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Coordinates: Sky map 05h 54m 04.2409s, −60° 01′ 24.498″
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{{Short description|Star in the constellation Pictor}}
{{Starbox begin
{{Starbox begin
| name = [[Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]] 40307
| name = [[Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]] 40307
Line 9: Line 10:
| epoch = [[J2000.0]] ([[International Celestial Reference System|ICRS]])
| epoch = [[J2000.0]] ([[International Celestial Reference System|ICRS]])
| constell = [[Pictor]]
| constell = [[Pictor]]
| ra = {{RA|05|54|04.2409}}<ref name=sb>{{SIMBAD link|HD+40307|HD 40307}}, entry, [[SIMBAD]]. Accessed online June 18, 2008.</ref>
| ra = {{RA|05|54|04.24050}}<ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| dec = {{DEC|−60|01|24.498}}<ref name=sb />
| dec = {{DEC|−60|01|24.4930}}<ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| appmag_v = 7.17<ref name=sb />
| appmag_v = 7.17<ref name=sb />
}}
}}
{{Starbox character
{{Starbox character
| class = K2.5V<ref name=sb />
| class = K2.5V<ref name=sb />
| u-b =
| u-b =
| b-v = 0.93<ref name=sb />
| b-v = 0.93<ref name=sb />
| v-r =
| v-r =
| r-i =
| r-i =
}}
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = +30.4&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.2<ref name=sb />
| radial_v = {{val|31.08|0.12}}<ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| prop_mo_ra = −51.76 <ref name=sb />
| prop_mo_ra = {{val|−52.174|0.023}}
| prop_mo_dec = −60.44 <ref name=sb />
| prop_mo_dec = {{val|−60.059|0.025}}
⚫
| pm_footnote = <ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| parallax = 77.95
| p_error = 0.53
| parallax = 77.3261
| p_error = 0.0170
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=sb />
| absmag_v = 6.57<ref name=cgssn09>{{citation
| parallax_footnote = <ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| absmag_v = {{val|6.57|0.01}}<ref name=cgssn09 />
⚫
| display-authors=1 | last1=Holmberg | first1=J.
⚫
| last2=Nordström | first2=B. | last3=Andersen | first3=J.
⚫
| title=The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics
⚫
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
⚫
| volume=501 | issue=3 |date=July 2009 | pages=941–947
⚫
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200811191 | bibcode=2009A&A...501..941H
| arxiv=0811.3982 | postscript=. }}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Starbox detail
{{Starbox detail
| mass = 0.75{{±|0.03|0.04}}<ref name="geneva">[http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=3947 HD 40307], database entry, Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood, J. Holmberg et al., 2007, [[Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg|CDS]] database [http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?V/117A V/117A], accessed November 19, 2008; described in The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of ~14 000 F and G dwarfs, B. Nordström, M. Mayor, J. Andersen, J. Holmberg, F. Pont, B. R. Jørgensen, E. H. Olsen, S. Udry, and N. Mowlavi, ''[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]'' '''418''' (May 2004), pp. 989–1019, {{bibcode|2004A&A...418..989N}}, {{doi|10.1051/0004-6361:20035959}}.</ref>
| mass = 0.75{{±|0.03|0.04}}<ref name="geneva">[http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/117A/newcat&recno=3947 HD 40307], database entry, Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood, J. Holmberg et al., 2007, [[Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg|CDS]] database [http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?V/117A V/117A], accessed November 19, 2008; described in The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of ~14 000 F and G dwarfs, B. Nordström, M. Mayor, J. Andersen, J. Holmberg, F. Pont, B. R. Jørgensen, E. H. Olsen, S. Udry, and N. Mowlavi, ''[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]'' '''418''' (May 2004), pp. 989–1019, {{bibcode|2004A&A...418..989N}}, {{doi|10.1051/0004-6361:20035959}}.</ref>
| radius = 0.716 ± 0.010<ref name="2massphot">[http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=J/A%2bA/450/735/table2&recno=2686 HD 40307], entry, [[Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg|CDS]] database [http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?J/A%2bA/450/735 J/A+A/450/735]; described in Effective temperature scale and bolometric corrections from 2MASS photometry, E. Masana, C. Jordi, and I. Ribas, ''Astronomy and Astrophysics'' '''450''', #2 (May 2006), pp. 735–746. {{bibcode|2006A&A...450..735M}}. {{doi|10.1051/0004-6361:20054021}}.</ref>
| radius = 0.716 ± 0.010<ref name="2massphot">[http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=J/A%2bA/450/735/table2&recno=2686 HD 40307], entry, [[Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg|CDS]] database [http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?J/A%2bA/450/735 J/A+A/450/735]; described in Effective temperature scale and bolometric corrections from 2MASS photometry, E. Masana, C. Jordi, and I. Ribas, ''Astronomy and Astrophysics'' '''450''', #2 (May 2006), pp. 735–746. {{bibcode|2006A&A...450..735M}}. {{doi|10.1051/0004-6361:20054021}}.</ref>
| gravity = 4.47 ± 0.16<ref name="mayor08">{{cite journal|display-authors= 7|author= M. Mayor|author2= S. Udry|author3= C. Lovis|author4= F. Pepe|author5= D. Queloz|author6= W. Benz|author7= J.-L. Bertaux|author8= F. Bouchy|author9= C. Mordasini|author10= D. Segransan|title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A planetary system with 3 Super-Earths (4.2, 6.9, & 9.2 Earth masses)|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|bibcode=2009A&A...493..639M|arxiv=0806.4587|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810451|date= 2009|volume= 493|issue= 2|pages= 639–644}}</ref>
| gravity = 4.47 ± 0.16<ref name="mayor08">{{cite journal|display-authors= 7|author= M. Mayor|author2= S. Udry|author3= C. Lovis|author4= F. Pepe|author5= D. Queloz|author6= W. Benz|author7= J.-L. Bertaux|author8= F. Bouchy|author9= C. Mordasini|author10= D. Segransan|title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A planetary system with 3 Super-Earths (4.2, 6.9, & 9.2 Earth masses)|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|bibcode=2009A&A...493..639M|arxiv=0806.4587|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810451|date= 2009|volume= 493|issue= 2|pages= 639–644|s2cid= 116365802}}</ref>
| luminosity_bolometric = 0.23<ref name="mayor08" />
| luminosity_bolometric = 0.23<ref name="mayor08" />
| luminosity_visual = 0.19<ref group="note">Using the absolute visual magnitude of HD 40307 <math>\scriptstyle M_{V_{\ast}}=6.63</math> and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun <math>\scriptstyle M_{V_{\odot}}=4.83</math>, the visual luminosity can be calculated by <math>\scriptstyle \frac{L_{V_{\ast}}}{L_{V_{\odot}}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{V_{\odot}} - M_{V_{\ast}}\right)}</math></ref>
| luminosity_visual = 0.20<ref group="note">Using the absolute visual magnitude of HD 40307 <math>\scriptstyle M_{V_{\ast}}=6.57</math> and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun <math>\scriptstyle M_{V_{\odot}}=4.83</math>, the visual luminosity can be calculated by <math>\scriptstyle \frac{L_{V_{\ast}}}{L_{V_{\odot}}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{V_{\odot}} - M_{V_{\ast}}\right)}</math></ref>
| temperature = 4977 ± 59<ref name="mayor08" />
| temperature = 4977 ± 59<ref name="mayor08" />
| metal_fe = −0.31 ± 0.03<ref name="mayor08" />
| metal_fe = −0.31 ± 0.03<ref name="mayor08" />
Line 49: Line 44:
}}
}}
{{Starbox catalog
{{Starbox catalog
| names = [[Durchmusterung|CD]]−60&nbsp;1303, [[Durchmusterung|CPD]]−60&nbsp;508, [[Boss General Catalogue|GC]]&nbsp;7474, [[Gliese-Jahreiss catalogue|GJ]]&nbsp;2046, [[Hipparcos Catalogue|HIP]]&nbsp;27887, [[PPM Star Catalogue|PPM]]&nbsp;355061, [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog|SAO]]&nbsp;249388.<ref name=sb />
| names = [[Durchmusterung|CD]]−60&nbsp;1303, [[Durchmusterung|CPD]]−60&nbsp;508, [[Boss General Catalogue|GC]]&nbsp;7474, [[Gliese-Jahreiss catalogue|GJ]]&nbsp;2046, [[Hipparcos Catalogue|HIP]]&nbsp;27887, [[PPM Star Catalogue|PPM]]&nbsp;355061, [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog|SAO]]&nbsp;249388, [[2MASS]] J05540421-6001245.<ref name=sb />
}}
}}
{{Starbox reference
{{Starbox reference
Line 57: Line 52:
| EPE = HD+40307
| EPE = HD+40307
}}
}}
{{starbox end}}
{{starbox end
}}
⚫
'''HD 40307''' is an orange ([[K-type star|K-type]]) [[main sequence|main-sequence]] [[star]] located approximately 42 [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] of [[Pictor]] (the [[Easel]]), taking its primary name from its [[Henry Draper Catalogue]] designation. It is calculated to be slightly less massive than the [[Sun]]. The star has six known [[extrasolar planet|planets]], three discovered in 2008<ref name=sb /><ref name=msnbc>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25191635 |title=Three super-Earths found around one star |author=Jeanna Bryner |website=NBC News |date=June 16, 2008 |access-date=June 18, 2008 }}</ref> and three more in 2012. One of them, [[HD 40307 g]], is a potential [[super-Earth]] in the [[habitable zone]], with an orbital period of about 200 days. This object might be capable of supporting liquid water on its surface, although much more information must be acquired before its habitability can be assessed.<ref name="latimes-nov12">{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-earthlike-planet-water-atmosphere-red-light-20121107,0,2600859.story |title=Possible Earth-like planet could hold water; scientists cautious |author=Amina Khan |website=Los Angeles Times |date=November 7, 2012 |access-date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="tuomi12">{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220268 |last1=Tuomi |first1=Mikko |last2=Anglada-Escudé |first2=Guillem |last3=Gerlach |first3=Enrico |last4=Jones |first4=Hugh R. A. |last5=Reiners |first5=Ansgar |last6=Rivera |first6=Eugenio J. |last7=Vogt |first7=Steven S. |last8=Butler |first8=R. Paul |title=Habitable-zone super-Earth candidate in a six-planet system around the K2.5V star HD 40307 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=17 December 2012 |volume=549 |pages=A48 |arxiv=1211.1617 |bibcode=2013A&A...549A..48T |s2cid=7424216 }}</ref><ref name="Space-20121107a">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title='Super-Earth' Alien Planet May Be Habitable for Life |url=http://www.space.com/18393-alien-planet-super-earth-habitable-hd-40307g.html |date=November 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |access-date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Space-20121107b">{{cite web |last=Tate |first=Karl |title=Super-Earth Planet: Potentially Habitable Alien World Explained (Infographic) |url=http://www.space.com/18390-super-earth-exoplanet-habitable-zone-infographic.html |date=November 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |access-date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref>


