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{{Short description|Street in Manchester, England}}
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'''Corporation Street''' is a major thoroughfare in [[Manchester city centre]]. It runs from [[Redfern Building|Dantzic Street]] to the junction of Cross Street and [[Market Street, Manchester|Market Street]]. Major buildings located on or adjacent to the street include the [[Manchester Arndale|Arndale Centre]], [[Exchange Square (Manchester)|Exchange Square]], [[The Printworks (Manchester)|The Printworks]], [[Urbis]] (National Football Museum) and New Century Hall next to the [[CIS Tower]].
'''Corporation Street''' is a major thoroughfare in [[Manchester city centre]], England. It runs from [[Redfern Building|Dantzic Street]] to the junction of Cross Street and [[Market Street, Manchester|Market Street]]. Major buildings located on or adjacent to the street include the [[Manchester Arndale|Arndale Centre]], [[Exchange Square (Manchester)|Exchange Square]], [[The Printworks (Manchester)|The Printworks]], [[Urbis]] (National Football Museum) and [[New Century House]] next to the [[CIS Tower]].


After the street was [[1996 Manchester bombing|bombed in 1996]] by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]], the vicinity has undergone large scale reconstruction. The area around Corporation Street has been a likely target for several planned terrorist attacks, most recently in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Osama Bin Laden masterminded plot to blow up shoppers in Manchester city centre, files found in compound raid show |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1389426/Osama-Bin-Laden-masterminded-plot-blow-shoppers-Manchester-city-centre.html#comments |work=Daily Mail |date=21 May 2011 |accessdate=21 May 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=New York-Manchester bomb plot leads to Norwegian arrests as international net widens |last=Gardham |first=Duncan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/7880384/New-York-Manchester-bomb-plot-leads-to-Norwegian-arrests-as-international-net-widens.html |work=Daily Telegraph |date=8 July 2010 |accessdate=9 May 2011 |location=London}}</ref> To reduce this threat, the street is partly pedestrianised between Market Street and Withy Grove between 1100 and 1900 hours. A series of bollards have been installed that grant access only to authenticated emergency service vehicles and buses.
After the street was [[1996 Manchester bombing|bombed in 1996]] by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]], the vicinity underwent large scale reconstruction. The area around Corporation Street has been a likely target for several planned terrorist attacks, most recently in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New York-Manchester bomb plot leads to Norwegian arrests as international net widens |last=Gardham |first=Duncan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/7880384/New-York-Manchester-bomb-plot-leads-to-Norwegian-arrests-as-international-net-widens.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=9 May 2011 |location=London}}</ref> To reduce this threat, the street is partly pedestrianised between Market Street and Withy Grove between 11:00 and 19:00 hours. A series of bollards have been installed that grant access only to emergency service vehicles and buses.


==History==
==History==


=== 19th century ===
=== 19th century ===
Corporation Street was constructed in 1848 cutting through the former mediaeval streets giving access to Ducie Bridge and the north.<ref name="Shudehill">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/511/conservation_areas/1110/shudehill_conservation_area/2|title=Shudehill Conservation Area|publisher=Manchester City Council, Environmental Services|accessdate=21 January 2012}}</ref> It ran roughly parallel to [[Deansgate]] from Cross Street to its junction with Dantzic Street. The [[Co-operative Wholesale Society]], founded in 1863 as a logical extension of the 1844 [[Rochdale Pioneers|Rochdale Pioneer Society]] and other local co-ops, established its headquarters in City Buildings, Corporation Street. In 1867 it was joined by the newly formed [[The Co-operative Insurance|Co-operative Insurance Company]].<ref name="CIS">{{cite web|url=http://www.co-operativebankinggroup.co.uk/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1169450733681&pagename=Corp/Page/tplCorp|title=History:The Co-operative Insurance|publisher=Co-operative Bank|accessdate=22 January 2012|location=Manchester}}</ref> City Buildings was also the first home of ''[[The Clarion]]'', the radical newspaper founded by [[Robert Blatchford]] which was first published on 12 December 1891, and which moved to [[Fleet Street]] in 1895.<ref name="Clarion">{{cite web|url=http://radicalmanchester.wordpress.com/2010/08/11/the-clarion-movement/|title=The Clarion Movement|last=Irving|first=Sarah|date=11 August 2010|publisher=Manchester's Radical History|accessdate=22 January 2012}}</ref>
Corporation Street was constructed in 1848, cutting through the former mediaeval streets giving access to Ducie Bridge and the north.<ref name="Shudehill">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/511/conservation_areas/1110/shudehill_conservation_area/2|title=Shudehill Conservation Area|publisher=Manchester City Council, Environmental Services|access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> It ran roughly parallel to [[Deansgate]] from Cross Street to its junction with Dantzic Street. The [[Co-operative Wholesale Society]] (CWS), founded in 1863 as a logical extension of the 1844 [[Rochdale Pioneers|Rochdale Pioneer Society]] and other local co-ops, established its headquarters in City Buildings, Corporation Street. In 1867, it was joined by the newly formed [[The Co-operative Insurance|Co-operative Insurance Company]].<ref name="CIS">{{cite web|url=http://www.co-operativebankinggroup.co.uk/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1169450733681&pagename=Corp/Page/tplCorp|title=History:The Co-operative Insurance|publisher=Co-operative Bank|access-date=22 January 2012|location=Manchester}}</ref> City Buildings was also the first home of ''[[The Clarion (British newspaper)|The Clarion]]'', the radical newspaper founded by [[Robert Blatchford]] which was first published on 12 December 1891, and which moved to [[Fleet Street]] in 1895.<ref name="Clarion">{{cite web|url=http://radicalmanchester.wordpress.com/2010/08/11/the-clarion-movement/|title=The Clarion Movement|last=Irving|first=Sarah|date=11 August 2010|publisher=Manchester's Radical History|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>


