Tenebrionoidea: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Superfamily of beetles}} |
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{{Unreferenced stub|type=animal|auto=yes|date=December 2009}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{automatic taxobox |
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| taxon = Tenebrionoidea |
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| image = Desert insects Anza Borrego.JPG |
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| image = Reitter-1911-plate128.png |
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| image_width = 200px |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = Central European Tenebrionoidea<br/>with some anatomical details |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| display_parents =2 |
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| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a |
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| classis = [[Insect]]a |
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| ordo = [[beetle|Coleoptera]] |
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| subordo = [[Polyphaga]] |
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| infraordo = [[Cucujiformia]] |
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| superfamilia = '''Tenebrionoidea''' |
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| subdivision_ranks = Families |
| subdivision_ranks = Families |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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See text. |
See text. |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Synchroa punctata larva.jpg|thumb|''[[Synchroa punctata]]'' larva]] |
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'''Tenebrionoidea''' is a very large and diverse [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[beetle]]s. |
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The '''Tenebrionoidea''' are a very large and diverse [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[beetle]]s.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal| last1 =Beutel | first1 =RG | first2 =F | last2 =Friedrich | title =Comparative study of larvae of Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia) | journal =European Journal of Entomology | volume =102 | pages =241–264 | date =2005 | issue =2 | doi =10.14411/eje.2005.037 | url =https://www.eje.cz/pdfs/eje/2005/02/18.pdf | access-date =22 June 2018 }}</ref> |
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== Taxonomy == |
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*†[[Apotomouridae]] Bao et al. 2018 |
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* [[Archeocrypticidae]] Kaszab 1964 |
* [[Archeocrypticidae]] Kaszab 1964 |
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* [[Boridae]] C. G. Thomson 1859 |
* [[Boridae]] C. G. Thomson 1859 |
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* [[Chalcodryidae]] Watt 1974 |
* [[Chalcodryidae]] Watt 1974 |
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* [[Ciidae]] Leach 1819 ( |
* [[Ciidae]] Leach 1819 (minute tree-fungus beetles) (= Cisidae) |
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* [[Melandryidae]] Leach 1815 ( |
* [[Melandryidae]] Leach 1815 (false darkling beetles) |
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* [[Meloidae]] Gyllenhal 1810 ([[blister beetle]]s) |
* [[Meloidae]] Gyllenhal 1810 ([[blister beetle]]s) |
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* [[Mordellidae]] Latreille 1802 ([[tumbling flower |
* [[Mordellidae]] Latreille 1802 ([[Mordellidae|tumbling flower beetles]]) |
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* [[Mycetophagidae]] Leach 1815 ([[hairy fungus |
* [[Mycetophagidae]] Leach 1815 ([[Mycetophagus punctatus|hairy fungus beetles]]) |
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* [[Mycteridae]] Blanchard 1845 |
* [[Mycteridae]] Blanchard 1845 |
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* [[Oedemeridae]] Latreille 1810 ([[false blister |
* [[Oedemeridae]] Latreille 1810 ([[Oedemeridae|false blister beetles]]) |
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* [[Perimylopidae]] St. George 1939 |
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* [[Prostomidae]] C. G. Thomson 1859 |
* [[Prostomidae]] C. G. Thomson 1859 |
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* [[Pterogeniidae]] Crowson 1953 |
* [[Pterogeniidae]] Crowson 1953 |
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* [[Pyrochroidae]] Latreille 1807 ([[fire-colored |
* [[Pyrochroidae]] Latreille 1807 ([[Fire-coloured beetle|fire-colored beetles]], etc.) |
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* [[Pythidae]] Solier 1834 |
* [[Pythidae]] Solier 1834 |
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* [[Ripiphoridae]] Gemminger and Harold 1870 ([[wedge-shaped |
* [[Ripiphoridae]] Gemminger and Harold 1870 ([[Ripiphoridae|wedge-shaped beetles]]) (= Rhipiphoridae) |
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* [[Salpingidae]] Leach 1815 ([[narrow-waisted bark beetle]]s, etc.) |
* [[Salpingidae]] Leach 1815 ([[narrow-waisted bark beetle]]s, etc.) |
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* [[Scraptiidae]] Mulsant 1856 ([[false flower |
* [[Scraptiidae]] Mulsant 1856 ([[Scraptiidae|false flower beetles]]) |
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* [[Stenotrachelidae]] C. G. Thomson 1859 ( |
* [[Stenotrachelidae]] C. G. Thomson 1859 (false long-horned beetles) (= Cephaloidae) |
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* [[Synchroidae]] Lacordaire 1859 |
* [[Synchroidae]] Lacordaire 1859 |
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* [[Tenebrionidae]] Latreille 1802 ([[darkling beetle]]s) |