No stellar companions to HD 40307 were detected as in 2018.<ref>{{cite journal |arxiv=1811.09666 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731341 |title=Archival VLT/Na ''Co'' multiplicity investigation of exoplanet host stars |year=2018 |last1=Dietrich |first1=J. |last2=Ginski |first2=C. |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=620 |pages=A102 |bibcode=2018A&A...620A.102D |s2cid=119294338 }}</ref>
⚫
'''HD 40307''' is an orange ([[K-type star|K-type]]) [[main sequence|main-sequence]] [[star]] located approximately 42 [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] of [[Pictor]] (the [[Easel]]), taking its primary name from its [[Henry Draper Catalogue]] designation. It is calculated to be slightly less massive than the [[Sun]]. HD 40307 was observed during or before 1900 as part of the [[Cape Photographic Durchmusterung]].<ref>[http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I/108/cpd&recno=379090 CPD−60&nbsp;508], database entry, Cape Photographic Durchmusterung (CPD), D. Gill and J. C. Kapetyn, 1895–1900, [[Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg|CDS]] ID [http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?I/108 I/108].</ref> The star has six known [[extrasolar planet|planets]], three discovered in 2008<ref name=sb /><ref name=msnbc>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25191635/ Three super-Earths found around one star], Jeanna Bryner, [[MSNBC]], June 16, 2008. Accessed on line June 18, 2008.</ref> and three more in 2012. One of them, [[HD 40307 g]], is a potential [[super-Earth]] in the [[habitable zone]], with an orbital period of about 200 days. This object might be capable of supporting liquid water on its surface, although much more information must be acquired before its habitability can be assessed.<ref name="latimes-nov12">[http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-earthlike-planet-water-atmosphere-red-light-20121107,0,2600859.story Possible Earth-like planet could hold water; scientists cautious], Amina Khan, [[Los Angeles Times]], November 7, 2012. Accessed on line November 8, 2012.</ref><ref name="tuomi12">{{cite journal |last= Tuomi |last2=Anglada-Escude |last3=Gerlach |last4=Jones |last5=Reiners |last6=Rivera |last7=Vogt |last8=Butler |first=Mikko |first2=Guillem |first3=Enrico |first4=Hugh R. R. |first5=Ansgar |first6=Eugenio J. |first7=Steven S. |first8=R. Paul |arxiv= 1211.1617|title= Habitable-zone super-Earth candidate in a six-planet system around the K2.5V star HD 40307|class= astro-ph|date= 2012 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220268 |volume=549 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |page=A48 |bibcode=2013A&A...549A..48T}}</ref><ref name="Space-20121107a">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title='Super-Earth' Alien Planet May Be Habitable for Life |url=http://www.space.com/18393-alien-planet-super-earth-habitable-hd-40307g.html |date=November 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=November 8, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Space-20121107b">{{cite web |last=Tate |first=Karl |title=Super-Earth Planet: Potentially Habitable Alien World Explained (Infographic) |url=http://www.space.com/18390-super-earth-exoplanet-habitable-zone-infographic.html |date=November 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=November 8, 2012 }}</ref>


