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Bukovica is a geographical region in Croatia. It lies in northern Dalmatia, with Lika to the north, Kninska Krajina to the east, and Ravni Kotari to the southwest.^[1]

History

Vlachs were recorded among the inhabitants of the region in 1420. Their basic economic activity was related to transhumant livestock breeding in conjunction with carrying merchants’ goods.^[2]

Many Vlachs (also recorded as Morlachs) moved to the Ottoman areas in the Dalmatian hinterland which were occupied by 1573 from Bukovica.^[3]

Geography

Bukovica is a small plateau region about 250 to 300 meters above sea level. The karst landscape covers most of the region up to the Zrmanja valley.

Towns and villages

Bukovica covers a triangular area between the towns of Benkovac, Obrovac, and Knin. The region includes the municipalities of Jasenice, Ervenik, Kistanje, and Lišane Ostrovičke.

References

^ Marjanac, Ljerka, and Tihomir Marjanac. "Glacial History of the Croatian Adriatic and Coastal Dinarides." Diss. University of Zagreb, 2004. Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology (2004): 19. Print.
^ Mayhew, Tea (2008). Dalmatia Between Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Contado Di Zara, 1645-1718. Viella. p. 188. ISBN 978-88-8334-334-6.
^ Mayhew, Tea (2008). Dalmatia Between Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Contado Di Zara, 1645-1718. Viella. p. 199. ISBN 978-88-8334-334-6.

