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{{Infobox company
<!--This article is in US English-->
| name = Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC
{{Infobox Company |
| logo = [[File:CRAM ROSE SEAL CIRCLE copy.jpg|170x170px]]
company_name = HDB/Cram and Ferguson |
foundation = [[1889]] |
| foundation = 1889
| founder = [[Ralph Adams Cram]]
type = [[Corporation]] |
| former_name = Cram and Wentworth (1889-1890)
location = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[United States]] {{flagicon|United States}}|
Cram, Wentworth and Goodhue (1890-1905)
products = Architectural design|

homepage = http://www.hdb.com/
Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson (1905-14)

Cram and Ferguson (1914-1958)

Hoyle, Doran and Berry (1958-92)

HDB/Cram and Ferguson (1992-2008)
Cram and Ferguson LLC (2008–present)
| type = Limited Liability Company
| location = [[Concord, Massachusetts]], [[United States]]
| products = Architectural design
| owner = [[Ethan Anthony]] AIA
| website = https://www.cramandferguson.com/
}}
}}
'''Cram and Ferguson Architects''' is an architecture firm based in [[Concord, Massachusetts]]. The company was founded as a partnership in 1889 by the "preeminent American Ecclesiastical Gothicist"<ref name="TexArch">Jay C. Henry,
''Architecture in Texas 1895-1945'', [[University of Texas Press]] (1993), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XSEKMBiN-OQC&pg=PA104 104], {{ISBN|0-292-73072-1}}</ref> [[Ralph Adams Cram]] and Charles Francis Wentworth. In 1890 they were joined by [[Bertram Goodhue]], who was made a partner in 1895.


The firm name has changed as partners have changed and names have included: Cram and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson Architects, Hoyle, Doran and Berry and HDB/Cram and Ferguson all successor firms to the original partnership of Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth.
'''HDB/Cram and Ferguson''' is an architectural firm operating in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] since the late 19th century. The original partnership was founded in 1889 by [[Ralph Adams Cram]] and [[Charles Francis Wentworth]]. In 1890 they were joined by [[Bertram Goodhue]], who was made a partner in 1895.


Frank Ferguson, their structural engineer, was made a partner on Wentworth's death in 1905 making the firm one of the earliest A/E firms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Anthony|first=Ethan|title=The Architecture of Ralph Adams Cram And His Office|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.|year=2007|isbn=9780393731040|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shand-Tucci|first=Douglass|title=Built in Boston: City and Suburb 1800-1950|publisher=New York Graphic Society|year=1978|location=New York}}</ref> Hoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. the partnership formed by Alexander Hoyle and John Doran continuing the unbroken succession descending from original Cram collaborators in 1958, HDB/Cram and Ferguson was the partnership of David H. Hulihan long time employee of Cram and Ferguson and [[Ethan Anthony]] AIA. That partnership was reformed in 2008 on the retirement of President David H. Hulihan and the firm reverted to its traditional name of Cram and Ferguson Architects under the leadership of Ethan Anthony AIA.
{{imageframe|width=658|align=center|content= [[Image:Cram and Ferguson - Currier Art Gallery proposal 1920, external view.jpg|306px]][[Image:Cram and Ferguson - Currier Art Gallery proposal 1920, internal courtyard view.jpg|152px]][[Image:Cram and Ferguson - Currier Art Gallery proposal 1920, floor plan.jpg|200px]]|caption=Illustrations and floor plan from the 1920 proposal for the [[Currier Museum of Art|Currier Art Gallery]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]].}}

In 1931, in Cram's waning years, Arthur Tappan North wrote in his Monograph on the firm's work:<ref name=":3" />

{{Quote
|text=Some architectural styles such as the Gothic manifestations in several countries, were invented for and dedicated to a specific use which has continued to this day in the original or modified forms. It was this continuity of use that was the basis of the conception of Cram and Wentworth and their successors, including Cram and Ferguson, of the ideal American church. A consistent adherence to this ideal did not in any manner prevent their work assuming a wide range of individual expressions, a testimony to their extensive knowledge and understanding, liberally expressed.

Among a very small number of American Architects, Ralph Adams Cram is a distinguished contributor to (architectural) literature, not confined to the purely technical aspects of architecture but to it sociological and philosophical attributes. Dr. Cram is equally distinguished for his contributions to architecture, which, although predominantly ecclesiastical in character, embrace many building projects of different types. While he has always been recognized as the senior member of the firm, he has always unselfishly accorded to his associates a full measure of credit for their cooperation and equal contributions to its successes.
|author=Arthur Tappan North|title=|source=}}

Since 1990 Cram and Ferguson under the leadership of the American Architect; [[Ethan Anthony]] is completing new church and academic work including: the St. Thomas Aquinas University Church at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, [[Our Lady of Good Voyage (Boston)|The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage]] at Boston Seaport, Massachusetts and the St. Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Church at Ridgway, Illinois. Major work the last fifteen years, the Benedictine Monastery of [https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2020/04/21st-century-english-medieval-revival.html Syon Abbey] on the Blue Ridge Parkway in Floyd, Virginia, [https://www.greensborodailyphoto.com/2010/05/canterburys-phillips-chapel.html The Phillips Chapel] at the Canterbury School in Greensboro, North Carolina and The Edward's Chapel at The Casady School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.