== History and nomenclature ==
== History and nomenclature ==
The designation ''HD 40307'' is from the [[Henry Draper Catalogue]], which is based on spectral classifications made between 1911 and 1915 by [[Annie Jump Cannon]] and her co-workers, and was published between 1918 and 1924.<ref>pp. 214–215 in The Henry Draper Memorial, Annie J. Cannon, ''Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada'' '''9''', #5 (May–June 1915), pp. 203–215, {{bibcode|1915JRASC...9..203C}}.</ref><ref>The Henry Draper Catalogue, Annie J. Cannon and Edward C. Pickering, ''Annals of Harvard College Observatory'';<br />hours 0 to 3, '''91''' (1918), {{bibcode|1918AnHar..91....1C}};<br />hours 4 to 6, '''92''' (1918), {{bibcode|1918AnHar..92....1C}};<br />hours 7 to 8, '''93''' (1919), {{bibcode|1919AnHar..93....1C}};<br />hours 9 to 11, '''94''' (1919), {{bibcode|1919AnHar..94....1C}};<br />hours 12 to 14, '''95''' (1920), {{bibcode|1920AnHar..95....1C}};<br />hours 15 to 16, '''96''' (1921), {{bibcode|1921AnHar..96....1C}};<br />hours 17 to 18, '''97''' (1922), {{bibcode|1922AnHar..97....1C}};<br />hours 19 to 20, '''98''' (1923), {{bibcode|1923AnHar..98....1C}};<br />hours 21 to 23, '''99''' (1924), {{bibcode|1924AnHar..99....1C}}.</ref>
HD 40307 was observed during or before 1900 as part of the [[Cape Photographic Durchmusterung]].<ref>[http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I/108/cpd&recno=379090 CPD−60&nbsp;508], database entry, Cape Photographic Durchmusterung (CPD), D. Gill and J. C. Kapetyn, 1895–1900, [[Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg|CDS]] ID [http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?I/108 I/108].</ref> The designation ''HD 40307'' is from the [[Henry Draper Catalogue]], which is based on spectral classifications made between 1911 and 1915 by [[Annie Jump Cannon]] and her co-workers, and was published between 1918 and 1924.<ref>pp. 214–215 in The Henry Draper Memorial, Annie J. Cannon, ''Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada'' '''9''', #5 (May–June 1915), pp. 203–215, {{bibcode|1915JRASC...9..203C}}.</ref><ref>The Henry Draper Catalogue, Annie J. Cannon and Edward C. Pickering, ''Annals of Harvard College Observatory'';<br />hours 0 to 3, '''91''' (1918), {{bibcode|1918AnHar..91....1C}};<br />hours 4 to 6, '''92''' (1918), {{bibcode|1918AnHar..92....1C}};<br />hours 7 to 8, '''93''' (1919), {{bibcode|1919AnHar..93....1C}};<br />hours 9 to 11, '''94''' (1919), {{bibcode|1919AnHar..94....1C}};<br />hours 12 to 14, '''95''' (1920), {{bibcode|1920AnHar..95....1C}};<br />hours 15 to 16, '''96''' (1921), {{bibcode|1921AnHar..96....1C}};<br />hours 17 to 18, '''97''' (1922), {{bibcode|1922AnHar..97....1C}};<br />hours 19 to 20, '''98''' (1923), {{bibcode|1923AnHar..98....1C}};<br />hours 21 to 23, '''99''' (1924), {{bibcode|1924AnHar..99....1C}}.</ref>