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-{{for|the river in Montenegro|Bukovica (river)}}
+{{Redirect|Bukovica, Croatia|other eponymous places in Croatia|Bukovica (disambiguation)#Croatia}}
+[[File:Kula Kegljevica.JPG|thumb|270px|Typical Bukovica landscape: [[Keglević|Keglević family]] castle ruins near [[Mokro Polje]] in northeastern Bukovica.]]
-'''Bukovica''' is a geographical region in [[Croatia]]. It is situated in northern [[Dalmatia]], between [[Lika]] in the north, [[Kninska Krajina]] in the east, and [[Ravni Kotari]] in the south-west. Prior to the [[Croatian War of Independence|war]], it encompassed the western half of the [[Knin]] municipality, the eastern half of the [[Benkovac]] municipality and almost the entire [[Obrovac]] municipality. Today, region is divided between municipalities of Jasenice, Obrovac, Ervenik, Kistanje, Benkovac and Lišane Ostrovičke.
+'''Bukovica''' is a geographical region in [[Croatia]]. It lies in northern [[Dalmatia]], with [[Lika]] to the north, [[Kninska Krajina]] to the east, and [[Ravni Kotari]] to the southwest.<ref>Marjanac, Ljerka, and Tihomir Marjanac. "Glacial History of the Croatian Adriatic and Coastal Dinarides." Diss. University of Zagreb, 2004. Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology (2004): 19. Print.</ref>
-==Towns and villages==
+== History ==
+[[Vlachs]] were recorded among the inhabitants of the region in 1420. Their basic economic activity was related to transhumant livestock breeding in conjunction with carrying merchants’ goods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayhew |first=Tea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqgPAQAAMAAJ&q |title=Dalmatia Between Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Contado Di Zara, 1645-1718 |date=2008 |publisher=Viella |isbn=978-88-8334-334-6 |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref>
+Many Vlachs (also recorded as [[Morlachs]]) moved to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] areas in the [[Dalmatian Hinterland|Dalmatian hinterland]] which were occupied by 1573 from Bukovica.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayhew |first=Tea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqgPAQAAMAAJ&q |title=Dalmatia Between Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Contado Di Zara, 1645-1718 |date=2008 |publisher=Viella |isbn=978-88-8334-334-6 |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref>
-Main towns in the region are [[Kistanje]] and [[Obrovac, Croatia|Obrovac]]. Larger villages in the area are [[Žegar]], [[Biovičino Selo]], [[Ervenik]], [[Mokro Polje]], [[Đevrske]], [[Ivoševci]], [[Kruševo]] and [[Zelengrad]].
-==History==
+==Geography==
+Bukovica is a small plateau region about 250 to 300 meters above sea level. The [[karst]] landscape covers most of the region up to the [[Zrmanja]] valley.
+==Towns and villages==
-Bukovica has been inhabited by an ancient people known as the [[Liburnians]] since before the Roman times. A ruin of an old Roman town called [[Burnum]] (colloquially known as ''Šupljaja'') can be found near the village of [[Ivoševci]]. According to oral tradition in the area, [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]] preached the gospel at the location of the present day [[Monastery Krka]]. What is known, however, is that the Christian teaching was introduced to Bukovica, and the rest of [[Dalmatia]], by a pupil of St. Paul, [[St. Titus]] [http://www.eparhija-dalmatinska.hr/Eparhija-L.htm]. From the 10th to early 12th century, Bukovica, like most of northern Dalmatia, was a part of the medieval Croatian kingdom. After the Croats were subdued by king [[Coloman of Hungary|Coloman]] of [[Hungary]], Bukovica became part of the Hungarian kingdom, to be ruled by local Croatian nobles from the [[Šubić]] family, whose seat was in the nearby town of [[Bribir (Dalmatia)|Bribir]].
+Bukovica covers a triangular area between the towns of [[Benkovac]], [[Obrovac, Croatia|Obrovac]], and [[Knin]].
+The region includes the municipalities of [[Jasenice, Zadar County|Jasenice]], [[Ervenik]], [[Kistanje]], and [[Lišane Ostrovičke]].
+==See also==
-[[Giovanni Lucio]] and [[Jovan Cvijić]] both mention that at the end of the 13th century, under the reign of [[Mladen Šubić]], Serbs began migrating to northern Dalmatia, including Bukovica, from western Bosnia. Accordin to Serbian authors the first large migration of Serbs took place in 1305, and was followed by many more [http://rastko.org.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/jilic-croatia.html], although other authors put first migration of orthodox population in the time of Turkish conquest and Christian reconquista of Dalmatia,that means from 15th century...  According to legend, in 1317. Serbian monks from Bosnia founded the [[Krupa monastery]] in northern Bukovica, with the financial help of the [[Serbs|Serbian]] kings from the [[Nemanjić]] dynasty, which can not be true since Krupa on river [[Una (Sava)|Una]] Bosnia wasn't neither part of medieval [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] or [[Serbia]], and at 14th century monastery in [Bosanska Krupa] was [catholic]. The second [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] monastery in the region, the [[Krka monastery]], was built in 1350 by [[Jelena Nemanjić Šubić|Jelena]], the widow of [[Mladen Šubić]] and sister of Serbian king [[Stefan Dušan]]. Monastery itself was abandoned but reestablished again 16th century after great influx of orthodox believers. At the time Serbian king send some troops to aid his sister and son-in-law and perhaps religious service for them was held there. After Subic family lost its influence and lands under Hungarian king's pressure Serbian troops withdrew.
+*[[Geography of Croatia]]
-{{Disputed-section|date=March 2008}}
-After the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] invasion of the western Balkans in the 15th and 16th centuries, most of Bukovica was captured by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] from the [[Croats]], who established a volatile border with the [[Republic of Venice]], which had in its control the Dalmatian coast with most of the fortified towns.  Population retreated toward coast or was taken into slavery. This resulted in a further continuous influx of orthodox and catholic shepherds from inland which were looking to leave the Turkish-occupied territories in the east, especially between 1523 and 1537. [[Serbian Orthodox]] churches were built in many Bukovica villages by this time but also many older catholic ones were given to [orthodox] newcomers as older [catholic] population was reduced to poor remnants [http://www.eparhija-dalmatinska.hr/Istorija3-L.htm]. The earliest was built in 1418 in the hamlet of Kalanjeva Draga.[http://www.benkovac.rs/obicaji/crkva/crkve.htm]  These newcomers served as professional soldiers and frontier guardsmen for the Venetians in their struggles against the impending Turkish empire, and were given various concessions and annual subsidies by the Venetians in return for their services. They are historically recognised as [[Uskoks]], meaning "those who jump in". Some of the most prominent uskok leaders for the Bukovica area included [[Janko Mitrović]] from [[Žegar]], his son [[Stojan Janković]], who operated mainly from the neighbouring [[Ravni Kotari]] area, and [[Vuk Mandušić]], perhaps from [[Rupe]] where that surname is still preserved as well as ruins of allegedly his house, who fought numerous battles against the Turks all over Dalmatia and western Bosnia. These and other Uskok leaders are prominent protagonists in [[Serbian epic poetry]].