==Historic projects==
==Historic projects==
*[[Currier Museum of Art|Currier Art Gallery]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[New Hampshire]]
*The [[Berkeley Building|Old John Hancock Building]], 200 Berkeley Street, [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
*[[West Point Military Academy]] (1904), [[West Point]], [[New York]]
*[[All Saints' Church, Ashmont|All Saints' Church]], [[Ashmont, Massachusetts|Ashmont]], Massachusetts
*[[Rice University]], Houston, Texas


=== Religious architecture ===
==External links==
[[File:St Thomas Church of Fifth Av from 53rd St in 2008 jeh.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Thomas Church (Manhattan)|St. Thomas Church]], New York, NY, 1907]]
*[http://www.hdb.com/home.html HDB/Cram & Ferguson] official website
[[File:Cathedral Church of Saint Paul.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Detroit)|The Cathedral Church of St. Paul]] in Detroit, MI, 1908-11|alt=]]


*[[Parish of All Saints Ashmont|All Saints Church Ashmon]]<nowiki/>t – Dorchester, MA, 1891<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Muccigrosso|first=Robert|title=American Gothic: The Mind and Art of Ralph Adams Cram|publisher=University Press of America|year=1980|isbn=0819108847|location=Washington DC}}</ref>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hdb/Cram And Ferguson}}
* Saint Paul's Episcopal Church – Brockton, MA, 1891-94<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Contemporary American Architects: Ralph Adams Cram, Cram and Ferguson|publisher=Whittlesey House|year=1931|location=New York and London}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Anthony|first=Ethan|title=A Pocket Guide to the New England Architecture of Cram and Ferguson Architects|publisher=Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC|year=2017|edition=2|location=Concord, MA}}</ref>
[[Category:Architecture firms based in Massachusetts]]
* Swedenborgian Church, 1893 – Newton, MA<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
[[Category:Companies based in Boston, Massachusetts]]
* Church of Saint Peter and Paul – Fall River, MA, 1893<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Shand-Tucci|first=Douglass|title=Ralph Adams Cram: American Medievalist|publisher=Boston Public Library|year=1975}}</ref>
*[[Christ Church, Hyde Park|Christ Church]] – Hyde Park, MA, 1893<ref name=":3" />
* St. Luke's Church – Roxbury, MA, 1895<ref name=":3" />
* Second Congregational Church (Phillips Church) – Exeter, NH, 1895-98<ref name=":1" />[[File:All Saints Church, Peterborough, NH.jpg|thumb|[[All Saints Church (Peterborough, New Hampshire)|All Saints Church]], Peterborough, NH, 1913–21]]
*St. Stephen's Episcopal Church – Cohasset, MA, 1899<ref name=":1" />
*[[Emmanuel Church (Newport, Rhode Island)|Emmanuel Church]] – Newport, RI, 1900<ref name=":1" />
* St. Paul's Episcopal Church – Chicago, IL, 1902<ref name=":0" />
* First Baptist Church – Pittsburgh, PA, 1902<ref name=":0" />
* All Saints Chapel, University of the South – Sewanee, TN, 1903<ref name=":4" />
* Christ Church Cathedral Competition (project) – Victoria, British Columbia, 1903<ref name=":0" />
* St. John in the Wilderness Episcopal Cathedral (project) – Denver, CO, 1903<ref name=":0" />
* First Unitarian Church – West Newton, MA, 1905<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shand-Tucci|first=Douglass|title=Boston Bohemia 1881-1900, vol. 1 Ralph Adams Cram: Life and Architecture|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=1995|location=Amherst, MA}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* Westminster Presbyterian Church – Springfield, IL, 1905<ref name=":4" />
*[[All Saints Cathedral, Halifax|All Saints Cathedral]] – Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1906<ref name=":4" />
*[[Calvary Episcopal Church (Pittsburgh)|Calvary Episcopal Church]] – Pittsburgh, PA, 1906<ref name=":0" />
* Glens Falls Presbyterian Church – Glens Falls, NY, 1906<ref name=":1" />
*[[Saint Thomas Church (Manhattan)|St. Thomas Episcopal Church]] – New York, NY, 1907<ref name=":2" />
*[[St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Denver, Colorado)|Trinity Memorial Church]] (now St. Andrew's) – Denver, CO, 1907<ref name=":0" />
*[[Church of the Covenant (Cleveland)|Church of the Covenant]] – Cleveland, OH, 1907<ref name=":0" />
*[[Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Detroit)|St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral]] – Detroit, MI, 1908-11<ref name=":4" />
* Church and Rectory (project) – Guantanamo, Cuba, 1908<ref name=":0" />
* Russell Sage Memorial First Presbyterian Church – Far Rockaway, NY, 1908<ref name=":0" />
* St. Mary's Church – Walkerville, Ontario, 1908<ref name=":4" />
* Cathedral of the Incarnation (project) – Diocese of Baltimore, MD, 1908<ref name=":0" />
* Church of the Ascension – Montgomery, AL, 1910<ref name=":0" />
*[[St. James' Episcopal Church (Manhattan)|St. James Episcopal Church]] – New York, NY, 1911-24<ref name=":1" />
* St. Paul's Episcopal Church – Malden, MA, 1911<ref name=":3" />
* Grace Episcopal Church Parish House – Manchester, NH, 1911<ref name=":4" />
*[[House of Hope Presbyterian Church]] – St. Paul, MN, 1916-26<ref name=":0" />
*[[Fourth Presbyterian Church (Chicago)|Fourth Presbyterian Church]] – Chicago, IL, 1912<ref name=":0" />
* Church of the New Jerusalem – Bryn Athyn, PA 1912<ref name=":0" />
* First Presbyterian Church – Oakland, CA, 1912-13<ref name=":0" />
*[[All Saints Church (Peterborough, New Hampshire)|All Saints Episcopal Church]] – Peterborough, NH, 1913-21<ref name=":1" />
*[[Trinity Church, Princeton|Trinity Episcopal Church]] (addition) – Princeton, NJ, 1914
* Chapel for the Sisters of St. Anne – Arlington, MA, 1914<ref name=":3" />
* St. Elizabeth Chapel at Whitehall – Sudbury, MA, 1914<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
*[[First Universalist Church (Somerville, Massachusetts)|First Universalist Church]] – Somerville, MA, 1916<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Shand-Tucci|first=Douglass|title=Church Building in Boston 1720-1970 With and Introduction to the Work of Ralph Adams Cram and the Boston Gothicists|publisher=The Rumford Press|year=1974|location=Concord, MA}}</ref>
* Ellingwood Funerary Chapel – Nahant, MA, 1919<ref name=":0" />
* St. James Church – Lake Delaware, NY, 1920<ref name=":4" />
*[[Trinity Episcopal Church (Houston)|Trinity Episcopal Church]] – Houston, TX, 1920<ref name=":0" />
*[[Sacred Heart Church (Jersey City)|Sacred Heart Church]] – Jersey City, NJ, 1921<ref name=":4" />
* Central Union Church – Honolulu, HI, 1922<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
*[[File:East Liberty Presbyterian Church Front.TIF|thumb|[[East Liberty Presbyterian Church]], Pittsburgh, PA, 1931]][[First Presbyterian Church (Tacoma, Washington)|First Presbyterian Church]] – Tacoma, WA, 1923<ref name=":0" />
* Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church – Durham, NC, 1923<ref name=":4" />
* First Presbyterian Church – Jamestown, NY, 1923<ref name=":4" />
* St. Paul's Episcopal Church – Yonkers, NY, 1924<ref name=":1" />
*[[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] – New York, NY, 1925-31<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
*St. Mary's Catholic Church – Detroit, MI, 1925<ref name=":0" />
*Emmanuel Church (project) – Rockford, IL, 1927<ref name=":0" />
*St. Paul's Church – Winston-Salem, NC 1927<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
*[[American Church in Paris|American Church of Paris]] – Paris, France, 1927<ref name=":0" />
*St. Florian's Church – Detroit, MI, 1928<ref name=":4" />
*Prince Memorial Chapel (project) – Fort Myer, VA, 1929<ref name=":0" />
*[[St. Vincent de Paul Church (Los Angeles)|St. Vincent's Church]] – Los Angeles, CA, 1927<ref name=":4" />
*Christ Church – United Methodist Church – New York, NY, 1929<ref name=":4" />
*All Saints Episcopal Church (addition) – Brookline, MA, 1929<ref name=":3" />
*Klise Memorial Chapel East Congregational UCC Church – Grand Rapids, MI, 1929<ref name=":0" />
*Mishawaka Cathedral (project) – Mishawaka, IN, 1930<ref name=":0" />
*[[East Liberty Presbyterian Church]] – Pittsburgh, PA, 1931<ref name=":4" />
*Second Unitarian Church – Boston, MA, 1934<ref name=":5" />
*Blank Church (project) – Chicago, IL, 1935<ref name=":0" />
*Conventual Church of Sts. Mary and John – Cambridge, MA, 1936<ref name=":0" />
*[[All Saints Episcopal Church (Winter Park, Florida)|All Saints Episcopal Church]] – Winter Park, FL, 1938<ref name=":4" />
*St. Thomas Church – Peoria, IL, 1939<ref name=":0" />