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
As a K-type star, HD 40307 emits orange-tinted light.<ref name=sb /> It has only about three-quarters of the [[Sun]]'s radius and mass.<ref name="geneva" /> Its temperature is measured at slightly under 5000 [[Kelvin scale|K]]. This is relatively high for a K-type star, approaching the temperatures normally found in G-type stars such as the Sun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/distance/strobel/starprop/strpropd.htm|title=Properties of Stars |accessdate=27 November 2008 |work=Astronomy Notes|publisher=Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics|date=2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622012045/http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/distance/strobel/starprop/strpropd.htm |archivedate = June 22, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
As a K-type star, HD 40307 emits orange-tinted light.<ref name=sb /> It has only about three-quarters of the [[Sun]]'s radius and mass.<ref name="geneva" /> Its temperature is measured at slightly under {{val|5000|fmt=commas|ul=K}}.


The astronomers who discovered the planets orbiting HD 40307 suggested that the [[metallicity|metallicities]] of stars determine whether or not the planetary bodies that orbit them will be terrestrial, like Earth, or gaseous, like [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]].<ref name="arXiv">{{cite journal|display-authors= 7|author= M. Mayor|author2= S. Udry|author3= C. Lovis|author4= F. Pepe|author5= D. Queloz|author6= W. Benz|author7= J.-L. Bertaux|author8= F. Bouchy|author9= C. Mordasini|author10= D. Segransan|title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A planetary system with 3 Super-Earths (4.2, 6.9, & 9.2 Earth masses)|journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]|bibcode=2009A&A...493..639M|arxiv=0806.4587|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810451|date= 2009|volume= 493|issue= 2|pages= 639–644}}</ref>
The astronomers who discovered the planets orbiting HD 40307 suggested that the [[metallicity|metallicities]] of stars determine whether or not the planetary bodies that orbit them will be terrestrial, like Earth, or gaseous, like [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]].<ref name="mayor08"/>


=== Distance and visibility ===
=== Distance and visibility ===
Despite its relative proximity to the Sun at 42 light-years, HD 40307 is not visible to the naked eye, given its [[apparent magnitude]] of 7.17.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/stars/magnitudes.html|title=Stellar Magnitudes|accessdate=20 November 2008 |work=Astrophysics 162 Unit|publisher=[[University of Tennessee]]|date=2008}}</ref> It came within 6.4 light-years of the Sun about 413,000 years ago.<ref name="Bobylev:arXiv1003.2160">{{cite journal
Despite its relative proximity to the Sun at 42 light-years, HD 40307 is not visible to the naked eye, given its [[apparent magnitude]] of 7.17.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/stars/magnitudes.html|title=Stellar Magnitudes|access-date=20 November 2008 |work=Astrophysics 162 Unit|publisher=[[University of Tennessee]]|date=2008}}</ref> It came within 6.4 light-years of the Sun about 413,000 years ago.<ref name="Bobylev:arXiv1003.2160">{{cite journal |last=Bobylev |first=Vadim V. |date=March 2010 |title=Searching for Stars Closely Encountering with the Solar System |journal=Astronomy Letters |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1134/S1063773710030060 |arxiv=1003.2160 |bibcode=2010AstL...36..220B|s2cid=118374161}}</ref>
|last=Bobylev |first=Vadim V.
|date=March 2010
|title=Searching for Stars Closely Encountering with the Solar System |journal=Astronomy Letters
|volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=220–226
|doi=10.1134/S1063773710030060
|arxiv=1003.2160 |bibcode=2010AstL...36..220B}}</ref>


== Planetary system ==
== Planetary system ==
A planetary system around HD 40307 contains four confirmed planets and two other possible planets, all within {{val|0.6|ul=AU}} of the star.
⚫
[[Image:HD40307.svg|thumb|250px|left|The orbits of the inner three planets of HD 40307.]]
⚫
After spending five years observing the star,<ref name=SOL>{{cite web |url=http://www.solstation.com/stars2/hd40307.htm|title=HD 40307 / CD-60 1303|accessdate=27 November 2008 |work=SolStation |publisher=Sol Company |date=2008 }}</ref> the [[European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere]] (''ESO'') announced that they had discovered three [[super-Earth]]s in orbit around HD 40307 in June 2008. All three planets were detected by the [[radial velocity]] method, using the [[High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher|HARPS]] spectrograph system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7457307.stm|title=Trio of 'super-Earths' discovered |author=Mayor|display-authors=etal|date=2008-06-16|work=BBC news|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>

In 2012, an independent analysis carried out by a team of astronomers led by [[Mikko Tuomi]] of the University of Hertfordshire confirmed the existence of these planets and found an additional three planets in the systems.<ref name="latimes-nov12" /><ref name="tuomi12" />

⚫
Five of the planets orbit very close to the star,<ref name="tuomi12" /> with the farthest of them located twice as close to HD 40307 than is the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is to the [[Sun]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mercury Fact Sheet|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html|publisher=[[NASA]] Goddard Space Flight Center | date=November 30, 2007 |accessdate=2008-11-12}}</ref><ref group=note>Mercury orbits at approx. 0.39 AU</ref> The outermost planet orbits at a distance similar to the distance of [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] to the [[Sun]] and is situated well in the system's [[Extraterrestrial liquid water|liquid water]] [[habitable zone]].<ref name="tuomi12" />

⚫
The [[minimum mass]]es of the planets in the system ranges from three to ten times the [[Earth mass|mass of the Earth]], placing them somewhere between [[Earth]] and gas giants like [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].<ref name="tuomi12" /> Dynamical analysis of the innermost planets suggests that planet [[HD 40307 b|b]] is unstable at its age unless it is an ice giant, having migrated from further away. That implies similar for the other planets, even further out.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barnes|first=Rory|date=January 13, 2009|title=The HD 40307 Planetary System: Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes?|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|arxiv=0901.1698|bibcode = 2009ApJ...695.1006B |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1006|last2=Jackson|first2=Brian|last3=Raymond|first3=Sean N.|last4=West|first4=Andrew A.|last5=Greenberg|first5=Richard|volume=695|issue=2|pages=1006–1011 }}</ref> The most recent discovery also indicates via dynamical analysis that the true planetary masses can not be much higher than their minimum masses.<ref name="tuomi12" />

{{OrbitboxPlanet begin
{{OrbitboxPlanet begin
| table_ref = <ref name="tuomi12" /><ref name=Diaz2016/><ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=2009.14164|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202039168|title=Determining the true mass of radial-velocity exoplanets with Gaia|year=2021|last1=Kiefer|first1=F.|last2=Hébrard|first2=G.|last3=Lecavelier Des Etangs|first3=A.|last4=Martioli|first4=E.|last5=Dalal|first5=S.|last6=Vidal-Madjar|first6=A.|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=645|pages=A7|s2cid=221995447}}</ref>
⚫
| table_ref = <ref name="tuomi12" />
}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 b|b]]
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 b|b]]
| mass_earth = ≥ 4.0 {{±|0.8|0.7}}
| mass_earth = ≥ 4.0 {{±|0.8|0.7}} <!-- upper limit 3.741 Jupiter masses -->
| period = 4.3123 {{±|0.0011|0.0012}}
| period = 4.3123 {{±|0.0011|0.0012}}
| semimajor = 0.0468 {{±|0.0023|0.0024}}
| semimajor = 0.0468 {{±|0.0023|0.0024}}
| eccentricity = 0.20 {{±|0.16|0.14}}
| eccentricity = 0.20 {{±|0.16|0.14}}
| inclination = >0.2022
}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 c|c]]
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 c|c]]
| mass_earth = ≥ 6.6 {{±|1.1|1.0}}
| mass_earth = ≥ 6.6 {{±|1.1|1.0}} <!-- upper limit 5.879 Jupiter masses -->
| period = 9.6184 {{±|0.0050|0.0049}}
| period = 9.6184 {{±|0.0050|0.0049}}
| semimajor = 0.0799 ± 0.0040
| semimajor = 0.0799 ± 0.0040
| eccentricity = 0.06 {{±|0.06|0.11}}
| eccentricity = 0.06 {{±|0.06|0.11}}
| inclination = >0.2109
}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 d|d]]
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 d|d]]
| mass_earth = ≥ 9.5 {{±|1.7|1.5}}
| mass_earth = ≥ 9.5 {{±|1.7|1.5}} <!-- upper limit 5.586 Jupiter masses -->
| period = 20.432 {{±|0.022|0.024}}
| period = 20.432 {{±|0.022|0.024}}
| semimajor = 0.1321 {{±|0.0066|0.0064}}
| semimajor = 0.1321 {{±|0.0066|0.0064}}
| eccentricity = 0.07 {{±|0.11|0.07}}
| eccentricity = 0.07 {{±|0.11|0.07}}
| inclination = >0.2855
}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
{{OrbitboxPlanet hypothetical
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 e|e]]
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 e|e]]
| mass_earth = ≥ 3.5 ± 1.4
| mass_earth = ≥ 3.5 ± 1.4
Line 118: Line 104:
| semimajor = 0.1886 {{±|0.083|0.0104}}
| semimajor = 0.1886 {{±|0.083|0.0104}}
| eccentricity = 0.15 {{±|0.13|0.15}}
| eccentricity = 0.15 {{±|0.13|0.15}}
|status=disputed
}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
{{OrbitboxPlanet
Line 126: Line 113:
| eccentricity = 0.02 {{±|0.20|0.02}}
| eccentricity = 0.02 {{±|0.20|0.02}}
}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
{{OrbitboxPlanet hypothetical
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 g|g]]
| exoplanet = [[HD 40307 g|g]]
| mass_earth = ≥ 7.1 ± 2.6
| mass_earth = ≥ 7.1 ± 2.6
Line 132: Line 119:
| semimajor = 0.600 {{±|0.034|0.033}}
| semimajor = 0.600 {{±|0.034|0.033}}
| eccentricity = 0.29 {{±|0.31|0.29}}
| eccentricity = 0.29 {{±|0.31|0.29}}
|status=disputed
}}
}}
{{Orbitbox end}}
{{Orbitbox end}}


⚫
[[Image:HD40307.svg|thumb|250px|left|The orbits of the inner three planets of HD 40307.]]
⚫
After spending five years observing the star,<ref name=SOL>{{cite web |url=http://www.solstation.com/stars2/hd40307.htm|title=HD 40307 / CD-60 1303|access-date=27 November 2008 |work=SolStation |publisher=Sol Company |date=2008 }}</ref> the [[European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere]] (''ESO'') announced that they had discovered three [[super-Earth]]s in orbit around HD 40307 in June 2008. All three planets were detected by the [[radial velocity]] method, using the [[High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher|HARPS]] spectrograph system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7457307.stm|title=Trio of 'super-Earths' discovered |author=Mayor|display-authors=etal|date=2008-06-16|work=BBC News|access-date=2008-06-16}}</ref>

In 2012, an independent analysis carried out by a team of astronomers led by [[Mikko Tuomi]] of the University of Hertfordshire confirmed the existence of these planets and found an additional three planets in the systems.<ref name="latimes-nov12" /><ref name="tuomi12" /> The planet [[HD 40307 f]] on 51.6-day orbit was confirmed in 2015, with inconclusive evidence for the planets [[HD 40307 e]] and [[HD 40307 g]].<ref name=Diaz2016>{{cite journal | title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXXVIII. Bayesian re-analysis of three systems. New super-Earths, unconfirmed signals, and magnetic cycles | last1=Díaz | first1=R. F. | last2=Ségransan | first2=D. | last3=Udry | first3=S. | last4=Lovis | first4=C. | last5=Pepe | first5=F. | last6=Dumusque | first6=X. | last7=Marmier | first7=M. | last8=Alonso | first8=R. | last9=Benz | first9=W. | last10=Bouchy | first10=F. | last11=Coffinet | first11=A. | last12=Collier Cameron | first12=A. | last13=Deleuil | first13=M. | last14=Figueira | first14=P. | last15=Gillon | first15=M. | last16=Lo Curto | first16=G. | last17=Mayor | first17=M. | last18=Mordasini | first18=C. | last19=Motalebi | first19=F. | last20=Moutou | first20=C. | last21=Pollacco | first21=D. | last22=Pompei | first22=E. | last23=Queloz | first23=D. | last24=Santos | first24=N. | last25=Wyttenbach | first25=A. | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=585 | at=A134 | year=2016 | arxiv=1510.06446 | bibcode=2016A&A...585A.134D | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201526729 | s2cid=118531921 }}</ref>

⚫
Five of the planets orbit very close to the star,<ref name="tuomi12" /> with the farthest of them located twice as close to HD 40307 than is the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is to the [[Sun]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mercury Fact Sheet|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html|publisher=[[NASA]] Goddard Space Flight Center | date=November 30, 2007 |access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref><ref group=note>Mercury orbits at approx. 0.39 AU</ref> The outermost planet orbits at a distance similar to the distance of [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] to the [[Sun]] and is situated well in the system's [[Extraterrestrial liquid water|liquid water]] [[habitable zone]].<ref name="tuomi12" />

⚫
The [[minimum mass]]es of the planets in the system ranges from three to ten times the [[Earth mass|mass of the Earth]], placing them somewhere between [[Earth]] and gas giants like [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].<ref name="tuomi12" /> Dynamical analysis of the innermost planets suggests that planet [[HD 40307 b|b]] is unstable at its age unless it is an ice giant, having migrated from further away. That implies similar for the other planets, even further out.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Rory|date=January 13, 2009|title=The HD 40307 Planetary System: Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes?|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|arxiv=0901.1698|bibcode = 2009ApJ...695.1006B |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1006|last2=Jackson|first2=Brian|last3=Raymond|first3=Sean N.|last4=West|first4=Andrew A.|last5=Greenberg|first5=Richard|volume=695|issue=2|pages=1006–1011 |s2cid=18849636}}</ref> The most recent discovery also indicates via dynamical analysis that the true planetary masses can not be much higher than their minimum masses.<ref name="tuomi12" />

⚫
{{clear}}
== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[List of multiplanetary systems]]
⚫
{{Wikipedia books|HD 40307}}
* [[List of extrasolar planets]]
* [[List of extrasolar planets]]
* Other stars with planets discovered in June 2008:
* Other stars with planets discovered in June 2008:
Line 147: Line 145:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=


<ref name=sb>{{SIMBAD link|HD+40307|HD 40307}}, entry, [[SIMBAD]]. Accessed online June 18, 2008.</ref>
{{reflist|30em|refs=


<ref name="GaiaDR3">{{Cite Gaia DR3|4758877919212831104}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name=mnras452_3_2745>{{citation

⚫
<ref name=mnras452_3_2745>{{cite journal
| display-authors=1
| display-authors=1
| last1=Suárez Mascareño | first1=A. | last2=Rebolo | first2=R.
| last1=Suárez Mascareño | first1=A. | last2=Rebolo | first2=R.
Line 158: Line 159:
| volume=452 | issue=3 | pages=2745–2756 | date=September 2015
| volume=452 | issue=3 | pages=2745–2756 | date=September 2015
| doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1441 | bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.2745S
| doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1441 | bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.2745S
| arxiv=1506.08039 | postscript=.
| arxiv=1506.08039
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name=cgssn09>{{cite journal
⚫
| display-authors=1 | last1=Holmberg | first1=J.
⚫
| last2=Nordström | first2=B. | last3=Andersen | first3=J.
⚫
| title=The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics
⚫
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
⚫
| volume=501 | issue=3 |date=July 2009 | pages=941–947
⚫
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200811191 | bibcode=2009A&A...501..941H
| arxiv=0811.3982 | s2cid=118577511 }}[https://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-ref=VIZ5e1271ea4813&-out.add=.&-source=V/130/gcs3&recno=3947 VizieR]</ref>
}}
}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|HD 40307}}
{{Commons category|HD 40307}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085709/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2008/pr-19-08.html A Trio of Super-Earths: A harvest of low-mass exoplanets discovered with HARPS], press release, [[European Southern Observatory]], ESO 19/08, June 16, 2008.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085709/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2008/pr-19-08.html A Trio of Super-Earths: A harvest of low-mass exoplanets discovered with HARPS], press release, [[European Southern Observatory]], ESO 19/08, June 16, 2008.


