Tiflis uezd: Difference between revisions
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Armenian ISO 9985 transliteration |
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{{italic title|string=uezd}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| |
| area_total_km2 = 4,556.89 |
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| |
| established_date = 1804 |
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| |
| established_title = Established |
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| leader_name = |
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| leader_title = |
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| population_rural = <!-- government --> |
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| population_urban = |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| population_rank = |
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| population_total = 521,222 |
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| population_as_of = 1916 |
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| area_total_km2 = 4,557 |
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<!-- population -->| subdivision_name2 = [[Caucasus]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = Region |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Uyezd]] |
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| subdivision_name = |
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| native_name = Тифлисский уезд |
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| subdivision_type = |
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| extinct_date = 1930 |
| extinct_date = 1930 |
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| extinct_title = Abolished |
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| image_map = Tiflis Uyezd of Tiflis Governorate.png |
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| established_date = 1801 |
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| established_title = Established |
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| shield_link = <!-- established --> |
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| image_shield = Coat of arms of Tiflis Governorate 1878.svg |
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Tiflis Governorate 1878.svg |
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| |
| map_caption = Location in the Tiflis Governorate |
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| image_flag = |
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| map_caption = Location in Tiflis Governorate |
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| map_alt = |
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| mapsize = 220px |
| mapsize = 220px |
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| |
| name = Tiflis ''uezd'' |
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| native_name = Тифлисскій уѣздъ |
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| native_name_lang = ru |
| native_name_lang = ru |
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| population_as_of = 1916 |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| population_rural = 33.47% |
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| population_total = 521,222 |
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| population_urban = 66.53% |
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| seat = Tiflis<br>(present-day [[Tbilisi]]) |
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| seat_type = Capital |
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| settlement_type = ''[[Uezd]]'' |
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| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiflis Governorate|Tiflis]] |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire|Viceroyalty]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of the Russian Empire|Governorate]] |
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| total_type = Total |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Tiflis |
The '''Tiflis ''uezd'''''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{Lang-ru|Тифлисскій уѣ́здъ|translit=Tiflíssky uyézd|label=[[Russian alphabet#Letters eliminated in 1917–18|Russian]]}}|{{lang-ka|ტფილისის მაზრა|tr}}|{{lang-hy|Թիֆլիսի գավառ|translit=T̕iflisi gavaṙ|translit-std=iso}}}}}} was a county (''[[uezd]]'') of the [[Tiflis Governorate]] of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], and then of [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], with its administrative centre in Tiflis (present-day [[Tbilisi]]). The area of the ''uezd'' roughly corresponded to the contemporary [[Kvemo Kartli]] region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. The district bordered the [[Telavi uezd]] to the northeast, the [[Tionety uezd|Tionety]] and [[Dusheti uezd|Dusheti]] ''uezds'' to the north, the [[Gori uezd]] to the northwest, the [[Borchaly uezd]] to the west, the [[Kazakh uezd]] of the [[Elizavetpol Governorate]] to the south, and the [[Signakh uezd]] to the east. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The Tiflis |
The Tiflis ''uezd'' as part of the [[Georgia Governorate]] was formed in 1801 as a result of the annexation of the [[Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti|Kingdom of Kartli-Kakhetian]] to the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1840, the district formed a part of the [[Georgia-Imeretia Governorate]], then after 1846 it was included in the Tiflis Governorate until its abolition by [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet authorities]]. In 1880, the [[Borchaly Uyezd|Borchaly uezd]] was detached from the Tiflis ''uezd'' to be administered separately.<ref name="bee">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: [http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/101/101251.htm Tiflis Governorate] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> |
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Following the [[Russian Revolution]], the Tiflis |
Following the [[Russian Revolution]], the Tiflis ''uezd'' was incorporated into the short-lived [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]].{{sfn|Tsutsiev|2014}} |
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== Administrative |
== Administrative divisions == |
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The |
The subcounties (''[[uchastok]]s'') of the Tiflis ''uezd'' in 1913 were as follows:{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1913 год|pp=164–175}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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!Name |
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* Karayaz ({{lang-ru|Караязский участок}}) |
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!1912 population |
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* Sartachal ({{lang-ru|Сартачалский участок}}) |
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!Area |
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* Tiflis ({{lang-ru|Тифлисский участок}}) |
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|- |
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* Prigorodny ''raion'' ({{lang-ru|Пригородный район}}) |
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|Karayazskiy uchastok ({{Lang|ru|Караязскій участокъ}}) |
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| align="right" |7,724 |
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|{{Convert|1426.51|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}} |
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|- |
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|Sartachalskiy uchastok ({{Lang|ru|Сартачальскій участокъ}}) |
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| align="right" |31,905 |
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|{{Convert|1073.92|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}} |
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|- |
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|Tiflisskiy uchastok ({{Lang|ru|Тифлисскій участокъ}}) |
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| align="right" |33,313 |
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|{{Convert|1503.65|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}} |
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|- |
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|Prigorodny raion ({{Lang|ru|Пригородный раіонъ}}) |
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| align="right" |12,168 |
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| align="center" |– |
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|} |
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== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
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=== |
=== Russian Empire Census === |
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According to the [[Russian Empire Census]], the Tiflis ''uezd'' had a population of 234,632 on {{OldStyleDate|28 January|1897|15 January}}, including 137,849 men and 96,783 women. The plurality of the population indicated [[Georgian language|Georgian]] to be their mother tongue, with significant [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and Tatar{{Caucasian Tatars}} speaking minorities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=524 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
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The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 521,222 residents in the Tiflis Uyezd, including 283,326 men and 236,896 women, 339,668 of whom were the permanent population, and 181,554 were temporary residents:<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322|title=Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год|pages=363-366|language=Russian}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+Linguistic composition of the Tiflis ''uezd'' in 1897<ref name=":0" /> |
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!Nationality |
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!Language |
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!Center |
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!Native speakers |
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!Rural |
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!% |
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|- |
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|[[Georgian language|Georgian]] |
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| align="right" |80,293 |
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| align="right" |34.22 |
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|- |
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|[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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| align="right" |57,933 |
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| align="right" |24.69 |
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|- |
