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| 1-min winds=75
| 1-min winds=75
| Pressure=940
| Pressure=940
| Damages=150
| Damages=25
| Fatalities=50
| Fatalities=50
| Areas=[[Vanuatu]]
| Areas=[[Vanuatu]]
| Hurricane season=1986-87 [[1986-87 Australian region cyclone season|Australian region]]<br>and the [[1986–87 South Pacific cyclone season|South Pacific]] cyclone season
| Hurricane season=1986-87 [[1986-87 Australian region cyclone season|Australian region]]<br>and the [[1986–87 South Pacific cyclone season|South Pacific]] cyclone season
}}
}}

'''Cyclone Uma''' was a powerful tropical cyclone that became one of the worst natural disasters in the history of [[Vanuatu]].


==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Uma 1987 track.png}}
{{storm path|Uma 1987 track.png}}
During the opening days of February 1987, the [[South Pacific Convergence Zone]] was well defined and extremely active, with various areas of low pressure located along the trough, as it extended westwards from the [[Samoan Islands]] across [[Tuvalu]] towards Australia.<ref name="UMA TCR">{{cite report|author=Kumar, Pradeep|title=Tropical Cyclone Report 87/8: Tropical Cyclone Uma|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=April 15, 1987}}</ref> On February 3, Uma's precursor tropical depression developed along this trough of low pressure within the Australian region about {{convert|410|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the south of [[Honiara]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="UMA IBTRACS">{{cite web|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1987035S12160}}|title=1987 Tropical Cyclone UMA:VELI (1985070S17175)|publisher=International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship|accessdate=August 27, 2021}}</ref> At this stage, the depression had a broad circulation and was located within a favourable environment for further development, with inflow and outflow channels evident in satellite imagery.<ref name="UMA TCR"/> At around this time, an area of high pressure moved into the Tasman Sea, which caused large pressure rises in the Tasman and Coral Seas as well as along the Australian East Coast.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="MF 1986/87 SPAC">{{cite journal|journal=Météorologie Maritime|issue=146|year=1990|issn=0222-5123|title=The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacific|url=http://bibliotheque.meteo.fr/exl-php/docs/ILS_DOC/235708/doc00025312__PDF.txt|accessdate=August 27, 2021}}</ref> This had the effect of increasing the easterly winds and provided extra low level cyclonic vorticity around the southern edge of the depression.<ref name="UMA TCR"/>
During the opening days of February 1987, the [[South Pacific Convergence Zone]] was well defined and extremely active, with various areas of low pressure located along the trough, as it extended westwards from the [[Samoan Islands]] across [[Tuvalu]] towards Australia.<ref name="UMA TCR">{{cite report|author=Kumar, Pradeep|title=Tropical Cyclone Report 87/8: Tropical Cyclone Uma|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=April 15, 1987}}</ref> On February 3, Uma's precursor tropical depression developed along this trough of low pressure within the Australian region about {{convert|410|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the south of [[Honiara]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="UMA IBTRACS">{{cite web|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1987035S12160}}|title=1987 Tropical Cyclone UMA:VELI (1985070S17175)|publisher=International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship|accessdate=August 27, 2021}}</ref> At this stage, the depression had a broad circulation and was located within a favourable environment for further development, with inflow and outflow channels evident in satellite imagery.<ref name="UMA TCR"/> At around this time, an area of high pressure moved into the [[Tasman Sea]], which caused large pressure rises in the Tasman and [[Coral Sea|Coral]] Seas as well as along the Australian East Coast.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="MF 1986/87 SPAC">{{cite journal|journal=Météorologie Maritime|issue=146|year=1990|issn=0222-5123|title=The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacific|url=http://bibliotheque.meteo.fr/exl-php/docs/ILS_DOC/235708/doc00025312__PDF.txt|accessdate=August 27, 2021}}</ref> This had the effect of increasing the easterly winds and provided extra low level [[Positive vorticity advection|cyclonic vorticity]] around the southern edge of the depression.<ref name="UMA TCR"/>


