Bolitaeninae: Difference between revisions

Bolitaeninae
	Female Bolitaena pygmaea; from the Gulf of Guinea
	Female Japetella diaphana; from northeastern São Tomé Island
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Order:	Octopoda
Family:	Amphitretidae
Subfamily:	Bolitaeninae; Chun, 1911
Genera
	Bolitaena; Japetella

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The Bolitaeninae are a subfamily, in the family Amphitretidae,^[1] of small, common pelagic octopuses found in all tropical and temperate oceans of the world. The taxonomy of this taxon is not entirely certain; recent research suggests just two genera exist, Bolitaena and Japetella, both of which are thought to be monotypic by some authorities and under this view, the family would represent two very similar species: Bolitaena pygmaea and Japetella diaphana. However, currently a second species of Bolitaena, B. massyae is also recognised.^[1]

Physical description

Bolitaenins are characterised by their small size—up to 8.5 cm or 3.3 in mantle length and 12 cm total length in Japetella species—and their comparatively short arms, much shorter than their dome-shaped mantles. The arms have a single series of suckers; in males, these suckers are greatly enlarged on the third right arm. In Bolitaena (but not Japetella) this arm is also modified into a hectocotylus, an appendage used to facilitate transfer of spermatophores during mating.

Left: Arms and buccal mass of Japetella diaphana
Middle: Dissected male Japetella diaphana
Right: Female Bolitaena pygmaea. The yellow bioluminescence ring is likely used to attract males.^[2]

The eyes of both species are laterally compressed; they are distinctly smaller and set farther apart from the brain on longer optic stalks in Bolitaena than in Japetella—this feature may be the only way to differentiate the two genera when examining subadults. Mature males are rarely encountered. Their translucent, gelatinous bodies are fragile and easily damaged during collection.

Perhaps the most striking feature of the family is seen in mature females; upon maturity a ring-shaped photophore—a light-producing organ—develops to encircle the mouth. This is believed to be an adaptation to life in gloomy, deep ocean waters; the bioluminescent ring may help males and females to find each other.

Habitat

Mature bolitaenins occupy depths in the meso- to bathypelagic zones of the water column, down to about 1,425 m. Younger animals (under 20 mm mantle length) are known to remain in shallower waters, either from 170–270 m or 500–800 m depending on size. Japetella is known to venture into far northern waters.

Reproduction

Mating is thought to occur at or below 1,000 m deep. In the darkness, whether mating is successful or not may depend on the female; she can choose whether to signal the male with her circumoral photophore. The light emitted by the photophore is believed to be of a specific wavelength, possibly both preventing miscommunication and the attraction of predators.

Immature bolitaenids at various stages of development: (left) immature specimens of J. diaphana from Sumatra (top left), southwestern Sri Lanka (top right), and southern Sierra Leone (bottom); (centre left) immature J. diaphana from the Gulf of Guinea; (centre right and right) juvenile female B. pygmaea.

After mating, the female then rises to about 800 m to brood. Her eggs are interconnected by a number of stalks; the whole mass is held safely by means of suckers near her mouth. Due to the cold (4–5 °C) environment, brooding likely takes several months; the female is thought to forgo food during this entire period. After hatching, the young octopuses rise to the productive, upper 300 m of the water column where they remain until reaching a certain size (7–20 mm). As they mature, the young begin their gradual descent to the mesopelagic and eventually bathypelagic zones.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Philippe Bouchet (2013). "Bolitaeninae Chun, 1911". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Bioluminescent Octopod. si.edu

External links

Tree of Life Web: Bolitaenidae
CephBase: Bolitaenidae
Herring, P. J.; Dilly, P.N.; Cope, Celia (1987). "The morphology of the bioluminescent tissue of the cephalopod Japetella diaphana (Octopoda: Bolitaenidae)". Journal of Zoology. 212 (2): 245–54. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05987.x.
Voight, Janet R. (1995). "Sexual Dimorphism and Niche Divergence in a Mid-Water Octopod (Cephalopoda: Bolitaenidae)". Biological Bulletin. 189 (2): 113–9. doi:10.2307/1542461. JSTOR 1542461. PMID 27768486.