=== Early 20th century ===
=== Early 20th century ===
In the early 20th century, the scale of the architecture changed as the east side of Corporation Street attracted substantial broad based buildings. The neo-Baroque building designed by F. E. L. Harris for the Co-operative Wholesale Society was erected between 1905 and 1909, and dated 1907. It was constructed in red brick with polished granite and sandstone dressings. The façade has full height pilasters and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns, and the roof is concealed by parapet walls. The Mitchell Memorial Hall was lost in the [[Manchester Blitz]], and the 1907 building has been extended to fill the whole block.<ref name="CWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/511/conservation_areas/1110/shudehill_conservation_area/3|title=Shudehill Conservation Area Buildings|publisher=Manchester City Council, Environmental Services|accessdate=21 January 2012}}</ref> A further [[Classical style|Classical]] sandstone building on Corporation Street to the north of Hanover Street is owned by the CWS. This was designed by W. A. Johnson in 1928 and opened in 1930. It is symmetrical in design, with further full height pilasters and a large central entrance arch, topped with a [[mansard roof]] with dormer windows.<ref name="CWS"/> By 1908 a new Chief Office for the Co-operative Insurance had been built at 109 Corporation Street, Manchester,<!-- Possibly the same --> which served as their head office until 1962 when they moved to the [[Co-operative Insurance Tower|CIS Tower]] on Miller Street, barely 100 yards distant.<ref name="CIS"/> Footage captured in 1901 shows the junction of Cross Street and Corporation Street with horse-drawn carriages.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Video: Manchester street scene from 1901 wows the YouTube generation |last= Shannon |first=Catherine |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1335549_video_manchester_street_scene_from_1901_wows_the_youtube_generation |work=Manchester Evening News |date=30 September 2010 |accessdate=9 May 2011}}</ref> The junction with Withy Grove became the northern offices of a [[Daily Telegraph|national newspaper]].<ref name="Shudehill"/>
In the early 20th century, the scale of the architecture changed as the east side of Corporation Street attracted substantial broad based buildings. The [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-Baroque]] building designed by F. E. L. Harris for the CWS was erected between 1905 and 1909, and dated 1907. It was constructed in red brick with polished granite and sandstone dressings. The façade has full height pilasters and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns, and the roof is concealed by parapet walls. The Mitchell Memorial Hall was lost in the [[Manchester Blitz]], and the 1907 building was extended to fill the whole block.<ref name="CWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/511/conservation_areas/1110/shudehill_conservation_area/3|title=Shudehill Conservation Area Buildings|publisher=Manchester City Council, Environmental Services|access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> A further [[Classical style|Classical]] sandstone building on Corporation Street to the north of Hanover Street is owned by the CWS. This was designed by W. A. Johnson in 1928 and opened in 1930. It is symmetrical in design, with further full height pilasters and a large central entrance arch, topped with a [[mansard roof]] with dormer windows.<ref name="CWS"/> By 1908, a new Chief Office for Co-operative Insurance had been built at 109 Corporation Street,<!-- Possibly the same --> which served as their head office until 1962 when they moved to the [[CIS Tower]] on Miller Street, barely {{convert|100|yards}} distant.<ref name="CIS"/> Footage captured in 1901 shows the junction of Cross Street and Corporation Street with horse-drawn carriages.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Video: Manchester street scene from 1901 wows the YouTube generation |last= Shannon |first=Catherine |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1335549_video_manchester_street_scene_from_1901_wows_the_youtube_generation |work=Manchester Evening News |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=9 May 2011}}</ref> The junction with Withy Grove became the northern offices of the national newspaper, the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name="Shudehill"/>


=== 1996 bombing ===
=== 1996 bombing ===
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The centre's profile, and the presence of several national chains, made it a target for terrorists. Arson attacks in April 1991 were followed by several firebombs in December 1991 which caused extensive damage to four stores. The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) was blamed for both incidents, in which the devices were placed in soft furnishings during shopping hours.<ref>{{cite news | title= Store fire-bomb attacks prompt fear of mainland IRA campaign | author= Meikle, James | work= The Guardian | date= 9 December 1991|display-authors=etal}}<br />•{{cite news | title= Arson attacks on shops linked to rail station bag | author= Sharratt, Tom|author2=Duncan Campbell | work= The Guardian | date= 6 April 1991}}</ref> After the second, Christmas shopping continued much as normal the following day in the unaffected stores. One unnamed fireman said, "What bugs me is if there's a big one planted there's a lot of glass around here, and a lot of people will be killed".<ref>{{cite news | title= Gritty Christmas shoppers brave fire and high water | author= Clouston, Erlend|author2=David Ward | work= The Guardian | date= 9 December 1991}}</ref>
The centre's profile, and the presence of several national chains, made it a target for terrorists. Arson attacks in April 1991 were followed by several firebombs in December 1991 which caused extensive damage to four stores. The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) was blamed for both incidents, in which the devices were placed in soft furnishings during shopping hours.<ref>{{cite news | title= Store fire-bomb attacks prompt fear of mainland IRA campaign | author= Meikle, James | work= The Guardian | date= 9 December 1991|display-authors=etal}}<br />•{{cite news | title= Arson attacks on shops linked to rail station bag | author= Sharratt, Tom|author2=Duncan Campbell | work= The Guardian | date= 6 April 1991}}</ref> After the second, Christmas shopping continued much as normal the following day in the unaffected stores. One unnamed fireman said, "What bugs me is if there's a big one planted there's a lot of glass around here, and a lot of people will be killed".<ref>{{cite news | title= Gritty Christmas shoppers brave fire and high water | author= Clouston, Erlend|author2=David Ward | work= The Guardian | date= 9 December 1991}}</ref>


