Nagasaki bugyō: Difference between revisions
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⚫ | {{nihongo|'''Nagasaki bugyō'''|長崎奉行| |
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[[File:Deshima 1852.jpg|thumb|A bird's-eye view of Nagasaki harbor as published in the ''Illustrated London News'' (March 23, 1853). In the center – the fan-shape of the Dutch traders' Dejima island compound and the Chinese compound is shown just to the left, separated from each other by narrow stretch of water. ''[[Bakufu]]'' supervision of these foreigners was under the control of the Nagasaki ''bugyō''.]] |
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[[File:Tojin-yashiki.jpg|thumb|The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound ([[:ja:唐人屋敷|Tōjin yashiki]]) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by the Nagasaki ''bugyō''.]] |
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⚫ | This ''[[bakufu]]'' |
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⚫ | {{nihongo|'''''Nagasaki bugyō'''''|長崎奉行|}} were officials of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in [[Edo period]] Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually ''[[Fudai daimyō|fudai]]'' ''[[daimyō]]s'', but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not ''daimyōs''.<ref name="b326">Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 326.</ref> Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor". |
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⚫ | During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city |
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==Responsibilities== |
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⚫ | This ''[[bakufu]]'' title identifies an official responsible for administration of the port of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], including the Chinese and Dutch settlements located there. This ''bugyō'' was also responsible for overseeing the port's commercial activities.<ref>Screech, Timon. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC&dq=kuze+hirotami&pg=RA2-PA255 ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822,'' p. 12.]</ref> The numbers of men holding the title concurrently would vary during the years of this period. At any given time, one would normally be in residence at Nagasaki, and the other would be in Edo as part of an alternating pattern.<ref name="b326"/> |
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Other duties of the Nagasaki ''bugyō'' included monitoring news and scientific developments in the West as information became available in the course of trade. For example, the Nagasaki City Museum preserves letters from the Dutch ''[[opperhoofd]]'' to the Nagasaki ''bugyō'' about the two-year-long sales negotiations and the purchase price of a portable Dutch astronomical quadrant imported into Japan in 1792, implying that the instrument was seen as important by both the Japanese and the Dutch. The details of the instrument, along with some elaborate drawings, were provided in the ''Kansei Rekisho'' (Compendium of the ''[[Kansei]]'' Calendar), which was completed around 1844. The compendium records the names of the instrument’s manufacturers, as inscribed on the telescope and on the pendulum box—G. Hulst van Keulen and J. Marten Kleman (1758–1845). Although that instrument once owned by the Astronomical Office of the shogunal government is now lost, drawings of a quadrant equipped with a telescope (''Gensho Kansei-kyo zu'') have been reported by the [[National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]].<ref name="nakamura1">Nakamura, Tsuko. [http://www.pd.astro.it/museo/PagineInglesi/History%20of%20astronomy/HI_WG/Prague2006activities.pdf Imported Dutch astronomical instrument (1792), p. 3.]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} IAU/Prague (2006).</ref> |
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⚫ | During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.<ref>[[Louis Cullen|Cullen, Louis M.]] (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ycY_85OInSoC&q=bugyo&pg=PA59 ''A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds'', p. 159.]</ref> |
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==List of Nagasaki ''bugyō''== |
==List of Nagasaki ''bugyō''== |
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:{{dynamic list}} |
:{{dynamic list}} |