Over the next day, the system continued to develop as it moved south-eastwards across 160&deg;E and into the South Pacific basin, before the United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 13P.<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="JTWC Verification">{{cite report|title=1987 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Annex A: Warning Verification Statistics: C: Southern Hemisphere|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1987atcr.pdf|archivedate=June 23, 2013|url-status=live|accessdate=August 28, 2021|page=204|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HaiZB42y|year=1993|publisher=United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> This was followed during February 5, by the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) who reported that the depression had developed into a tropical cyclone and named it Uma.<ref name="UMA TCR"/> Over the next day, the newly named system rapidly intensified and developed a broad and ragged eye, before the FMS reported that Uma had attained hurricane intensity, with estimated 10-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|70|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}}.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/> At this stage, the system was located about {{convert|175|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the west of [[Espiritu Santo]] and had become slow moving, with its future movement hard to predict.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/> During February 6, Uma continued move south-eastwards towards Vanuatu and intensify, before the JTWC reported that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|75|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} which made it equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="JTWC Verification"/> This was followed by the FMS who reported that Uma had peaked with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|90|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}}, which made the system equivalent to a [[List of Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone]] on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]].<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="UMA MWL">{{cite magazine|author=Kumar, Pradeep|magazine=Mariners Weather Log|volume=31|issue=3|year=Summer 1987|title=Hurricane Alley: Tropical Cyclone Uma|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|editor=DeAngellis, Richard M|url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/virtcdlib/index.cgi/4274123/FID1/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1987_6.NAR%3B1|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6H3T3bj6Q|archivedate=June 1, 2013|ISSN=0025-3367|OCLC=648466886|accessdate=June 1, 2013|page=23-25|hdl=2027/uiug.30112104093965}}</ref>
Over the next day, the system continued to develop as it moved south-eastwards across 160&deg;E and into the South Pacific basin, before the United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 13P.<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="JTWC Verification">{{cite report|title=1987 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Annex A: Warning Verification Statistics: C: Southern Hemisphere|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1987atcr.pdf|archivedate=June 23, 2013|url-status=live|accessdate=August 28, 2021|page=204|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HaiZB42y|year=1993|publisher=United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> This was followed during February 5, by the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) who reported that the depression had developed into a tropical cyclone and named it Uma.<ref name="UMA TCR"/> Over the next day, the newly named system rapidly intensified and developed a broad and ragged eye, before the FMS reported that Uma had attained hurricane intensity, with estimated 10-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|70|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}}.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/> At this stage, the system was located about {{convert|175|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the west of [[Espiritu Santo]] and had become slow moving, with its future movement hard to predict.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/> During February 6, Uma continued move south-eastwards towards Vanuatu and intensify, before the JTWC reported that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|75|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} which made it equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="JTWC Verification"/> This was followed by the FMS who reported that Uma had peaked with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|90|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}}, which made the system a [[List of Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone]] on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]].<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="UMA MWL">{{cite magazine|author=Kumar, Pradeep|magazine=Mariners Weather Log|volume=31|issue=3|year=Summer 1987|title=Hurricane Alley: Tropical Cyclone Uma|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|editor=DeAngellis, Richard M|url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/virtcdlib/index.cgi/4274123/FID1/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1987_6.NAR%3B1|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6H3T3bj6Q|archivedate=June 1, 2013|ISSN=0025-3367|OCLC=648466886|accessdate=June 1, 2013|page=23-25|hdl=2027/uiug.30112104093965}}</ref>