=== Academic architecture ===
{{US-architect-stub}}
[[File:PSM V78 D318 Design for the princeton university graduate college.png|thumb|[[Princeton University Graduate College]] Design, 1913]]

* [[Wheaton College (Massachusetts)|Wheaton College]] – Norton, MA, 1898-1932<ref name=":1" />
**Wallace Library<ref name=":0" />
**Cole Memorial Chapel<ref name=":3" />
**Kilham Hall<ref name=":0" />
*[[Sweet Briar College]] – Sweet Briar, VA, 1902-66<ref name=":4" />
*[[United States Military Academy]] – West Point, NY, 1904-1923<ref name=":1" />
**[[West Point Cadet Chapel|Cadet Chapel]]<ref name=":2" />
**Headquarters Building<ref name=":2" />
*[[Princeton University]] – Princeton, NJ, 1906-29<ref name=":1" />
**[[Princeton University Graduate College|Graduate College]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Lanford|first=Sarah Drummond|title=A Gothic Epitome: Ralph Adams Cram as Princeton's Architect|publisher=Princeton University Library|year=1982|location=Princeton University}}</ref>
**[[File:Lovett Hall.jpg|thumb|Lovett Hall at [[Rice University]]]][[File:Williams College - Chapin Hall.JPG|thumb|Williams College, Chapins Hall]]Proctor Hall<ref name=":2" />
**[[Princeton University Chapel|University Chapel]]<ref name=":2" />
**[[Cleveland Tower]]<ref name=":0" />
**Campbell Hall<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
**McCormick School of Art and Architecture<ref name=":6" />
*[[Rice University]] – Houston, TX, 1908-57<ref name=":0" />
**Administration Building (Lovett Hall)<ref name=":2" />
**Campus Master Plan<ref name=":0" />
**Mechanical Engineering Laboratory<ref name=":0" />
*[[University of Richmond|Westhampton College]], University of Richmond – Richmond, VA, 1910-16<ref name=":4" />
* St. Mary's School – Peekskill, NY, 1911<ref name=":0" />
*[[Phillips Exeter Academy]] – Exeter, NH, 1911-37<ref name=":4" />
**Dormitories
*[[Williams College]] – Williamstown, MA, 1912-38<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronological List of Architecture|url=https://facilities.williams.edu/planning-construction/planning-construction/properties/architecture-list/|website=Planning Design & Construction|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref>
**Williams Hall
**Chapins Hall
**Stetson Hall Library
**Sage Hall
**Gate between William and Sage
**Mears House
**Lehman Hall
**Heating Plant
**Adams Memorial Theatre
**Fayerweather Hall
*[[Mercersburg Academy]] Chapel – Mercersburg, PA, 1916-26<ref name=":0" />
*[[Masters School|The Masters School]] – Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1919<ref name=":3" /> [[File:South Dining Hall.jpg|thumb|403x403px|*University of Notre Dame, South Dining Hall]]
*[[Tsuda University]] – Hokkaido, Japan, 1919<ref name=":0" />
*[[Dominican University (Illinois)|Dominican University]] – River Forest, IL, 1920<ref name=":4" />
* St. George's Chapel – Newport, RI, 1923-29<ref name=":0" />
*[[Choate Rosemary Hall|Choate School]] – Wallingford, CT, 1924-25<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />
*[[University of Notre Dame]], [[South Dining Hall]] – South Bend, Indiana, 1927<ref name=":4" />
*[[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]] – Concord, NH, 1927-37<ref name=":1" />
* St. Alban's Choir School – Washington, D.C., 1929<ref name=":4" />
* Gibson Chapel, The Blue Ridge School – Dyke, VA, 1929<ref name=":0" />
*[[Rollins College]] Chapel – Winter Park, FL, 1930<ref name=":0" />
*[[University of Southern California]], [[Doheny Library]] – Los Angeles, CA, 1930<ref name=":0" />
*[[Wellesley College]] – Wellesley, MA, 1930<ref name=":1" />
*[[Boston University]] – Boston, MA, 1930-66<ref name=":1" />
* St. Mary's High School and Grammar School – Glens Falls, NY, 1930<ref name=":4" />
*[[Swarthmore College]] – Swarthmore, PA, 1938<ref name=":0" />