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* [[Ogasawara Tamemune]] (1603–1604)<ref>[[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] (1992). {{Google books|11dbNDpaxOAC|''China in the Tokugawa World,'' p. 18.|page=18}}</ref> |
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* [[Ogasawara Ichian]] (1603-1604) |
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* [[Hasegawa Shigeyoshi]] (1604–1605)<ref name="nussbaum292">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hasegawa Fujihiro" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 292.|page=292}}</ref> |
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* [[Hasegawa Shigeyoshi]] (1604-1605) |
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* [[Hasegawa Fujihiro]] ( |
* [[Hasegawa Fujihiro]] (1605–1614)<ref name="nussbaum292"/> |
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* [[Hasegawa Fujimasa]] ( |
* [[Hasegawa Fujimasa]] (1605–1614)<ref name="nussbaum292"/> |
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* [[Takenaka Umene]] ( |
* [[Takenaka Umene]] (1626–1631)<ref>[[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Turnbull, Stephen R.]] (1998). {{Google books|DxhxciusgF4C|''The Kakure Kirishitan of Japan: A Study of Their Development, Beliefs and Rituals to the Present Day,'' p. 41.|page=41}}</ref> |
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* [[Mizuno Morinobu]] ( |
* [[Mizuno Morinobu]] (1626–1629) |
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* [[Takenaka Shigeyoshi]] ( |
* [[Takenaka Shigeyoshi]] (1629–1634) |
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* [[Imamura Masanaga]] ( |
* [[Imamura Masanaga]] (1633–1634) |
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* [[Sakakibara Motonao]] ( |
* [[Sakakibara Motonao]] (1634–1640) |
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* [[Kamio Motokatsu]] ( |
* [[Kamio Motokatsu]] (1634–1638) |
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* [[Ōkōchi Masakatsu]] ( |
* [[Ōkōchi Masakatsu]] (1638–1640) |
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* [[Tsuge Masatoki]] ( |
* [[Tsuge Masatoki]] (1640–1642) |
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* [[Baba Toshishige]] ( |
* [[Baba Toshishige]] (1642–1650) |
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* [[Yamazaki Masanobu]] ( |
* [[Yamazaki Masanobu]] (1642–1650) |
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* [[Kurokawa Masanao]] ( |
* [[Kurokawa Masanao]] (1650–1665) |
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* [[Kaijō Masanobu]] ( |
* [[Kaijō Masanobu]] (1651–1660) |
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* [[Ushigome Chūzaemon Shigenori]] ( |
* [[Ushigome Chūzaemon Shigenori]] (1671–1681).<ref>Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice M. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xdLbvCR6sC&q=ogasawara&pg=PA444 ''Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed,'' p. 444.] --Shigenori, 1622-1687.</ref> |
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* [[Yamaoka Kagesuke]] ( |
* [[Yamaoka Kagesuke]] (1687–1694) |
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* [[Niwa Nagamori]] (1699-1702) |
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* [[ |
* [[Niwa Nagamori]] (1699–1702) |
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* [[ |
* [[Ōshima Yoshinari]] (1699–1703) |
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* [[ |
* [[Sakuma Nobunari]] (1703–1713) |
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* [[ |
* [[Hisamatsu Sadamochi]] (1710–1715) |
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* [[ |
* [[Ōoka Kiyosuke]] (1711–1717) |
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* [[ |
* [[Ōmori Tokinaga]] (1732–1734) |
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* [[Hagiwara Yoshimasa]] (1736–1743) |
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* [[Matsunami Heizaemon]] (1744)<ref>Jannett, Ann Bowman Jannett. (2007). [http://books.google.com/books?id=7nObUtM8vCIC&pg=PA20&dq=nagasaki+bugyo&lr=&sig=jWAy0SaXeTegQBJrlrzvdAjCHN4 ''The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the 'opening' of Japan,'' p. 20.]</ref> |
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* [[ |
* [[Matsunami Heizaemon]] (1744)<ref>[[Ann Jannetta|Jannetta, Ann Bowman]]. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7nObUtM8vCIC&dq=nagasaki+bugyo&pg=PA20 ''The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the 'opening' of Japan,'' p. 20.]</ref> |