During February 7, Uma entered an area of strong north-westerly winds, which increased the vertical wind shear over the system and caused it to start weakening.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="VELI TCR">{{cite report|author=Singh, Sudah|title=Tropical Cyclone Report 87/7: Tropical Cyclone Veli|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=March 24, 1987}}</ref> During that day, the system gradually weakened as it passed within {{convert|30|nmi|km mi|round=5|abbr=on|order=out}} of [[Port Vila]] on the island of [[Efate]], before it passed near or over the islands of [[Erromango]] and [[Tanna]].<ref name="UMA TCR"/> Uma subsequently rapidly weakened as it accelerated south-eastwards and started to interact with the newly named [[1986-87 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Veli|Tropical Cyclone Veli]].<ref name="UMA TCR"/> Uma subsequently weakened below tropical cyclone intensity during February 8, before its remnants combined with Veli to form a broad complex area of low pressure to the south of Fiji.<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="VELI TCR"/> This area of low pressure subsequently transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] and maintained gale-force winds, as it slowed down under a low-level easterly flow and upper westerlies.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="VELI TCR"/> The combined area of low pressure subsequently dissipated in a [[baroclinic zone]] near [[Raoul Island]] on February 11.<ref name="1986/87 SPAC">{{cite journal |author=Revell, C G |year=1987 |volume=7 |title=The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacific |journal=Weather and Climate |issue=2 |page=51 |url=http://www.metsoc.org.nz/system/files/journals/7/2/1987_072_38-54_revell.pdf |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |publisher=The Meteorological Society of New Zealand |doi=10.2307/44279737 |jstor=44279737 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203234159/http://www.metsoc.org.nz/system/files/journals/7/2/1987_072_38-54_revell.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>
During February 7, Uma entered an area of strong north-westerly winds, which increased the vertical wind shear over the system and caused it to start weakening.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="VELI TCR">{{cite report|author=Singh, Sudah|title=Tropical Cyclone Report 87/7: Tropical Cyclone Veli|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=March 24, 1987}}</ref> During that day, the system gradually weakened as it passed within {{convert|30|nmi|km mi|round=5|abbr=on|order=out}} of [[Port Vila]] on the island of [[Efate]], before it passed near or over the islands of [[Erromango]] and [[Tanna]].<ref name="UMA TCR"/> Uma subsequently rapidly weakened as it accelerated south-eastwards and started to interact with the newly named [[1986-87 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Veli|Tropical Cyclone Veli]].<ref name="UMA TCR"/> Uma subsequently weakened below tropical cyclone intensity during February 8, before its remnants combined with Veli to form a broad complex area of low pressure to the south of Fiji.<ref name="UMA IBTRACS"/><ref name="VELI TCR"/> This area of low pressure subsequently transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] and maintained gale-force winds, as it slowed down under a low-level easterly flow and upper westerlies.<ref name="UMA TCR"/><ref name="VELI TCR"/> The combined area of low pressure subsequently dissipated in a [[baroclinic zone]] near [[Raoul Island]] on February 11.<ref name="1986/87 SPAC">{{cite journal |author=Revell, C G |year=1987 |volume=7 |title=The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacific |journal=Weather and Climate |issue=2 |page=51 |url=http://www.metsoc.org.nz/system/files/journals/7/2/1987_072_38-54_revell.pdf |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |publisher=The Meteorological Society of New Zealand |doi=10.2307/44279737 |jstor=44279737 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203234159/http://www.metsoc.org.nz/system/files/journals/7/2/1987_072_38-54_revell.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>


==Preparations and impact==
==Preparations and impact==
===Vanuatu===
Uma impacted the island nation of Vanuatu between February 6&nbsp;– 8, 1987, where it became the most destructive tropical cyclone in living memory and caused 50 deaths as well as around US$150&nbsp;million in damage.{{Vanuatu Tropical Cyclones}}<ref name="NDCC report">{{cite report|accessdate=August 28, 2021|publisher=Vanuatu National Disaster Co-ordinating Committee|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/VUT_1987_TC_UMA_Report.pdf|archivedate=August 28, 2021|title=Report on Cyclone Uma|url-status=live|date=May 1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828210931/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/JM_DM520d_VUT_1987_report_cyclone_UMA.pdf}}</ref> The system was the third major tropical cyclone to impact the island nation since 1985, after [[tropical cyclone scales|Severe Tropical Cyclone]]'s [[Cyclone Eric|Eric]] and [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] caused significant damage to the islands during January 1985.<ref name="Carter report">{{cite report|author=Carter, W Nick|archivedate=August 28, 2021|url-status=live|publisher=Vanuatu: National Disaster Co-ordinating Committee|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/VUT_1987_TC_UMA_Report.pdf|title=Cyclone Uma, February 1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828222712/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/VUT_1987_TC_UMA_Report.pdf|date=March 7, 1987|type=Report on Disasater Management}}</ref> It was also the first tropical cyclone to impact Port Vila for more than 25 years.<ref name="NDCC report"/> As a result of the impact on Vanuatu, the name Uma was later [[List of retired South Pacific cyclone names|retired]] from the South Pacific [[tropical cyclone naming|lists of tropical cyclone names]].{{RA V Tropical cyclone operational plan}}
Uma impacted Vanuatu between February 6&nbsp;– 8, 1987 where it became the first major tropical cyclone, to impact the island nation since Severe Tropical Cyclones Eric and Nigel in January 1985.<ref name="Carter report">{{cite report|author=Carter, W Nick|archivedate=August 28, 2021|url-status=live|publisher=Vanuatu: National Disaster Co-ordinating Committee|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/VUT_1987_TC_UMA_Report.pdf|title=Cyclone Uma, February 1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828222712/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/VUT_1987_TC_UMA_Report.pdf|date=March 7, 1987|type=Report on Disaster Management}}</ref> It was responsible for 48&nbsp;deaths, widespread damage which was estimated at around US$25&nbsp;million and an economic loss of US$&nbsp;72 million. After Eric and Nigel had impacted the island nation, the Government of Vanuatu started to review their disaster management arrangements and decided to introduce a new disaster management plan with support from the United Nations.<ref name="Carter report"/> The new plan was developed and approved by the Government at the end of 1985 on a co-coordinated basis, with involvement from local and national government agencies as well as non-government organizations.<ref name="Carter report"/> The plan placed a range of responsibilities on the Government at all levels and established a new national disaster management office during 1986, which was responsible for the development and maintenance of disaster preparedness arrangements.<ref name="Carter report"/> Over the next year, the NDMO established various regional and area disaster committees, managed certain aspects of the recovery from Eric and Nigel, promoted general disaster preparedness and prepared information to issue to the public in the event of a major disaster.<ref name="Carter report"/>