On the morning of Saturday 15 June 1996, at about 9:20, two men parked a van containing a {{convert|1500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb on Corporation Street between [[Marks & Spencer]] and the Arndale. At about 9:45, a coded warning was received by [[ITV Granada|Granada Television]], the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] contractor based in the city. About 80,000 people were cleared from the area by local police and store staff using procedures developed after another IRA bombing incident in 1992. The bomb exploded at 11:17, shortly after the army [[Ammunition Technician|bomb squad]] arrived from [[Liverpool]] and began making it safe. No fatalities resulted from the bomb, but over 200 people were injured, some seriously, mostly by flying glass and shrapnel; one pregnant shopper was thrown in the air by the blast.<ref>Lester & Panter (2006), pp.&nbsp;10–15.</ref>
On the morning of 15 June 1996, at about 09:20, two men parked a van containing a {{convert|1500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb on Corporation Street between [[Marks & Spencer]] and the Arndale. At about 09:45, a coded warning was received by [[ITV Granada|Granada Television]], the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] contractor based in the city. About 80,000 people were cleared from the area by local police and store staff using procedures developed after another IRA bombing incident in 1992. The bomb exploded at 11:17, shortly after the army [[Ammunition Technician|bomb squad]] arrived from [[Liverpool]] and began making it safe. No fatalities resulted from the bomb, but over 200 people were injured, some seriously, mostly by flying glass and shrapnel; one pregnant shopper was thrown in the air by the blast.<ref>Lester & Panter (2006), pp.&nbsp;10–15.</ref>


=== Demolition and reconstruction ===
=== Demolition and reconstruction ===
[[File:Manchester Arndale North Reconstruction 2004.jpg|thumb|right|185px|Construction of the Manchester Arndale North development in 2004. The main entrance is located here]]
[[File:Manchester Arndale North Reconstruction 2004.jpg|thumb|right|185px|Construction of the Manchester Arndale North development in 2004. The main entrance is located here]]
The bomb blast damaged much of the surroundings beyond repair, and on financial grounds the decision was taken to reconstruct Manchester city centre from the ground up. Marks and Spencer's and the adjacent Longridge House were condemned as unsafe within days, and were later demolished. The frontage of the Arndale on Corporation Street and the footbridge were structurally damaged.<ref name= "Williams86">Williams (2003), p.&nbsp;86–8.</ref> The [[reinsurance]] company [[Swiss Re]] estimated that the final insurance payout was over £400M, making it, at the time, the most expensive man-made disaster ever.<ref name= "Williams86"/><ref>{{cite news|work=The Independent|author=Sengupta, Kim|date=28 March 1997|title=£411M cost after Manchester bomb sets record}}</ref>
The bomb blast damaged much of the surroundings beyond repair, and on financial grounds the decision was taken to reconstruct Manchester city centre from the ground up. Marks and Spencer and the adjacent Longridge House were condemned as unsafe within days, and were later demolished. The frontage of the Arndale on Corporation Street and the footbridge were structurally damaged.<ref name= "Williams86">{{Harvnb|Williams|2003|pp=86–8}}</ref> The [[reinsurance]] company [[Swiss Re]] estimated that the final insurance payout was over £400M, making it, at the time, the most expensive man-made disaster ever.<ref name= "Williams86"/><ref>{{cite news|work=The Independent|author=Sengupta, Kim|date=28 March 1997|title=£411M cost after Manchester bomb sets record}}</ref>


About twelve buildings in the immediate vicinity of the explosion on Corporation Street were severely damaged. Overall, {{convert|530000|sqft}} of retail space and {{convert|610000|sqft}} of office space were put out of use.<ref name="Williams 86">{{Harvnb|Williams|2003|pp=86–7}}</ref> Insurers paid out £411&nbsp;million (£{{formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|411000000|1996|r=-8}}|0}} at {{CURRENTYEAR}} prices){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} in [[damages]] for what was at the time one of the most expensive man-made disasters ever,<ref>{{citation|first=Kim |last=Sengupata |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html |title=£411m cost after Manchester bomb sets record |publisher=[[The Independent]] |date= 28 March 1997 |accessdate=2009-10-03 | location=London}}</ref> and there was considerable under-insurance.<ref name="Williams 86"/>
About 12 buildings in the immediate vicinity of the explosion on Corporation Street were severely damaged. Overall, {{convert|530000|sqft}} of retail space and {{convert|610000|sqft}} of office space were put out of use.<ref name="Williams 86">{{Harvnb|Williams|2003|pp=86–7}}</ref> Insurers paid out £411&nbsp;million (£{{formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|411000000|1996|r=-8}}|0}} at {{CURRENTYEAR}} prices){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} in [[damages]] for what was at the time one of the most expensive man-made disasters ever,<ref>{{citation|first=Kim |last=Sengupata |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html |title=£411m cost after Manchester bomb sets record |work=[[The Independent]] |date= 28 March 1997 |access-date=2009-10-03 | location=London}}</ref> and there was considerable under-insurance.<ref name="Williams 86"/>
Victims of the bombing received a total of £1,145,971 in compensation from the [[Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority]]; one individual received £146,524, the largest amount awarded as a result of this incident.<ref>{{citation |last=Rooth |first=Ben |title=IRA Bomb Victims Share GBP1M |date=14 June 2006 |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11244C1F6C558490&p_docnum=16&p_queryname=2 |url-access=subscription |accessdate=2 March 2010}}</ref>
Victims of the bombing received a total of £1,145,971 in compensation from the [[Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority]]; one individual received £146,524, the largest amount awarded as a result of this incident.<ref>{{citation |last=Rooth |first=Ben |title=IRA Bomb Victims Share GBP1M |date=14 June 2006 |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11244C1F6C558490&p_docnum=16&p_queryname=2 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref>


