USS Hornet (CV-8)

Hornet shortly after completion
History
US
Ordered	30 March 1939
Laid down	25 September 1939
Launched	14 December 1940
Commissioned	20 October 1941
Stricken	13 January 1943
Honours and awards	American Defense Service Medal ("A" device) / American Campaign Medal/European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (1 star) / Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1 star) / World War II Victory Medal
Fate	sunk 27 October 1942 in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.
General characteristics
Displacement	As built: 19,900 tons light 25,600 tons full load
Length	As built: 761 feet (waterline) 824 feet 9 inches (overall)
Beam	As built: 83 feet 3 inches (waterline) 114 feet (overall)
Draught	28 feet
Propulsion	9 × Babcock & Wilcox boilers, 4 × Parsons geared turbines, 120,000 shp (90 MW) 4 × screws
Speed	32.5 knots
Range	12,500 nautical miles (23,200 km) at 15 knots (17 mph; 28 km/h)
Complement	2,919 officers and enlisted (wartime)
Armament	As built: 8 × 5 inch (127 mm)/38 caliber guns (8×1) 16 1.1 inch (28 mm)/ 75 caliber automatic cannons (4× 4) 24 × .50 in (12.7 mm) machineguns
Armour	As built: 2.5-4 inch belt 60 lb protective decks 4 inch bulkheads 4 inch side and 2 inch top round conning tower 4 inch side over steering gear
Aircraft carried	As built: 90 aircraft 3 × elevators 2 × flight deck hydraulic catapults 1 × hangar deck hydraulic catapults

For other ships with the same name, see USS Hornet.

The seventh USS Hornet (CV-8) of the United States Navy was a Yorktown class aircraft carrier of World War II, notable for launching the Doolittle Raid, as a participant in the Battle of Midway, and for action in the Solomons before being sunk in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.

She was launched 14 December 1940 by Newport News Shipbuilding of Newport News, Virginia, sponsored by Annie Reid Knox (wife of Secretary of the Navy Frank M. Knox), and commissioned at Norfolk 20 October 1941, Captain Marc A. Mitscher in command.

During the uneasy period before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hornet trained out of Norfolk. A hint of a future mission occurred 2 February 1942 when Hornet departed Norfolk with two Army Air Force B-25 Mitchell medium bombers on deck. Once at sea, the planes were launched to the surprise and amazement of Hornet's crew. Her men were unaware of the meaning of this experiment, as Hornet returned to Norfolk, prepared to leave for combat, and on 4 March sailed for the West Coast via the Panama Canal.

Doolittle Raid, April 1942

Main article: Doolittle Raid

Hornet arrived at Alameda, California 20 March. With her own planes on the hangar deck, she loaded 16 Army Air Force B-25 bombers on the flight deck. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle, 70 officers and 64 enlisted men reported aboard. In company of her escort, Hornet departed Alameda 2 April and embarked on her mission under sealed orders. That afternoon, Captain Marc Mitscher informed his men of their mission: a bombing raid on Japan.

Eleven days later, Hornet joined Enterprise (CV-6) off Midway and Task Force 16 turned toward Japan. With Enterprise providing combat air cover, Hornet was to steam deep into enemy waters. Originally, the task force intended to proceed to within 400 miles (600 km) of the Japanese coast; however, on the morning of 18 April a Japanese patrol boat, No. 23 Nitto Maru, sighted the United States task force. The cruiser Nashville (CL-43) sank the patrol boat, but worried that the Japanese had been made aware of their presence, Doolittle and the other raiders were forced to launch prematurely. Because of this decision to launch early none of the 16 planes made it to their designated landing strip. The raiders were forced to launch 600 miles out instead of the planned 450 miles. Later it was found that the Japanese ship was sunk before it could contact the mainland.

As Hornet swung about and prepared to launch the bombers, which had been readied for take-off the previous day, a gale of more than 40 knots (50 mph; 70 km/h) churned the sea with 30-foot (9 m) crests; heavy swells, which caused the ship to pitch violently, shipped sea and spray over the bow, wet the flight deck and drenched the deck crews. The lead plane, commanded by Colonel Doolittle, had but 467 feet of flight deck while the last B-25 hung far out over the fantail. The first of the heavily-laden bombers, timing itself against the rise and fall of the ship's bow, lumbered down the flight deck, circled Hornet after take-off, and set course for Japan. By 09:20, all 16 were airborne, heading for the first American air strike against Japan.

A B-25 takes off from Hornet.

