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{{Short description|Scottish soldier (died 1600)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
'''Sir John Carmichael''' (died 16 June 1600) was a Scottish soldier, the Keeper of [[Liddesdale]], a diplomat, and owner of Fenton Tower at [[Kingston, East Lothian]].
'''Sir John Carmichael''' (died 16 June 1600) was a Scottish soldier, the Keeper of [[Liddesdale]], a diplomat, and owner of Fenton Tower at [[Kingston, East Lothian]].


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He was the son of John Carmichael and Elizabeth Somerville, a daughter of [[Hugh Somerville, 5th Lord Somerville]]. The estate and village of [[Carmichael, South Lanarkshire|Carmichael]] is in [[South Lanarkshire]].
He was the son of John Carmichael and Elizabeth Somerville, a daughter of [[Hugh Somerville, 5th Lord Somerville]]. The estate and village of [[Carmichael, South Lanarkshire|Carmichael]] is in [[South Lanarkshire]].


He was active in the [[Marian Civil War]], and in September 1571 the [[Regent Morton|Earl of Morton]] wrote approvingly of an incident where he had chased and fought some horsemen of [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Queen Mary's]] side near Edinburgh.<ref>William Boyd, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1903), p. 710.</ref>
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He was appointed [[Lord Warden of the Marches|warden of the Scottish West March]].


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He was appointed [[Lord Warden of the Marches|warden of the Scottish West March]].
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In 1573 [[Regent Morton]] went to Jedburgh to hold justice courts, and he sent Carmichael to arrest Black John Ormeston for his involvement in the murder of [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley|Lord Darnley]].<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomson]], ''The historie and life of King James the Sext'' (Edinburgh, 1825), p. 149.</ref>

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In 1573 [[Regent Morton]] went to Jedburgh to hold justice courts, and he sent Carmichael to arrest Black John Ormeston for his involvement in the murder of [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley|Lord Darnley]].<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomson]], ''The historie and life of King James the Sext'' (Edinburgh, 1825), p. 149.</ref> In 1574 Carmichael was recommended for a pension from England, given to those of power and influence who could support English interests in Scotland. He was said to be "a favourer of the amity, a good executioner, and in favour with the Regent."<ref>William Boyd, ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1574–1581'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907) p. 2.</ref>


===Raid of the Redeswire===
===Raid of the Redeswire===
Carmichael fought against the English at the [[Raid of the Redeswire]] on 7 July 1575 on a day of border truce, and captured [[Sir John Forster]], the English Warden and commander, after an argument turned to violence. At the start of the fighting two Scottish men, Symonton and Robson were killed, and Carmichael was hit by a bullet but unharmed. Other witnesses claimed two Northumbrians, Fenwick and Robert Shafton were the first casualties. [[Francis Walsingham]] asked [[Henry Killigrew (diplomat)|Henry Killigrew]] to ask the ruler of Scotland, [[Regent Morton]] to have Carmichael arrested. Forster and his companions were entertained with some expense at [[Dalkeith Palace]], and sent home. Carmichael was taken to [[Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick]] to be lodged with the President of the [[Council of the North]], the [[Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon|Earl of Huntingdon]], at [[King's Manor|York]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 167-173, 190, 194.</ref>
Carmichael fought against the English at the [[Raid of the Redeswire]] on 7 July 1575 on a day of border truce, and captured [[Sir John Forster]], the English Warden and commander, after an argument turned to violence. At the start of the fighting two Scottish men, Symonton and Robson were killed, and Carmichael was hit by a bullet but unharmed. Other witnesses claimed two Northumbrians, Fenwick and Robert Shafton were the first casualties. [[Francis Walsingham]] asked [[Henry Killigrew (diplomat)|Henry Killigrew]] to ask the ruler of Scotland, [[Regent Morton]] to have Carmichael arrested. Forster and his companions were entertained with some expense at [[Dalkeith Palace]], and sent home. Carmichael was taken to [[Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick]] to be lodged with the President of the [[Council of the North]], the [[Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon|Earl of Huntingdon]], at [[King's Manor|York]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 167–173, 190, 194.</ref>


In 1580 he was one the 25 gentlemen pensioners appointed to attend James VI when he went riding. In September 1587 James VI sent him to ask Edinburgh council for a loan of 100 gold crowns to buy velvet saddles to give to the French poet and diplomat [[Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas]].<ref>John Marwick, ''Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1573-1589'' (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 500.</ref> In September 1588 he collected the subsidy or annuity money that [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] gave to James VI at [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], being £3,000 Sterling.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1586-1588'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), p. 575: Joseph Bain, ''Calendar of Border Papers'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 333.</ref>
In 1580 he was one of the 25 gentlemen pensioners appointed to attend James VI when he went riding. Other members of this entourage included, [[James Stewart, Earl of Arran|Captain James Stewart]], [[Thomas Crawford of Jordanhill|Captain Crawford]], [[Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre|Walter Stewart of Blantyre]], the [[Earl Cathcart|Master of Cathcart]], [[James Anstruther]], [[Roger Aston]], [[Patrick Hume of Polwarth]], and [[John Stewart of Baldynneis]].<ref>[[National Records of Scotland]], 'Estate of the king's house', E34/35 f.8v.</ref>