[WoRMS-1] Philippe Bouchet (2013). "Bolitaeninae Chun, 1911". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[2] Bioluminescent Octopod. si.edu

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Subfamily of octopuses}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Automatic taxobox
-| color = pink
+| image = Eledonella pygmaea.jpg
-| name = Bolitaenids
+| image_caption = Female ''Bolitaena pygmaea''<br>from the [[Gulf of Guinea]]
-| image = bolitaenid.png
+| image2 = Japetella diaphana2.jpg
-| image_caption = ''Bolitaena pygmaea''
+| image2_caption = Female ''Japetella diaphana''<br>from northeastern [[São Tomé Island]]
-| image_width = 200px
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| taxon = Bolitaeninae
+| authority = [[Carl Chun|Chun]], 1911<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite web | url = http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=742052 | title = Bolitaeninae Chun, 1911 | accessdate = 3 February 2018 | publisher = Flanders Marine Institute | author = Philippe Bouchet | year = 2013 | work = World Register of Marine Species}}</ref>
-| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
-| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
-| ordo = [[Octopoda]]
-| familia = '''Bolitaenidae'''
-| familia_authority = [[Carl Chun|Chun]], [[1911]]
 | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
-| subdivision = ''[[Bolitaena pygmaea|Bolitaena]]''<br>''[[Japetella diaphana|Japetella]]''
+| subdivision = ''[[Bolitaena]]''<br>''[[Japetella]]''
 }}
-'''Bolitaenidae''' is a family of small, common [[pelagic zone|pelagic]] [[octopus]]es found in all tropical and temperate oceans of the world. The family's [[taxonomy]] is not entirely certain; recent research suggests there should be just two genera, ''[[Bolitaena]]'' and ''[[Japetella]]'', both of which are thought to be monotypic. Under this view, the family would represent two very similar species: ''[[Bolitaena pygmaea]]'' and ''[[Japetella diaphana]]''.
+The '''Bolitaeninae''' are a [[subfamily]], in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amphitretidae]],<ref name = WoRMS/> of small, common [[pelagic zone|pelagic]] [[octopus]]es found in all tropical and temperate oceans of the world. The [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of this taxon is not entirely certain; recent research suggests just two genera exist, ''[[Bolitaena]]'' and ''[[Japetella]]'', both of which are thought to be [[monotypy|monotypic]] by some authorities and under this view, the family would represent two very similar species: ''[[Bolitaena pygmaea]]'' and ''[[Japetella diaphana]]''. However, currently a second species of ''Bolitaena'', ''B. massyae'' is also recognised.<ref name = WoRMS/>
 == Physical description ==
-Bolitaenids are characterised by their small size—up to 8.5 centimetres or 3.3 inches [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length and 12 centimetres total length in ''Japetella'' species—and their comparatively short arms, much shorter than their dome-shaped mantles. The arms have a single series of suckers; in males, these suckers are greatly enlarged on the third right arm. In ''Bolitaena'' (but not ''Japetella'') this arm is also modified into a ''[[hectocotylus]]'', an appendage used to facilitate transfer of [[spermatophore]]s during mating.
+Bolitaenins are characterised by their small size—up to 8.5 cm or 3.3 in [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length and 12 cm total length in ''Japetella'' species—and their comparatively short arms, much shorter than their dome-shaped mantles. The arms have a single series of suckers; in males, these suckers are greatly enlarged on the third right arm. In ''Bolitaena'' (but not ''Japetella'') this arm is also modified into a [[hectocotylus]], an appendage used to facilitate transfer of [[spermatophore]]s during mating.
+{{multiple image
+ | align     = centre
+ | footer    = '''Left:''' Arms and buccal mass of ''Japetella diaphana''<br>'''Middle:''' Dissected male ''Japetella diaphana''<br>'''Right:''' Female ''Bolitaena pygmaea''. The yellow [[bioluminescence]] ring is likely used to attract males.<ref>[http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/bioluminescent-octopod Bioluminescent Octopod]. si.edu</ref>
+ | image1    = Japetella diaphana arms.jpg
+ | width1    = 242
+ | image2    = Japetella diaphana.jpg
+ | width2    = 221
+ | image3    = Bolitaena pygmaea female.jpg
+ | width3    = 200
+}}
 The eyes of both species are laterally compressed; they are distinctly smaller and set farther apart from the [[brain]] on longer [[optic stalk]]s in ''Bolitaena'' than in ''Japetella''—this feature may be the only way to differentiate the two genera when examining subadults. Mature males are rarely encountered. Their translucent, gelatinous bodies are fragile and easily damaged during collection.
-Perhaps the most striking feature of the family is seen in mature females; upon maturity a ring-shaped ''[[photophore]]''—a light-producing organ—develops to encircle the mouth. This is believed to be an adaptation to life in gloomy, deep ocean waters; the [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]] ring may help males and females to find each other.
