ضد

See also: صد

Arabic

Etymology

From the root ض د د (ḍ-d-d). Likely related to Hebrew צד (tsád).

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /dˤidd/

Noun

ضِدّ • (ḍidd) m (plural أَضْدَاد (ʔaḍdād))

1. opposite, contrast

   اَلسَّوَادُ ضِدُّ الْبَيَاضِ

   as-sawādu ḍiddu l-bayāḍi

   The black is an opposite of the white.

2. alike, equal, match, counterpart

   لَيْسَ لَهُ ضِدٌّ فِي ٱجْتِهَادِهِ

   laysa lahu ḍiddun fī jtihādihi

   There is no equivalent to his diligence.

3. (semantics) word with two opposite meanings; auto-antonym
4. antonym
5. adversary, opponent
6. antitoxin, antidote, anti-

Declension

Declension of noun ضِدّ (ḍidd)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	ضِدّ ḍidd	الضِّدّ aḍ-ḍidd	ضِدّ ḍidd
Nominative	ضِدٌّ ḍiddun	الضِّدُّ aḍ-ḍiddu	ضِدُّ ḍiddu
Accusative	ضِدًّا ḍiddan	الضِّدَّ aḍ-ḍidda	ضِدَّ ḍidda
Genitive	ضِدٍّ ḍiddin	الضِّدِّ aḍ-ḍiddi	ضِدِّ ḍiddi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	ضِدَّيْن ḍiddayn	الضِّدَّيْن aḍ-ḍiddayn	ضِدَّيْ ḍidday
Nominative	ضِدَّانِ ḍiddāni	الضِّدَّانِ aḍ-ḍiddāni	ضِدَّا ḍiddā
Accusative	ضِدَّيْنِ ḍiddayni	الضِّدَّيْنِ aḍ-ḍiddayni	ضِدَّيْ ḍidday
Genitive	ضِدَّيْنِ ḍiddayni	الضِّدَّيْنِ aḍ-ḍiddayni	ضِدَّيْ ḍidday
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَضْدَاد ʔaḍdād	الْأَضْدَاد al-ʔaḍdād	أَضْدَاد ʔaḍdād
Nominative	أَضْدَادٌ ʔaḍdādun	الْأَضْدَادُ al-ʔaḍdādu	أَضْدَادُ ʔaḍdādu
Accusative	أَضْدَادًا ʔaḍdādan	الْأَضْدَادَ al-ʔaḍdāda	أَضْدَادَ ʔaḍdāda
Genitive	أَضْدَادٍ ʔaḍdādin	الْأَضْدَادِ al-ʔaḍdādi	أَضْدَادِ ʔaḍdādi

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: zidd
• → Crimean Tatar: zıt
• → Karaim: зыт
• → Krymchak: зыт
• → Ottoman Turkish: ضد (żıd, żıt)

  > Turkish: zıt (inherited)

• → Tatar: зыт (zıt)
• → Uyghur: زىت (zit)
• → Uzbek: zid

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /dˤid.da/

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

ضِدَّ • (ḍidda)

1. against

Inflection

Inflected forms
Base form					ضِدَّ (ḍidda)
Personal-pronoun- including forms	Singular		Dual	Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Common	Masculine	Feminine
First person	ضِدِّي (ḍiddī)		ضِدَّنَا (ḍiddanā)
Second person	ضِدَّكَ (ḍiddaka)	ضِدَّكِ (ḍiddaki)	ضِدَّكُمَا (ḍiddakumā)	ضِدَّكُمْ (ḍiddakum)	ضِدَّكُنَّ (ḍiddakunna)
Third person	ضِدَّهُ (ḍiddahu)	ضِدَّهَا (ḍiddahā)	ضِدَّهُمَا (ḍiddahumā)	ضِدَّهُمْ (ḍiddahum)	ضِدَّهُنَّ (ḍiddahunna)

Moroccan Arabic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dˤadd/

Etymology 1

From Arabic ضِدّ (ḍidd).

Noun

ضد • (ḍadd) m (plural ضدود (ḍdūd) or ضدودة (ḍdūda))

1. opposite, contrast
2. antonym

Etymology 2

From Arabic ضِدَّ (ḍidda).

Preposition

ضد • (ḍadd)

1. against

Inflection

Inflected forms of ضد
Base form					ضد (ḍadd)
Personal-pronoun- including forms		singular		plural
		m	f
1st person		ضدي (ḍaddi)		ضدنا (ḍaddna)
2nd person		ضدك (ḍaddak)	ضدكي (ḍaddki)	ضدكم (ḍaddkum)
3rd person		ضده (ḍaddu)	ضدها (ḍaddha)	ضدهم (ḍaddhum)

Persian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic ضِدّ (ḍidd).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [zið]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [zɪd̪]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [zɪd̪]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [zɪd̪]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [zid̪̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [zed̪̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [zid̪]

Readings
Classical reading?	ziḏ
Dari reading?	zid
Iranian reading?	zed
Tajik reading?	zid

Adjective

Dari	ضد
Iranian Persian
Tajik	зид, зидд

ضد • (zedd)

1. opposite
2. contrary
3. adversarial

Noun

Dari	ضد
Iranian Persian
Tajik	зид, зидд

ضد • (zedd)

1. opposition
2. contrary
   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3865:

     که ز ضدها ضدها آمد پدید
     در سویدا روشنایی آفرید

     ki zi zidd-hā zidd-hā āmad padīd
     dar suwaydā rōšanāyī afarīd

     For contraries are manifested by means of contraries:
     in the black core (of the heart) He (God) created the light (of love).