In September 1587 James VI sent him to ask Edinburgh council for a loan of 100 gold crowns to buy velvet saddles to give to the French poet and diplomat [[Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas]].<ref>John Marwick, ''Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1573–1589'' (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 500.</ref> On 8 July 1588 he collected £2,000 of the [[English subsidy of James VI|subsidy or annuity money]] that [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] gave to James VI at [[Hutton Castle|Hutton Hall]] near [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], and £3,000 on 9 September at [[Edrington|Cawmills]].<ref>William Boyd, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1586–1588'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 575 no. 466, 620 no. 527: Joseph Bain, ''Calendar of Border Papers'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 333.</ref>
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In August 1588 a party of soldiers and sailors from the [[Spanish Armada]] came ashore and met up with Colonel William Sempill. The Edinburgh authorities arrested them, and Colonel Sempill rode towards [[Crichton Castle]]. Carmichael gave chase and caught him, and brought him back to [[Holyrood House]]. James VI ordered that Sempill should be imprisoned in [[Robert Gourlay (merchant)|Robert Gourlay's house]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1916), p. 595.</ref>


===Huntly and Holyroodhouse===
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In May 1589 the [[George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly|Earl of Huntly]] surrendered to Carmichael and Captain William Home at Terrisoul near Aberdeen, who brought him to Edinburgh to be warded in Robert Gourlay's house.<ref>James Dennistoun, [https://archive.org/details/memoirsaffairss02denngoog/page/n115/mode/2up ''Moysie's Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 76-7]</ref>
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In August 1588 a party of soldiers and sailors from the [[Spanish Armada]] came ashore and met up with Colonel William Sempill. The Edinburgh authorities arrested them, and Colonel Sempill rode towards [[Crichton Castle]]. Carmichael gave chase and caught him, and brought him back to [[Holyrood House]]. James VI ordered that Sempill should be imprisoned in [[Robert Gourlay (merchant)|Robert Gourlay's house]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1916), p. 595.</ref> The [[George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly|Earl of Huntly]] tried to prevent this, and helped Colonel Sempill escape.<ref>[[David Calderwood]], [https://archive.org/details/historyofkirkofs04cald/page/680/mode/2up ''History of the Kirk of Scotland'', vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1843), pp. 680–1]: John Spottiswood, [https://archive.org/details/historyofchurcho02bann/page/386/mode/2up ''History of the Church of Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1847), p. 386]</ref>

According to [[David Hume of Godscroft]], the [[William Douglas, 9th Earl of Angus|Earl of Angus]] and [[John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton|Lord John Hamilton]] argued over precedence in the king's privy or outer chamber at [[Holyrood Palace]]. James VI came out of his bed chamber and made them reconcile. Meanwhile Carmichael had made the palace secure, and Angus had to signal to his followers, who were preparing to break in, from a window that all was well. Godscroft mentions that Carmichael was an ally and dependent of the Douglas family.<ref>David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 418–9.</ref>

Carmichael was made Warden of West March and Steward of Annandale in place of the forfeited John, Lord Maxwell, in September 1588.<ref>David Masson, ''Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1585–1592'', vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1881), p. 322.</ref>

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In May 1589 the Earl of Huntly surrendered to Carmichael and Captain William Home at Terrisoul near Aberdeen, who brought him to Edinburgh to be warded in Robert Gourlay's house.<ref>James Dennistoun, [https://archive.org/details/memoirsaffairss02denngoog/page/n115/mode/2up ''Moysie's Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 76-7]</ref>


===Royal marriage===
===Royal marriage===
Carmichael sailed to Norway and Denmark with [[James VI of Scotland]] in 1589. James VI wrote from Leith on 22 October to Queen Elizabeth and the English border warden [[Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton|Lord Scrope]] mentioning that Carmichael was with him.<ref>[[Thomas Rymer]], ''Foedera'', vol. 16 (London, 1715), p. 27: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 179.</ref> [[James Melville of Halhill]] mentions that Carmichael did not sail in the king's ship, but in one of three other ships, along with [[Lewis Bellenden]], the [[Robert Douglas, Provost of Lincluden|Provost of Lincluden]], [[William Keith of Delny]], [[George Hume, 1st Earl of Dunbar|George Home]], [[James Sandilands (courtier)|James Sandilands]] and [[Peter Young (tutor)|Peter Young]].<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]], [https://archive.org/details/MemoirsOfHisOwnLife/page/n421/mode/2up ''James Melville Memoirs of his own life'' (Edinburgh, 1827), p. 372]</ref>
Carmichael sailed to Norway and Denmark with [[James VI of Scotland]] in 1589. James VI wrote from Leith on 22 October to Queen Elizabeth and the English border warden [[Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton|Lord Scrope]] mentioning that Carmichael was with him.<ref>[[Thomas Rymer]], ''Foedera'', vol. 16 (London, 1715), p. 27: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 179.</ref> [[James Melville of Halhill]] mentions that Carmichael did not sail in the king's ship, but in one of three other ships, along with [[Lewis Bellenden]], the [[Robert Douglas, Provost of Lincluden|Provost of Lincluden]], [[William Keith of Delny]], [[George Hume, 1st Earl of Dunbar|George Home]], [[James Sandilands (courtier)|James Sandilands]] and [[Peter Young (tutor)|Peter Young]].<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]], [https://archive.org/details/MemoirsOfHisOwnLife/page/n421/mode/2up ''James Melville Memoirs of his own life'' (Edinburgh, 1827), p. 372]</ref>


On 1 January 1590 he presented Henrik Gyldenstierne, Captain of [[Bohus Castle]], with a ring and a gold chain, for which James VI reimbursed him 3,000 [[Danish rigsdaler|Danish dalers]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 36.</ref> Carmichael returned to Scotland on 15 April 1590 with instructions for the welcoming party at [[Leith]] for [[Anne of Denmark]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 261-2.</ref>
On 1 January 1590 he presented Henrik Gyldenstierne, Captain of [[Bohus Castle]], with a ring and a gold chain, for which James VI reimbursed him 3,000 [[Danish rigsdaler|Danish dalers]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588–1596', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 36.</ref> Carmichael returned to Scotland on 15 April 1590 with instructions for the welcoming party at [[Leith]] for [[Anne of Denmark]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 261–2.</ref><ref>''HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 4, p. 29.</ref>