[[File:26183 John Hancock Building.jpg|thumb|John Hancock Building, Boston, MA]]

=== Residential, institutional, and commercial architecture ===

*Eddy Residence – Newton, MA, 1888<ref name=":0" />
* Edward Courtland Gale Residence – Williamstown, MA, 1890<ref name=":0" />
* Kennedy Road – Cambridge, MA, 1890<ref name=":0" />
* Eugene Fellner Residence – Brookline, MA, 1890<ref name=":0" />
* 126 and 128 Brattle Street – Cambridge MA, 1892<ref name=":0" />
* 165 Winthrop Street – Brookline, MA, 1892<ref name=":0" />
* Bushy Hill – Simsbury, CT, 1893<ref name=":0" />
*[[Richmond Court|Richmond Court Apartments]] – Brookline, MA, 1898<ref name=":4" />
* Harbor Court – Newport, RI, 1904<ref name=":4" />
*[https://backbayhouses.org/334-beacon/#Cram Charles Barron Residence] – [[Beacon Street]], Boston, MA, 1907<ref name=":1" />
* House on the Moors – Gloucester, MA, 1917<ref name=":1" />
* Blanche Sewall Residence – Houston, TX, 1924<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
*[[Watkins Manor House|Paul Watkins House]] – Winona, MN, 1925<ref name=":0" />
* Angelica Livingston Gerry Residence – Lake Delaware, NY, 1926<ref name=":0" />
* Chickamauga Memorial Arch – Chickamauga, TN, 1897<ref name=":0" />
* Washington Hotel – Colon, Panama, 1910<ref name=":4" />
* Edward Courtland Gale Mausoleum – Troy, NY, 1914<ref name=":0" />
* Woodrow Wilson Memorial – Washington DC, 1925<ref name=":0" />
* Memorial Chapel, American Military Cemetery – Belleau Wood, France, 1926<ref name=":0" />
*[[Byrd Park|World War I Memorial Carillon]] – Richmond, VA, 1926<ref name=":0" />
*[[Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial|Oise-Aisne American Military Cemetery Memorial]] – Fère-en-Tardenois, France, 1926<ref name=":0" />
*[[Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library]] – Pawtucket, RI, 1893<ref name=":4" />
*[[File:Richmond Court, Brookline, Massachusetts 22 July 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Richmond Court]], Brookline, MA]]Public Library – Fall River, MA, 1899<ref name=":0" />
* Hunt Library – Nashua, NH, 1902<ref name=":1" />
*[[Lucius Beebe Memorial Library]] – Wakefield, MA, 1921<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />
*[[Houston Public Library]] – Houston, TX, 1926<ref name=":0" />
* Parker Hill Branch, [[Boston Public Library]] – Roxbury, MA, 1929<ref name=":4" />
* National Life Insurance Building – Montpelier, VT, 1921<ref name=":0" />
*[[McCormack Building|McCormack Federal Building]] – Boston, MA, 1929<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
*[[Piscataqua River|Portsmouth Harbor]] Front Renewal – Portsmouth, NH, 1933<ref name=":0" />
* District Court Building – Dedham, MA, 1937<ref name=":1" />
*[[Holy Cross Monastery (West Park, New York)|Holy Cross Monastery]] – West Park, NY, 1934<ref name=":1" />
*[[Bourne Bridge|Bourne]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Sagamore Bridge]]s<ref name=":1" /> – Cape Cod, MA, 1938
*[[New England Mutual Life Insurance Building (Boston)|New England Mutual Life Insurance Headquarters]] – Boston, MA, 1938<ref name=":0" />
* The People's Savings Bank – Providence, RI, 1944<ref name=":4" />
*[[John Hancock Building|The John Hancock Life Insurance Company Headquarters Building]] – Boston, MA, 1946<ref name=":0" />
*[[Currier Museum of Art]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], [[New Hampshire]]
*The [[Berkeley Building]], 200 Berkeley Street, [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
{{multiple images|total_width=658|align=center|image1=Cram and Ferguson - Currier Art Gallery proposal 1920, external view.jpg|image2=Cram and Ferguson - Currier Art Gallery proposal 1920, internal courtyard view.jpg|image3=Cram and Ferguson - Currier Art Gallery proposal 1920, floor plan.jpg|footer=Illustrations and floor plan from the 1920 proposal for the [[Currier Museum of Art|Currier Art Gallery]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]].}}

