Appendix:German pronunciation: difference between revisions
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{{shortcut|AP:pron:de}}
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents German pronunciations in Wiktionary entries.
See [[w:German phonology|German phonology]] at Wikipedia for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.
{| class="wikitable"
|+German consonant pronunciation
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|b}}/}}
| {{l|de|Ball|'''B'''all}} || '''b'''all
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ç}}/}}
| {{l|de|ich|i'''ch'''}}, {{l|de|durch|dur'''ch'''}} || '''h'''ue
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|d}}/}}
| {{l|de|dann|'''d'''ann}} || '''d'''one
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Dschungel|'''Dsch'''ungel}} || '''j'''ungle
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|f}}/}}
| {{l|de|Fass|'''F'''ass}}, {{l|de|Vogel|'''V'''ogel}} || '''f'''uss
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ɡ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Gast|'''G'''ast}} || '''g'''uest
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|h}}/}}
| {{l|de|hat|'''h'''at}} || '''h'''ut
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|j}}/}}
| {{l|de|ja|'''j'''a}} || '''y'''ard
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|k}}/}}
| {{l|de|kalt|'''k'''alt}}, {{l|de|Tag|Ta'''g'''}} || '''c'''old
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|l}}/}}
| {{l|de|Last|'''L'''ast}} || '''l'''ast
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|m}}/}}
| {{l|de|Mast|'''M'''ast}} || '''m'''ust
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|n}}/}}
| {{l|de|Naht|'''N'''aht}} || '''n'''ot
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ŋ}}/}}
| {{l|de|lang|la'''ng'''}} || lo'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|p}}/}}
| {{l|de|Pakt|'''P'''akt}}, {{l|de|hab|ha'''b'''}} || '''p'''uck
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|p͡f}}/}}
| {{l|de|Pfahl|'''Pf'''ahl}} || cu'''pf'''ull
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ʁ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Rast|'''R'''ast}} || like a French ''R''<br />(a [[w:voiced uvular fricative|voiced uvular fricative]])<ref>In free variation with {{IPAchar|[ʀ]}} and also — in Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria — the [[w:voiced alveolar trill|voiced alveolar trill]] {{IPAchar|[r]}}. Compare /ɐ/.</ref>
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|s}}/}}
| {{l|de|Wasser|Wa'''ss'''er}} || fa'''s'''t
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ʃ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Schal|'''Sch'''al}}, {{l|de|Stein|'''S'''tein}} || '''sh'''all
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|t}}/}}
| {{l|de|Tal|'''T'''al}} || '''t'''all
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|t͡s}}/}}
| {{l|de|Zahl|'''Z'''ahl}} || ca'''ts'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Matsch|Ma'''tsch'''}} || ma'''tch'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|v}}/}}
| {{l|de|was|'''w'''as}} || '''v'''anish
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|x}}/: [{{IPAlink|x}}], [{{IPAlink|χ}}]}}
| {{l|de|Bach|Ba'''ch'''}}<ref>{{IPAchar|/x/}} is realized as a uvular fricative {{IPAchar|[χ]}} after {{IPAchar|[a]}}, {{IPAchar|[aː]}}, and often {{IPAchar|[ʊ]}}, {{IPAchar|[ɔ]}}, and {{IPAchar|[aʊ]}}.</ref> || lo'''ch''' {{qualifier|Scottish}}
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|z}}/}}
| {{l|de|Hase|Ha'''s'''e}}<ref>Predominantly realized as {{IPAchar|[z̥]}} (devoiced) or {{IPAchar|[s]}} (voiceless) in southern regions (Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria).</ref> || ho'''s'''e
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ʒ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Genie|'''G'''enie}} || bei'''g'''e, mea'''s'''ure
|-
|align="center" |{{big|[{{IPAlink|ʔ}}]}}
| {{l|de|Beamter}}<ref>The presence or absence of {{IPAchar|[ʔ]}} is not phonemic. In most standard varieties of German, all initial vowels are preceded by {{IPAchar|[ʔ]}}. However, this does not generally hold true for Swiss Standard German and most colloquial varieties.</ref><br />({{IPAchar|[bəˈʔamtɐ]}}) || the [[glottal stop]] in ''uh-oh!''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[stress|Stress]]
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAlink|ˈ}}}}
| rowspan="2" | {{l|de|Bahnhof}}<br />({{IPAchar|[ˈbaːnˌhoːf]}})
| rowspan="2" | as in ''battleship'' {{IPAchar|[ˈbætəlˌʃɪp]}}
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAlink|ˌ}}}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+German vowel pronunciation