Hornet brought her own planes on deck and steamed at full speed for Pearl Harbor. Intercepted broadcasts, both in Japanese and English, confirmed at 14:46 the success of the raids. Exactly one week to the hour after launching the B-25s, Hornet sailed into Pearl Harbor. Hornet's mission was kept an official secret for a year; until then President Roosevelt referred to the origin of the Tokyo raid only as "Shangri-La".

Hornet steamed from Pearl Harbor 30 April, to aid Yorktown (CV-5) and Lexington (CV-2) at the Battle of the Coral Sea, which ended before she reached the scene. She returned to Hawaii 26 May and sailed 2 days later to help repulse an expected Japanese assault on Midway.

Battle of Midway, June 1942

Japanese carrier-based planes were reported headed for Midway the early morning of 4 June 1942. Hornet, Yorktown, and Enterprise launched aircraft, just as the Japanese carriers struck their planes below to prepare for a second attack on Midway. Hornet dive bombers were unable to locate their targets, but 15 torpedo bombers of her Torpedo Squadron 8 (VT-8) found their enemy and pressed home their attacks. They were met by overwhelming fighter opposition about 8 miles (13 km) out and were shot down one by one. Ensign George H. Gay, USNR, was the only survivor of thirty men.

Of 41 torpedo planes launched by the American carriers, only six returned. Their sacrifice drew enemy fighters away from dive bombers of Enterprise and Yorktown, which sank three Japanese carriers, with an indirect but crucial assist from submarine Nautilus (SS-168). The fourth Japanese carrier, Hiryū, was hit late in the afternoon of 4 June and went down in the early hours of the morning on the following day. Yorktown was lost to combined aerial and submarine attack.

Hornet’s planes (this time assisted by submarine Tambor (SS-198) attacked the fleeing Japanese fleet on 6 June 1942 — they aided in sinking the cruiser Mikuma, damaged a destroyer, and left cruiser Mogami aflame and heavily damaged. Hits were also made on other ships. Hornet's attack on Mogami wrote finis to one of the decisive battles of history. Midway was saved as an important base for operations into the western Pacific. Of greatest importance was the crippling of Japan's carrier strength, a severe blow from which she never fully recovered. The four large aircraft carriers sent to the bottom of the sea carried with them some 250 planes along with a high percentage of Japan's most highly trained and battle-experienced carrier pilots. This great victory by Hornet and the other ships at Midway is widely seen as a turning point in the battle for the Pacific.

Solomons campaign, August–October, 1942

Following the Battle of Midway, Hornet had new radar installed and trained out of Pearl Harbor. She sailed 17 August 1942 to guard the sea approach to bitterly-contested Guadalcanal in the Solomons. Bomb damage to Enterprise (24 August), torpedo damage to Saratoga (CV-3) (31 August), and loss of Wasp (CV-7) (15 September) reduced carriers in the South Pacific to one: Hornet. The Hornet bore the brunt of air cover in the Solomons until 24 October 1942 when it joined Enterprise northwest of the New Hebrides and steamed to intercept a Japanese carrier-battleship force bearing down on Guadalcanal.

File:USS Hornet at Santa Cruz-600px.jpg

Hornet under attack at the battle of the Santa Cruz Islands

The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands took place 26 October 1942 without contact between surface ships of the opposing forces. That morning Enterprise planes bombed carrier Zuihō. Planes from Hornet severely damaged carrier Shōkaku, and cruiser Chikuma. Two other cruisers were also attacked by Hornet aircraft. Meanwhile, Hornet was attacked by a coordinated dive bombing and torpedo plane attack. In a 15-minute period, Hornet took three bomb hits from Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers, another bomb hit followed by the "Val" itself crashing into the deck, two torpedo hits from Nakajima B5N "Kate"s, and one more "Val" crashing into the deck. Later in the day, one more B5N scored a torpedo hit, and "abandon ship" was ordered. Captain Charles P. Mason, the last man on board, climbed over the side, and survivors were soon picked up by destroyers.

U.S. forces then attempted to scuttle the abandoned Hornet, which stubbornly absorbed nine torpedoes and more than 400 rounds of 5 inch from destroyers Mustin (DD-413) and Anderson (DD-411). Mustin and Anderson moved off when Japanese naval forces appeared in the area. Japanese destroyers then finished the Hornet with four 24-inch (610 mm) torpedoes. At 01:35, 27 October 1942, she finally sank off the Santa Cruz Islands. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register 13 January 1943, but her name was revived.

Hornet received four battle stars for World War II service. Torpedo Squadron 8 was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation "for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service beyond the call of duty" in the Battle of Midway.

References

•  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

External links

• Navy photographs of Hornet (CV-8)
• Maritimequest USS Hornet CV-8 Photo Gallery
• More detail on last hours of Hornet.
• CV-8 Personnel Roster at HullNumber.com