* [[Tenebrionidae]] Latreille 1802 ([[darkling beetle]]s) |
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* [[Tetratomidae]] Billberg 1820 |
* [[Tetratomidae]] Billberg 1820 |
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* [[Trictenotomidae]] Blanchard 1845 |
* [[Trictenotomidae]] Blanchard 1845 |
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* [[Ulodidae]] Pascoe 1869 |
* [[Ulodidae]] Pascoe 1869 |
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* [[Zopheridae]] Solier 1834 ([[ironclad |
* [[Zopheridae]] Solier 1834 ([[Zopherinae|ironclad beetles]], [[Colydiinae|cylindrical bark beetles]], etc.) |
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The largest family by far is Tenebrionidae, with (as of 2014) approximately 20,000 species and almost two-thirds of the species richness of the superfamily.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gunter |first1=Nicole L. |last2=Levkaničová |first2=Zuzana |last3=Weir |first3=Tom H. |last4=Ślipiński |first4=Adam |last5=Cameron |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Bocak |first6=Ladislav |date=2014-10-01 |title=Towards a phylogeny of the Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314001973 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=79 |pages=305–312 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.028 |pmid=25053567 |issn=1055-7903}}</ref> |
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== Morphology == |
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The Tenebrionoidea show a range of different morphologies. However, one characteristic of most adults is having 5 [[Arthropod leg|tarsomeres]] on the fore- and midlegs, and 4 tarsomeres on the hindleg (tarsal formula 5-5-4). Occasionally, males have tarsal formula reduced to 4-4-4, 3-3-3 or 3-4-4.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Larval Tenebrionoidea can be distinguished by various features of the head: a posteriorly diverging gula with well developed gular ridges, posterior tentorial arms being shifted anteriorly, asymmetric mandibles, the M. craniocardinalis vestigial or absent, and the M. tentoriopharyngalis posterior subdivided into several bundles. The body is usually sub-parallel and slightly flattened, but other shapes have evolved to suit different needs, such as cylindrical for boring larvae, strongly flattened for larvae living under bark, and c-shaped and grub-like for larvae with specialised developmental strategies (e.g. post-[[Planidium|triungulin]] larvae of Rhipiphoridae and Meloidae).<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Ecology == |
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Many tenebrionoid families are fungus feeders, but there are a wide range of other feeding strategies including [[Xylophagy|feeding on wood]] or on decaying plant material, [[pollen]]-feeding (by many Oedemeridae and Anthicidae), and acting as [[Ectoparasitoid|ectoparasitoids]] of other insects (Ripiphoridae). A small number of species are predators or feed on living plant tissue.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Tenebrionoidea show a particular diversity in arid environments.<ref name=":1" /> One adaptation shown by some (e.g. ''[[Onymacris unguicularis]]'') is the ability to gather water from fog in order to drink.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamilton |first1=William J. |last2=Seely |first2=Mary K. |year=1976 |title=Fog basking by the Namib Desert beetle, Onymacris unguicularis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/262284a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=262 |issue=5566 |pages=284–285 |doi=10.1038/262284a0 |bibcode=1976Natur.262..284H |s2cid=4192150 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Coleoptera|4}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q542987}} |
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[[Category:Beetles]] |
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[[Category:Tenebrionoidea| ]] |
[[Category:Tenebrionoidea| ]] |
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[[Category:Beetle superfamilies]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]] |
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{{Beetle-stub}} |
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{{Tenebrionoidea-stub}} |
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[[fr:Tenebrionoidea]] |
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[[ko:거저리상과]] |
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[[it:Tenebrionoidea]] |
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[[la:Tenebrionoidea]] |
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[[hu:Gyászbogárszerűek]] |
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[[nl:Tenebrionoidea]] |
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[[no:Tenebrionoidea]] |
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[[ru:Тенебрионоидные]] |
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[[fi:Pimikkökuoriaismaiset]] |
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[[vi:Tenebrionoidea]] |
Latest revision as of 09:01, 1 July 2023
Tenebrionoidea | |
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![]() | |
Central European Tenebrionoidea with some anatomical details | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Suborder: | Polyphaga |
Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
Superfamily: | Tenebrionoidea Latreille, 1802 |
Families | |
See text. |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Synchroa_punctata_larva.jpg/220px-Synchroa_punctata_larva.jpg)
The Tenebrionoidea are a very large and diverse superfamily of beetles.[1] It generally corresponds to the Heteromera of earlier authors.
