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[[File:Maupas_medal.jpg|thumb|A commemorative medallion made in 1913]]
'''Émile Maupas''' (born 2 July 1842 in [[Vaudry]], died 18 October 1916 in [[Algiers]]) was a French [[librarian]], [[zoologist]] and [[botanist]].
'''François Émile Maupas''' (2 July 1842 in [[Vaudry]] – 18 October 1916 in [[Algiers]]) was a French [[librarian]], protozoologist, cytologist, and [[botanist]]. Maupas contributed to ideas on the life cycle and reproduction of the ciliates. He founded the idea, known as the Maupasian life cycle, that some protists had a definite death following sexual reproduction, contrary to contemporary ideas on protists being immortal. He also identified the existence of mating types in ciliates. He developed culture techniques for a number of organisms and described the nematode ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]],'' which has since become a widely used [[model organism]] in biological studies.


== Life and work ==
A student at the [[École des chartes]], he later worked as an archivist (from 1867). In 1890 he was named at the ''Bibliothèque nationale d'Alger''.<ref name=ID>[http://www.idref.fr/156658380 IDREF.fr] bibliography</ref> He was a correspondent member of the ''[[Académie des Sciences]]''.<ref name=PR>[http://cths.fr/an/prosopo.php?id=1836 Prosopo] Sociétés savantes de France</ref>
Maupas was born in Vaudry, to deputy mayor Pierre Augustin and Marie Adèle Geffroy. After studies at the local schools he joined the [[École des chartes]], and from 1867 he worked as an archivist in Cantal. It was here that he developed an interest in natural history and began to study protozoa working in summer at laboratories in Paris. In 1890 he was named as an administrator-curator at the ''Bibliothèque nationale d'Alger'' and continued his research in his spare time.<ref name="ID">[http://www.idref.fr/156658380 IDREF.fr] bibliography</ref> He was a correspondent member of the ''[[Académie des Sciences]]''.<ref name="PR">[http://cths.fr/an/prosopo.php?id=1836 Prosopo] Sociétés savantes de France</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=M. |date=1916 |title=Émile Maupas (1842-1916) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1916_num_77_1_460812 |journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=387–388}}</ref>


Maupas studied the life-history and reproduction of many species using innovative culture techniques.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Maupas, E. |year=1883 |title=Contribution à l'étude morphologique et anatomique des infusoires ciliés. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45595353 |journal=Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. |series=2 |volume=1 |pages=427–664}}</ref> He examined conjugation in ciliates and established that senescence and death occurred in ciliates, contrary to the view of [[August Weismann]] and others that they were immortal, following sexual reproduction.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Calkins, Gary N. |year=1923 |title=What Did Maupas Mean? |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/279927 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=57 |issue=651 |pages=350–370|doi=10.1086/279927 |s2cid=84809243 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sonneborn |first=T. M. |date=1950 |title=Paramecium in Modern Biology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4605260 |journal=BIOS |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–43 |jstor=4605260 |issn=0005-3155}}</ref> Maupas did not agree that the main value of sexual reproduction was in the maintenance of variability. He argued that it helped in rejuvenating the nucleus of one of the two conjugants. He also suggested that there were sexes or mating types in rotifers, including parthenogenetic females.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lustig |first=A.J. |date=2000 |title=Sex, Death, and Evolution in Proto- and Metazoa, 1876–1913 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1004740325150 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=221–246 |doi=10.1023/A:1004740325150|s2cid=82530649 }}</ref> Maupas also studied nematodes and first described ''Rhabditis elegans'' (now ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]'') in 1900 and isolated it from soil in Algeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Maupas, Émile |year=1900 |title=Modes et formes de reproduction des nematodes |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4460032 |journal=Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale |volume=8 |pages=463–624 |accessdate=2009-05-27}}</ref> His culture techniques enabled the species to become one of the most widely studied model organisms. He noted that nematodes had a five-stage development with the fifth being the adult stage. The annelid genus ''[[Maupasia]]'' is named after him, as is the [[ascarid]] genus ''Maupasiella'' <ref>[http://www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/personetymol/petymol.m.html Petymol] Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. M</ref> (synonym ''Maupasina'' <small>[[Léon Gaston Seurat|Seurat]], 1913</small>).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mooney |first=Susan M. |date=1993 |title=The Evolution of Sex: Variation and Rejuvenescence in the 19th Century and Today |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1311972 |journal=BioScience |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=110–113 |doi=10.2307/1311972 |jstor=1311972 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref><ref>[https://www.gbif.org/species/4631251 GBIF] Maupasiella</ref>
Maupas first described ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]'' in 1900 and isolated it from soil in Algeria.<ref>{{Cite journal

