ponad

See also: ponad-

Masurian

Alternative forms

• ponade

Etymology

Univerbation of po +‎ nad. Compare Polish ponad.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɔnat/
• Rhymes: -ɔnat
• Syllabification: po‧nad

Preposition

ponad

1. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
2. denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state [with accusative]
3. denotes number larger than another; more than, over [with accusative]

Further reading

• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “ponad”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 6, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 227-228

Polish

Alternative forms

• ponade (before certain pronouns)

Etymology

Univerbation of po +‎ nad. Compare Kashubian pònad, Masurian ponad, and Ukrainian по́над (pónad). First attested in 1749.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɔ.nat/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈpɔ.nat/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔnat
• Syllabification: po‧nad
• Homophone: ponad-

Preposition

ponad

1. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

   Synonyms: powyżej, nad

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

   Latem słońce świeci wysoko ponad górami. ― In summer, the sun shines high above the mountains.

2. denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

   Synonyms: powyżej, nad

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

3. denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state [with accusative]

   Synonym: nad

   Kocham to ponad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

4. above, beyond [with accusative]

   Zadanie to jest ponad moje umiejętności. ― This task is beyond my capabilities.

   Ona przedkłada swoją karierę ponad wszystko. ― She puts her career above all else.

Derived terms

particles

• ponadto

 

Particle

ponad

1. over, more than

   Synonym: przeszło

   Pracuję tu ponad dwie dekady. ― I have worked here for over two decades.

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ponad (particle) is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 12 times in scientific texts, 87 times in news, 38 times in essays, 3 times in fiction, and 1 time in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 141 times, making it the 426th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Further reading

• ponad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• ponad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “ponad”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “ponad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “ponad”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 584