Appendix:German pronunciation: difference between revisions

! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation

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| {{l|de|Ball|'''B'''all}} || '''b'''all

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| {{l|de|ich|i'''ch'''}}, {{l|de|durch|dur'''ch'''}} || '''h'''ue

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| {{l|de|dann|'''d'''ann}} || '''d'''one

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| {{l|de|Dschungel|'''Dsch'''ungel}} || '''j'''ungle

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| {{l|de|Fass|'''F'''ass}}, {{l|de|Vogel|'''V'''ogel}} || '''f'''uss

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| {{l|de|Gast|'''G'''ast}} || '''g'''uest

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| {{l|de|hat|'''h'''at}} || '''h'''ut

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| {{l|de|ja|'''j'''a}} || '''y'''ard

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| {{l|de|kalt|'''k'''alt}}, {{l|de|Tag|Ta'''g'''}} || '''c'''old

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| {{l|de|Last|'''L'''ast}} || '''l'''ast

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| {{l|de|Mast|'''M'''ast}} || '''m'''ust

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| {{l|de|Naht|'''N'''aht}} || '''n'''ot

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| {{l|de|lang|la'''ng'''}} || lo'''ng'''

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| {{l|de|Pakt|'''P'''akt}}, {{l|de|hab|ha'''b'''}} || '''p'''uck

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| {{l|de|Pfahl|'''Pf'''ahl}} || p + f

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| {{l|de|Rast|'''R'''ast}} || like a French ''R''<br />(a [[w:voiced uvular fricative|voiced uvular fricative]])<ref>In free variation with {{IPAchar|ʀ}} and also — in Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria — the [[w:voiced alveolar trill|voiced alveolar trill]] {{IPAchar|r}}. Compare /ɐ/.</ref>

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| {{l|de|Wasser|Wa'''ss'''er}} || fa'''s'''t

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| {{l|de|Schal|'''Sch'''al}}, {{l|de|Stein|'''S'''tein}} || '''sh'''all

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| {{l|de|Tal|'''T'''al}} || '''t'''all

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| {{l|de|Zahl|'''Z'''ahl}} || ca'''ts'''

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| {{l|de|Matsch|Ma'''tsch'''}} || ma'''tch'''

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| {{l|de|was|'''w'''as}} || '''v'''anish

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| {{l|de|Bach|Ba'''ch'''}}<ref>{{IPAchar|/x/}} is realized as a uvular fricative {{IPAchar|[χ]}} after {{IPAchar|[a], [aː]}}, and often {{IPAchar|[ʊ]}}, {{IPAchar|[ɔ]}}, and {{IPAchar|[aʊ]}}.</ref> || lo'''ch''' {{qualifier|Scottish}}

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| {{l|de|Hase|Ha'''s'''e}} || ho'''s'''e

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| {{l|de|Genie|'''G'''enie}} || bei'''g'''e, mea'''s'''ure

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| {{l|de|Beamter}}<ref>The presence or absence of [ʔ] is not phonemic. In most standard varieties of German, all initial vowels are preceded by {{IPAchar|[ʔ]}}. However, this does not generally hold true for Swiss Standard German and most colloquial varieties.</ref><br />({{IPAchar|[bəˈʔamtɐ]}}) || the [[glottal stop]] in ''uh-oh!''

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! colspan="3" | [[stress|Stress]]

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| rowspan="2" | {{l|de|Bahnhof}}<br />({{IPAchar|[ˈbaːnˌhoːf]}})

| rowspan="2" | as in ''battleship'' {{IPAchar|[ˈbætəlˌʃɪp]}}

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| valign="top" |

! colspan="3"| [[monophthong|Monophthongs]]

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| {{l|de|Dach|D'''a'''ch}} || br'''a''' (but shorter)

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| {{l|de|Bahn|B'''ah'''n}} || br'''a'''

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| {{l|de|Beet|B'''ee'''t}} || f'''a'''ce

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| {{l|de|Bett|B'''e'''tt}}, {{l|de|hätte|h'''ä'''tte}} || b'''e'''d

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| {{l|de|wähle|w'''äh'''le}}<ref>{{IPAchar|[ɛː]}} is often replaced by {{IPAchar|[eː]}}, chiefly in northern and eastern Germany.</ref> || as above but longer; like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] English b'''are'''d

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| {{l|de|viel|v'''ie'''l}} || m'''ee'''t

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| {{l|de|bist|b'''i'''st}} || s'''i'''t

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| {{l|de|Boot|B'''oo'''t}} || somewhat like b'''o'''ne

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| {{l|de|Post|P'''o'''st}} || b'''o'''ss

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| {{l|de|Öl|'''Ö'''l}} || somewhat like h'''u'''rl; French ''d'''eu'''x''

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| {{l|de|göttlich|g'''ö'''ttlich}} || close to h'''u'''rt or French ''s'''œ'''ur''

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| {{l|de|Hut|H'''u'''t}} || tr'''ue'''

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| {{l|de|Putz|P'''u'''tz}} || t'''oo'''k

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| {{l|de|Rübe|R'''ü'''be}} || French ''r'''ue'''''

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| {{l|de|füllt|f'''ü'''llt}} || much like the above but shorter

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! colspan="3" | [[diphthong|Diphthongs]]

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| {{l|de|weit|w'''ei'''t}} || t'''ie'''

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| {{l|de|Haut|H'''au'''t}} || h'''ow'''

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| {{l|de|Heu|H'''eu'''}}, {{l|de|Räuber|R'''äu'''ber}}<ref>Some references transcribe this diphthong as /ɔɪ/.</ref> || b'''oy'''

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! colspan="3" | [[reduction|Reduced]] vowels

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| {{l|de|Ober|Ob'''er'''}}<ref>Compare /ʁ/.</ref> ||

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| {{l|de|halte|halt'''e'''}} || comm'''a'''

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! colspan="3" | [[semivowel|Semivowels]]

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| {{l|de|Uhr|Uh'''r'''}} ||

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| {{l|de|Studie|Stud'''i'''e}} || magnol'''i'''a

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| {{l|de|aktuell|akt'''u'''ell}} || vis'''u'''al

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! colspan="3" | Unstressed full vowels

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| {{l|de|Methan|M'''e'''than}} || (short {{IPAchar|[eː]}})

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| {{l|de|vital|v'''i'''tal}} || cit'''y''' (short {{IPAchar|[iː]}})

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| {{l|de|Moral|M'''o'''ral}} || (short {{IPAchar|[oː]}})

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| {{l|de|Ökonom|'''Ö'''konom}} || (short {{IPAchar|[øː]}})

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| {{l|de|kulant|k'''u'''lant}} || virt'''ue''' (short {{IPAchar|[uː]}})

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| {{l|de|Psychologie|Ps'''y'''chologie}} || (short {{IPAchar|[yː]}})

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