| title = Modes et formes de reproduction des nematodes
Maupas had no formal training in science and worked almost completely in isolation but published in journals. He received an honorary doctorate in 1903 from the [[Heidelberg University|University of Heidelberg]] and was decorated knight of the Legion of Honour in 1909.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1909 |title=Chronique |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1909_num_70_1_461091 |journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=186–188}}</ref>
| url = http://www.wormbase.org/papers/1900-maupas/index.html
| year = 1900
| author = Maupas, Émile
| journal = Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale
| pages = 463–624
| volume = 8
| accessdate = 2009-05-27
}}</ref> The [[annelid]] genus ''Maupasia'' is named after him, as is the [[ascarid]] genus ''Maupasiella'' <ref>[http://www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/personetymol/petymol.m.html Petymol] Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. M</ref> (synonym ''Maupasina'' <small>[[Léon Gaston Seurat|Seurat]], 1913</small>).<ref>[http://www.gbif.org/species/4631251 GBIF] Maupasiella</ref>


== Associated published works ==
== Associated published works ==
He was the author of "''Description physique de la République Argentine : d'après des observations personnelles et étrangères''", a French translation of [[Hermann Burmeister]]'s book on the [[Argentine Republic]].<ref name=ID/> Other written efforts by Maupas include:
He was the author of "''Description physique de la République Argentine : d'après des observations personnelles et étrangères''", a French translation of [[Hermann Burmeister]]'s book on the [[Argentine Republic]].<ref name=ID/> Other written efforts by Maupas include:
* ''Essai sur la législation des guerres féodales'', thèse [[École des Chartes]], 1867.<ref name=PR/>
* ''Essai sur la législation des guerres féodales'', thèse [[École des Chartes]], 1867.<ref name=PR/>
* ''Un nouveau Rhabditis; Sur un champignon parasite des Rhabditis'' (A new ''[[Rhabditidae|Rhabditis]]''; about a parasite of mushrooms) with [[René Maire]], 1915.<ref name=ID/>
* ''Un nouveau Rhabditis; Sur un champignon parasite des Rhabditis'' (A new ''[[Rhabditidae|Rhabditis]]''; about a fungus parasite of Rhabditis) with [[René Maire]], 1915.<ref name=ID/>
** '''Works about Émile Maupas:'''
** '''Works about Émile Maupas:'''
* ''Inauguration de la plaque commémorative apposée sur la maison habitée par Emile Maupas à Alger, le mercredi 6 avril 1932'', by [[Maurice Caullery]]; Académie des sciences (France). Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1937.
* ''Inauguration de la plaque commémorative apposée sur la maison habitée par Emile Maupas à Alger, le mercredi 6 avril 1932'', by [[Maurice Caullery]]; Académie des sciences (France). Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1937.
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==External links==
==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/b30634027 Emile Maupas, prince des protozoologistes] (1955) by Edmond Sergent (biography in French)
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{{Authority control|VIAF=44690207}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Maupas, Emile
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French scientist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 July 1842
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 18 October 1916
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maupas, Emile}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maupas, Emile}}
[[Category:École Nationale des Chartes alumni]]
[[Category:École Nationale des Chartes alumni]]
[[Category:French botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century French botanists]]
[[Category:French librarians]]
[[Category:French librarians]]
[[Category:French zoologists]]
[[Category:19th-century French zoologists]]
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century French botanists]]


{{zoologist-stub}}

Revision as of 04:16, 20 July 2023

A commemorative medallion made in 1913

François Émile Maupas (2 July 1842 in Vaudry – 18 October 1916 in Algiers) was a French librarian, protozoologist, cytologist, and botanist. Maupas contributed to ideas on the life cycle and reproduction of the ciliates. He founded the idea, known as the Maupasian life cycle, that some protists had a definite death following sexual reproduction, contrary to contemporary ideas on protists being immortal. He also identified the existence of mating types in ciliates. He developed culture techniques for a number of organisms and described the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which has since become a widely used model organism in biological studies.

