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=October 2017 |volume=77 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26609161 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |page=77 |quote=The primary sources indicate that the Buddhists tended to collaborate with the invading Arabs at an early date |publisher=[[JSTOR]] |jstor=26609161 |language=en-IN }}</ref> and sided<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Iqtidar Husain |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC&dq=buddhists+collaborated+arabs&pg=PA34 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century |page=34 |quote=At the time of the Arab invasion, the Buddhists repudiated their allegiance to Dahir and decided to cooperate with his enemy. |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=9788190891806 |language=en-IN }}</ref> with the Arabs, before the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|invasion]] even began.<ref name=Maclean>{{cite book |last=Maclean |first=Derryl N. |date=December 1, 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWaEuE6ucR0C |url-status=live |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/ReligionAndSocietyInArabSind/page/n129/mode/2up |archive-date=March 2, 2017 |title=Religion And Society In Arab Sind |page=121-122 |quote=Buddhists tended to collaborate to a significantly greater extent and at an earlier date than did Hindus.... Where the primary sources refer to religious affiliation, Buddhist conmunities (as opposed to individuals) are always (there is no exception) mentioned in terms of collaboration.... Furthermore, Buddhists generally collaborated early in the campaign before the major conquest of Sind had been achieved and even before the conquest of towns in which they were resident and which were held by strong garrisons. |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E.J. Brill]] |isbn=9789004085510 |language=en-US }}</ref> The Islamic Arab invasion of Sindh were only made successful, because leaders of the [[Buddhist]] community despised and opposed the local [[Brahmin]] ruler, hence sympathizing with the Arab invaders and even helping them in times.<ref>{{cite web |year=1973 |last1=Gankovsky |first1=Yu. V. |last2=Gavrilov |first2=Igor |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/peoples-of-pakistan-an-ethnic-history-by-yu-v-gankovsky-translated-by-igor-gavrilov-ussr-academy-of-sciences-institute-of-oriental-studies-lahore-peoples-publishing-house-nd-247-pp-bibliography-index-675-distributed-by-south-asia-books-columbia-missouri/03556CBFCDA088BAE3D1359E25478331 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=The Peoples of Pakistan: An Ethnic History |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka Publishing House]] |page=116-117 |quote= ....the invasion of Sind was all the easier because the leaders of the Buddhist community were in opposition to the Hindu rulers and sympathized with the Arabic [sic] invaders and sometimes even helped them. |language=en-UK }}</ref>
On the other hand, [[Sindhi Hindu]] resistance against the Arabs continued for much longer, both in upper [[Sindh]] and [[Multan]].<ref>{{cite book |date=May 1999 |author=[[Alf Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel, Alf]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV-RrRoMzbgC&dq=buddhist+collaboration+sindh&pg=PA281 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi Among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits |quote=While the results of Buddhist collaboration in Sind were short-lived, the history of Hinduism there continued in multiple forms, first with Brahman-led resistance continuing in upper Sind around Multan... |isbn=9780226340500 |page=281 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |language=en-US }}</ref>
During the conflict, the western Buddhist [[Jat]]s aligned with the invading Arab army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] against the local Hindu ruler [[Raja Dahir]], whereas the eastern Hindu Jats supported Dahir, against the invaders.<ref name=Viajaya>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CYxDwAAQBAJ&dq=jats+and+muhammad+bin+qasim&pg=PT127 |title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781351558242 |editor=Vijaya Ramaswamy |access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref>
Having settled the question of the freedom of religion and the social status of the [[Brahmins|Brahmans]], Muhammad bin al-Qasim turned his attention to the [[Jat|Jats]] and [[Lohanas]]. Chronicles such as the ''Chach Nama'', ''Zainul-Akhbar'' and ''Tarikh-I-Baihaqi'' have recorded battles between Hindu Jats and forces of Muhammad ibn Qasim.<ref name=Viajaya />
The last [[Hindu]] king of Sindh, [[Raja Dahir]] was killed during the battle of Aror and Sindh was annexed into the [[Ummayad Caliphate]] as a [[Sind (caliphal province)|province]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burton|first1=Richard|title=Sindh and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus|date=1851|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120607583|pages=14–15}}</ref> After Dahir had been killed, the queen (Ladi) coordinated the defense of the capital for several months. As the food supplies ran out, she and the women of the capital refused to surrender, lit pyres and committed [[Jauhar]]<ref name = 'ParthaC' /> to avoid [[rape]], [[enslavement]] and [[Islamic views on concubinage|sexual slavery]] at the hands of [[Islamic invasion of India|Muslim invaders]].<ref name = 'ParthaC' /> The remaining men of the ruling family walked out to their deaths at the hands of the invading army.<ref name = 'ParthaC'>{{cite book |year=2010 |author=[[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Chatterjee, Partha]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zwyTMnl8J4C |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Empire and Nation: Selected Essays |pages=84–85 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-52650-0 |language=en-US }}</ref>
==Rulers==
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