दक्षिण

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right (side)”). Doublet of दक्खिन (dakkhin).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d̪ək.ʂɪɳ/, [d̪ɐk.ʃɪ̃ɳ]

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دکشن)

1. right
2. southern

Nomen

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) m (Urdu spelling دکشن)

1. right (side)
2. south

Declension

Declension of दक्षिण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ
oblique	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिणों dakṣiṇõ
vocative	दक्षिण dakṣiṇ	दक्षिणो dakṣiṇo

Coordinate terms

• (compass points)

पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottar)	उत्तर (uttar)	पूर्वोत्तर (pūrvottar)
पश्चिम (paścim)		पूर्व (pūrv)
दक्षिण-पश्चिम (dakṣiṇ-paścim)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)	दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrv)

Marathi

दक्षिण दिशा

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right (side)”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ək.ʂiɳ/, [d̪ək.ʂiːɳ]

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. southern

Nomen

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ) f

1. south

See also

• (compass points) दिशा;

वायव्य (vāyavya)	उत्तर (uttar)	ईशान्य (īśānya)
पश्चिम (paścim)		पूर्व (pūrva)
नैऋत्य (naiŕtya)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)	आग्नेय (āgney)

References

• Berntsen, Maxine, “दक्षिण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Nepali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪ʌk̚t͡sʰjiɽ̃]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दछिण्
• IPA^(key): [d̪ʌk̚kʰin], [d̪ʌkt͡sʰĩɽ̃], [d̪ʌt̚t͡sʰiɽ̃]
• Phonetic Devanagari: दक्खिन्, or दक्छिंण्

Nomen

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. south

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dakṣiṇ)

1. south

Further reading

• “दक्षिण”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “दक्षिण”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দক্ষিণ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬓ᭄ᬱᬶᬡ (Balinese script)
• দক্ষিণ (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰰𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺𑀡 (Brahmi script)
• ဒက္ၑိဏ (Burmese script)
• દક્ષિણ (Gujarati script)
• ਦਕ੍ਸ਼ਿਣ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌿𑌣 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦏ꧀ꦰꦶꦟ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂱𑂝 (Kaithi script)
• ದಕ್ಷಿಣ (Kannada script)
• ទក្ឞិណ (Khmer script)
• ທກ຺ຩິຓ (Lao script)
• ദക്ഷിണ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᠠᡬᢢᡳᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘱𑘜 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠠᢉᢔᠢᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧒𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞 (Newa script)
• ଦକ୍ଷିଣ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢒ꣄ꢰꢶꢠ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆴𑆟 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖰𑖜 (Siddham script)
• දක්‍ෂිණ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩑𑩪 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚊𑚶𑚮𑚘 (Takri script)
• த³க்ஷிண (Tamil script)
• దక్షిణ (Telugu script)
• ทกฺษิณ (Thai script)
• ད་ཀྵི་ཎ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒱𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨁𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dáćšinas (“right, righthand”), from Proto-Indo-European *déḱs-i-no-s, from *deḱs- (“right (side)”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬥𐬀 (dašina), Lithuanian dẽšinas, Serbo-Croatian дѐснӣ/dèsnī, Ancient Greek δεξιός (dexiós, “right”), Latin dexter (“right”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /dɐ́k.ʂi.ɳɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ɐk.ʂi.ɳɐ/

Adjective

दक्षिण • (dákṣiṇa) stem

1. right, righthand; located on the right
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 3.39.6:

     इन्द्रो॒ मधु॒ सम्भृ॑तमु॒स्रिया॑यां प॒द्वद्वि॑वेद श॒फव॒न्नमे॒ गोः।
     गुहा॑ हि॒तं गुह्यं॑ गू॒ळ्हम॒प्सु हस्ते॑ दधे॒ दक्षि॑णे॒ दक्षि॑णावान्॥

     índro mádhu sámbhṛtamusríyāyāṃ padvádviveda śaphávannáme góḥ.
     gúhā hitáṃ gúhyaṃ gūḷhámapsú háste dadhe dákṣiṇe dákṣiṇāvān.

     Indra discovered the sweet milk secreted in the cow, and thereupon, brought forth (from their concealment) the herd (of cattle) having feet and having hoofs; munificent (in gifts), he held in his right hand that which had been hidden in the cavern, which was concealed in the waters.