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* [[Kondō Jūzō]] (1747).<ref>Cullen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ycY_85OInSoC&dq=Niigata+bugyo&pg=PA141 p. 141.]</ref> |
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[[File:Edo-era Dejima within modern Nagasaki.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Edo-era boundaries of [[Dejima]] island (outlined in red) within the modern city of Nagasaki. What happened on this tiny piece of land became the central focus of attention for each of the serial Nagasaki ''bugyō''. The post-[[Pacific War]] city enveloped and surrounded the former island; and a portion of the former island was demolished to widen the riverside transportation artery at the top of the picture. This photograph is taken from a sign posted at Dejima in 2004, showing the reconstruction work as Dutch-era buildings were in the process of being recreated one-by-one based upon old pictures and models. This revival of interest in Dejima re-animates the need to know more about the Nagasaki administrators -- their work, their problems, their lives.]] |
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* [[Kurihara Morisada]] (1773-1775) |
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* [[Kurihara Morisada]] (1773–1775)<ref>Screech, p. 222 n. 81. later to become one of the ''kanjō bugyō''</ref> |
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* [[Tsuge Masakore]] (1781-17__).<ref>Screech, p. 13.</ref> |
* [[Tsuge Masakore]] (1781-17__).<ref>Screech, p. 13.</ref> |
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* [[Tsuchiya Morinao]] ( |
* [[Tsuchiya Morinao]] (1783–1784).<ref>Screech, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC&dq=kuze+hirotami&pg=RA2-PA255 p. 225n63.]</ref> |
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* [[Tsuchiya Masanobu]] ( |
* [[Tsuchiya Masanobu]] (1784–1785).<ref>Screech, p. 19.</ref> |
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* [[Toda Ujiharu]] (1784–1786),<ref name="t221n43">Screech, p. 221 n43. Also known as Toda Izumo-no-kami Tamitake.</ref> |
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* [[Toda Ujiharu]] (1784-1786) |
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* [[Tsuge Hirotami]] (1786).<ref name="t221n43"/> |
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* _________________ (1793).<ref>Nakamura, Tsuko. [http://www.pd.astro.it/museo/PagineInglesi/History%20of%20astronomy/HI_WG/Prague2006activities.pdf Imported Dutch astronomical instrument (1792), p. 3.] IAU/Prague (2006).</ref> |
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* _________________ (1793).<ref name="nakamura1"/> |
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* [[Matsudaira Yasuhide]] (1807-1808) |
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* [[Matsudaira Yasuhide (Nagasaki bugyō)|Matsudaira Yasuhide]] (1807–1808) |
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* [[Tōyama Kagekuni]] (1812-1816) |
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* [[ |
* [[Tōyama Kagekuni]] (1812–1816) |
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* [[ |
* [[Matsuyama Naoyoshi]] (1815–1817) |
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* [[ |
* [[Kanezawa Chiaki]] (1816–1818) |
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* [[Tsutsui Masanori]] (1817–1821) |
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* [[Izawa Masayoshi]] (1842–1845).<ref>Beasley, pp. 333-334.</ref> |
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* [[ |
* [[Ido Satohiro]] (1845–1849).<ref>Beasley, p. 332.</ref> |
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* [[Arao Narimasa]] (1854–1859).<ref>Beasley, ''Select Documents,'' p. 331.</ref> |
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* [[Sugiura Katsukiyo]] (1863) |
* [[Sugiura Katsukiyo]] (1863) |
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* [[Kyōgoku Takaakira]] (1863) |
* [[Kyōgoku Takaakira]] (1863) |
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* |
*[[Ōmura Sumihiro]] (1863) |
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* [[ |
* [[Hattori Tsunezumi]] (1863–1866) |
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* [[Asagara Masahiro]] (1864–1866) |