James VI sent orders that Carmichael should raise a company of 200 soldiers to attend their landing, and restrain those trying to meet him at Leith, including "nobility and ladies". This was disappointing news which led to fears amongst the Scottish aristocracy that the "order used in Denmark", where noble titles were not used, might prejudice their ancient rights of access to the royals.<ref>Jemma Field, ''Anna of Denmark: Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 137: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 274, 285.</ref> Carmichael also carried a letter from [[William Stewart of Houston|Colonel William Stewart]] to the English diplomat in Edinburgh, [[Robert Bowes (diplomat)|Robert Bowes]], and another letter to Bowes with a verbal message from the [[Lord High Chancellor of Scotland|Chancellor]], [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|John Maitland of Thirlestane]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 267-8.</ref> He was knighted at the [[Entry and coronation of Anne of Denmark|coronation of Anne of Denmark]] on 17 May 1590.<ref>Thomas Rymer, ''Foedera'', vol. 16 (London, 1715), p. 60.</ref>
James VI sent orders that Carmichael should raise a company of 200 soldiers to attend their landing, and restrain those trying to meet him at Leith, including "nobility and ladies". This was disappointing news which led to fears amongst the Scottish aristocracy that the "order used in Denmark", where noble titles were not used, might prejudice their ancient rights of access to the royals.<ref>Jemma Field, ''Anna of Denmark: Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 137: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 274, 285.</ref> Carmichael also carried a letter from [[William Stewart of Houston|Colonel William Stewart]] to the English diplomat in Edinburgh, [[Robert Bowes (diplomat)|Robert Bowes]], and another letter to Bowes with a verbal message from the [[Lord High Chancellor of Scotland|Chancellor]], [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|John Maitland of Thirlestane]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 267–8.</ref> He was knighted at the [[Entry and coronation of Anne of Denmark|coronation of Anne of Denmark]] on 17 May 1590.<ref>Thomas Rymer, ''Foedera'', vol. 16 (London, 1715), p. 60.</ref>


===England===
===England===
He was sent as ambassador to England with [[William Stewart of Houston|Colonel William Stewart]] in June 1590, and was instructed to tell Elizabeth about the journey of James VI to marry Anne of Denmark. He was also to renew requests made by the Justice Clerk, [[Lewis Bellenden]] for money to help James VI govern Scotland, to maintain an armed guard, and fund an embassy to Germany. [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] gave him £500, which he passed to the Colonel and [[John Skene, Lord Curriehill|John Skene]] for use in their embassy to Germany.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 261-2, 305, 315-9, 334, 479.</ref>
He was sent as ambassador to England with [[William Stewart of Houston|Colonel William Stewart]] in June 1590, and was instructed to tell Elizabeth about the journey of James VI to marry Anne of Denmark. He was also to renew requests made by the Justice Clerk, [[Lewis Bellenden]] for money to help James VI govern Scotland, to maintain an armed guard, and fund an embassy to Germany. [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] gave him £500, which he passed to the Colonel and [[John Skene, Lord Curriehill|John Skene]] for use in their embassy to Germany.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 261–2, 305, 315–9, 334, 479.</ref>


On 2 July 1590 he was given £3,000 Sterling, or £27,000 [[Pounds Scots|Scots]], for James VI as part of an occasional subsidy or annuity.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 344.</ref> Carmichael delivered the money to the Chancellor, [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|John Maitland]] of [[Thirlestane Castle|Thirlestane]], keeping £277 Scots for his expenses and was given a further £3,780 by the king's order, for the guard. From the remainder James VI gave money to a courtier [[James Sandilands (courtier)|Sir James Sandilands]] for household expenses, to [[Robert Jousie]] for textiles for court costume, to [[William Schaw]] for building work, bought gifts for the French ambassadors [[François de Civille]] and [[Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul|Jean Hotman]], and paid for the banquet, sugar confections, and gold chains given to Danish ambassadors at his homecoming.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 54-7, 71-4.</ref>
On 2 July 1590 he was given £3,000 Sterling, or £27,000 [[Pounds Scots|Scots]], for James VI as part of an occasional subsidy or annuity.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 344.</ref> Carmichael delivered the money to the Chancellor, [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|John Maitland]] of [[Thirlestane Castle|Thirlestane]], keeping £277 Scots for his expenses and was given a further £3,780 by the king's order, for the guard. From the remainder James VI gave money to a courtier [[James Sandilands (courtier)|Sir James Sandilands]] for household expenses, to [[Robert Jousie]] for textiles for court costume, to [[William Schaw]] for building work, bought gifts for the French ambassadors [[François de Civille]] and [[Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul|Jean Hotman]], and paid for the banquet, sugar confections, and gold chains given to Danish ambassadors at his homecoming.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 54–7, 71–4.</ref>


[[File:Fenton Tower - geograph.org.uk - 366565.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kingston, East Lothian|Fenton Tower]] in [[East Lothian]]]]
[[File:Fenton Tower - geograph.org.uk - 366565.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kingston, East Lothian|Fenton Tower]] in [[East Lothian]]]]