-{{Disputed-section|date=March 2008}}
-The Bukovica locals, used to a harsh lifestyle and an atmosphere of brutality, also had problems with Venetian authority, which changed its policies towards Uskoks from time and again, depending on the relations that Venice had with the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish empire]]. As a result of oppressive taxation policies the people of Bukovica and neighbouring Ravni Kotari waged a violent uprising against Venice in 1704, under the leadership of [[Petar Jagodić Kuridža]]the Orthodox village priest from St. Peter's Church in [[Biovičino Selo]], Ilija Nanic from Žegar, Matija Žabetić from [[Biograd]], Cvjetan Cvjetinjanin from [[Veljane]], Radovan Korda from [[Đevrske]], Novak Vujanic from [[Ervenik]], Matija Miljanic from [[Kruševo]] and Toma Korolija from [[Ivoševci]].[http://www.komazec.com/povijest.htm] After initial military success, the uprising was stopped in December that same year, after the Venetians cunningly arrested Kuridža and several other rebel leaders during negotiations. He was imprisoned for 40 years, and the oppressive measures against Bukovica's inhabitants were continued until Venice's fall to [[Napoleon]] in 1797. This brought some relief to Bukovica's population, as the French had shown to be more tolerant that their predecessors. However, this period was short lived, and in 1813, Bukovica fell under the rule of the [[Habsburg empire]].
-==Population==
-Before the [[Yugoslav Wars]] of the 1990s, the region had a population with an overwhelming [[Serbs|Serbian]] majority; the [[Croats]] were a distant minority there. Croats comprised an absolute majority in 6 villages: [[Bruška]], [[Lisičić]], [[Rodaljice]], [[Kruševo]], [[Medviđa]] and [[Popovići]]. Contrary to the popular belief, the ethnically-mixed village of [[Nunić]] had a Serbian majority. The remaining 28 settlements, including all the towns and the larger villages, had an absolute Serb majority.
-The demographic picture has changed greatly. In the beginning Croatian villages were destroyed and Croatian population expelled. Kruševo was one of the first villages that was destroyed in [[Croatia Independence war]], those who stayed at home were killed in Bruška [http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mar-2ai030909e.htm], Ervenik [http://www.glas-koncila.hr/feljtoni/index.php/Zaboravljene_hrvatske_%C5%BErtve_(4):_%C5%A0a%C5%A1i%C4%87i_-_Ervenik,_Knin]. Ervenik had substantial Croatian population before WW2 which was partly expelled and partly killed falling from 600 to 40-50 in 1991. Another [[ethnic cleansing]], but this time of the Serbian population came during and after [[Operation Storm]] in 1995, as well as the systematic state-sponsored migration of Catholic [[Janjevci]] from [[Kosovo]] to the area around [[Kistanje]]. Some villages of Bukovica were a scene of heinous war crimes perpetrated by the [[Croatian Army]] during Operation Storm; in [[Varivode]] and [[Gošić]] dozens of elderly and disabled civilians were slaughtered and their homes burned. Serbian leader Milan Martić was sentenced by the ICTY in The Hague on 35 years for war crimes one of which was [[Bruška]] massacre. The Croatian wartime general [[Ante Gotovina]] has been indicted by the ICTY in The Hague for these crimes, as well as for others.  [http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/got-ii010608e.htm][http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Bosnia/updates/oct95/10-04/croatia_atrocities/index.html][http://veritas.org.rs/publikacije/Oluja/Tekstovi/10.htm].Such incidents reinforced the desire of Bukovica Serbs to flee their homes, fearing the atmosphere of violence, revenge and lawlesness left behind by the Croatian Army.
-Today, the demographic picture is much more complicated, but Serbs still have a  majority, and are concentrated mostly in the municipalities of Kistanje and Ervenik. The total population of the region is a fraction of the pre-war number, and is constituted mainly of Serbian returnees, most of them elderly, some Croatian returnees, also mostly elderly as well as of the colonized Janjevci in the Kistanje area. Many Bukovica Serbs have settled in [[Serbia]] ([[Belgrade]], [[Batajnica]], [[Indjija]], [[Subotica]], [[Nova Pazova]] and several other [[Vojvodina]] towns have a significant number of exiled Bukovica Serbs) and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (primarily in the city of [[Banja Luka]]). Large numbers have also emigrated abroad, especially to [[Australia]], [[United States]] and [[Italy]]. Younger members of Croat community remained in the coastal cities and never returned to their villages after war. A number of both Croats and Serbs originating from Bukovica also lives in the Croatian cities of [[Zagreb]], [[Rijeka]] and [[Zadar]].
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
-*Živko Bjelanović, Antroponimija Bukovice, Split, 1988.
+{{Commons category|Bukovica (region)}}
-*Dr Jovan Plavša, Stanovništvo Kninske Krajine, Novi Sad, 1997.
+{{Refbegin}}
-*Marinko Marinović i Marijan Mitrović, Bukovicom i Ravnim kotarom, Varaždin 2004.
+* {{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/149719|title=Prilog revalorizaciji baštine, obnovi i razvoju Bukovice|trans-title=A contribution to the valorisation, restoration and development of Bukovica|last=Medić|first=Đuro Š.|journal=Titius|volume=6-7|issue=6-7|year=2014|pages=415–435|format=PDF|language=hr|access-date=16 February 2021}}
+{{Refend}}
-==See also==
-*[[Geography of Croatia]]
-*[[Dalmatia]]
-==External links==
-*[http://www.rastko.org.rs/antropologija/ardalic_bukovica/index.html Bukovica - Narodni život i običaji]
-*[http://benkovac.com/index.php?option=com_simpleboard&Itemid=28&func=view&view=threaded&id=1690&catid=6 Grad Benkovac Online].
 {{Geographical regions of Croatia}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{Coord|44.1483051|N|15.75188061|E|region:HR-13_type:adm3rd_source:CGN|display=title|format=dms}}
-{{coord missing|Croatia}}
 [[Category:Regions of Croatia]]
 [[Category:Dalmatia]]
-[[hr:Bukovica]]
-[[sr:Буковица (област)]]

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