Ahead of the 1986-87 tropical cyclone season starting, the NDMO performed various checks to ensure that counter-disaster arrangements were in place and reminded Government departments of their responsibilities under the National Disaster Plan.<ref name="Carter report"/> However, Government departments did not respond to NDMO's reminders about preparedness or submit their state of readiness, as required by the disaster plan on November 1.<ref name="Carter report"/> Ahead of Uma impacting the island nation, the Vanuatu Meteorological Service in conjunction with the FMS issued gale and hurricane warnings, by telephone and telex channels, as well as via Radio Vanuatu.<ref name="Carter report" /><ref name="TC experience">{{cite book|author=Longworth, Mike|archivedate=July 1, 2015|url-status=live|url=http://cidbimena.desastres.hn/docum/crid/Agosto2004/pdf/eng/doc5578/doc5578-contenido.pdf|chapter=Tropical Cyclone Experiences in Vanuatu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701200101/http://cidbimena.desastres.hn/docum/crid/Agosto2004/pdf/eng/doc5578/doc5578-contenido.pdf|editor=Wadge, G|title=Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing: Proceedings of a Conference "Natural Hazard Assessment and Mitigation: the Unique Role of Remote Sensing", International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, March 8-9, 1994|pages=71-74}}</ref> However, several of these warnings were ignored, while some individuals, agencies and departments used the lead time provided by these warnings to good effect.<ref name="Carter report" /><ref name="TC experience"/> In particular, the Vanuatu Mobile Force evacuated people from exposed and low-lying areas, into the shelter of strong school buildings prior to the cyclone's impact.<ref name="Carter report"/>


Ahead of Uma affecting the Vanuatu, various [[Tropical cyclone watches and warnings|alerts and warnings]] were issued by TCWC Nadi and the Vanuatu Meteorological Service and were broadcast by Radio Vanuatu.<ref name="NDCC report"/> Uma's eye passed about {{convert|55|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west of Efate and was the worst affected island as the system's eyewall passed over the island.<ref name="UMA TCR"/> The islands of Erromango, Tanna and Aneityum were thought to have experienced marginal hurricane or storm force winds.<ref name="UMA TCR"/>
As Uma moved south-eastwards parallel to the axis of Vanuatu, it caused high seas, heavy rain and gale to hurricane force winds to be reported on various islands. The island of Efate was the worst impacted island, as Uma's eyewall passed directly over the island during February 7, where a minimum pressure of {{convert|957|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} was recorded and sustained winds of {{convert|90|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} were estimated to have occurred. The islands of Erromango, Tanna and Aneityum were thought to have experienced either storm force or marginal hurricane force winds.<ref name="UMA TCR"/>


{{Vanuatu Tropical Cyclones}}<ref name="NDCC report">{{cite report|accessdate=August 28, 2021|publisher=Vanuatu National Disaster Co-ordinating Committee|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/JM_DM520d_VUT_1987_report_cyclone_UMA.pdf|archivedate=August 28, 2021|title=Report on Cyclone Uma|url-status=live|date=May 1987|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828210931/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/JM_DM520d_VUT_1987_report_cyclone_UMA.pdf}}</ref>
<!--
At the time of writing this report, very little information was available on the actual conditions experienced in Vanuatu during the passage of Uma but very severe damage has been reported. Uma appears to have had winds of 80 knots with gusts up to 110 knots when it affected Efat'e, the island on which the capital Port Vila is sited. The lowest pressure recorded at Vila was 957 mb with maximum winds estimated at more than 75 knots. -->


