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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
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'''''Anemone richardsonii'''''('''Yellow thimbleweed''') is named after a [[Scotland|Scottish]] naturalist, [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Sir John Richardson ]] (1787-1865) who found it on [[Franklin's lost expedition|Franklin’s expedition]] to the Arctic (CYSIP 2009). It is a [[perennial]], [[deciduous]] plant that blooms in mid – early June (CYSIP 2009).
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = Anemone richardsonii
|image = Anemone richardsonii.jpg
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|image_caption = The yellow flower of ''Anemonastrum richardsonii'', showing above-ground stem and sessile leaves
| image = [[File:Anemone richardsonii.jpg|250 px|Anemone richardsonii]]
|genus = Anemonastrum
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| image_caption = The yellow flower of ''Anemone richardsonii'',showing above ground stem and sessile leaves
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|species = richardsonii
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|authority = ([[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]) Mosyakin<ref>Phytoneuron 2016-79: 4 (2016)</ref>
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| status = G5
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| status_system = TNC
| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
| status_ref = <ref name="TNC status 22 Jun 2022">{{Cite web|date=2022-06-22 |url= https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.136278|access-date=22 Jun 2022 |website=NatureServe Explorer Anemonastrum richardsonii|title = NatureServe Explorer - Anemonastrum richardsonii |publisher=NatureServe}}</ref>
| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Anemone]]''
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| species = '''A.richardsonii'''
| binomial = ''Anemone richardsonii''
| binomial_authority = [[Hook.]]
}}
}}


⚫
'''''Anemonastrum richardsonii''''', commonly known as '''yellow thimbleweed''', is named after a [[Scotland|Scottish]] naturalist, [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Sir John Richardson]] (1787–1865) who found it on [[Franklin's lost expedition|Franklin's expedition]] to the Arctic.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/> It is a [[perennial plant|perennial]], [[deciduous]] plant that blooms in mid to early June.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/><ref name=ITIS>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18434#null ITIS report: ''Anemone richardsonii'' Hook]</ref>
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==Physical Description==
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Yellow thimbleweed is recognized by its small single yellow flowers. These flowers are considered [[Plant sexuality#Individual reproductive unit (a flower in angiosperms)|perfect]], which means they have both male and female reproductive organs <ref name="(CYSIP 2009)">{{cite web|title=Central Yukon Species Inventory Project (CYSIP)|url=http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org|publisher=Friends of Dempster Country|accessdate=Oct 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" />. The flower lacks petals but has yellow sepals that act as petals and it has a superior ovary <ref name="(CYSIP 2009)">{{cite web|title=Central Yukon Species Inventory Project (CYSIP)|url=http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org|publisher=Friends of Dempster Country|accessdate=Oct 18, 2011}}</ref>. The flower sits on a stem that can grow about 20 cm high, and covered with tiny hairs (pubescent) <ref name="(CYSIP 2009)">{{cite web|title=Central Yukon Species Inventory Project (CYSIP)|url=http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org|publisher=Friends of Dempster Country|accessdate=Oct 18, 2011}}</ref> .


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==Description==
''Anemone richardsonii'' has [[rhizomes]] (underground stems) which are thread-like with stalked leaves that are palmately lobed (CYSIP 2009)<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" />. It also has stem leaves that are 3-parted and sharply toothed in a whorled arrangement below the flowers (CYSIP 2009)<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" />.
⚫
Yellow thimbleweed is recognized by its small single yellow flowers. These flowers are considered [[Plant sexuality#Individual reproductive unit (a flower in angiosperms)|perfect]], which means they have both male and female reproductive organs.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)">{{cite web|url=http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/0.Site.Folder/Species.Program/Species2.php?species_id=Ane.richar|title=Central Yukon Species Inventory Project|last=CYSIP|date=|website=|publisher=Friends of Dempster County|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref> The flower lacks petals but has yellow sepals that act as [[petal]]s and it has a superior ovary.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/> The flower sits on a [[Plant stem|stem]] that can grow about {{convert|20|cm}} high, and is pubescent (covered with tiny hairs).<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/>


The fruit is generally small, 3-4 mm long and [[achene]] (dry) (CYSIP 2009)<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" />. It is sub spherical (nearly round), lacks hairs, and is hooked at the tip (CYSIP 2009)<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" />. The fruit of the yellow thimbleweed is dispersed by wind and has a style that aids in flight (CYSIP 2009)<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" />.
''Anemonastrum richardsonii'' has [[rhizome]]s (underground stems) which are thread-like with stalked leaves that are [[palmate]]ly lobed.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/> It also has stem leaves that are 3-parted and sharply toothed in a whorled arrangement below the flowers.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/>