   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
2. southern
   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दक्षिणः dákṣiṇaḥ	दक्षिणौ / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇau / dákṣiṇā¹	दक्षिणाः / दक्षिणासः¹ dákṣiṇāḥ / dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹
Vocative	दक्षिण dákṣiṇa	दक्षिणौ / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇau / dákṣiṇā¹	दक्षिणाः / दक्षिणासः¹ dákṣiṇāḥ / dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹
Accusative	दक्षिणम् dákṣiṇam	दक्षिणौ / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇau / dákṣiṇā¹	दक्षिणान् dákṣiṇān
Instrumental	दक्षिणेन dákṣiṇena	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणैः / दक्षिणेभिः¹ dákṣiṇaiḥ / dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	दक्षिणाय dákṣiṇāya	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणेभ्यः dákṣiṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	दक्षिणात् dákṣiṇāt	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणेभ्यः dákṣiṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	दक्षिणस्य dákṣiṇasya	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणानाम् dákṣiṇānām
Locative	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणेषु dákṣiṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दक्षिणा (dákṣiṇā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दक्षिणा dákṣiṇā	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणाः dákṣiṇāḥ
Vocative	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणाः dákṣiṇāḥ
Accusative	दक्षिणाम् dákṣiṇām	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणाः dákṣiṇāḥ
Instrumental	दक्षिणया / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇayā / dákṣiṇā¹	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणाभिः dákṣiṇābhiḥ
Dative	दक्षिणायै dákṣiṇāyai	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणाभ्यः dákṣiṇābhyaḥ
Ablative	दक्षिणायाः / दक्षिणायै² dákṣiṇāyāḥ / dákṣiṇāyai²	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणाभ्यः dákṣiṇābhyaḥ
Genitive	दक्षिणायाः / दक्षिणायै² dákṣiṇāyāḥ / dákṣiṇāyai²	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणानाम् dákṣiṇānām
Locative	दक्षिणायाम् dákṣiṇāyām	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणासु dákṣiṇāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दक्षिणम् dákṣiṇam	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणानि / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇāni / dákṣiṇā¹
Vocative	दक्षिण dákṣiṇa	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणानि / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇāni / dákṣiṇā¹
Accusative	दक्षिणम् dákṣiṇam	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणानि / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇāni / dákṣiṇā¹
Instrumental	दक्षिणेन dákṣiṇena	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणैः / दक्षिणेभिः¹ dákṣiṇaiḥ / dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	दक्षिणाय dákṣiṇāya	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणेभ्यः dákṣiṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	दक्षिणात् dákṣiṇāt	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणेभ्यः dákṣiṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	दक्षिणस्य dákṣiṇasya	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणानाम् dákṣiṇānām
Locative	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणेषु dákṣiṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Nomen

दक्षिण • (dákṣiṇa) stem, m

1. right (side)
2. south

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दक्षिणः dákṣiṇaḥ	दक्षिणौ / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇau / dákṣiṇā¹	दक्षिणाः / दक्षिणासः¹ dákṣiṇāḥ / dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹
Vocative	दक्षिण dákṣiṇa	दक्षिणौ / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇau / dákṣiṇā¹	दक्षिणाः / दक्षिणासः¹ dákṣiṇāḥ / dákṣiṇāsaḥ¹
Accusative	दक्षिणम् dákṣiṇam	दक्षिणौ / दक्षिणा¹ dákṣiṇau / dákṣiṇā¹	दक्षिणान् dákṣiṇān
Instrumental	दक्षिणेन dákṣiṇena	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणैः / दक्षिणेभिः¹ dákṣiṇaiḥ / dákṣiṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	दक्षिणाय dákṣiṇāya	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणेभ्यः dákṣiṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	दक्षिणात् dákṣiṇāt	दक्षिणाभ्याम् dákṣiṇābhyām	दक्षिणेभ्यः dákṣiṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	दक्षिणस्य dákṣiṇasya	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणानाम् dákṣiṇānām
Locative	दक्षिणे dákṣiṇe	दक्षिणयोः dákṣiṇayoḥ	दक्षिणेषु dákṣiṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Coordinate terms

• (compass points)

पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottara)	उत्तर (uttara)	ईशान (īśāna)
पश्चिम (paścima)		पूर्व (pūrva)
दक्षिणपश्चिम (dakṣiṇapaścima)	दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa)	दक्षिणपूर्व (dakṣiṇapūrva)

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: [script needed] (dac̣hani)
  • Kashmiri: دَکھیُٛن ("south”), दख्युन ("south”), دٔچھُن (dạchun, "right”), दऺछुन ("right”)
  • Kohistani Shina: دشُݨُ
  • Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dōčin)
  • Phalura: [script needed] (dec̣hiṇi)
  • Shina: [script needed] (dăc̣hiṇu)
• Helu Prakrit:
  • Dhivehi: ދެކުނު (dekunu)
  • Sinhalese: දකුණු (dakuṇu)
• Khasa Prakrit:
  • Nepali: दक्खिन (dakkhina)
• Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa)
  • Assamese: দক্ষিণ (dokhin)
  • Bengali: দক্ষিণ (dokkhin)
  • Bihari:
    • Bhojpuri: दखिन (dakhin)
  • Rohingya: doóin
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa)
  • Marathi: डाखीण (ḍākhīṇ, "south wind”)
• Paisaci Prakrit:
  • Punjabi: ਦੱਖਣ (dakkhaṇ)
  • Sindhi: डखिणु (ḍakhiṇu)
• Pali: dakkhiṇa
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa)
  • Garhwali: दक्खिन (dakkhin)
  • Gujarati: દખણ (dakhaṇ)
  • Hindustani:

    Hindi: दक्खिन (dakkhin)

    • → English: Deccan

Borrowed terms

• → Hindi: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Gujarati: દક્ષિણ (dakṣiṇ)
• → Javanese: ꦢꦏ꧀ꦱꦶꦤ (daksina)
• → Kannada: ದಕ್ಷಿಣ (dakṣiṇa)
• → Khmer: ទក្សិណ (tĕəksən)
• → Malayalam: ദക്ഷിണ (dakṣiṇa)
• → Marathi: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Nepali: दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ)
• → Odia: ଦକ୍ଷିଣ (dakshiṇa)
• → Telugu: దక్షిణము (dakṣiṇamu)
• → Thai: ทักษิณ (ták-sǐn)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “दक्षिण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 465/2.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dákṣiṇa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 690-691