+Perhaps the most striking feature of the family is seen in mature females; upon maturity a ring-shaped [[photophore]]—a light-producing organ—develops to encircle the mouth. This is believed to be an adaptation to life in gloomy, deep ocean waters; the [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]] ring may help males and females to find each other.
 == Habitat ==
-Mature bolitaenids occupy depths in the [[mesopelagic|meso]]- to [[bathypelagic]] zones of the water column, down to about 1,425 metres. Younger animals (under 20 millimetres mantle length) are known to remain in shallower waters, either from 170-270 metres or 500-800 metres depending on size. ''Japetella'' is known to venture into far northern waters.
+Mature bolitaenins occupy depths in the [[mesopelagic|meso]]- to [[bathypelagic]] zones of the water column, down to about 1,425 m. Younger animals (under 20 mm mantle length) are known to remain in shallower waters, either from 170–270 m or 500–800 m depending on size. ''Japetella'' is known to venture into far northern waters.
 == Reproduction ==
-Mating is thought to occur at or below 1,000 metres depth. In the darkness, whether mating is successful or not may depend on the female; she can choose whether to signal the male with her circumoral photophore. The light emitted by the photophore is believed to be of a specific wavelength, possibly both preventing miscommunication and the attraction of predators.
+Mating is thought to occur at or below 1,000 m deep. In the darkness, whether mating is successful or not may depend on the female; she can choose whether to signal the male with her circumoral photophore. The light emitted by the photophore is believed to be of a specific wavelength, possibly both preventing miscommunication and the attraction of predators.
+{{multiple image
-After mating the female then rises to about 800 metres to brood. Her eggs are interconnected by a number of stalks; the whole mass is held safely by means of suckers near her mouth. Due to the cold (4-5°) environment, brooding likely takes several months; the female is thought to forgo food during this entire period. After hatching, the young octopuses rise to the productive, upper 300 metres of the water column where they remain until reaching a certain size (7-20 millimetres). As they mature the young begin their gradual descent to the mesopelagic and eventually bathypelagic zones.
+ | align     = centre
+ | footer    = Immature bolitaenids at various stages of development: (left) immature specimens of ''J. diaphana'' from [[Sumatra]] (top left), southwestern [[Sri Lanka]] (top right), and southern [[Sierra Leone]] (bottom); (centre left) immature ''J. diaphana'' from the [[Gulf of Guinea]]; (centre right and right) juvenile female ''B. pygmaea''.
+ | image1    = Japetella diaphana1.jpg
+ | width1    = 180
+ | image2    = Japetella diaphana4.jpg
+ | width2    = 258
+ | image3    = Bolitaena pygmaea1.jpg
+ | width3    = 193
+ | image4    = Bolitaena pygmaea.jpg
+ | width4    = 213
+}}
+After mating, the female then rises to about 800 m to brood. Her eggs are interconnected by a number of stalks; the whole mass is held safely by means of suckers near her mouth. Due to the cold (4–5 °C) environment, brooding likely takes several months; the female is thought to forgo food during this entire period. After hatching, the young octopuses rise to the productive, upper 300 m of the [[water column]] where they remain until reaching a certain size (7–20 mm). As they mature, the young begin their gradual descent to the [[mesopelagic]] and eventually [[bathypelagic]] zones.
-==Species==
-*Genus ''[[Bolitaena]]''
+[[File:Bolitaena pygmaea2.jpg|thumb|Male ''B. pygmaea'', probably taken during the Michael-Sars Expedition]]
-**''[[Bolitaena pygmaea]]''
-*Genus ''[[Japetella]]''
+==References==
-**''[[Japetella diaphana]]''
+{{Reflist}}
 == External links ==
 {{Wikispecies|Bolitaenidae}}
-{{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Bolitaenidae}}
+{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Bolitaenidae}}
 *[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Bolitaenidae&contgroup=Incirrata Tree of Life Web: Bolitaenidae]
 *{{CephBase Family|Bolitaenidae}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=P. J. |authorlink=Peter Herring |last2=Dilly |first2=P.N. |last3=Cope |first3=Celia |title=The morphology of the bioluminescent tissue of the cephalopod ''Japetella diaphana'' (Octopoda: Bolitaenidae) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=212 |issue=2 |year=1987 |pages=245–54 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05987.x}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Voight |first1=Janet R. |title=Sexual Dimorphism and Niche Divergence in a Mid-Water Octopod (Cephalopoda: Bolitaenidae) |journal=Biological Bulletin |volume=189 |issue=2 |year=1995 |pages=113–9 |doi=10.2307/1542461 |jstor=1542461 |pmid=27768486 |url=http://www.biolbull.org/content/189/2/113.short }}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2346507}}
 [[Category:Octopuses]]
-[[Category:Bioluminescent organisms]]
+[[Category:Bioluminescent molluscs]]
+[[Category:Cephalopod families]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Chun]]