== Recent projects ==

* [[Phillips Academy]] Renovations, [https://www.cramandferguson.com/philips-church Phillips Church]- Exeter, NH, 2000
* [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Walsingham (Houston)|Cathedral of Our Lady of Walsingham]] – Houston, TX, 2000
* [[All Saints Church (Peterborough, New Hampshire)|All Saints' Church]] Peterborough (Addition) – Peterborough, NH, 2000
* [[Canterbury School (Greensboro, NC)|Canterbury School]] Bell Tower – Greensboro, NC, 2000
* [[Casady School]] – Oklahoma City, OK, 2001
** West Transept
** [https://www.cramandferguson.com/the-casady-school St. Edwards Chapel], 2012
* [https://www.cramandferguson.com/record-mausoleum Records Mausoleum] – Oklahoma City, OK, 2002
* Gale Mausoleum Restoration – Troy, NY, 2002
* [https://sjnknox.org/ St. John Neumann Catholic Church] – Knoxville, TN, 2005<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upon This Foundation: Are new church designs taking us backward?|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/5142/architecture/upon-foundation|date=2012-05-28|website=America Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
* [[St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Denver, Colorado)|St. Andrews Episcopal Church]] Restoration – Denver, CO, 2009
* The Bradford Mill, "Wheelhouse" Project – Concord, MA, 2010
* Valley of Our Lady Monastery Design – Prairie Du Sac, WI, 2011
* [[Church of the Incarnation (Dallas, Texas)|Church of the Incarnation]] – Dallas, TX, 2012
* Hunt Memorial Building Restoration – Nashua, NH, 2012
* The Church of the Open Word Preservation – Newton, MA, 2014
* [https://www.cramandferguson.com/st-kateri St. Kateri Tekakwitha Parish] – Ridgeway, IL, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Kateri DCD Magazine|url=https://www.cramandferguson.com/st-kateri-dcd-magazine|website=Cram & Ferguson Architects|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
* [[Our Lady of Good Voyage (Boston)|The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage]] – Boston Seaport, MA, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Lady of Good Voyage survives choppy waters in Seaport |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/06/11/our-lady-good-voyage-survives-seaport-building-boom/eKDRNXavEiZBLpkIW1FleJ/story.html|last=Cullen|first=Kevin |date=11 June 2016|work=The Boston Globe|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
* Sister of St. Thomas Aquinas – Brooksville, FL, 2019
*[[File:Syon abbey.jpg|thumb|Syon Abbey Monastery – Blue Ridge, VA, 2007]][[Emmanuel Baptist (Worcester, Massachusetts)|Emmanuel Baptist Church]] Restoration – Worcester, MA, 2019
[[File:Casady 3.jpg|left|thumb|St. Edward's Chapel, The Casady School, Olklahoma city, OK]]
[[File:OLW - Exterior East-02 9x6 300dpi.jpg|center|thumb|Our Lady of Walsingham]]

== Awards ==

* 2019 AIA CM Awards – Emmanuel Baptist Church<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Press & Awards|url=https://www.cramandferguson.com/awards-press|website=Cram & Ferguson Architects|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
* Real Estate and Construction Review Plaque of Honor – Our Lady of Walsingham<ref name=":7" />
*2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Kateri, Ridgeway, IL
*2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Andrews, Denver, Colorado
*2017 AIACM Citation Award for Design Excellence for Our Lady of the Valley Monastery, Prairie Du Sac, WI
*2015 AIACM Honor Award for Design Excellence for additions to, and renovation of, St Edward's Chapel, Oklahoma City
*2009 Architect of the Year award from the Macael Institute in Alicante, Spain
*2003 Golden Trowel Award for outstanding masonry building of the year for Our Lady of Walsingham Church, Houston, Texas
*1993 Honor Award from the Institute for Religious Art and Architecture for St. Elizabeth's Memorial Garden, Sudbury, Massachusetts
*1938 and 1949 Boston Society of Architects Harleston Parker Awards for most beautiful building of the year