===Glasgow and Fenton===
===Glasgow and Fenton===
The king sent Carmichael and [[Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre|William Stewart of Blantyre]] to Glasgow to arrest [[Brian O'Rourke]], a rebel to Queen Elizabeth, and take him to England on 3 April 1591.<ref>John Mackenzie, [https://archive.org/details/chronicleofkings00mait/page/142/mode/2up ''A chronicle of the kings of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 142]</ref> This caused a riot in Glasgow, because the arrest was thought likely to damage the Irish trade, and they were cursed as "Queen Elizabeth's knights" and the king for taking "English [[Angel (coin)|angels]]", the annuity or subsidy received from Queen Elizabeth. Carmichael took O'Rourke to his own house on the way to Carlisle.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 495-6.</ref>
The king sent Carmichael and [[Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre|William Stewart of Blantyre]] to Glasgow to arrest [[Brian O'Rourke]], a rebel to Queen Elizabeth, and take him to England on 3 April 1591.<ref>John Mackenzie, [https://archive.org/details/chronicleofkings00mait/page/142/mode/2up ''A chronicle of the kings of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 142]</ref> This caused a riot in Glasgow, because the arrest was thought likely to damage the Irish trade, and they were cursed as "Queen Elizabeth's knights" and the king for taking "English [[Angel (coin)|angels]]", the annuity or subsidy received from Queen Elizabeth. Carmichael took O'Rourke to his own house on the way to Carlisle. Carmichael and Blantyre hoped Elizabeth might spare O'Rourke so the inhabitants of Glasgow would be reconciled to them, but he was executed.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 495–6, 505.</ref>


Carmichael built [[Kingston, East Lothian|Fenton Tower]] in [[East Lothian]], but there was a claim to the title of the lands by Hamilton of [[Innerwick Castle|Innerwick]] in February 1591. The English ambassador [[Robert Bowes (diplomat)|Robert Bowes]] spoke to James VI in Carmichael's favour saying that [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] would like to see him rewarded.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1603'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 452.</ref> James VI visited several times, and in May 1592 stayed with Anna of Denmark attended by his English servant [[Roger Aston]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 452, 674: David Moysie, ''Memoirs of the affairs of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 94.</ref>
Carmichael built [[Kingston, East Lothian|Fenton Tower]] in [[East Lothian]], but there was a claim to the title of the lands by Hamilton of [[Innerwick Castle|Innerwick]] in February 1591. The English ambassador [[Robert Bowes (diplomat)|Robert Bowes]] spoke to James VI in Carmichael's favour saying that [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] would like to see him rewarded.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1603'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 452.</ref> James VI visited several times, and in May 1592 stayed with Anna of Denmark attended by his English servant [[Roger Aston]], and had a meeting with the [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)|Earl of Mar]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 452, 673–4: David Moysie, ''Memoirs of the affairs of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 94.</ref>


In December 1592 he rode with [[George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar|Sir George Home]] with news of the crisis caused by the discovery of the [[Spanish blanks]] to [[Alloa Tower]], where James VI and Anna of Denmark were celebrating the wedding of the [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)|Earl of Mar]] and [[Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar|Marie Stewart]].<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]], ''The historie and life of King James the Sext'' (Edinburgh, 1825), p. 260.</ref>
In December 1592 he rode with [[George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar|Sir George Home]] with news of the crisis caused by the discovery of the [[Spanish blanks]] to [[Alloa Tower]], where James VI and Anna of Denmark were celebrating the wedding of the Earl of Mar and [[Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar|Marie Stewart]].<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]], ''The historie and life of King James the Sext'' (Edinburgh, 1825), p. 260.</ref>


===Bothwell's rebellion===
===Bothwell's rebellion===
[[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell]] attacked [[Falkland Palace]] on 27 June 1592, with a force including men from the borders, both English and Scottish. [[James Sandilands (courtier)|James Sandilands]] captured nine or ten men, mostly of the [[Clan Armstrong|Armstrong surname]], on [[Bothwell|Bothwellmure]]. Five were executed, but the others were spared at the request of John Carmichael because they were not habitual [[border reivers]].<ref>David Calderwood, ''History of the Kirk'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 168.</ref>
[[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell]] attacked [[Falkland Palace]] on 27 June 1592, with a force including men from the borders, both English and Scottish. [[James Sandilands (courtier)|James Sandilands]] captured nine or ten men, mostly of the [[Clan Armstrong|Armstrong surname]], on [[Bothwell]]mure. Five were executed, but the others were spared at the request of John Carmichael because they were not habitual [[border reivers]].<ref>David Calderwood, ''History of the Kirk'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 168.</ref>


[[John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton|Lord John Hamilton]] captured [[Archibald Wauchope of Niddrie]] with other rebel followers of the Earl of Bothwell at the meadow of [[Lesmahagow]] on 1 July 1592 and imprisoned them in [[Craignethan Castle]]. James VI sent Carmichael to collect the prisoners, but one of Hamilton's sons released them.<ref>[[David Calderwood]], ''History of the Kirk'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 169-170.</ref> In September 1592 he escorted Captain James Halkerston and John Hamilton of [[Airdrie, North Lanarkshire|Airdrie]] to [[Dalkeith Palace]] where they were interrogated and threatened with the [[boot (torture)|boot]], a device to crush their legs. By now Carmichael's sight was failing, in one eye due to old age, and in the other a film was forming, and it was thought he would retire from court and the royal guard.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 771, 773.</ref>
[[John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton|Lord John Hamilton]] captured [[Archibald Wauchope of Niddrie]] with other rebel followers of the Earl of Bothwell at the meadow of [[Lesmahagow]] on 1 July 1592 and imprisoned them in [[Craignethan Castle]]. James VI sent Carmichael to collect the prisoners, but one of Hamilton's sons released them.<ref>[[David Calderwood]], ''History of the Kirk'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 169–170.</ref> In September 1592 he escorted Captain James Halkerston and John Hamilton of [[Airdrie, North Lanarkshire|Airdrie]] to [[Dalkeith Palace]] where they were interrogated and threatened with the [[boot (torture)|boot]], a device to crush their legs. By now Carmichael's sight was failing, in one eye due to old age, and in the other a film was forming, and it was thought he would retire from court and the royal guard.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 771, 773.</ref> His depute-warden was John Johnstone, Laird of Newbie.