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* [[Kawazu Sukekuni]] (1867–1868).<ref>Beasley, p. 334.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice |
* [[Beatrice Bodart-Bailey|Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice]]. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xdLbvCR6sC&q=ogasawara+nagashige ''Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed''.] Honolulu: [[University of Hawaii Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8248-2066-5}} |
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* Beasley, William G. ( |
* [[William G. Beasley|Beasley, William G.]] (1972). [https://books.google.com/books?id=k2FQEaQtWHIC&dq=Niigata+bugyo&pg=RA1-PA507 ''The Meiji Restoration''.] Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8047-0815-0}} |
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* |
* ____________. (1955). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jjOCAAAAIAAJ&q=Niigata+bugyo ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868''.] London: [[Oxford University Press]]. [reprinted by [[RoutledgeCurzon]], London, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-19-713508-2}} (cloth)] |
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* Cullen, Louis M. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ycY_85OInSoC&q=++uraga+bugyo ''A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds''.] Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-82155-X}} (cloth) – {{ISBN|0-521-52918-2}} (paper) |
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* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan encyclopedia''.] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128] |
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{{Tokugawa Organization Chart}} |
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{{Tokugawa officials}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagasaki bugyo}} |
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[[Category:Government of feudal Japan]] |
[[Category:Government of feudal Japan]] |
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[[Category:Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate]] |
[[Category:Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate]] |
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[[Category:History of Nagasaki]] |
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<center> |
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{{Japan-hist-stub}} |
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[[ja:長崎奉行]] |
Latest revision as of 23:05, 25 March 2023
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deshima_1852.jpg/220px-Deshima_1852.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tojin-yashiki.jpg/220px-Tojin-yashiki.jpg)
Nagasaki bugyō (長崎奉行) were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually fudai daimyōs, but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyōs.[1] Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor".
Responsibilities
[edit]This bakufu title identifies an official responsible for administration of the port of Nagasaki, including the Chinese and Dutch settlements located there. This bugyō was also responsible for overseeing the port's commercial activities.[2] The numbers of men holding the title concurrently would vary during the years of this period. At any given time, one would normally be in residence at Nagasaki, and the other would be in Edo as part of an alternating pattern.[1]
Other duties of the Nagasaki bugyō included monitoring news and scientific developments in the West as information became available in the course of trade. For example, the Nagasaki City Museum preserves letters from the Dutch opperhoofd to the Nagasaki bugyō about the two-year-long sales negotiations and the purchase price of a portable Dutch astronomical quadrant imported into Japan in 1792, implying that the instrument was seen as important by both the Japanese and the Dutch. The details of the instrument, along with some elaborate drawings, were provided in the Kansei Rekisho (Compendium of the Kansei Calendar), which was completed around 1844. The compendium records the names of the instrument’s manufacturers, as inscribed on the telescope and on the pendulum box—G. Hulst van Keulen and J. Marten Kleman (1758–1845). Although that instrument once owned by the Astronomical Office of the shogunal government is now lost, drawings of a quadrant equipped with a telescope (Gensho Kansei-kyo zu) have been reported by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.[3]