Taxonomy
[edit]Tenebrionoidea contains the following families:
- Aderidae Winkler 1927 (ant-like leaf beetles)
- Anthicidae Latreille 1819 (ant-like flower beetles)
- †Apotomouridae Bao et al. 2018
- Archeocrypticidae Kaszab 1964
- Boridae C. G. Thomson 1859
- Chalcodryidae Watt 1974
- Ciidae Leach 1819 (minute tree-fungus beetles) (= Cisidae)
- Melandryidae Leach 1815 (false darkling beetles)
- Meloidae Gyllenhal 1810 (blister beetles)
- Mordellidae Latreille 1802 (tumbling flower beetles)
- Mycetophagidae Leach 1815 (hairy fungus beetles)
- Mycteridae Blanchard 1845
- Oedemeridae Latreille 1810 (false blister beetles)
- Promecheilidae Lacordaire, 1859
- Prostomidae C. G. Thomson 1859
- Pterogeniidae Crowson 1953
- Pyrochroidae Latreille 1807 (fire-colored beetles, etc.)
- Pythidae Solier 1834
- Ripiphoridae Gemminger and Harold 1870 (wedge-shaped beetles) (= Rhipiphoridae)
- Salpingidae Leach 1815 (narrow-waisted bark beetles, etc.)
- Scraptiidae Mulsant 1856 (false flower beetles)
- Stenotrachelidae C. G. Thomson 1859 (false long-horned beetles) (= Cephaloidae)
- Synchroidae Lacordaire 1859
- Tenebrionidae Latreille 1802 (darkling beetles)
- Tetratomidae Billberg 1820
- Trictenotomidae Blanchard 1845
- Ulodidae Pascoe 1869
- Zopheridae Solier 1834 (ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles, etc.)
The largest family by far is Tenebrionidae, with (as of 2014) approximately 20,000 species and almost two-thirds of the species richness of the superfamily.[2]
Morphology
[edit]The Tenebrionoidea show a range of different morphologies. However, one characteristic of most adults is having 5 tarsomeres on the fore- and midlegs, and 4 tarsomeres on the hindleg (tarsal formula 5-5-4). Occasionally, males have tarsal formula reduced to 4-4-4, 3-3-3 or 3-4-4.[2]
Larval Tenebrionoidea can be distinguished by various features of the head: a posteriorly diverging gula with well developed gular ridges, posterior tentorial arms being shifted anteriorly, asymmetric mandibles, the M. craniocardinalis vestigial or absent, and the M. tentoriopharyngalis posterior subdivided into several bundles. The body is usually sub-parallel and slightly flattened, but other shapes have evolved to suit different needs, such as cylindrical for boring larvae, strongly flattened for larvae living under bark, and c-shaped and grub-like for larvae with specialised developmental strategies (e.g. post-triungulin larvae of Rhipiphoridae and Meloidae).[1]
Ecology
[edit]Many tenebrionoid families are fungus feeders, but there are a wide range of other feeding strategies including feeding on wood or on decaying plant material, pollen-feeding (by many Oedemeridae and Anthicidae), and acting as ectoparasitoids of other insects (Ripiphoridae). A small number of species are predators or feed on living plant tissue.[2]
Tenebrionoidea show a particular diversity in arid environments.[2] One adaptation shown by some (e.g. Onymacris unguicularis) is the ability to gather water from fog in order to drink.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Beutel, RG; Friedrich, F (2005). "Comparative study of larvae of Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia)" (PDF). European Journal of Entomology. 102 (2): 241–264. doi:10.14411/eje.2005.037. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d Gunter, Nicole L.; Levkaničová, Zuzana; Weir, Tom H.; Ślipiński, Adam; Cameron, Stephen L.; Bocak, Ladislav (2014-10-01). "Towards a phylogeny of the Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 305–312. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.028. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25053567.
- ^ Hamilton, William J.; Seely, Mary K. (1976). "Fog basking by the Namib Desert beetle, Onymacris unguicularis". Nature. 262 (5566): 284–285. Bibcode:1976Natur.262..284H. doi:10.1038/262284a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4192150.
External links
[edit]Media related to Tenebrionoidea at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Tenebrionoidea at Wikispecies