===Murder===
===Murder===
He was murdered by members of [[Clan Armstrong]] on 16 June 1600 who ambushed him as he rode to [[Langholm]] to attend a warden court.<ref>{{cite book|last=Humphrys|first=Julian|title =BBC History magazine| publisher=Bristol Magazines Ltd|issn=1469-8552|date=June 2010}}</ref>
He was murdered by members of [[Clan Armstrong]] on 16 June 1600 who ambushed him as he rode to [[Langholm]] to attend a warden court.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Humphrys|first=Julian|title =BBC History magazine|journal=BBC World Histories| publisher=Bristol Magazines Ltd|issn=1469-8552|date=June 2010}}</ref>

According to a chronicle, he was shot by the family of Alexander Armstrong ''alias'' Sandy Ringan, a brother of Kinmont Willie.<ref>Joseph Bain, [https://archive.org/details/borderpaperscale02grea/page/662/mode/2up ''Calendar of Border Papers'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 662]</ref> Sandy Ringan had met with Carmichael as warden, and was disappointed by their discussion, and insulted by a practical joke when eggs were put in his scabbard, to glue his sword so it could not be drawn. Alexander Armstrong and his friends were caught and hanged.<ref>John Mackenzie, [https://archive.org/details/chronicleofkings00mait/page/159/mode/2up ''A chronicle of the kings of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), pp. 159–60]</ref>


After the murder, [[James VI of Scotland|James VI]] told the English diplomat in Edinburgh [[George Nicholson (diplomat)|George Nicholson]] that Carmichael had been a "better Englishman than a Scotsman," meaning that he had shown partiality to England on the border.<ref>[[John Duncan Mackie]], ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 658.</ref> James VI told Anne of Denmark about the murder who, according to Nicholson, said she did not expect him to come to a better end, as a plotter against [[Mary, Queen of Scots]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 658.</ref>
After the murder, [[James VI of Scotland|James VI]] told the English diplomat in Edinburgh [[George Nicholson (diplomat)|George Nicholson]] that Carmichael had been a "better Englishman than a Scotsman," meaning that he had shown partiality to England on the border.<ref>[[John Duncan Mackie]], ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 658.</ref> James VI told Anne of Denmark about the murder who, according to Nicholson, said she did not expect him to come to a better end, as a plotter against [[Mary, Queen of Scots]].<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 658.</ref>


Alexander Armstrong was executed for the murder at Dumfries in April 1605 after being held a prisoner in [[Carlisle Castle]].<ref>"HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 17 (London, 1938), p. 151.</ref>
In March 1602 James VI came in person to [[Bonshaw Tower|Boneshaw]] and sent his men to demolish the house of Rynion or Ninian Armstrong. In July men said be Carmichael's murderers joined with some Englishmen to burn houses belonging to Johnstone family. Three Johnstones were killed.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 959, 1029.</ref> Alexander Armstrong was executed for the murder at Dumfries in April 1605 after being held a prisoner in [[Carlisle Castle]].<ref>"HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 17 (London, 1938), p. 151.</ref>


==Marriage and family==
==Marriage and family==
Carmichael married Margaret Douglas, a daughter of [[George Douglas of Pittendreich]] and sister to [[Regent Morton]]. Their children included;<ref>George Crawfurd, ''The Peerage of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1716), pp. 224-5.</ref>
Carmichael is said to have married a daughter of [[Archibald Douglas of Glenbervie]] and Elizabeth Irvine, Katherine or Sara Douglas. They had no children.<ref>David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 417.</ref>