Life and work

Maupas was born in Vaudry, to deputy mayor Pierre Augustin and Marie Adèle Geffroy. After studies at the local schools he joined the École des chartes, and from 1867 he worked as an archivist in Cantal. It was here that he developed an interest in natural history and began to study protozoa working in summer at laboratories in Paris. In 1890 he was named as an administrator-curator at the Bibliothèque nationale d'Alger and continued his research in his spare time.[1] He was a correspondent member of the Académie des Sciences.[2][3]

Maupas studied the life-history and reproduction of many species using innovative culture techniques.[4] He examined conjugation in ciliates and established that senescence and death occurred in ciliates, contrary to the view of August Weismann and others that they were immortal, following sexual reproduction.[5][6] Maupas did not agree that the main value of sexual reproduction was in the maintenance of variability. He argued that it helped in rejuvenating the nucleus of one of the two conjugants. He also suggested that there were sexes or mating types in rotifers, including parthenogenetic females.[7] Maupas also studied nematodes and first described Rhabditis elegans (now Caenorhabditis elegans) in 1900 and isolated it from soil in Algeria.[8] His culture techniques enabled the species to become one of the most widely studied model organisms. He noted that nematodes had a five-stage development with the fifth being the adult stage. The annelid genus Maupasia is named after him, as is the ascarid genus Maupasiella [9] (synonym Maupasina Seurat, 1913).[10][11]

Maupas had no formal training in science and worked almost completely in isolation but published in journals. He received an honorary doctorate in 1903 from the University of Heidelberg and was decorated knight of the Legion of Honour in 1909.[12]

Associated published works

He was the author of "Description physique de la République Argentine : d'après des observations personnelles et étrangères", a French translation of Hermann Burmeister's book on the Argentine Republic.[1] Other written efforts by Maupas include:

  • Essai sur la législation des guerres féodales, thèse École des Chartes, 1867.[2]
  • Un nouveau Rhabditis; Sur un champignon parasite des Rhabditis (A new Rhabditis; about a fungus parasite of Rhabditis) with René Maire, 1915.[1]
    • Works about Émile Maupas:
  • Inauguration de la plaque commémorative apposée sur la maison habitée par Emile Maupas à Alger, le mercredi 6 avril 1932, by Maurice Caullery; Académie des sciences (France). Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1937.
  • Emile Maupas : prince des protozologistes, by Edmond Sergent, Alger : Institut Pasteur d'Alger, 1955.[13]
The standard author abbreviation Maupas is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c IDREF.fr bibliography
  2. ^ a b Prosopo Sociétés savantes de France
  3. ^ Jordan, M. (1916). "Émile Maupas (1842-1916)". Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes. 77 (1): 387–388.
  4. ^ Maupas, E. (1883). "Contribution à l'étude morphologique et anatomique des infusoires ciliés". Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 2. 1: 427–664.
  5. ^ Calkins, Gary N. (1923). "What Did Maupas Mean?". The American Naturalist. 57 (651): 350–370. doi:10.1086/279927. S2CID 84809243.
  6. ^ Sonneborn, T. M. (1950). "Paramecium in Modern Biology". BIOS. 21 (1): 31–43. ISSN 0005-3155. JSTOR 4605260.
  7. ^ Lustig, A.J. (2000). "Sex, Death, and Evolution in Proto- and Metazoa, 1876–1913". Journal of the History of Biology. 33 (2): 221–246. doi:10.1023/A:1004740325150. S2CID 82530649.
  8. ^ Maupas, Émile (1900). "Modes et formes de reproduction des nematodes". Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale. 8: 463–624. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  9. ^ Petymol Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. M
  10. ^ Mooney, Susan M. (1993). "The Evolution of Sex: Variation and Rejuvenescence in the 19th Century and Today". BioScience. 43 (2): 110–113. doi:10.2307/1311972. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1311972.
  11. ^ GBIF Maupasiella
  12. ^ "Chronique". Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes. 70 (1): 186–188. 1909.
  13. ^ WorldCat Search publications
  14. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Maupas.
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