== History ==

*[[File:Ralph A. Cram - Marceau. LCCN2002717882.jpg|thumb|[[Ralph Adams Cram]], founder of the firm]]The practice of the office was started by [[Ralph Adams Cram]] in 1889
* In 1890 Mr. Cram became associated with Charles F. Wentworth and later with [[Bertram Goodhue|Bertram G. Goodhue]], who became a partner in 1895. Frank W. Ferguson became a partner in 1899
* Mr. Wentworth died in 1899. Mr. Goodhue conducted the New York Office of the firm for some time before his connection was terminated in 1913
* On July 1, 1925, Frank E. Cleveland, Chester Godfrey and Alexander E. Hoyle were admitted to partnership and a new contract was entered into on October 5, 1926. Now four partners
* Mr. Ferguson died October 4, 1926. (Born November 3, 1861, Portsmouth, N.H.)
* Mr. Cram died September 22, 1942, and the partnership continued with the three remaining partners. (Born December 16, 1863, Hampton Falls, N.H.)
* On January 1, 1944, Chester A. Brown, John T. Doran and William H. Owens were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of six equal partners
* Mr. Cleveland died July 30, 1950, and a new partnership was entered into on August 1, 1950, with the five remaining partners. (Born Nov. 11, 1877, Richmond, P.Q., Canada)
* Mr. Godfrey died May 5, 1952, and a new partnership was entered into on July 15, 1952, with the remaining four partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran Owens. (Born April 17, 1878, at Hampton, N.H.)
* Mr. Owens retired April 30, 1953, and a new partnership was entered into on May 1, 1953, with the three remaining partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown and Doran
* On May 1, 1954, Maurice A. Berry and Oscar H. Cederlund were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of five partners
* Mr. Cederlund died April 23, 1956. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1956. New partnership dated May 1, 1956. Partners now: Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran, Berry
* Mr. Brown retired April 30, 1957. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1957. On May 1, 1957, a new contract was entered into by Messrs. Hoyl, Doran and Berry
* On January 25, 1957, the new was changed to Hoyle, Doran and Berry
* On April 30, 1961, Mr. Hoyle retired. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1961. On May 2, 1961, the following were admitted to partnership: Nisso T. Aladjem, Frank De Bruyn, Robert W. Hadley, Charles P. Harris. There were now six partners
* Mr. Hadley died January 3, 1964. Interim agreement dated January 20, 1964
* Mr. Harris retired January 3, 1966, and a new contract was entered into on January 31, 1966, with the four remaining partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn
* On August 1, 1965, Austin J. Cribben Jr. was made a partner and a new contract was entered into on February 1, 1966. Partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn, Cribben
* Hoyle Doran& Berry Inc, was incorporated September 5, 1968; Major Stockholders: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn
* Mr. Hoyle died January 2, 1969[[File:Austin Cribben.jpg|thumb|Austin Cribben]]
* Mr. De Bruyn died November 15, 1972, after retiring July 31, 1972
* Remaining Partners: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, Cribben
* Mr. Berry retired November 1, 1974
* Mr. Doran died December 14, 1979. Remaining partners: Aladjem, Cribben
* Mr. Brown died June 27, 1980
* Mr. Berry died December 26, 1981. Stockholders as of 1987: Cribben and Aladjem
* December 1990 Ethan Anthony Associates merged with Hoyle Doran & Berry Inc. Ethan Anthony joined David J Hulihan as a majority stockholder
* December 1998 David J. Hulihan Retired, Ethan Anthony became sole Stockholder of Corporation
*2008 firm renamed HDB/Cram and Ferguson
* March 31, 2010, Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc dissolved, Assets acquired by Ethan Anthony
* March 31, 2010, Ethan Anthony founds Cram and Ferguson Architects taking up the ongoing work of Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc.
* September 10, 2012, Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC Incorporated in the State of Massachusetts
* December 16, 2013, Cram and Ferguson Architects leads the 150th anniversary celebration of the birth of Ralph Adams Cram
* Mr. Cribben and Mr. Aladjem retired 1987
* David Hulihan became a partner 1987
* Ethan Anthony became a partner 1990
* Mr Aladjem died October 23, 2004
* David Hulihan retires 2008
* Mr Cribben died March 30, 2016
* David Hulihan died May 12, 2018
* January 1, 2019, is the 130th anniversary of continuous practice of Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC.

== Firm names ==

* Ralph Adams Cram founded firm – 1889
* Cram & Wentworth – 1890
* Cram, Wentworth & Goodhue – 1895
* Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson – 1899
* Cram and Ferguson Architects – 1913
* Hoyle, Doran and Berry – 1957
* Hoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. – 1968
* Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC – 2012

== Commenced employment ==

* C. N. Godfrey – 1900
* A. E. Hoyle – 1908
* C. A. Brown – 1910
* J. T. Doran – 1927
* W. H. Owens – 1921
* M. A. Berry – 1923
* O. H. Cederlund – 1946
* N.T. Aladjem – 1950
* Frank E. De Bruyn – 1926
* R. W. Hadley – 1945
* C. P. Harris – 1955
* A. J. Cribben – 1946
* David J Hulihan – 1967
* Ethan Anthony – 1990

== The team ==
Kevin Hogan, the project manager, has 20 years of experience with the firm and has participated in numerous major church and chapel projects as the leader for all phases of production and construction administration

Matthew Alderman has been the lead designer on many projects both with Cram and Ferguson and in his prior employments, including St. Kateri Catholic Church in Ridgway, Illinois, St. Thomas Aquinas University Parish in Charlottesville, Virginia, which is now under construction and Our Lady of Good Voyage Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cram And Ferguson Architects}}
[[Category:Architecture firms based in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:New Classical architects]]
[[Category:Companies based in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Concord, Massachusetts]]

Latest revision as of 20:27, 8 January 2023

Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC
FormerlyCram and Wentworth (1889-1890)

Cram, Wentworth and Goodhue (1890-1905)

Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson (1905-14)

Cram and Ferguson (1914-1958)

Hoyle, Doran and Berry (1958-92)

HDB/Cram and Ferguson (1992-2008)

Cram and Ferguson LLC (2008–present)
Company typeLimited Liability Company
Gegründet1889
GründerRalph Adams Cram
HauptsitzConcord, Massachusetts, United States
ProdukteArchitectural design
OwnerEthan Anthony AIA
Websitehttps://www.cramandferguson.com/

Cram and Ferguson Architects is an architecture firm based in Concord, Massachusetts. The company was founded as a partnership in 1889 by the "preeminent American Ecclesiastical Gothicist"[1] Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth. In 1890 they were joined by Bertram Goodhue, who was made a partner in 1895.

The firm name has changed as partners have changed and names have included: Cram and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Wentworth, Cram Goodhue and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson, Cram and Ferguson Architects, Hoyle, Doran and Berry and HDB/Cram and Ferguson all successor firms to the original partnership of Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth.