3. adversary

Descendants

• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਜਿਦ (jid)

  Shahmukhi script: ضد (zid)

Etymology 2

From ضد (zedd) + ezafe.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ˈzið.di]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [zɪ́d̪.d̪ɪ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [zɪ́d̪.d̪ɪ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [zɪ́d̪d̪ɪ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [zíd̪d̪i]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [zéd̪.d̪e]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [zíd̪.d̪i]

Readings
Classical reading?	ziḏḏ-i
Dari reading?	zidd-i
Iranian reading?	zedd-e
Tajik reading?	zidd-i

Preposition

Dari	ضد
Iranian Persian
Tajik	зидди

ضد • (zedd-e)

1. against

Prefix

Dari	ضدـ
Iranian Persian
Tajik	зидди-

ضدـ • (zedd-e-)

1. anti-, counter-

   ‎ضدـ + ‎آب (âb) → ‎ضدآب (zedd-e-âb, “waterproof”)

   ‎ضدـ + ‎انقلاب (enqelâb) → ‎ضدانقلاب (zedd-e-enqelâb, “counter-revolutionary, counterrevolutionary”)

   ‎ضدـ + ‎تانک (tânk) → ‎ضدتانک (zedd-e-tânk, “anti-tank, antitank”)

   ‎ضدـ + ‎تروریسم (terorism) → ‎ضدتروریسم (zedd-e-terorism, “anti-terrorism, antiterrorism”)

   ‎ضدـ + ‎یخ (yax) → ‎ضدیخ (zedd-e-yax, “anti-freeze, antifreeze”)

Derived terms

Persian terms prefixed with ضد

South Levantine Arabic

Root
ض د د
1 term

Etymology

From Arabic ضِدّ (ḍidd).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dˤidd/, [dˤɪdˤ]

• Audio (Ramallah):

  (file)

Preposition

ضدّ • (ḍidd)

1. against

Urdu

Etymology

First attested in c. 1665 as Middle Hindi ضد (zid, zidd), borrowed from Classical Persian ضِدّ (zidd), itself from Arabic ضِدّ (ḍidd). Cognate with Punjabi ضِدّ (ẓidd).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /zɪd̪/

• Audio (Pakistan):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɪd̪

Adjective

ضِد • (zid) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling ज़िद)

1. (formal) contrary; opposite
   • 1987, آنریبل سیّد امیر علی [Honourable Sayyid Ameer Ali], translated by محمدؐ ہادی حسین [Muhammad Hadi Hussain], رُوحِ اِسْلَام [rūh-i islām, The Spirit of Islam]‎^[1], Lahore, pages 16-17:

     موت کے بعد انسان کی تقدیر کے بارے میں بدھ مت کا جو تصور تھا وہ برہمی نظریوں کی عین ضد تھا

     maut ke ba'd insān kī taqdīr ke bāre mẽ budh mat kā jo tasavvar thā vo barhamī nazariyõ kī 'ain zid thā

     The Buddhist concept of the destiny of man after death was completely opposite to Brahmanist theories.

Noun

ضِد • (zid) f (Hindi spelling ज़िद)

1. stubbornness (connoted with ego; anger)
   • 1986, شیخ محمد عبد اللہ [Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah], آتِشِ چِنار [ātiś-i cinār]‎^[2], Srinagar, →OCLC, page 514:

     انھوں نے بڑے اصرار کے ساتھ مجھ سے کہا کہ "ضِد چھوڑ دو۔ اِس معمولی بات پر معاملات کو بگڑنے نہ دو۔"

     unhõ ne baṛe isrār ke sāth mujh se kahā ki "zid choṛ do. is ma'mūlī bāt par mu'āmalāt ko bigaṛne na do."

     He insistently told me "Leave this stubbornness of yours. Don't let affairs deteriorate over this trivial matter."

2. egotism, selfishness
3. opposition, enmity, contrariety
4. (semantics) antonym

Declension

Declension of ضد
	singular	plural
direct	ضِدّ (zidd)	ضِدّیں (ziddẽ)
oblique	ضِدّ (zidd)	ضِدّوں (ziddõ)
vocative	ضِدّ (zidd)	ضِدّو (ziddo)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• ضِدّی (ziddī, “stubborn”)
• ضِد کَرْنا (zid karnā, “to be stubborn; persistent”)

Further reading

• “ضد”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “ضد”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “ضد”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “ضد”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 748
• S. W. Fallon (1879) “ضد”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 835
• John Shakespear (1834) “ضد”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC