Capparis mitchellii: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of fruit and plant}} |
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[[File:Capparis mitchellii foliage.jpg|thumb|right|''Capparis mitchellii'']] |
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The '''wild orange''' is an Australian native plant found in dry inland areas of Australia. Its scientific name is '''''Capparis mitchellii'''''. It is not related to [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, nor to the [[Osage-orange]] which is known as "wild orange" in [[North America]], but to [[caper]]s. |
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Used by [[Aboriginal Australians]] as [[bush tucker]] long before European settlement in Australia, the fruit is a good source of [[vitamin C]] and may be enjoyed raw or in sweet and savoury dishes. |
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The '''wild orange''' is an [[Australian]] native plant throughout Australia.<ref>http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:295396</ref> Its scientific name is '''''Capparis mitchellii'''''. It was named by botanist [[John Lindley]].<ref name="apc">{{cite book |title=Aboriginal Plant Collectors: Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century |last=Clarke |first=Philip A. |year=2008 |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing |isbn=1877058688 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Usav1CwZaXEC |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> It is also known as the '''native orange'''.<ref name="pwndw">{{cite book |title=Plants of Western New South Wales |last=Leigh |first=JH |year=2011 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=0643103635 |page=338 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiINKSiT0eUC |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> Its name in the [[Arrernte language]] of [[Central Australia]] is '''''merne atwakeye'''''. It is not related to [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s and neither to the [[Osage-orange]] which is known as "wild orange" in [[North America]], but to [[caper]]s. |
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==Names== |
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''Capparis mitchellii'' can grow up to six metres in height with leaves between two and six centimetres in length.<ref name="pwndw"/> The plant's flowers are large and coloured white or cream. It prefers sandy to clay loams but will grow on rocky hillsides.<ref name="pwndw"/> |
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''Capparis mitchellii'' was classified and named after Scottish explorer [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]] by 19th-century botanist [[John Lindley]].<ref name=ala>{{cite web | title=Capparis mitchellii Lindl.| website=Atlas of Living Australia | url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2891871 | access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="apc">{{cite book |title=Aboriginal Plant Collectors: Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century |last=Clarke |first=Philip A. |year=2008 |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing |isbn=978-1877058684 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Usav1CwZaXEC |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> |
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It is also known as the '''native orange''',<ref name="pwndw">{{cite book |title=Plants of Western New South Wales |last=Leigh |first=JH |year=2011 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=978-0643103634 |page=338 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiINKSiT0eUC |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> '''native pomegranate''', and '''bumble tree'''.<ref name=apo>{{cite web | title=Wild Orange - Capparis mitchellii | website=Australian Plants Online |first=Jan|last= Sked| url=http://anpsa.org.au/APOL2009/mar09-s2.html|date=2009|quote=From the newsletter of the [[Society for Growing Australian Plants]] (Queensland Region), September 2008.|publisher=Australian Native Plants Associate | access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> It is known in the [[Arrernte language]] of [[Central Australia]] as '''merne atwakeye''', in the [[Adnyamathanha language]] of the [[Flinders Ranges]] in [[South Australia]] as '''iga'''<ref name=adnya/> or '''iga warta''',<ref name=igawarta/> and in the [[Gamilaraay language]] as '''bambul'''.<ref name=ala/> |
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==Habit and habitat== |
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''Capparis mitchellii'' can grow up to eight metres in height, as a tall shrub or small tree,<ref name=apo/> with leaves between two and six centimetres in length,<ref name="pwndw"/> dull green in colour and [[oval]] in shape. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is black and deeply grooved, and the plant is very [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorny]] when young. The flowers, which only last for a day, are large and coloured white or cream, with long protruding [[stamen]]s.<ref name=apo/> |
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It grows in open [[savannah]], in drier areas of Australia,<ref name=apo/> being especially prevalent in inland eastern areas of [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]] and southern parts of the [[Northern Territory]].<ref name=ala/> It prefers sandy to clay loams but will grow on rocky hillsides<ref name="pwndw"/> and is tolerant of [[limestone]].<ref name=apo/> |
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Growing in the [[Flinders Ranges]] of [[South Australia]], where it is used by the [[Adnyamathanha people]],<ref name=adnya>{{cite web | title=Plants Used by the Adnjamathanha | website=Australian Plants Society | url=http://www.australianplantssa.asn.au/pages/australian-plants/general-articles/plants-used-by-the-adnjamathanha.php | access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> a [[cultural tourism]] enterprise is named after its local name, [[Iga Warta]].<ref name=igawarta>{{cite web|url=http://www.igawarta.com/documents/Iga%20Warta%20cultural%20awareness%20package%20info.pdf|title=Iga Warta: The Place of the Native Orange|publisher=Iga Warta|access-date=12 Nov 2020}}</ref> |
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==Fruit== |
==Fruit== |