⚫
{{HD 40307}}

⚫
{{Clear}}
{{Sky|05|54|04.2409|-|60|01|24.498|41.8}}
{{Sky|05|54|04.2409|-|60|01|24.498|41.8}}
{{good article}}
{{Good article}}


⚫
{{HD 40307}}
{{Stars of Pictor}}
{{Stars of Pictor}}
{{2012 in space}}


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:HD 40307}}
[[Category:HD 40307| ]]
[[Category:HD 40307| ]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|040307]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|040307]]
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[[Category:K-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:K-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Solar-type stars|HD, 040307]]
[[Category:Solar-type stars|HD, 040307]]
[[Category:Pictor (constellation)]]
[[Category:Pictor]]
[[Category:Planetary systems with six confirmed planets]]
[[Category:Planetary systems with four confirmed planets]]
[[Category:2MASS objects|J05540421-6001245]]

Revision as of 12:17, 14 May 2023

HD 40307

Location of HD 40307 in the night sky. The star is marked within the red diamond below the word "Pictor".
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Pictor
Right ascension 05h 54m 04.24050s[1]
Declination −60° 01′ 24.4930″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 7.17[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type K2.5V[2]
B−V color index 0.93[2]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)31.08±0.12[1] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −52.174±0.023 mas/yr[1]
Dec.: −60.059±0.025 mas/yr[1]
Parallax (π)77.3261 ± 0.0170 mas[1]
Distance42.179 ± 0.009 ly
(12.932 ± 0.003 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)6.57±0.01[3]
Details
Mass0.75+0.03
−0.04[4] M☉
Radius0.716 ± 0.010[5] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)0.23[6] L☉
Luminosity (visual, LV)0.20[note 1] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.47 ± 0.16[6] cgs
Temperature4977 ± 59[6] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.31 ± 0.03[6] dex
Rotation31.8±6.7 d[7]
Rotational velocity (v sin i)3[4] km/s
Age1.2 (≥ 0.2)[4] Gyr
Other designations
CD−60 1303, CPD−60 508, GC 7474, GJ 2046, HIP 27887, PPM 355061, SAO 249388, 2MASS J05540421-6001245.[2]
Database references
SIMBADdata
Exoplanet Archivedata
ARICNSdata

HD 40307 is an orange (K-type) main-sequence star located approximately 42 light-years away in the constellation of Pictor (the Easel), taking its primary name from its Henry Draper Catalogue designation. It is calculated to be slightly less massive than the Sun. The star has six known planets, three discovered in 2008[2][8] and three more in 2012. One of them, HD 40307 g, is a potential super-Earth in the habitable zone, with an orbital period of about 200 days. This object might be capable of supporting liquid water on its surface, although much more information must be acquired before its habitability can be assessed.[9][10][11][12]

No stellar companions to HD 40307 were detected as in 2018.[13]

History and nomenclature

HD 40307 was observed during or before 1900 as part of the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung.[14] The designation HD 40307 is from the Henry Draper Catalogue, which is based on spectral classifications made between 1911 and 1915 by Annie Jump Cannon and her co-workers, and was published between 1918 and 1924.[15][16]

Characteristics

As a K-type star, HD 40307 emits orange-tinted light.[2] It has only about three-quarters of the Sun's radius and mass.[4] Its temperature is measured at slightly under 5,000 K.

The astronomers who discovered the planets orbiting HD 40307 suggested that the metallicities of stars determine whether or not the planetary bodies that orbit them will be terrestrial, like Earth, or gaseous, like Jupiter and Saturn.[6]

Distance and visibility

Despite its relative proximity to the Sun at 42 light-years, HD 40307 is not visible to the naked eye, given its apparent magnitude of 7.17.[17] It came within 6.4 light-years of the Sun about 413,000 years ago.[18]

Planetary system

A planetary system around HD 40307 contains four confirmed planets and two other possible planets, all within 0.6 AU of the star.

The HD 40307 planetary system[10][19][20]
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b ≥ 4.0 +0.8
−0.7 M🜨 		0.0468 +0.0023
−0.0024 		4.3123 +0.0011
−0.0012 		0.20 +0.16
−0.14 		>0.2022° —
c ≥ 6.6 +1.1
−1.0 M🜨 		0.0799 ± 0.0040 9.6184 +0.0050
−0.0049 		0.06 +0.06
−0.11 		>0.2109° —
d ≥ 9.5 +1.7
−1.5 M🜨 		0.1321 +0.0066
−0.0064 		20.432 +0.022
−0.024 		0.07 +0.11
−0.07 		>0.2855° —
e (disputed) ≥ 3.5 ± 1.4 M🜨 0.1886 +0.083
−0.0104 		34.62 +0.21
−0.20 		0.15 +0.13
−0.15 		— —
f ≥ 5.2 +1.5
−1.6 M🜨 		0.247 +0.011
−0.014 		51.76 +0.50
−0.46 		0.02 +0.20
−0.02 		— —
g (disputed) ≥ 7.1 ± 2.6 M🜨 0.600 +0.034
−0.033 		197.8 +9.0
−5.7 		0.29 +0.31
−0.29 		— —
The orbits of the inner three planets of HD 40307.