⚫
* Hugh Carmichael of that Ilk, who was Master of Horse to James VI in 1593, went to London in May 1597,<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1595-1597'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 528.</ref> and was ambassador to Denmark. He married Sybilla Baillie. Their son John Carmichael was the last of this line, and the Carmichael estates went to a distant cousin James Carmichael, who had impressed James VI and I with his skill at court in a jumping competition.<ref>George Crawfurd, ''The Peerage of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1716), p. 225.</ref>
Carmichael married Margaret Douglas, a daughter of [[George Douglas of Pittendreich]] and sister to [[Regent Morton]]. Their children included;<ref>George Crawfurd, ''The Peerage of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1716), pp. 224–5.</ref>
⚫
* Maria Carmichael (died 9 May 1626),<ref>See will of Dame Marie Carmichael, NRS CC8/8/53, p. 619.</ref> who married [[John Bothwell, Lord Holyroodhouse]].<ref>https://www.geni.com/people/Maria-Carmichael/6000000017479141253</ref>
⚫
* Hugh Carmichael of that Ilk, who was Master of Horse to James VI in 1593, went to London in May 1597,<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1595–1597'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 528.</ref> and was ambassador to Denmark. He married Sybilla Baillie. Their son John Carmichael was the last of this line, and the Carmichael estates went to a distant cousin James Carmichael, who had impressed James VI and I with his skill at court in a jumping competition.<ref>George Crawfurd, ''The Peerage of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1716), p. 225.</ref>
* Abigail Carmichael, who married Hugh Weir of Clowburn, Lanarkshire.
⚫
* Maria Carmichael (died 9 May 1626),<ref>See will of Dame Marie Carmichael, NRS CC8/8/53, p. 619.</ref> who was a gentlewoman in the household of [[Anne of Denmark]].<ref>Michael Pearce, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14629712.2019.1626110 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), p. 146].</ref> She married [[John Bothwell, Lord Holyroodhouse]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Maria-Carmichael/6000000017479141253|title = Maria Carmichael}}</ref>
* Abigail Carmichael, who married (1) Hugh Weir of Clowburn, Lanarkshire, (2) Thomas Hay of Scrogis.<ref>[[David Masson]], ''Register of the Privy Council'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 180.</ref>
* Anne Carmichael, who married [[Walter Whitford]], [[Bishop of Brechin]].
* Anne Carmichael, who married [[Walter Whitford]], [[Bishop of Brechin]].
* Elizabeth Carmichael.
* Elizabeth Carmichael.
* James Carmichael. On 22 December 1596 he killed Stephen Bruntfield, Captain of [[Tantallon Castle|Tantallon]], in a duel. Eventually he was made to fight Adam Bruntfield in single combat at [[Barnbougle Castle|Barnbougle]] sands or on [[Cramond Island]]. The judges were the Duke of Lennox, the Laird of Buccuch, and Sir James Sandilands. They wore lightweight clothes of satin and taffeta, one in blue, and in red. Bruntfield killed Carmichael.<ref>Robert Chambers, ''Domestic Annals of Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1858), p. 285.</ref>
* James Carmichael. On 22 December 1596 he killed Stephen Bruntfield, Captain of [[Tantallon Castle|Tantallon]], in a duel. Eventually he was made to fight Adam Bruntfield in single combat on [[Cramond Island]], or on the "Links of [[Barnbougle Castle|Barnbougle]]", on 15 March 1597.<ref>[[Annie Cameron|Annie I. Cameron]], ''Warrender Papers'', vol. 1 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1931), p. 279.</ref> The judges were the Duke of Lennox, the Laird of Buccleuch, and Sir James Sandilands. They wore lightweight clothes of satin and taffeta, one in blue, and one in red. Bruntfield killed Carmichael, according to some accounts in front of 5,000 spectators.<ref>Robert Chambers, ''Domestic Annals of Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1858), p. 285: [https://archive.org/details/fragmentsscotis00dalygoog/page/n148 'The Diarey (sic) of Robert Birrell', in John Graham Dalyell, ''Fragments of Scottish History'' (Edinburgh, 1798), p. 42]</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Ambassadors of Scotland to the Kingdom of England]]

Latest revision as of 22:55, 16 July 2023

Sir John Carmichael (died 16 June 1600) was a Scottish soldier, the Keeper of Liddesdale, a diplomat, and owner of Fenton Tower at Kingston, East Lothian.

Career

[edit]

He was the son of John Carmichael and Elizabeth Somerville, a daughter of Hugh Somerville, 5th Lord Somerville. The estate and village of Carmichael is in South Lanarkshire.

He was active in the Marian Civil War, and in September 1571 the Earl of Morton wrote approvingly of an incident where he had chased and fought some horsemen of Queen Mary's side near Edinburgh.[1]

He was appointed warden of the Scottish West March.

In 1573 Regent Morton went to Jedburgh to hold justice courts, and he sent Carmichael to arrest Black John Ormeston for his involvement in the murder of Lord Darnley.[2] In 1574 Carmichael was recommended for a pension from England, given to those of power and influence who could support English interests in Scotland. He was said to be "a favourer of the amity, a good executioner, and in favour with the Regent."[3]

Raid of the Redeswire

[edit]

Carmichael fought against the English at the Raid of the Redeswire on 7 July 1575 on a day of border truce, and captured Sir John Forster, the English Warden and commander, after an argument turned to violence. At the start of the fighting two Scottish men, Symonton and Robson were killed, and Carmichael was hit by a bullet but unharmed. Other witnesses claimed two Northumbrians, Fenwick and Robert Shafton were the first casualties. Francis Walsingham asked Henry Killigrew to ask the ruler of Scotland, Regent Morton to have Carmichael arrested. Forster and his companions were entertained with some expense at Dalkeith Palace, and sent home. Carmichael was taken to Berwick to be lodged with the President of the Council of the North, the Earl of Huntingdon, at York.[4]

In 1580 he was one of the 25 gentlemen pensioners appointed to attend James VI when he went riding. Other members of this entourage included, Captain James Stewart, Captain Crawford, Walter Stewart of Blantyre, the Master of Cathcart, James Anstruther, Roger Aston, Patrick Hume of Polwarth, and John Stewart of Baldynneis.[5]

In September 1587 James VI sent him to ask Edinburgh council for a loan of 100 gold crowns to buy velvet saddles to give to the French poet and diplomat Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas.[6] On 8 July 1588 he collected £2,000 of the subsidy or annuity money that Elizabeth gave to James VI at Hutton Hall near Berwick-upon-Tweed, and £3,000 on 9 September at Cawmills.[7]

Huntly and Holyroodhouse

[edit]

In August 1588 a party of soldiers and sailors from the Spanish Armada came ashore and met up with Colonel William Sempill. The Edinburgh authorities arrested them, and Colonel Sempill rode towards Crichton Castle. Carmichael gave chase and caught him, and brought him back to Holyrood House. James VI ordered that Sempill should be imprisoned in Robert Gourlay's house.[8] The Earl of Huntly tried to prevent this, and helped Colonel Sempill escape.[9]

According to David Hume of Godscroft, the Earl of Angus and Lord John Hamilton argued over precedence in the king's privy or outer chamber at Holyrood Palace. James VI came out of his bed chamber and made them reconcile. Meanwhile Carmichael had made the palace secure, and Angus had to signal to his followers, who were preparing to break in, from a window that all was well. Godscroft mentions that Carmichael was an ally and dependent of the Douglas family.[10]