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| ⚫ | ''The Useful Native Plants of Australia'' (1889) records that the plant was also commonly referred to as "small native pomegranate," "native orange", and "mondo", and that "The fruit is from one to two inches in diameter, and the pulp, which has an agreeable perfume, is eaten by the natives. It was found in all the colonies, except [[Tasmania]] and [[Western Australia]]".<ref>{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Wild oranges are a tasty [[bush tucker]] food. [[Aboriginal Australians]] made frequent use of it long before European arrival. It is round and green when unripe, turning a shade of [[purple]] or [[orange (colour)|orange]] and becoming soft and developing a sweet smell as it ripens in mid to late summer, reaching a size of 4–7 cm in [[diameter]].<ref name=apo/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
The raw fruit is a good source of [[Vitamin C]] and has a pleasant though tangy taste. The seeds and skin are inedible, but the fruit can be eaten raw, used to make [[dessert]]s or [[Squash (drink)|cordial (squash)]], or added to [[main course]] dishes.<ref name=apo/> |
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| ⚫ | The fruit often suffers from [[Belenois java|caper white]] butterfly [[larvae]] infestation |
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==Pests== |
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| ⚫ | The fruit often suffers from [[Belenois java|caper white]] butterfly [[larvae]] infestation,<ref name="pwndw"/><ref name=apo/> and is one of the preferred foods of the [[spotted bowerbird]].<ref name="bb">{{cite book |title=Bowerbirds |last=Rowland |first=Peter |year=2008 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=978-0643094208 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ofqfr_eyqRIC |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5036129}} |
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[[Category:Capparis|mitchellii]] |
[[Category:Capparis|mitchellii]] |
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[[Category:Desert fruits]] |
[[Category:Desert fruits]] |
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[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]] |
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Australia]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by John Lindley]] |
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{{Fruit-stub}} |
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{{IndigenousAustralia-stub}} |
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{{Brassicales-stub}} |
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{{Australia-rosid-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 00:31, 24 June 2023
| Capparis mitchellii | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Capparaceae |
| Genus: | Capparis |
| Species: | C. mitchellii
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| Binomial name | |
| Capparis mitchellii | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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The wild orange is an Australian native plant found in dry inland areas of Australia. Its scientific name is Capparis mitchellii. It is not related to oranges, nor to the Osage-orange which is known as "wild orange" in North America, but to capers.
Used by Aboriginal Australians as bush tucker long before European settlement in Australia, the fruit is a good source of vitamin C and may be enjoyed raw or in sweet and savoury dishes.
Names
[edit]Capparis mitchellii was classified and named after Scottish explorer Thomas Mitchell by 19th-century botanist John Lindley.[2][3]
It is also known as the native orange,[4] native pomegranate, and bumble tree.[5] It is known in the Arrernte language of Central Australia as merne atwakeye, in the Adnyamathanha language of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia as iga[6] or iga warta,[7] and in the Gamilaraay language as bambul.[2]
Habit and habitat
[edit]Capparis mitchellii can grow up to eight metres in height, as a tall shrub or small tree,[5] with leaves between two and six centimetres in length,[4] dull green in colour and oval in shape. The bark is black and deeply grooved, and the plant is very thorny when young. The flowers, which only last for a day, are large and coloured white or cream, with long protruding stamens.[5]
It grows in open savannah, in drier areas of Australia,[5] being especially prevalent in inland eastern areas of New South Wales and Queensland and southern parts of the Northern Territory.[2] It prefers sandy to clay loams but will grow on rocky hillsides[4] and is tolerant of limestone.[5]
Growing in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia, where it is used by the Adnyamathanha people,[6] a cultural tourism enterprise is named after its local name, Iga Warta.[7]
Fruit
[edit]The Useful Native Plants of Australia (1889) records that the plant was also commonly referred to as "small native pomegranate," "native orange", and "mondo", and that "The fruit is from one to two inches in diameter, and the pulp, which has an agreeable perfume, is eaten by the natives. It was found in all the colonies, except Tasmania and Western Australia".[8]
Wild oranges are a tasty bush tucker food. Aboriginal Australians made frequent use of it long before European arrival. It is round and green when unripe, turning a shade of purple or orange and becoming soft and developing a sweet smell as it ripens in mid to late summer, reaching a size of 4–7 cm in diameter.[5]
The raw fruit is a good source of Vitamin C and has a pleasant though tangy taste. The seeds and skin are inedible, but the fruit can be eaten raw, used to make desserts or cordial (squash), or added to main course dishes.[5]
Pests
[edit]The fruit often suffers from caper white butterfly larvae infestation,[4][5] and is one of the preferred foods of the spotted bowerbird.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ a b c "Capparis mitchellii Lindl". Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ Clarke, Philip A. (2008). Aboriginal Plant Collectors: Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1877058684. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d Leigh, JH (2011). Plants of Western New South Wales. Csiro Publishing. p. 338. ISBN 978-0643103634. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sked, Jan (2009). "Wild Orange - Capparis mitchellii". Australian Plants Online. Australian Native Plants Associate. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
From the newsletter of the Society for Growing Australian Plants (Queensland Region), September 2008.
- ^ a b "Plants Used by the Adnjamathanha". Australian Plants Society. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Iga Warta: The Place of the Native Orange" (PDF). Iga Warta. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
- ^ Rowland, Peter (2008). Bowerbirds. Csiro Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-0643094208. Retrieved 8 July 2013.