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
When news of the disaster reached the French territory of New Caledonia, the French authorities reversed a decision to not provide any financial support for the island nation during the year and offered aid.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Age|accessdate=March 22, 2015|title=French overturn ban on aid|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hQJVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=35MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3479%2C4582789|author=Savvopoulou, Lena|date=February 7, 1987}}</ref>
As a result of the impact on Vanuatu, the name Uma was later [[List of retired South Pacific cyclone names|retired]] from the South Pacific [[tropical cyclone naming|lists of tropical cyclone names]].{{RA V Tropical cyclone operational plan}} When news of the disaster reached the French territory of New Caledonia, the French authorities reversed a decision to not provide any financial support for the island nation during the year and offered aid.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Age|accessdate=March 22, 2015|title=French overturn ban on aid|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hQJVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=35MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3479%2C4582789|author=Savvopoulou, Lena|date=February 7, 1987}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 11:59, 3 July 2023

Severe Tropical Cyclone Uma
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Satellite image of Cyclone Uma near peak intensity
FormedFebruary 3, 1987 (1987-02-03)
DissipatedFebruary 8, 1987 (1987-02-08)
(Absorbed by Cyclone Veli on February 8).
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
1-minute sustained: 140 km/h (85 mph)
Lowest pressure940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg
Fatalities50
Damage$25 million (1987 USD)
Areas affectedVanuatu
Part of the 1986-87 Australian region
and the South Pacific cyclone season

Cyclone Uma was a powerful tropical cyclone that became one of the worst natural disasters in the history of Vanuatu.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During the opening days of February 1987, the South Pacific Convergence Zone was well defined and extremely active, with various areas of low pressure located along the trough, as it extended westwards from the Samoan Islands across Tuvalu towards Australia.[1] On February 3, Uma's precursor tropical depression developed along this trough of low pressure within the Australian region about 410 km (255 mi) to the south of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[1][2] At this stage, the depression had a broad circulation and was located within a favourable environment for further development, with inflow and outflow channels evident in satellite imagery.[1] At around this time, an area of high pressure moved into the Tasman Sea, which caused large pressure rises in the Tasman and Coral Seas as well as along the Australian East Coast.[1][3] This had the effect of increasing the easterly winds and provided extra low level cyclonic vorticity around the southern edge of the depression.[1]

Over the next day, the system continued to develop as it moved south-eastwards across 160°E and into the South Pacific basin, before the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 13P.[2][4] This was followed during February 5, by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) who reported that the depression had developed into a tropical cyclone and named it Uma.[1] Over the next day, the newly named system rapidly intensified and developed a broad and ragged eye, before the FMS reported that Uma had attained hurricane intensity, with estimated 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 130 km/h (80 mph).[1][2] At this stage, the system was located about 175 km (110 mi) to the west of Espiritu Santo and had become slow moving, with its future movement hard to predict.[1][2] During February 6, Uma continued move south-eastwards towards Vanuatu and intensify, before the JTWC reported that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 140 km/h (85 mph) which made it equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.[2][4] This was followed by the FMS who reported that Uma had peaked with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 165 km/h (105 mph), which made the system a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[2][5]

During February 7, Uma entered an area of strong north-westerly winds, which increased the vertical wind shear over the system and caused it to start weakening.[1][6] During that day, the system gradually weakened as it passed within 55 km (35 mi) of Port Vila on the island of Efate, before it passed near or over the islands of Erromango and Tanna.[1] Uma subsequently rapidly weakened as it accelerated south-eastwards and started to interact with the newly named Tropical Cyclone Veli.[1] Uma subsequently weakened below tropical cyclone intensity during February 8, before its remnants combined with Veli to form a broad complex area of low pressure to the south of Fiji.[2][6] This area of low pressure subsequently transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and maintained gale-force winds, as it slowed down under a low-level easterly flow and upper westerlies.[1][6] The combined area of low pressure subsequently dissipated in a baroclinic zone near Raoul Island on February 11.[7]

Preparations and impact

[edit]

Vanuatu

[edit]