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
! colspan="3"| [[monophthong|Monophthongs]]
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|a}}/}}
| {{l|de|Dach|D'''a'''ch}} || br'''a''' (but shorter)
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|aː}}/}}
| {{l|de|Bahn|B'''ah'''n}} || br'''a'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|eː}}/}}
| {{l|de|Beet|B'''ee'''t}} || f'''a'''ce
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ɛ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Bett|B'''e'''tt}}, {{l|de|hätte|h'''ä'''tte}} || b'''e'''d
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ɛː}}/}}
| {{l|de|wähle|w'''äh'''le}}<ref>{{IPAchar|[ɛː]}} is often replaced by {{IPAchar|[eː]}}, chiefly in northern and eastern Germany.</ref> || as above but longer; like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] English b'''are'''ly
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|iː}}/}}
| {{l|de|viel|v'''ie'''l}} || m'''ee'''t
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ɪ}}/}}
| {{l|de|bist|b'''i'''st}} || s'''i'''t
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|oː}}/}}
| {{l|de|schon|sch'''o'''n}}, {{l|de|Boot|B'''oo'''t}} || somewhat like b'''o'''ne
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ɔ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Post|P'''o'''st}} || b'''o'''ss
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|øː}}/}}
| {{l|de|Öl|'''Ö'''l}} || somewhat like h'''u'''rl; French ''d'''eu'''x''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|œ}}/}}
| {{l|de|göttlich|g'''ö'''ttlich}} || close to h'''u'''rt or French ''s'''œ'''ur''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|uː}}/}}
| {{l|de|Hut|H'''u'''t}} || tr'''ue'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ʊ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Putz|P'''u'''tz}} || t'''oo'''k
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|yː}}/}}
| {{l|de|Rübe|R'''ü'''be}} || French ''r'''ue'''''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ʏ}}/}}
| {{l|de|füllt|f'''ü'''llt}} || much like the above but shorter
|-
! colspan="3" | [[diphthong|Diphthongs]]
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAchar|/aɪ̯/}}}}
| {{l|de|weit|w'''ei'''t}} || t'''ie'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAchar|/aʊ̯/}}}}
| {{l|de|Haut|H'''au'''t}} || h'''ow'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAchar|/ɔɪ̯/}}}}
| {{l|de|Heu|H'''eu'''}}, {{l|de|Räuber|R'''äu'''ber}}<ref>Some references transcribe this diphthong as {{IPAchar|/ɔʏ/}}.</ref> || b'''oy'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[reduction|Reduced]] vowels
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ɐ}}/}}
| {{l|de|Ober|Ob'''er'''}}<ref>Compare {{IPAchar|/ʁ/}}.</ref> || f'''u'''n
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ə}}/}}
| {{l|de|halte|halt'''e'''}} || comm'''a'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[semivowel|Semivowels]]
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAchar|/ɐ̯/}}}}
| {{l|de|Uhr|Uh'''r'''}} || '''uh'''
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAchar|/i̯/}}}}
| {{l|de|Studie|Stud'''i'''e}} || magnol'''i'''a
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAchar|/u̯/}}}}
| {{l|de|aktuell|akt'''u'''ell}} || vis'''u'''al
|-
|align="center" |{{big|{{IPAchar|/y̯/}}}}
| {{l|de|Libyen|Lib'''y'''en}} || French '''''hu'''it''
|-
! colspan="3" | Unstressed full vowels
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|e}}/}}
| {{l|de|Methan|M'''e'''than}} || (short {{IPAchar|[eː]}})
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|i}}/}}
| {{l|de|vital|v'''i'''tal}} || cit'''y''' (short {{IPAchar|[iː]}})
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|o}}/}}
| {{l|de|Moral|M'''o'''ral}} || (short {{IPAchar|[oː]}})
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|ø}}/}}
| {{l|de|Ökonom|'''Ö'''konom}} || (short {{IPAchar|[øː]}})
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|u}}/}}
| {{l|de|kulant|k'''u'''lant}} || virt'''ue''' (short {{IPAchar|[uː]}})
|-
|align="center" |{{big|/{{IPAlink|y}}/}}
| {{l|de|Psychologie|Ps'''y'''chologie}} || (short {{IPAchar|[yː]}})
|-
|}
==Notes==
<references />
==Bibliography==
* ''Duden 6: Das Aussprachewörterbuch'' (3rd edition, 1990, {{ISBN|3-411-20916-X}}).
[[Category:German appendices|Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]
[[br:Stagadenn:Distagadur/alamaneg]]
[[fr:Annexe:Prononciation/allemand]]
[[pt:Ajuda:Guia de pronúncia/Alemão]]
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