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'''Nefrusy''' was an [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian]] city which location is north of modern day cities of [[Hermopolis Magna|El Ashmunein]] and [[Cusae|El Quseyya]]. It is known for being the site of [[Battle of Nefrusy]] between the forces of [[Kamose]] and [[Hyksos]] forces, which saw the first use of |
'''Nefrusy''' was an [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian]] city which location is north of modern day cities of [[Hermopolis Magna|El Ashmunein]] and [[Cusae|El Quseyya]]. It is known for being the site of [[Battle of Nefrusy]] between the forces of [[Kamose]] and [[Hyksos]] forces, which saw the first attested use of [[chariot]]s in the history of [[Military of ancient Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient Egypt|last=Amstutz|first=L.J.|publisher=ABDO Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781624035371|location=Minneapolis|page=86}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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In the [[Old Kingdom]], Nefrusy is first attested in a tomb at [[Hebenu]] where [[Hathor]], mistress of Nefrusy is mentioned. |
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| ⚫ | In the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], the place is mentioned several times in the tombs of [[Beni Hasan]] where Hathor, lady of Nefrusy is also mentioned. Hetepet, consort of the nomarch [[Amenemhat (nomarch, 16th nome)|Amenemhet]] was a priestess of Hathor of Nefrusy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newberry |first1=Percy E. |title=Beni Hasan Vol. 1 |date=1893 |publisher=Gilbert and Rivington Ltd. |location=London |page=Plate XVIII |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/newberry1893bd1/0123/image |accessdate=22 April 2020 |author1-link=Percy Newberry}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Under Teti son of Pepi, Nefrusy is described in the victory stela of Kamose as a 'nest of Asiatics'.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Pritchard |editor1-first=James B. |title=Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament |date=1969 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn=0-691-03503-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233 233] |edition=3rd with supplement |language=English}}</ref> Kamose destroyed Nefrusy on his campaign against the Hyksos.<ref>James, T.G.H. (1965). ''Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 2, Part 1''. ed. Edwards, I.E.S, et al. p. 291. [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> |
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In the [[New Kingdom]], other mayors residing there were Iuno, Mahu, Iamunefer, Pahahauti are known by name.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Helck |first1=Wolfgang |title=Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs, Probleme der Ägyptologie. Vol. 3 |date=1958 |publisher=[[Brill publishing]] |location=[[Leiden]] |page=224}}</ref> |
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== Hieroglyphic Descriptor == |
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|{{hiero|nfrws(j)<ref name = Gauthier89/><ref name = Budge1006>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray ( |
|{{hiero|nfrws(j)<ref name = Gauthier89/><ref name = Budge1006>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1006 1006] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}</ref>|<hiero>nfr-w-s-niwt</hiero>|era=mk|align=center}} |
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|{{hiero|nfrwsj<ref name = Gauthier89/><ref name = Budge1006/>| |
|{{hiero|1=nfrwsj<ref name = Gauthier89/><ref name = Budge1006/> |2=<hiero>nfr-f:r-V1*s-y:niwt</hiero>|era=nk|align=center}} |
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|{{hiero|nfrws(j)<ref name = Gauthier89/><ref name = Budge1006/>| |
|{{hiero|1=nfrws(j)<ref name = Gauthier89/><ref name = Budge1006/> |2=<hiero>nfr-w-z:niwt</hiero>|era=3ip|align=center}} |
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|{{hiero|nfr(w)s(t)<ref name = Gauthier89/>| |
|{{hiero|1=nfr(w)s(t)<ref name = Gauthier89/> |2=<hiero>nfr-f:r-z:t*niwt</hiero>|era=lp|align=center}} |
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== Modern Location == |
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| ⚫ | Under Teti son of Pepi, Nefrusy is described in the victory stela of Kamose as a 'nest of Asiatics'.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= |
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Its location has been suggested by [[Gaston Maspero]] to be at modern village of Etlidem {{convert|27|km|mile|abbr=on}} south of [[Minya, Egypt|Minya]], and by [[Georges Daressy]] to be at modern village of Balansourah on the canal of [[Bahr Yussef]] {{convert|12|km|mile|abbr=on}} west of [[Abu Qirqas]].<ref name = Gauthier89>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3 |date=1926 |pages=89–90 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n47/}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 14:46, 18 April 2023
Nefrusy was an ancient Egyptian city which location is north of modern day cities of El Ashmunein and El Quseyya. It is known for being the site of Battle of Nefrusy between the forces of Kamose and Hyksos forces, which saw the first attested use of chariots in the history of Military of ancient Egypt.[1]
History
[edit]In the Old Kingdom, Nefrusy is first attested in a tomb at Hebenu where Hathor, mistress of Nefrusy is mentioned.
In the Middle Kingdom, the place is mentioned several times in the tombs of Beni Hasan where Hathor, lady of Nefrusy is also mentioned. Hetepet, consort of the nomarch Amenemhet was a priestess of Hathor of Nefrusy.[2] Under Teti son of Pepi, Nefrusy is described in the victory stela of Kamose as a 'nest of Asiatics'.[3] Kamose destroyed Nefrusy on his campaign against the Hyksos.[4]
In the New Kingdom, other mayors residing there were Iuno, Mahu, Iamunefer, Pahahauti are known by name.[5]
Hieroglyphic Descriptor
[edit]
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Modern Location
[edit]Its location has been suggested by Gaston Maspero to be at modern village of Etlidem 27 km (17 mi) south of Minya, and by Georges Daressy to be at modern village of Balansourah on the canal of Bahr Yussef 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Abu Qirqas.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Amstutz, L.J. (2015). Ancient Egypt. Minneapolis: ABDO Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 9781624035371.
- ^ Newberry, Percy E. (1893). Beni Hasan Vol. 1. London: Gilbert and Rivington Ltd. p. Plate XVIII. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament (3rd with supplement ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-691-03503-2.
- ^ James, T.G.H. (1965). Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 2, Part 1. ed. Edwards, I.E.S, et al. p. 291. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Helck, Wolfgang (1958). Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs, Probleme der Ägyptologie. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill publishing. p. 224.
- ^ a b c d e Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3. pp. 89–90.
- ^ a b c Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1006.
Bibliography
[edit]- Wilkinson, Toby. The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. Random House, New York, 2010. ISBN 978-0-679-60429-7
- Ryholt, Kim SB. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, Copenhagen, 1997. ISBN 87-7289-421-0