[[File:Manchester 1996 bomb epicentre.jpg|thumb|left|225px|The epicentre of the blast in 2009]]
[[File:Manchester 1996 bomb epicentre.jpg|thumb|left|225px|The epicentre of the blast in 2009]]


According to [[Home Office]] statistics, an estimated 400&nbsp;businesses within half a mile (0.8&nbsp;km) of the blast were affected, 40% of which did not recover.<ref>{{citation |title=The cost of terrorism |work=[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]] |publisher=BBC News |date=15 May 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3704943.stm |accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> The heaviest damage was sustained by the three buildings closest to the bomb: Michael House, comprising a Marks & Spencer store and a six-storey office block; Longridge House, offices for Royal and Sun Alliance, an insurance company; and the Arndale Centre, a shopping mall.<ref name="PB 256"/> Michael House was deemed beyond economic repair and demolished. Marks & Spencer took the opportunity to acquire and demolish the adjacent Longridge House, using the enlarged site for the world's biggest branch of Marks & Spencer.<ref name="Williams 86"/> Marks and Spencer's fortunes changed during construction, and [[Selfridges]] subsequently co-occupied the building.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|2003|pp=86–7, 183–7, 218}}</ref> Marks & Spencer became tenants of part of the [[Lewis's]] store in the interval.<ref name="PB 256">{{Harvnb|Parkinson-Bailey|2000|p=256}}</ref> The frontage of the Arndale was badly damaged and was removed in a remodelling of that part of the city centre.<ref name="Williams 86"/>
According to [[Home Office]] statistics, an estimated 400&nbsp;businesses within half a mile (0.8&nbsp;km) of the blast were affected, 40% of which did not recover.<ref>{{citation |title=The cost of terrorism |work=[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]] |publisher=BBC News |date=15 May 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3704943.stm |access-date=2009-09-10}}</ref> The heaviest damage was sustained by the three buildings closest to the bomb: Michael House, comprising the Marks and Spencer store and a six-storey office block; Longridge House, offices for [[RSA Insurance Group|Royal and Sun Alliance]], an insurance company; and the Arndale Centre, a shopping mall.<ref name="PB 256"/> Michael House was deemed beyond economic repair and demolished. Marks and Spencer took the opportunity to acquire and demolish the adjacent Longridge House, using the enlarged site for the world's largest branch.<ref name="Williams 86"/> Marks and Spencer's fortunes changed during construction, and [[Selfridges]] subsequently co-occupied the building.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|2003|pp=86–7, 183–7, 218}}</ref> Marks and Spencer became tenants of part of the [[Lewis's]] store in the interval.<ref name="PB 256">{{Harvnb|Parkinson-Bailey|2000|p=256}}</ref> The frontage of the Arndale was badly damaged and was remodelled of that part of the city centre.<ref name="Williams 86"/>


The glass domes of the Corn Exchange and the Royal Exchange were blown in. The landlord of the Corn Exchange invoked a ''[[force majeure]]'' condition in the lease to evict all tenants, and the building was converted into a shopping centre.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parkinson-Bailey|2000|pp=261}}</ref> The dome of the Royal Exchange, home to the theatre, was found to have shifted in the blast; its repair and refurbishment took two and a half years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parkinson-Bailey|2000|pp=256}}</ref>
The glass domes of the [[Corn Exchange, Manchester|Corn Exchange]] and the [[Royal Exchange, Manchester|Royal Exchange]] were blown in. The landlord of the Corn Exchange invoked a ''[[force majeure]]'' condition in the lease to evict all tenants, and the building was converted into a shopping centre.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parkinson-Bailey|2000|pp=261}}</ref> The dome of the Royal Exchange, home to the theatre, was found to have shifted in the blast; its repair and refurbishment took two and a half years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parkinson-Bailey|2000|pp=256}}</ref>


The possibility of taking the opportunity to rebuild parts of the city centre was raised within days of the bomb. On 26 June 1996, [[Michael Heseltine]], the Deputy Prime Minister, announced an international competition for designs of the redevelopment of the bomb-affected area. Bids were received from 27&nbsp;entrants, 5 of whom were invited to submit designs in a second round.<ref>{{Harvnb|King|2006|pp=129–30, 143}}</ref> It was announced on 5&nbsp;November 1996 that the winning design was one by a consortium headed by EDAW.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|2003|p=108}}</ref>
The possibility of taking the opportunity to rebuild parts of the city centre was raised within days of the bomb. On 26 June 1996, [[Michael Heseltine]], the then Deputy Prime Minister, announced an international competition for designs of the redevelopment of the bomb-affected area. Bids were received from 27&nbsp;entrants, five of whom were invited to submit designs in a second round.<ref>{{Harvnb|King|2006|pp=129–30, 143}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2022}} It was announced on 5 November 1996 that the winning design was one by a consortium headed by [[EDAW]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|2003|p=108}}</ref>


Whether the bomb acted as a catalyst for development has polarised opinion. Chief Executive of [[Manchester City Council]], Sir Howard Bernstein argued that regeneration of Manchester was already under-way, as evidenced in the Manchester's new found ambition to bid for the Olympics in 1992 and 1996. The [[Nynex Arena]], Europe's largest arena at the time opened in 1995 and has since proved itself a successful venue.
Whether the bomb acted as a catalyst for development has polarised opinion. The then Chief Executive of [[Manchester City Council]], Sir Howard Bernstein argued that regeneration of Manchester was already under way, as evidenced in the Manchester's newfound ambition to bid for the Olympics in 1992 and 1996. The NYNEX Arena (now [[Manchester Arena]] and Europe's largest arena at the time) opened in 1995 and has since proved itself a successful venue.