Uma impacted Vanuatu between February 6 – 8, 1987 where it became the first major tropical cyclone, to impact the island nation since Severe Tropical Cyclones Eric and Nigel in January 1985.[8] It was responsible for 48 deaths, widespread damage which was estimated at around US$25 million and an economic loss of US$ 72 million. After Eric and Nigel had impacted the island nation, the Government of Vanuatu started to review their disaster management arrangements and decided to introduce a new disaster management plan with support from the United Nations.[8] The new plan was developed and approved by the Government at the end of 1985 on a co-coordinated basis, with involvement from local and national government agencies as well as non-government organizations.[8] The plan placed a range of responsibilities on the Government at all levels and established a new national disaster management office during 1986, which was responsible for the development and maintenance of disaster preparedness arrangements.[8] Over the next year, the NDMO established various regional and area disaster committees, managed certain aspects of the recovery from Eric and Nigel, promoted general disaster preparedness and prepared information to issue to the public in the event of a major disaster.[8]

Ahead of the 1986-87 tropical cyclone season starting, the NDMO performed various checks to ensure that counter-disaster arrangements were in place and reminded Government departments of their responsibilities under the National Disaster Plan.[8] However, Government departments did not respond to NDMO's reminders about preparedness or submit their state of readiness, as required by the disaster plan on November 1.[8] Ahead of Uma impacting the island nation, the Vanuatu Meteorological Service in conjunction with the FMS issued gale and hurricane warnings, by telephone and telex channels, as well as via Radio Vanuatu.[8][9] However, several of these warnings were ignored, while some individuals, agencies and departments used the lead time provided by these warnings to good effect.[8][9] In particular, the Vanuatu Mobile Force evacuated people from exposed and low-lying areas, into the shelter of strong school buildings prior to the cyclone's impact.[8]

As Uma moved south-eastwards parallel to the axis of Vanuatu, it caused high seas, heavy rain and gale to hurricane force winds to be reported on various islands. The island of Efate was the worst impacted island, as Uma's eyewall passed directly over the island during February 7, where a minimum pressure of 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) was recorded and sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) were estimated to have occurred. The islands of Erromango, Tanna and Aneityum were thought to have experienced either storm force or marginal hurricane force winds.[1]

[10][11]

Aftermath

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As a result of the impact on Vanuatu, the name Uma was later retired from the South Pacific lists of tropical cyclone names.[12] When news of the disaster reached the French territory of New Caledonia, the French authorities reversed a decision to not provide any financial support for the island nation during the year and offered aid.[13]

See also

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  • Cyclone Anne - The fourth major tropical cyclone to affect Vanuatu between 1985-1990
  • Cyclone Bola - The fifth major tropical cyclone to affect Vanuatu between 1985-1990

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kumar, Pradeep (April 15, 1987). Tropical Cyclone Report 87/8: Tropical Cyclone Uma (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "1987 Tropical Cyclone UMA:VELI (1985070S17175)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  3. ^ "The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacific". Météorologie Maritime (146). 1990. ISSN 0222-5123. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  4. ^ a b 1987 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Annex A: Warning Verification Statistics: C: Southern Hemisphere (PDF) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1993. p. 204. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  5. ^ Kumar, Pradeep (Summer 1987). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). "Hurricane Alley: Tropical Cyclone Uma". Mariners Weather Log. Vol. 31, no. 3. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 23-25. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104093965. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  6. ^ a b c Singh, Sudah (March 24, 1987). Tropical Cyclone Report 87/7: Tropical Cyclone Veli (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  7. ^ Revell, C G (1987). "The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacific" (PDF). Weather and Climate. 7 (2). The Meteorological Society of New Zealand: 51. doi:10.2307/44279737. JSTOR 44279737. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Carter, W Nick (March 7, 1987). Cyclone Uma, February 1987 (PDF) (Report on Disaster Management). Vanuatu: National Disaster Co-ordinating Committee. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Longworth, Mike. "Tropical Cyclone Experiences in Vanuatu". In Wadge, G (ed.). Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing: Proceedings of a Conference "Natural Hazard Assessment and Mitigation: the Unique Role of Remote Sensing", International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, March 8-9, 1994 (PDF). pp. 71–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 1, 2015.
  10. ^ Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994 (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. May 19, 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  11. ^ Report on Cyclone Uma (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu National Disaster Co-ordinating Committee. May 1987. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  12. ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  13. ^ Savvopoulou, Lena (February 7, 1987). "French overturn ban on aid". The Age. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
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