Carmichael was made Warden of West March and Steward of Annandale in place of the forfeited John, Lord Maxwell, in September 1588.[11]

In May 1589 the Earl of Huntly surrendered to Carmichael and Captain William Home at Terrisoul near Aberdeen, who brought him to Edinburgh to be warded in Robert Gourlay's house.[12]

Royal marriage

[edit]

Carmichael sailed to Norway and Denmark with James VI of Scotland in 1589. James VI wrote from Leith on 22 October to Queen Elizabeth and the English border warden Lord Scrope mentioning that Carmichael was with him.[13] James Melville of Halhill mentions that Carmichael did not sail in the king's ship, but in one of three other ships, along with Lewis Bellenden, the Provost of Lincluden, William Keith of Delny, George Home, James Sandilands and Peter Young.[14]

On 1 January 1590 he presented Henrik Gyldenstierne, Captain of Bohus Castle, with a ring and a gold chain, for which James VI reimbursed him 3,000 Danish dalers.[15] Carmichael returned to Scotland on 15 April 1590 with instructions for the welcoming party at Leith for Anne of Denmark.[16][17]

James VI sent orders that Carmichael should raise a company of 200 soldiers to attend their landing, and restrain those trying to meet him at Leith, including "nobility and ladies". This was disappointing news which led to fears amongst the Scottish aristocracy that the "order used in Denmark", where noble titles were not used, might prejudice their ancient rights of access to the royals.[18] Carmichael also carried a letter from Colonel William Stewart to the English diplomat in Edinburgh, Robert Bowes, and another letter to Bowes with a verbal message from the Chancellor, John Maitland of Thirlestane.[19] He was knighted at the coronation of Anne of Denmark on 17 May 1590.[20]

England

[edit]

He was sent as ambassador to England with Colonel William Stewart in June 1590, and was instructed to tell Elizabeth about the journey of James VI to marry Anne of Denmark. He was also to renew requests made by the Justice Clerk, Lewis Bellenden for money to help James VI govern Scotland, to maintain an armed guard, and fund an embassy to Germany. William Cecil gave him £500, which he passed to the Colonel and John Skene for use in their embassy to Germany.[21]

On 2 July 1590 he was given £3,000 Sterling, or £27,000 Scots, for James VI as part of an occasional subsidy or annuity.[22] Carmichael delivered the money to the Chancellor, John Maitland of Thirlestane, keeping £277 Scots for his expenses and was given a further £3,780 by the king's order, for the guard. From the remainder James VI gave money to a courtier Sir James Sandilands for household expenses, to Robert Jousie for textiles for court costume, to William Schaw for building work, bought gifts for the French ambassadors François de Civille and Jean Hotman, and paid for the banquet, sugar confections, and gold chains given to Danish ambassadors at his homecoming.[23]

Fenton Tower in East Lothian

Glasgow and Fenton

[edit]

The king sent Carmichael and William Stewart of Blantyre to Glasgow to arrest Brian O'Rourke, a rebel to Queen Elizabeth, and take him to England on 3 April 1591.[24] This caused a riot in Glasgow, because the arrest was thought likely to damage the Irish trade, and they were cursed as "Queen Elizabeth's knights" and the king for taking "English angels", the annuity or subsidy received from Queen Elizabeth. Carmichael took O'Rourke to his own house on the way to Carlisle. Carmichael and Blantyre hoped Elizabeth might spare O'Rourke so the inhabitants of Glasgow would be reconciled to them, but he was executed.[25]

Carmichael built Fenton Tower in East Lothian, but there was a claim to the title of the lands by Hamilton of Innerwick in February 1591. The English ambassador Robert Bowes spoke to James VI in Carmichael's favour saying that Queen Elizabeth would like to see him rewarded.[26] James VI visited several times, and in May 1592 stayed with Anna of Denmark attended by his English servant Roger Aston, and had a meeting with the Earl of Mar.[27]

In December 1592 he rode with Sir George Home with news of the crisis caused by the discovery of the Spanish blanks to Alloa Tower, where James VI and Anna of Denmark were celebrating the wedding of the Earl of Mar and Marie Stewart.[28]

Bothwell's rebellion

[edit]

Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell attacked Falkland Palace on 27 June 1592, with a force including men from the borders, both English and Scottish. James Sandilands captured nine or ten men, mostly of the Armstrong surname, on Bothwellmure. Five were executed, but the others were spared at the request of John Carmichael because they were not habitual border reivers.[29]

Lord John Hamilton captured Archibald Wauchope of Niddrie with other rebel followers of the Earl of Bothwell at the meadow of Lesmahagow on 1 July 1592 and imprisoned them in Craignethan Castle. James VI sent Carmichael to collect the prisoners, but one of Hamilton's sons released them.[30] In September 1592 he escorted Captain James Halkerston and John Hamilton of Airdrie to Dalkeith Palace where they were interrogated and threatened with the boot, a device to crush their legs. By now Carmichael's sight was failing, in one eye due to old age, and in the other a film was forming, and it was thought he would retire from court and the royal guard.[31] His depute-warden was John Johnstone, Laird of Newbie.