Frank Ferguson, their structural engineer, was made a partner on Wentworth's death in 1905 making the firm one of the earliest A/E firms.[2][3] Hoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. the partnership formed by Alexander Hoyle and John Doran continuing the unbroken succession descending from original Cram collaborators in 1958, HDB/Cram and Ferguson was the partnership of David H. Hulihan long time employee of Cram and Ferguson and Ethan Anthony AIA. That partnership was reformed in 2008 on the retirement of President David H. Hulihan and the firm reverted to its traditional name of Cram and Ferguson Architects under the leadership of Ethan Anthony AIA.

In 1931, in Cram's waning years, Arthur Tappan North wrote in his Monograph on the firm's work:[4]

Some architectural styles such as the Gothic manifestations in several countries, were invented for and dedicated to a specific use which has continued to this day in the original or modified forms. It was this continuity of use that was the basis of the conception of Cram and Wentworth and their successors, including Cram and Ferguson, of the ideal American church. A consistent adherence to this ideal did not in any manner prevent their work assuming a wide range of individual expressions, a testimony to their extensive knowledge and understanding, liberally expressed. Among a very small number of American Architects, Ralph Adams Cram is a distinguished contributor to (architectural) literature, not confined to the purely technical aspects of architecture but to it sociological and philosophical attributes. Dr. Cram is equally distinguished for his contributions to architecture, which, although predominantly ecclesiastical in character, embrace many building projects of different types. While he has always been recognized as the senior member of the firm, he has always unselfishly accorded to his associates a full measure of credit for their cooperation and equal contributions to its successes.

— Arthur Tappan North

Since 1990 Cram and Ferguson under the leadership of the American Architect; Ethan Anthony is completing new church and academic work including: the St. Thomas Aquinas University Church at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, The Shrine of Our Lady of Good Voyage at Boston Seaport, Massachusetts and the St. Kateri Tekakwitha Catholic Church at Ridgway, Illinois. Major work the last fifteen years, the Benedictine Monastery of Syon Abbey on the Blue Ridge Parkway in Floyd, Virginia, The Phillips Chapel at the Canterbury School in Greensboro, North Carolina and The Edward's Chapel at The Casady School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Historic projects

[edit]

Religious architecture

[edit]
St. Thomas Church, New York, NY, 1907
The Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Detroit, MI, 1908-11

Academic architecture

[edit]
Princeton University Graduate College Design, 1913
John Hancock Building, Boston, MA

Residential, institutional, and commercial architecture

[edit]
Illustrations and floor plan from the 1920 proposal for the Currier Art Gallery in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Recent projects

[edit]
St. Edward's Chapel, The Casady School, Olklahoma city, OK
Our Lady of Walsingham

Awards

[edit]
  • 2019 AIA CM Awards – Emmanuel Baptist Church[15]
  • Real Estate and Construction Review Plaque of Honor – Our Lady of Walsingham[15]
  • 2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Kateri, Ridgeway, IL
  • 2017 AIACM Merit Award for Design Excellence for St. Andrews, Denver, Colorado
  • 2017 AIACM Citation Award for Design Excellence for Our Lady of the Valley Monastery, Prairie Du Sac, WI
  • 2015 AIACM Honor Award for Design Excellence for additions to, and renovation of, St Edward's Chapel, Oklahoma City
  • 2009 Architect of the Year award from the Macael Institute in Alicante, Spain
  • 2003 Golden Trowel Award for outstanding masonry building of the year for Our Lady of Walsingham Church, Houston, Texas
  • 1993 Honor Award from the Institute for Religious Art and Architecture for St. Elizabeth's Memorial Garden, Sudbury, Massachusetts
  • 1938 and 1949 Boston Society of Architects Harleston Parker Awards for most beautiful building of the year