Shogunal city
[edit]During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.[4]
List of Nagasaki bugyō
[edit]- Ogasawara Tamemune (1603–1604)[5]
- Hasegawa Shigeyoshi (1604–1605)[6]
- Hasegawa Fujihiro (1605–1614)[6]
- Hasegawa Fujimasa (1605–1614)[6]
- Takenaka Umene (1626–1631)[7]
- Mizuno Morinobu (1626–1629)
- Takenaka Shigeyoshi (1629–1634)
- Imamura Masanaga (1633–1634)
- Sakakibara Motonao (1634–1640)
- Kamio Motokatsu (1634–1638)
- Ōkōchi Masakatsu (1638–1640)
- Tsuge Masatoki (1640–1642)
- Baba Toshishige (1642–1650)
- Yamazaki Masanobu (1642–1650)
- Kurokawa Masanao (1650–1665)
- Kaijō Masanobu (1651–1660)
- Ushigome Chūzaemon Shigenori (1671–1681).[8]
- Yamaoka Kagesuke (1687–1694)
- Miyagi Masazumi (1687–1696)[9]
- Niwa Nagamori (1699–1702)
- Ōshima Yoshinari (1699–1703)
- Sakuma Nobunari (1703–1713)
- Hisamatsu Sadamochi (1710–1715)
- Ōoka Kiyosuke (1711–1717)
- Ōmori Tokinaga (1732–1734)
- Hagiwara Yoshimasa (1736–1743)
- Matsunami Heizaemon (1744)[10]
- Kondō Jūzō (1747).[11]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Edo-era_Dejima_within_modern_Nagasaki.jpg/220px-Edo-era_Dejima_within_modern_Nagasaki.jpg)
- Ōoka Tadayori (1763–1764)
- Kurihara Morisada (1773–1775)[12]
- Kuze Hirotami (1775–1784).[13]
- Tsuge Masakore (1781-17__).[14]
- Tsuchiya Morinao (1783–1784).[15]
- Tsuchiya Masanobu (1784–1785).[16]
- Toda Ujiharu (1784–1786),[17]
- Tsuge Hirotami (1786).[17]
- _________________ (1793).[3]
- Matsudaira Yasuhide (1807–1808)
- Tōyama Kagekuni (1812–1816)
- Matsuyama Naoyoshi (1815–1817)
- Kanezawa Chiaki (1816–1818)
- Tsutsui Masanori (1817–1821)
- Izawa Masayoshi (1842–1845).[18]
- Ido Satohiro (1845–1849).[19]
- Mizuno Tadanori (1853–1854, 1857–1858).[20]
- Arao Narimasa (1854–1859).[21]
- Arao Shigemitsu(1854–1859)
- Takahashi Kazunuki (1862).[22]
- Sugiura Katsukiyo (1863)
- Kyōgoku Takaakira (1863)
- Ōmura Sumihiro (1863)
- Hattori Tsunezumi (1863–1866)
- Asagara Masahiro (1864–1866)
- Kawazu Sukekuni (1867–1868).[23]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 326.
- ^ Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 12.
- ^ a b Nakamura, Tsuko. Imported Dutch astronomical instrument (1792), p. 3.[permanent dead link] IAU/Prague (2006).
- ^ Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 159.
- ^ Jansen, Marius B. (1992). China in the Tokugawa World, p. 18., p. 18, at Google Books
- ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hasegawa Fujihiro" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 292., p. 292, at Google Books
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen R. (1998). The Kakure Kirishitan of Japan: A Study of Their Development, Beliefs and Rituals to the Present Day, p. 41., p. 41, at Google Books
- ^ Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice M. (1999). Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed, p. 444. --Shigenori, 1622-1687.
- ^ Bodart-Bailey, p. 442.
- ^ Jannetta, Ann Bowman. (2007). The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the 'opening' of Japan, p. 20.
- ^ Cullen, p. 141.
- ^ Screech, p. 222 n. 81. later to become one of the kanjō bugyō
- ^ Screech, p. 10.
- ^ Screech, p. 13.
- ^ Screech, p. 225n63.
- ^ Screech, p. 19.
- ^ a b Screech, p. 221 n43. Also known as Toda Izumo-no-kami Tamitake.
- ^ Beasley, pp. 333-334.
- ^ Beasley, p. 332.
- ^ Beasley, William G. (1972). The Meiji Restoration, p. 100; Beasley, Select Documents, p. 337.
- ^ Beasley, Select Documents, p. 331.
- ^ British Library: "Handlist of Japanese manuscripts acquired since 1984" (Or.14948), p. 4.
- ^ Beasley, p. 334.
References
[edit]- Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (1999). Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2066-5
- Beasley, William G. (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0815-0
- ____________. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2 (cloth)]
- Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82155-X (cloth) – ISBN 0-521-52918-2 (paper)
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
- Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1720-0
- Toyama, Mikio. (1988). Nagasaki bugyō: edo bakufu no mimi to me (Chuko shinsho). Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha. ISBN 978-4-12-100905-0