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=== Manchester Arndale ===
=== Manchester Arndale ===
{{main|Manchester Arndale}}
{{main|Manchester Arndale}}
The main entrance to the [[Manchester Arndale]] is located on Corporation Street opposite the [[Wheel of Manchester]]. A bridge<ref>{{Cite news |title=Corporation Street Bridge, Manchester |url=http://www.hodderandpartners.com/projects/corporation-street-bridge-manchester |work=Hodder + Partners |date=25 November 2000 |accessdate=15 August 2011}}</ref> crossing Corporation Street connects the Manchester Arndale to Selfridges.
The main entrance to the [[Manchester Arndale]] is located on Corporation Street. A bridge crossing Corporation Street connects the Manchester Arndale to Selfridges.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Corporation Street Bridge, Manchester |url=http://www.hodderandpartners.com/projects/corporation-street-bridge-manchester |work=Hodder + Partners |date=25 November 2000 |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref>


=== Wheel of Manchester ===
=== Wheel of Manchester ===
{{Main|Wheel of Manchester}}
{{Main|Wheel of Manchester}}
Located adjacent to Corporation Street in Exchange Square was the Wheel of Manchester, a transportable [[Ferris wheel]] installation which provided views over Manchester city centre and beyond. The first wheel was installed in 2004, the second in May 2007.<ref name="return">{{cite news|title=Big wheel returns to city centre|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6690967.stm|accessdate=2011-01-05|newspaper=[[BBC News Online]]|date=25 May 2007}}</ref>
Located adjacent to Corporation Street in Exchange Square was the Wheel of Manchester, a transportable [[Ferris wheel]] installation which provided views over Manchester city centre and beyond. The first wheel was installed in 2004, the second in May 2007.<ref name="return">{{cite news|title=Big wheel returns to city centre|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6690967.stm|access-date=2011-01-05|newspaper=[[BBC News Online]]|date=25 May 2007}}</ref>


In 2010, [[Manchester City Council]] proposed a {{Convert|120|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on|adj=on}} wheel, to be operated by [[World Tourist Attractions]], as a replacement for the existing transportable installation, with [[Piccadilly Gardens]] the possible site and completion expected by Christmas 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-11459081|title='Monster' wheel plans confirmed|date=2 October 2010|website=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
In 2010, Manchester City Council proposed a {{Convert|120|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on|adj=on}} wheel, to be operated by [[World Tourist Attractions]], as a replacement for the existing transportable installation, with [[Piccadilly Gardens]] the possible site and completion expected by Christmas 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-11459081|title='Monster' wheel plans confirmed|date=2 October 2010|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>


In 2012, the most recent installation was dismantled ahead of events taking place for the London 2012 Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1491395_work-starts-to-dismantle-the-manchester-wheel|title=Work starts to dismantle the Manchester Wheel|date=16 April 2012|website=Menmedia.co.uk|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
In 2012, the most recent installation was dismantled ahead of events taking place for the London 2012 Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1491395_work-starts-to-dismantle-the-manchester-wheel|title=Work starts to dismantle the Manchester Wheel|date=16 April 2012|website=Menmedia.co.uk|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>


===Urbis===
===Urbis===
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[[File:Urbis Manchester 20051020.jpg|thumb|190px|left|Urbis, situated alongside Corporation Street as seen in the image]] '''Urbis''', located adjacent to Corporation Street was opened in 2002 and hosted exhibits on popular culture such as music and art including Mancunian culture.
[[File:Urbis Manchester 20051020.jpg|thumb|190px|left|Urbis, situated alongside Corporation Street as seen in the image]] '''Urbis''', located adjacent to Corporation Street was opened in 2002 and hosted exhibits on popular culture such as music and art including Mancunian culture.


Urbis temporarily closed in February 2010 to transform it for the National Football Museum which moved from Preston. the National Football Museum which opened on 6 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Football Museum |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/ |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref>
Urbis temporarily closed in February 2010 to transform it for the National Football Museum which moved from Preston. The museum opened on 6 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Football Museum |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/ |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref>


==Pedestrianised zone==
==Pedestrianised zone==
[[File:Corporation Street bollards.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Only buses and emergency vehicles are granted access between 1100 and 1900 hours.]]
[[File:Corporation Street bollards.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Only buses and emergency vehicles are granted access between 11:00 and 19:00 hours.]]
After the 1996 bomb it was decided to limit traffic allowed onto Corporation between Withy Grove and Cross Street. The IRA had reverted to using vehicle bombs, as evidenced in the Manchester bombing and other attacks such as the 1988 Armagh bomb, and so crowded areas on major streets represented a risk to pedestrians. Vehicular access to the area is limited by rising bollards. A credit-card sized key is attached to the windscreen of authenticated emergency vehicles and buses, which is automatically scanned. The bollard lowers, accompanied by a sound to warn pedestrians, and allows the vehicle to pass.
After the 1996 bombing it was decided to limit traffic allowed onto Corporation between Withy Grove and Cross Street. The IRA had reverted to using vehicle bombs, as evidenced in the Manchester bombing and other attacks such as the 1988 Armagh bomb,{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} and so crowded areas on major streets represented a risk to pedestrians. Vehicular access to the area is limited by rising bollards. A credit-card sized key is attached to the windscreen of authenticated emergency vehicles and buses, which is automatically scanned. The bollard lowers, accompanied by a sound to warn pedestrians, and allows the vehicle to pass.