History

[edit]
  • Ralph Adams Cram, founder of the firm
    The practice of the office was started by Ralph Adams Cram in 1889
  • In 1890 Mr. Cram became associated with Charles F. Wentworth and later with Bertram G. Goodhue, who became a partner in 1895. Frank W. Ferguson became a partner in 1899
  • Mr. Wentworth died in 1899. Mr. Goodhue conducted the New York Office of the firm for some time before his connection was terminated in 1913
  • On July 1, 1925, Frank E. Cleveland, Chester Godfrey and Alexander E. Hoyle were admitted to partnership and a new contract was entered into on October 5, 1926. Now four partners
  • Mr. Ferguson died October 4, 1926. (Born November 3, 1861, Portsmouth, N.H.)
  • Mr. Cram died September 22, 1942, and the partnership continued with the three remaining partners. (Born December 16, 1863, Hampton Falls, N.H.)
  • On January 1, 1944, Chester A. Brown, John T. Doran and William H. Owens were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of six equal partners
  • Mr. Cleveland died July 30, 1950, and a new partnership was entered into on August 1, 1950, with the five remaining partners. (Born Nov. 11, 1877, Richmond, P.Q., Canada)
  • Mr. Godfrey died May 5, 1952, and a new partnership was entered into on July 15, 1952, with the remaining four partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran Owens. (Born April 17, 1878, at Hampton, N.H.)
  • Mr. Owens retired April 30, 1953, and a new partnership was entered into on May 1, 1953, with the three remaining partners – Messrs. Hoyle, Brown and Doran
  • On May 1, 1954, Maurice A. Berry and Oscar H. Cederlund were admitted to partnership. The firm now consisted of five partners
  • Mr. Cederlund died April 23, 1956. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1956. New partnership dated May 1, 1956. Partners now: Messrs. Hoyle, Brown, Doran, Berry
  • Mr. Brown retired April 30, 1957. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1957. On May 1, 1957, a new contract was entered into by Messrs. Hoyl, Doran and Berry
  • On January 25, 1957, the new was changed to Hoyle, Doran and Berry
  • On April 30, 1961, Mr. Hoyle retired. Partnership dissolved April 30, 1961. On May 2, 1961, the following were admitted to partnership: Nisso T. Aladjem, Frank De Bruyn, Robert W. Hadley, Charles P. Harris. There were now six partners
  • Mr. Hadley died January 3, 1964. Interim agreement dated January 20, 1964
  • Mr. Harris retired January 3, 1966, and a new contract was entered into on January 31, 1966, with the four remaining partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn
  • On August 1, 1965, Austin J. Cribben Jr. was made a partner and a new contract was entered into on February 1, 1966. Partners: Messrs. Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn, Cribben
  • Hoyle Doran& Berry Inc, was incorporated September 5, 1968; Major Stockholders: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, De Bruyn
  • Mr. Hoyle died January 2, 1969
    Austin Cribben
  • Mr. De Bruyn died November 15, 1972, after retiring July 31, 1972
  • Remaining Partners: Doran, Berry, Aladjem, Cribben
  • Mr. Berry retired November 1, 1974
  • Mr. Doran died December 14, 1979. Remaining partners: Aladjem, Cribben
  • Mr. Brown died June 27, 1980
  • Mr. Berry died December 26, 1981. Stockholders as of 1987: Cribben and Aladjem
  • December 1990 Ethan Anthony Associates merged with Hoyle Doran & Berry Inc. Ethan Anthony joined David J Hulihan as a majority stockholder
  • December 1998 David J. Hulihan Retired, Ethan Anthony became sole Stockholder of Corporation
  • 2008 firm renamed HDB/Cram and Ferguson
  • March 31, 2010, Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc dissolved, Assets acquired by Ethan Anthony
  • March 31, 2010, Ethan Anthony founds Cram and Ferguson Architects taking up the ongoing work of Hoyle, Doran & Berry Inc.
  • September 10, 2012, Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC Incorporated in the State of Massachusetts
  • December 16, 2013, Cram and Ferguson Architects leads the 150th anniversary celebration of the birth of Ralph Adams Cram
  • Mr. Cribben and Mr. Aladjem retired 1987
  • David Hulihan became a partner 1987
  • Ethan Anthony became a partner 1990
  • Mr Aladjem died October 23, 2004
  • David Hulihan retires 2008
  • Mr Cribben died March 30, 2016
  • David Hulihan died May 12, 2018
  • January 1, 2019, is the 130th anniversary of continuous practice of Cram and Ferguson Architects, LLC.

Firm names

[edit]
  • Ralph Adams Cram founded firm – 1889
  • Cram & Wentworth – 1890
  • Cram, Wentworth & Goodhue – 1895
  • Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson – 1899
  • Cram and Ferguson Architects – 1913
  • Hoyle, Doran and Berry – 1957
  • Hoyle, Doran and Berry, Inc. – 1968
  • Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC – 2012

Commenced employment

[edit]
  • C. N. Godfrey – 1900
  • A. E. Hoyle – 1908
  • C. A. Brown – 1910
  • J. T. Doran – 1927
  • W. H. Owens – 1921
  • M. A. Berry – 1923
  • O. H. Cederlund – 1946
  • N.T. Aladjem – 1950
  • Frank E. De Bruyn – 1926
  • R. W. Hadley – 1945
  • C. P. Harris – 1955
  • A. J. Cribben – 1946
  • David J Hulihan – 1967
  • Ethan Anthony – 1990

The team

[edit]

Kevin Hogan, the project manager, has 20 years of experience with the firm and has participated in numerous major church and chapel projects as the leader for all phases of production and construction administration

Matthew Alderman has been the lead designer on many projects both with Cram and Ferguson and in his prior employments, including St. Kateri Catholic Church in Ridgway, Illinois, St. Thomas Aquinas University Parish in Charlottesville, Virginia, which is now under construction and Our Lady of Good Voyage Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jay C. Henry, Architecture in Texas 1895-1945, University of Texas Press (1993), p. 104, ISBN 0-292-73072-1
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Anthony, Ethan (2007). The Architecture of Ralph Adams Cram And His Office. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 9780393731040.
  3. ^ Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1978). Built in Boston: City and Suburb 1800-1950. New York: New York Graphic Society.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Contemporary American Architects: Ralph Adams Cram, Cram and Ferguson. New York and London: Whittlesey House. 1931.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Muccigrosso, Robert (1980). American Gothic: The Mind and Art of Ralph Adams Cram. Washington DC: University Press of America. ISBN 0819108847.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Anthony, Ethan (2017). A Pocket Guide to the New England Architecture of Cram and Ferguson Architects (2 ed.). Concord, MA: Cram and Ferguson Architects LLC.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1975). Ralph Adams Cram: American Medievalist. Boston Public Library.
  8. ^ Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1995). Boston Bohemia 1881-1900, vol. 1 Ralph Adams Cram: Life and Architecture. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
  9. ^ a b Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1974). Church Building in Boston 1720-1970 With and Introduction to the Work of Ralph Adams Cram and the Boston Gothicists. Concord, MA: The Rumford Press.
  10. ^ a b c Lanford, Sarah Drummond (1982). A Gothic Epitome: Ralph Adams Cram as Princeton's Architect. Princeton University: Princeton University Library.
  11. ^ "Chronological List of Architecture". Planning Design & Construction. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  12. ^ "Upon This Foundation: Are new church designs taking us backward?". America Magazine. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  13. ^ "St. Kateri DCD Magazine". Cram & Ferguson Architects. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  14. ^ Cullen, Kevin (11 June 2016). "Our Lady of Good Voyage survives choppy waters in Seaport". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  15. ^ a b "Press & Awards". Cram & Ferguson Architects. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
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