The flower develops into an [[achene]] (a dry fruit), which is generally small, {{convert|3|–|4|mm}} long.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/> It is sub-spherical (nearly round), lacks hairs, and is hooked at the tip.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/> The fruit of the yellow thimbleweed is dispersed by wind and has a style that aids in flight.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
⚫
''Anemonastrum richardsonii'' prefers subarctic climates and can be found in willow thickets, snow patches, along streams, near peat and mosses, and in moist areas with low drainage.<ref name="(Aiken 1999)"/> It is capable of growing under a wide range of soil pH.<ref name="(Aiken 1999)"/>

⚫
''Anemone richardsonii'' prefers subarctic climates and can be found in willow thickets, snow patches, along streams, near peat and mosses, and in moist areas with low drainage (Aiken 1999). It is also capable of growing under a wide range of soil pH (Aiken 1999).


==Range==
==Range==
Yellow thimbleweed can be found throughout most of Canada, including the Northwest Territories, Yukon, northern Quebec, Labrador, the Nunavut Islands, Melville Island, and Victoria Island [[Canada]], as well as in west Greenland and Alaska (U.S.A.).<ref name="(Aiken 1999)">{{cite book|last=Aiken|first=S.G.|title=Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago – Anemone richardsonii Hooker.|year=1999|publisher=Canadian Museum of Nature|location=Ottawa, ON|url=https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/www/raanri.htm|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref><ref name="(USDA 2011)">{{cite web|last=USDA|first=Natural Resource Conservation Service|title=Plants Profile: Anemone richardsonii Hook. yellow thimbleweed|url=http://plants.usda.gov/|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=December 2, 2011}}</ref>
Yellow thimbleweed can be found throughout most of Canada, including the Northwest Territories, Yukon, northern Quebec, Labrador, the Nunavut Islands, Melville Island, and Victoria Island [[Canada]], as well as in west Greenland and Alaska (U.S.A.)(Aiken 1999, USDA 2011).


==Importance to Ecosystems==
==Importance to ecosystems==
⚫
''A. richardsonii'''s flowers produce much pollen, which attracts some insect pollinators, but they do not produce much nectar; the plant is not generally eaten by vertebrates.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/>


==Uses==
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''Anemone richardsonii''’s flowers produce much pollen, which attracts some insect pollinators, but they do not produce much nectar; the plant is not generally eaten by vertebrates <ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" />.
Herbalists use the plant to soothe abrasions, toothaches, rheumatism, and depression.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" /> Traditionally, the roots were boiled and used in an attempt to treat paralysis, though this was ineffective.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/> The smoke from the cotton of the ripe seeds was also burned and inhaled to relieve headaches.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)"/>


''A. richardsonii'' contains [[anemonin]] and [[protoanemonin]], bioactive compounds which have been investigated for potential therapeutic uses; one indication is that anemonin may inhibit pigmentation synthesis.<ref name="(CYSIP 2009)" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yen-Hua |last2=Lee |first2=Tzong-Huei |last3=Chan |first3=Kuei-Jung |last4=Hsu |first4=Feng-Lin |last5=Wu |first5=Yu-Chih |last6=Lee |first6=Mei-Hsien |title=Anemonin is a natural bioactive compound that can regulate tyrosinase-related proteins and mRNA in human melanocytes |journal=Journal of Dermatological Science |date=February 2008 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=115–123 |doi=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.07.008 |pmid=17766092 }}</ref>
==Importance to Humans==

''Anemone richardsonii'' contains antibiotics, mainly anemonin and protoanemonin, which actively fight against most common bacteria (CYSIP 2009). It can also be used to soothe abrasions, toothaches, rheumatism and as well as depression (CYSIP 2009). The roots have been boiled traditionally and used as an ineffective treatment for paralysis (CYSIP 2009). Also the smoke was from burned cotton of the ripe seeds was inhaled to relieve headaches (CYSIP 2009).


==Conservation==
==Conservation==
In British Columbia, ''Anemone richadsonii'' is abundant, secure and wide spread (EAPBC 2011); this seems to reflect the status of the species throughout North America (USDA 2011).
In British Columbia, ''A. richardsonii'' is abundant, secure and widespread;<ref name="(EAPBC 2011)">{{cite web|last=EAPBC|title=E-Flora BC Vascular Plant Atlas|url=http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/eflora|publisher=University of British Columbia|accessdate=October 22, 2011}}</ref> this seems to reflect the status of the species throughout North America, as it is not listed in any vulnerable categories by COSEWIC in Canada or by the United States Department of Agriculture.<ref name="(USDA 2011)"/><ref name="(EAPBC 2011)"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

<!--- After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --->
{{Taxonbar|from=Q91249650}}
*Aiken, S.G. 1999. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago – Anemone richardsonii Hooker. [online] Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Available from http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/index.htm [accessed 22 October 2011]