After spending five years observing the star,[21] the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) announced that they had discovered three super-Earths in orbit around HD 40307 in June 2008. All three planets were detected by the radial velocity method, using the HARPS spectrograph system.[22]

In 2012, an independent analysis carried out by a team of astronomers led by Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire confirmed the existence of these planets and found an additional three planets in the systems.[9][10] The planet HD 40307 f on 51.6-day orbit was confirmed in 2015, with inconclusive evidence for the planets HD 40307 e and HD 40307 g.[19]

Five of the planets orbit very close to the star,[10] with the farthest of them located twice as close to HD 40307 than is the planet Mercury is to the Sun.[23][note 2] The outermost planet orbits at a distance similar to the distance of Venus to the Sun and is situated well in the system's liquid water habitable zone.[10]

The minimum masses of the planets in the system ranges from three to ten times the mass of the Earth, placing them somewhere between Earth and gas giants like Uranus and Neptune.[10] Dynamical analysis of the innermost planets suggests that planet b is unstable at its age unless it is an ice giant, having migrated from further away. That implies similar for the other planets, even further out.[24] The most recent discovery also indicates via dynamical analysis that the true planetary masses can not be much higher than their minimum masses.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Using the absolute visual magnitude of HD 40307 and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun , the visual luminosity can be calculated by
  2. ^ Mercury orbits at approx. 0.39 AU

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. ^ a b c d e f HD 40307, entry, SIMBAD. Accessed online June 18, 2008.
  3. ^ Holmberg, J.; et al. (July 2009). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the solar neighbourhood. III. Improved distances, ages, and kinematics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 501 (3): 941–947. arXiv:0811.3982. Bibcode:2009A&A...501..941H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811191. S2CID 118577511.VizieR
  4. ^ a b c d HD 40307, database entry, Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood, J. Holmberg et al., 2007, CDS database V/117A, accessed November 19, 2008; described in The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of ~14 000 F and G dwarfs, B. Nordström, M. Mayor, J. Andersen, J. Holmberg, F. Pont, B. R. Jørgensen, E. H. Olsen, S. Udry, and N. Mowlavi, Astronomy and Astrophysics 418 (May 2004), pp. 989–1019, Bibcode:2004A&A...418..989N, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035959.
  5. ^ HD 40307, entry, CDS database J/A+A/450/735; described in Effective temperature scale and bolometric corrections from 2MASS photometry, E. Masana, C. Jordi, and I. Ribas, Astronomy and Astrophysics 450, #2 (May 2006), pp. 735–746. Bibcode:2006A&A...450..735M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054021.
  6. ^ a b c d e M. Mayor; S. Udry; C. Lovis; F. Pepe; D. Queloz; W. Benz; J.-L. Bertaux; et al. (2009). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A planetary system with 3 Super-Earths (4.2, 6.9, & 9.2 Earth masses)". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 493 (2): 639–644. arXiv:0806.4587. Bibcode:2009A&A...493..639M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810451. S2CID 116365802.
  7. ^ Suárez Mascareño, A.; et al. (September 2015). "Rotation periods of late-type dwarf stars from time series high-resolution spectroscopy of chromospheric indicators". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 452 (3): 2745–2756. arXiv:1506.08039. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452.2745S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1441.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Jeanna Bryner (June 16, 2008). "Three super-Earths found around one star". NBC News. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  9. ^ a b Amina Khan (November 7, 2012). "Possible Earth-like planet could hold water; scientists cautious". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Tuomi, Mikko; Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Gerlach, Enrico; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Reiners, Ansgar; Rivera, Eugenio J.; Vogt, Steven S.; Butler, R. Paul (17 December 2012). "Habitable-zone super-Earth candidate in a six-planet system around the K2.5V star HD 40307". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 549: A48. arXiv:1211.1617. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..48T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220268. S2CID 7424216.
  11. ^ Wall, Mike (November 7, 2012). "'Super-Earth' Alien Planet May Be Habitable for Life". Space.com. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  12. ^ Tate, Karl (November 7, 2012). "Super-Earth Planet: Potentially Habitable Alien World Explained (Infographic)". Space.com. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  13. ^ Dietrich, J.; Ginski, C. (2018). "Archival VLT/Na Co multiplicity investigation of exoplanet host stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 620: A102. arXiv:1811.09666. Bibcode:2018A&A...620A.102D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731341. S2CID 119294338.
  14. ^ CPD−60 508, database entry, Cape Photographic Durchmusterung (CPD), D. Gill and J. C. Kapetyn, 1895–1900, CDS ID I/108.
  15. ^ pp. 214–215 in The Henry Draper Memorial, Annie J. Cannon, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 9, #5 (May–June 1915), pp. 203–215, Bibcode:1915JRASC...9..203C.
  16. ^ The Henry Draper Catalogue, Annie J. Cannon and Edward C. Pickering, Annals of Harvard College Observatory;
    hours 0 to 3, 91 (1918), Bibcode:1918AnHar..91....1C;
    hours 4 to 6, 92 (1918), Bibcode:1918AnHar..92....1C;
    hours 7 to 8, 93 (1919), Bibcode:1919AnHar..93....1C;
    hours 9 to 11, 94 (1919), Bibcode:1919AnHar..94....1C;
    hours 12 to 14, 95 (1920), Bibcode:1920AnHar..95....1C;
    hours 15 to 16, 96 (1921), Bibcode:1921AnHar..96....1C;
    hours 17 to 18, 97 (1922), Bibcode:1922AnHar..97....1C;
    hours 19 to 20, 98 (1923), Bibcode:1923AnHar..98....1C;
    hours 21 to 23, 99 (1924), Bibcode:1924AnHar..99....1C.
  17. ^ "Stellar Magnitudes". Astrophysics 162 Unit. University of Tennessee. 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
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