The bollards surrounding Corporation Street have gained notoriety in the media and online with CCTV footage of cars colliding with them. They also have a reputation for being unreliable: a special fire engine became lodged on a rising pair of bollards in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fire engine trapped on bollards |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/7747919.stm |work=[[BBC]] |date=25 November 2008 |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> In March 2009, a Metroshuttle bus collided with the retractable bollards and three people had to be taken to hospital with minor injuries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1103653_probe_ordered_into_bollards|title=Probe ordered into bollards|first=Mike|last=Keegan|date=20 March 2009|website=Menmedia.co.uk|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref> and in April 2009, footage was captured showing an ambulance doing a U-turn to find an alternative route after the retractable bollards failed to lower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1108277_bollards_stop_ambulance|title=Bollards stop ambulance|date=14 April 2009|website=Menmedia.co.uk|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
The bollards surrounding Corporation Street have gained a bad reputation in the media with CCTV footage showing cars colliding with them. They are known for being unreliable: a special fire engine became lodged on a rising pair of bollards in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fire engine trapped on bollards |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/7747919.stm |work=[[BBC]] |date=25 November 2008 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> In March 2009, a Metroshuttle bus collided with the retractable bollards and three people had to be taken to hospital with minor injuries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1103653_probe_ordered_into_bollards|title=Probe ordered into bollards|first=Mike|last=Keegan|date=20 March 2009|website=Menmedia.co.uk|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref> and in April 2009, footage was captured showing an ambulance doing a U-turn to find an alternative route after the retractable bollards failed to lower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1108277_bollards_stop_ambulance|title=Bollards stop ambulance|date=14 April 2009|website=Menmedia.co.uk|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Philip|title=Guide across Manchester|publisher=The Civic Trust for the North West|location=Manchester|year=1976|ref=harv|isbn=0 901347 29 9}}
*{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Philip|title=Guide across Manchester|publisher=The Civic Trust for the North West|location=Manchester|year=1976|isbn=0-901347-29-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Hartwell|first= Clare|year=2001|title=Manchester|series= Pevsner Architectural Guides.| location=London|publisher= Penguin|isbn= 0-14-071131-7|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Hartwell|first= Clare|year=2001|title=Manchester|series= Pevsner Architectural Guides.| location=London|publisher= Penguin|isbn= 0-14-071131-7}}
* {{citation |title=Detonation: Rebirth of a City |last=King |first=Ray |year=2006 |publisher=Clear Publications |isbn=0-9552621-0-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/detonationrebirt0000king }}
*{{Citation|last=Parkinson-Bailey|first=John|title=Manchester. An architectural history|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester and New York|year=2000|pages=364|isbn=0-7190-5606-3|ref=harv}}
*{{Citation|last=Parkinson-Bailey|first=John|title=Manchester. An architectural history|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester and New York|year=2000|pages=364|isbn=0-7190-5606-3}}
*{{cite book|title=The Enterprising City Centre: Manchester's Development Challenge|first=Gwyndaf|last=Williams|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-25262-1|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=The Enterprising City Centre: Manchester's Development Challenge|first=Gwyndaf|last=Williams|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-25262-1}}


{{Manchester}}
{{Manchester}}

Latest revision as of 13:31, 5 April 2023

Corporation Street
Corporation Street from the Wheel of Manchester
Length0.4 mi (0.64 km)
Postal codeM4
Coordinates53°29′03″N 2°14′34″W / 53.4841°N 2.2429°W / 53.4841; -2.2429
north endDantzic Street
Major
junctions		 A665
south endMarket Street
Bauwesen
Commissioned1999; 25 years ago (1999) (reconstruction)

Corporation Street is a major thoroughfare in Manchester city centre, England. It runs from Dantzic Street to the junction of Cross Street and Market Street. Major buildings located on or adjacent to the street include the Arndale Centre, Exchange Square, The Printworks, Urbis (National Football Museum) and New Century House next to the CIS Tower.

After the street was bombed in 1996 by the Provisional IRA, the vicinity underwent large scale reconstruction. The area around Corporation Street has been a likely target for several planned terrorist attacks, most recently in 2009.[1] To reduce this threat, the street is partly pedestrianised between Market Street and Withy Grove between 11:00 and 19:00 hours. A series of bollards have been installed that grant access only to emergency service vehicles and buses.