*EAPBC. 2011. E-Flora BC Vascular Plant Atlas page. [online]. Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. Available from http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/eflora [accessed 22 October 2011]
[[Category:Anemonastrum|richardsonii]]
*ITIS. 2011. ITIS Standard Report Page: Anemone Richardsonii. [online]. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Available from http://www.itis.gov[accessed 18 October, 2011]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]
*USDA. 2011. Plants Profile: ''Anemone richardsonii'' Hook. yellow thimbleweed [online]. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available from: http://plants.usda.gov [accessed 02 December, 2011].
[[Category:Flora of Canada]]
[[Category:Flora of Greenland]]
[[Category:Flora of Alaska]]

Latest revision as of 16:59, 23 June 2022

Anemonastrum richardsonii
The yellow flower of Anemonastrum richardsonii, showing above-ground stem and sessile leaves

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Anemonastrum
Species:
A. richardsonii
Binomial name
Anemonastrum richardsonii
(Hook.) Mosyakin[2]

Anemonastrum richardsonii, commonly known as yellow thimbleweed, is named after a Scottish naturalist, Sir John Richardson (1787–1865) who found it on Franklin's expedition to the Arctic.[3] It is a perennial, deciduous plant that blooms in mid to early June.[3][4]

Description

[edit]

Yellow thimbleweed is recognized by its small single yellow flowers. These flowers are considered perfect, which means they have both male and female reproductive organs.[3] The flower lacks petals but has yellow sepals that act as petals and it has a superior ovary.[3] The flower sits on a stem that can grow about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) high, and is pubescent (covered with tiny hairs).[3]

Anemonastrum richardsonii has rhizomes (underground stems) which are thread-like with stalked leaves that are palmately lobed.[3] It also has stem leaves that are 3-parted and sharply toothed in a whorled arrangement below the flowers.[3]

The flower develops into an achene (a dry fruit), which is generally small, 3–4 millimetres (0.12–0.16 in) long.[3] It is sub-spherical (nearly round), lacks hairs, and is hooked at the tip.[3] The fruit of the yellow thimbleweed is dispersed by wind and has a style that aids in flight.[3]

Habitat

[edit]

Anemonastrum richardsonii prefers subarctic climates and can be found in willow thickets, snow patches, along streams, near peat and mosses, and in moist areas with low drainage.[5] It is capable of growing under a wide range of soil pH.[5]

Range

[edit]

Yellow thimbleweed can be found throughout most of Canada, including the Northwest Territories, Yukon, northern Quebec, Labrador, the Nunavut Islands, Melville Island, and Victoria Island Canada, as well as in west Greenland and Alaska (U.S.A.).[5][6]

Importance to ecosystems

[edit]

A. richardsonii's flowers produce much pollen, which attracts some insect pollinators, but they do not produce much nectar; the plant is not generally eaten by vertebrates.[3]

Uses

[edit]

Herbalists use the plant to soothe abrasions, toothaches, rheumatism, and depression.[3] Traditionally, the roots were boiled and used in an attempt to treat paralysis, though this was ineffective.[3] The smoke from the cotton of the ripe seeds was also burned and inhaled to relieve headaches.[3]

A. richardsonii contains anemonin and protoanemonin, bioactive compounds which have been investigated for potential therapeutic uses; one indication is that anemonin may inhibit pigmentation synthesis.[3][7]

Conservation

[edit]

In British Columbia, A. richardsonii is abundant, secure and widespread;[8] this seems to reflect the status of the species throughout North America, as it is not listed in any vulnerable categories by COSEWIC in Canada or by the United States Department of Agriculture.[6][8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer - Anemonastrum richardsonii". NatureServe Explorer Anemonastrum richardsonii. NatureServe. 2022-06-22. Retrieved 22 Jun 2022.
  2. ^ Phytoneuron 2016-79: 4 (2016)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o CYSIP. "Central Yukon Species Inventory Project". Friends of Dempster County. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  4. ^ ITIS report: Anemone richardsonii Hook
  5. ^ a b c Aiken, S.G. (1999). Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago – Anemone richardsonii Hooker. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Museum of Nature. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  6. ^ a b USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service. "Plants Profile: Anemone richardsonii Hook. yellow thimbleweed". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  7. ^ Huang, Yen-Hua; Lee, Tzong-Huei; Chan, Kuei-Jung; Hsu, Feng-Lin; Wu, Yu-Chih; Lee, Mei-Hsien (February 2008). "Anemonin is a natural bioactive compound that can regulate tyrosinase-related proteins and mRNA in human melanocytes". Journal of Dermatological Science. 49 (2): 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.07.008. PMID 17766092.
  8. ^ a b EAPBC. "E-Flora BC Vascular Plant Atlas". University of British Columbia. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
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