Murder

[edit]

He was murdered by members of Clan Armstrong on 16 June 1600 who ambushed him as he rode to Langholm to attend a warden court.[32]

According to a chronicle, he was shot by the family of Alexander Armstrong alias Sandy Ringan, a brother of Kinmont Willie.[33] Sandy Ringan had met with Carmichael as warden, and was disappointed by their discussion, and insulted by a practical joke when eggs were put in his scabbard, to glue his sword so it could not be drawn. Alexander Armstrong and his friends were caught and hanged.[34]

After the murder, James VI told the English diplomat in Edinburgh George Nicholson that Carmichael had been a "better Englishman than a Scotsman," meaning that he had shown partiality to England on the border.[35] James VI told Anne of Denmark about the murder who, according to Nicholson, said she did not expect him to come to a better end, as a plotter against Mary, Queen of Scots.[36]

In March 1602 James VI came in person to Boneshaw and sent his men to demolish the house of Rynion or Ninian Armstrong. In July men said be Carmichael's murderers joined with some Englishmen to burn houses belonging to Johnstone family. Three Johnstones were killed.[37] Alexander Armstrong was executed for the murder at Dumfries in April 1605 after being held a prisoner in Carlisle Castle.[38]

Marriage and family

[edit]

Carmichael is said to have married a daughter of Archibald Douglas of Glenbervie and Elizabeth Irvine, Katherine or Sara Douglas. They had no children.[39]

Carmichael married Margaret Douglas, a daughter of George Douglas of Pittendreich and sister to Regent Morton. Their children included;[40]

  • Hugh Carmichael of that Ilk, who was Master of Horse to James VI in 1593, went to London in May 1597,[41] and was ambassador to Denmark. He married Sybilla Baillie. Their son John Carmichael was the last of this line, and the Carmichael estates went to a distant cousin James Carmichael, who had impressed James VI and I with his skill at court in a jumping competition.[42]
  • Maria Carmichael (died 9 May 1626),[43] who was a gentlewoman in the household of Anne of Denmark.[44] She married John Bothwell, Lord Holyroodhouse.[45]
  • Abigail Carmichael, who married (1) Hugh Weir of Clowburn, Lanarkshire, (2) Thomas Hay of Scrogis.[46]
  • Anne Carmichael, who married Walter Whitford, Bishop of Brechin.
  • Elizabeth Carmichael.
  • James Carmichael. On 22 December 1596 he killed Stephen Bruntfield, Captain of Tantallon, in a duel. Eventually he was made to fight Adam Bruntfield in single combat on Cramond Island, or on the "Links of Barnbougle", on 15 March 1597.[47] The judges were the Duke of Lennox, the Laird of Buccleuch, and Sir James Sandilands. They wore lightweight clothes of satin and taffeta, one in blue, and one in red. Bruntfield killed Carmichael, according to some accounts in front of 5,000 spectators.[48]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1903), p. 710.
  2. ^ Thomson, The historie and life of King James the Sext (Edinburgh, 1825), p. 149.
  3. ^ William Boyd, Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1574–1581, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907) p. 2.
  4. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 167–173, 190, 194.
  5. ^ National Records of Scotland, 'Estate of the king's house', E34/35 f.8v.
  6. ^ John Marwick, Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1573–1589 (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 500.
  7. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1586–1588, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 575 no. 466, 620 no. 527: Joseph Bain, Calendar of Border Papers, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 333.
  8. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1916), p. 595.
  9. ^ David Calderwood, History of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1843), pp. 680–1: John Spottiswood, History of the Church of Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1847), p. 386
  10. ^ David Reid, David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 418–9.
  11. ^ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1585–1592, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1881), p. 322.
  12. ^ James Dennistoun, Moysie's Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 76-7
  13. ^ Thomas Rymer, Foedera, vol. 16 (London, 1715), p. 27: Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 179.
  14. ^ Thomas Thomson, James Melville Memoirs of his own life (Edinburgh, 1827), p. 372
  15. ^ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588–1596', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 36.
  16. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 261–2.
  17. ^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 4, p. 29.
  18. ^ Jemma Field, Anna of Denmark: Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts (Manchester, 2020), p. 137: Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 274, 285.
  19. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 267–8.
  20. ^ Thomas Rymer, Foedera, vol. 16 (London, 1715), p. 60.
  21. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 261–2, 305, 315–9, 334, 479.
  22. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 344.
  23. ^ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 54–7, 71–4.
  24. ^ John Mackenzie, A chronicle of the kings of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 142
  25. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 495–6, 505.
  26. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1603, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 452.
  27. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 452, 673–4: David Moysie, Memoirs of the affairs of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 94.
  28. ^ Thomas Thomson, The historie and life of King James the Sext (Edinburgh, 1825), p. 260.
  29. ^ David Calderwood, History of the Kirk, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 168.
  30. ^ David Calderwood, History of the Kirk, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 169–170.
  31. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589–1593, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 771, 773.
  32. ^ Humphrys, Julian (June 2010). "BBC History magazine". BBC World Histories. Bristol Magazines Ltd. ISSN 1469-8552.
  33. ^ Joseph Bain, Calendar of Border Papers, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 662
  34. ^ John Mackenzie, A chronicle of the kings of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1830), pp. 159–60
  35. ^ John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 658.
  36. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 658.
  37. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 959, 1029.
  38. ^ "HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 17 (London, 1938), p. 151.
  39. ^ David Reid, David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 417.
  40. ^ George Crawfurd, The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1716), pp. 224–5.
  41. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1595–1597, vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 528.
  42. ^ George Crawfurd, The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1716), p. 225.
  43. ^ See will of Dame Marie Carmichael, NRS CC8/8/53, p. 619.
  44. ^ Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', The Court Historian, 24:2 (2019), p. 146.
  45. ^ "Maria Carmichael".
  46. ^ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 180.
  47. ^ Annie I. Cameron, Warrender Papers, vol. 1 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1931), p. 279.
  48. ^ Robert Chambers, Domestic Annals of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1858), p. 285: 'The Diarey (sic) of Robert Birrell', in John Graham Dalyell, Fragments of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1798), p. 42
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