History

[edit]

19th century

[edit]

Corporation Street was constructed in 1848, cutting through the former mediaeval streets giving access to Ducie Bridge and the north.[2] It ran roughly parallel to Deansgate from Cross Street to its junction with Dantzic Street. The Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS), founded in 1863 as a logical extension of the 1844 Rochdale Pioneer Society and other local co-ops, established its headquarters in City Buildings, Corporation Street. In 1867, it was joined by the newly formed Co-operative Insurance Company.[3] City Buildings was also the first home of The Clarion, the radical newspaper founded by Robert Blatchford which was first published on 12 December 1891, and which moved to Fleet Street in 1895.[4]

Early 20th century

[edit]

In the early 20th century, the scale of the architecture changed as the east side of Corporation Street attracted substantial broad based buildings. The Neo-Baroque building designed by F. E. L. Harris for the CWS was erected between 1905 and 1909, and dated 1907. It was constructed in red brick with polished granite and sandstone dressings. The façade has full height pilasters and Corinthian columns, and the roof is concealed by parapet walls. The Mitchell Memorial Hall was lost in the Manchester Blitz, and the 1907 building was extended to fill the whole block.[5] A further Classical sandstone building on Corporation Street to the north of Hanover Street is owned by the CWS. This was designed by W. A. Johnson in 1928 and opened in 1930. It is symmetrical in design, with further full height pilasters and a large central entrance arch, topped with a mansard roof with dormer windows.[5] By 1908, a new Chief Office for Co-operative Insurance had been built at 109 Corporation Street, which served as their head office until 1962 when they moved to the CIS Tower on Miller Street, barely 100 yards (91 m) distant.[3] Footage captured in 1901 shows the junction of Cross Street and Corporation Street with horse-drawn carriages.[6] The junction with Withy Grove became the northern offices of the national newspaper, the Daily Telegraph.[2]

1996 bombing

[edit]
Main article: 1996 Manchester bombing
Standard UK pillar box with memorial brass plaque
A pillar box, near the top of Corporation Street, the only structure in the area that survived the 1996 bomb. The bombing is commemorated with a brass plaque.

The centre's profile, and the presence of several national chains, made it a target for terrorists. Arson attacks in April 1991 were followed by several firebombs in December 1991 which caused extensive damage to four stores. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was blamed for both incidents, in which the devices were placed in soft furnishings during shopping hours.[7] After the second, Christmas shopping continued much as normal the following day in the unaffected stores. One unnamed fireman said, "What bugs me is if there's a big one planted there's a lot of glass around here, and a lot of people will be killed".[8]

On the morning of 15 June 1996, at about 09:20, two men parked a van containing a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bomb on Corporation Street between Marks & Spencer and the Arndale. At about 09:45, a coded warning was received by Granada Television, the ITV contractor based in the city. About 80,000 people were cleared from the area by local police and store staff using procedures developed after another IRA bombing incident in 1992. The bomb exploded at 11:17, shortly after the army bomb squad arrived from Liverpool and began making it safe. No fatalities resulted from the bomb, but over 200 people were injured, some seriously, mostly by flying glass and shrapnel; one pregnant shopper was thrown in the air by the blast.[9]

Demolition and reconstruction

[edit]
Construction of the Manchester Arndale North development in 2004. The main entrance is located here

The bomb blast damaged much of the surroundings beyond repair, and on financial grounds the decision was taken to reconstruct Manchester city centre from the ground up. Marks and Spencer and the adjacent Longridge House were condemned as unsafe within days, and were later demolished. The frontage of the Arndale on Corporation Street and the footbridge were structurally damaged.[10] The reinsurance company Swiss Re estimated that the final insurance payout was over £400M, making it, at the time, the most expensive man-made disaster ever.[10][11]

About 12 buildings in the immediate vicinity of the explosion on Corporation Street were severely damaged. Overall, 530,000 square feet (49,000 m2) of retail space and 610,000 square feet (57,000 m2) of office space were put out of use.[12] Insurers paid out £411 million (£1 billion at 2024 prices)[13] in damages for what was at the time one of the most expensive man-made disasters ever,[14] and there was considerable under-insurance.[12] Victims of the bombing received a total of £1,145,971 in compensation from the Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority; one individual received £146,524, the largest amount awarded as a result of this incident.[15]

The epicentre of the blast in 2009

According to Home Office statistics, an estimated 400 businesses within half a mile (0.8 km) of the blast were affected, 40% of which did not recover.[16] The heaviest damage was sustained by the three buildings closest to the bomb: Michael House, comprising the Marks and Spencer store and a six-storey office block; Longridge House, offices for Royal and Sun Alliance, an insurance company; and the Arndale Centre, a shopping mall.[17] Michael House was deemed beyond economic repair and demolished. Marks and Spencer took the opportunity to acquire and demolish the adjacent Longridge House, using the enlarged site for the world's largest branch.[12] Marks and Spencer's fortunes changed during construction, and Selfridges subsequently co-occupied the building.[18] Marks and Spencer became tenants of part of the Lewis's store in the interval.[17] The frontage of the Arndale was badly damaged and was remodelled of that part of the city centre.[12]

The glass domes of the Corn Exchange and the Royal Exchange were blown in. The landlord of the Corn Exchange invoked a force majeure condition in the lease to evict all tenants, and the building was converted into a shopping centre.[19] The dome of the Royal Exchange, home to the theatre, was found to have shifted in the blast; its repair and refurbishment took two and a half years.[20]

The possibility of taking the opportunity to rebuild parts of the city centre was raised within days of the bomb. On 26 June 1996, Michael Heseltine, the then Deputy Prime Minister, announced an international competition for designs of the redevelopment of the bomb-affected area. Bids were received from 27 entrants, five of whom were invited to submit designs in a second round.[21][full citation needed] It was announced on 5 November 1996 that the winning design was one by a consortium headed by EDAW.[22]

Whether the bomb acted as a catalyst for development has polarised opinion. The then Chief Executive of Manchester City Council, Sir Howard Bernstein argued that regeneration of Manchester was already under way, as evidenced in the Manchester's newfound ambition to bid for the Olympics in 1992 and 1996. The NYNEX Arena (now Manchester Arena and Europe's largest arena at the time) opened in 1995 and has since proved itself a successful venue.

Buildings and landmarks

[edit]
The main entrance of the Manchester Arndale on Corporation Street
Interior of the Corporation Street bridge linking the Manchester Arndale

Manchester Arndale

[edit]
Main article: Manchester Arndale

The main entrance to the Manchester Arndale is located on Corporation Street. A bridge crossing Corporation Street connects the Manchester Arndale to Selfridges.[23]

Wheel of Manchester

[edit]
Main article: Wheel of Manchester

Located adjacent to Corporation Street in Exchange Square was the Wheel of Manchester, a transportable Ferris wheel installation which provided views over Manchester city centre and beyond. The first wheel was installed in 2004, the second in May 2007.[24]

In 2010, Manchester City Council proposed a 120 m (394 ft) wheel, to be operated by World Tourist Attractions, as a replacement for the existing transportable installation, with Piccadilly Gardens the possible site and completion expected by Christmas 2011.[25]

In 2012, the most recent installation was dismantled ahead of events taking place for the London 2012 Olympic Games.[26]

Urbis

[edit]
Main article: Urbis
Urbis, situated alongside Corporation Street as seen in the image

Urbis, located adjacent to Corporation Street was opened in 2002 and hosted exhibits on popular culture such as music and art including Mancunian culture.

Urbis temporarily closed in February 2010 to transform it for the National Football Museum which moved from Preston. The museum opened on 6 July 2012.[27]

Pedestrianised zone

[edit]
Only buses and emergency vehicles are granted access between 11:00 and 19:00 hours.

After the 1996 bombing it was decided to limit traffic allowed onto Corporation between Withy Grove and Cross Street. The IRA had reverted to using vehicle bombs, as evidenced in the Manchester bombing and other attacks such as the 1988 Armagh bomb,[citation needed] and so crowded areas on major streets represented a risk to pedestrians. Vehicular access to the area is limited by rising bollards. A credit-card sized key is attached to the windscreen of authenticated emergency vehicles and buses, which is automatically scanned. The bollard lowers, accompanied by a sound to warn pedestrians, and allows the vehicle to pass.

The bollards surrounding Corporation Street have gained a bad reputation in the media with CCTV footage showing cars colliding with them. They are known for being unreliable: a special fire engine became lodged on a rising pair of bollards in 2008.[28] In March 2009, a Metroshuttle bus collided with the retractable bollards and three people had to be taken to hospital with minor injuries,[29] and in April 2009, footage was captured showing an ambulance doing a U-turn to find an alternative route after the retractable bollards failed to lower.[30]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corporation Street, Manchester.
  1. ^ Gardham, Duncan (8 July 2010). "New York-Manchester bomb plot leads to Norwegian arrests as international net widens". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  2. ^ a b "Shudehill Conservation Area". Manchester City Council, Environmental Services. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  3. ^ a b "History:The Co-operative Insurance". Manchester: Co-operative Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  4. ^ Irving, Sarah (11 August 2010). "The Clarion Movement". Manchester's Radical History. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  5. ^ a b "Shudehill Conservation Area Buildings". Manchester City Council, Environmental Services. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  6. ^ Shannon, Catherine (30 September 2010). "Video: Manchester street scene from 1901 wows the YouTube generation". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  7. ^ Meikle, James; et al. (9 December 1991). "Store fire-bomb attacks prompt fear of mainland IRA campaign". The Guardian.
    •Sharratt, Tom; Duncan Campbell (6 April 1991). "Arson attacks on shops linked to rail station bag". The Guardian.
  8. ^ Clouston, Erlend; David Ward (9 December 1991). "Gritty Christmas shoppers brave fire and high water". The Guardian.
  9. ^ Lester & Panter (2006), pp. 10–15.
  10. ^ a b Williams 2003, pp. 86–8
  11. ^ Sengupta, Kim (28 March 1997). "£411M cost after Manchester bomb sets record". The Independent.
  12. ^ a b c d Williams 2003, pp. 86–7
  13. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  14. ^ Sengupata, Kim (28 March 1997), "£411m cost after Manchester bomb sets record", The Independent, London, retrieved 3 October 2009
  15. ^ Rooth, Ben (14 June 2006), "IRA Bomb Victims Share GBP1M", Manchester Evening News, retrieved 2 March 2010
  16. ^ "The cost of terrorism", Panorama, BBC News, 15 May 2004, retrieved 10 September 2009
  17. ^ a b Parkinson-Bailey 2000, p. 256
  18. ^ Williams 2003, pp. 86–7, 183–7, 218
  19. ^ Parkinson-Bailey 2000, pp. 261
  20. ^ Parkinson-Bailey 2000, pp. 256
  21. ^ King 2006, pp. 129–30, 143
  22. ^ Williams 2003, p. 108
  23. ^ "Corporation Street Bridge, Manchester". Hodder + Partners. 25 November 2000. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  24. ^ "Big wheel returns to city centre". BBC News Online. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  25. ^ "'Monster' wheel plans confirmed". Bbc.co.uk. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  26. ^ "Work starts to dismantle the Manchester Wheel". Menmedia.co.uk. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  27. ^ "National Football Museum". National Football Museum.
  28. ^ "Fire engine trapped on bollards". BBC. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  29. ^ Keegan, Mike (20 March 2009). "Probe ordered into bollards". Menmedia.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  30. ^ "Bollards stop ambulance". Menmedia.co.uk. 14 April 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2017.

Bibliography

[edit]
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