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|[[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| align="right" |51,775 |
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| align="right" |22.07 |
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|- |
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|Tatar{{efn|name=Caucasian Tatars}} |
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| align="right" |13,764 |
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| align="right" |5.87 |
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|- |
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|[[German language|German]] |
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| align="right" |5,417 |
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| align="right" |2.31 |
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|- |
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|[[Polish language|Polish]] |
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| align="right" |4,918 |
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| align="right" |2.10 |
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|- |
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|[[Greek language|Greek]] |
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| align="right" |4,554 |
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| align="right" |1.94 |
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|- |
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|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
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| align="right" |3,450 |
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| align="right" |1.47 |
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|- |
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|[[Jewish languages|Jewish]] |
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| align="right" |3,336 |
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| align="right" |1.42 |
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|- |
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|[[Persian language|Persian]] |
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| align="right" |1,766 |
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| align="right" |0.75 |
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|- |
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|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] |
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| align="right" |1,712 |
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| align="right" |0.73 |
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|- |
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|[[Suret language|Assyrian]] |
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| align="right" |1,354 |
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| align="right" |0.58 |
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|- |
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|[[Imeretian language|Imeretian]] |
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| align="right" |1,005 |
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| align="right" |0.43 |
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|- |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |
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| align="right" |828 |
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| align="right" |0.35 |
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|- |
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|[[French language|French]] |
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| align="right" |342 |
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| align="right" |0.15 |
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|- |
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|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |
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| align="right" |220 |
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| align="right" |0.09 |
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|- |
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|[[Czech language|Czech]] |
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| align="right" |191 |
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| align="right" |0.08 |
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|- |
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|[[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] |
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| align="right" |191 |
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| align="right" |0.08 |
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|- |
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|[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
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| align="right" |175 |
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| align="right" |0.07 |
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|- |
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|[[Italian language|Italian]] |
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| align="right" |150 |
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| align="right" |0.06 |
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|- |
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|[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |
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| align="right" |148 |
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| align="right" |0.06 |
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|- |
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|[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] |
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| align="right" |141 |
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| align="right" |0.06 |
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|- |
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|[[Avar language|Avar-Andean]] |
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| align="right" |124 |
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| align="right" |0.05 |
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|- |
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|[[Latvian language|Latvian]] |
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| align="right" |96 |
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| align="right" |0.04 |
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|- |
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|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] |
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| align="right" |71 |
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| align="right" |0.03 |
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|- |
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|[[Dargin languages|Dargin]] |
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| align="right" |59 |
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| align="right" |0.03 |
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|- |
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|[[Chechen language|Chechen]] |
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| align="right" |52 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|- |
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|[[Lak language|Kazi-Kumukh]] |
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| align="right" |47 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|- |
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|[[Lezgian language|Kyurin]] |
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| align="right" |43 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|- |
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|[[Kist people|Kist]] |
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| align="right" |9 |
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| align="right" |0.00 |
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|- |
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|Other |
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| align="right" |468 |
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| align="right" |0.20 |
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|- |
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!TOTAL |
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!234,632 |
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!100.00 |
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|} |
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=== ''Kavkazskiy kalendar'' === |
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According to the 1917 publication of ''[[Kavkazskiy kalendar]]'', the Tiflis ''uezd'' had a population of 521,222 on {{OldStyleDate|14 January|1916|1 January}}, including 283,326 men and 236,896 women, 339,668 of whom were the permanent population, and 181,554 were temporary residents:{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=206–213}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! rowspan="2" |Nationality |
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! colspan="2" |[[Urban area|Urban]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Rural area|Rural]] |
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! colspan="2" |TOTAL |
! colspan="2" |TOTAL |
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|- |
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!Number |
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!% |
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!Number |
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!% |
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!Number |
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!% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Armenians]] |
|[[Armenians]] |
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|149,294 |
| align="right" |149,294 |
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| align="right" |43.05 |
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|26,044 |
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| align="right" |26,044 |
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|175,338 |
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| align="right" |14.93 |
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|<small>33.6%</small> |
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| align="right" |175,338 |
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| align="right" |33.64 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Georgians]] |
|[[Georgians]] |
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|37,584 |
| align="right" |37,584 |
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| align="right" |10.84 |
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|96,040 |
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| align="right" |96,040 |
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|133,624 |
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| align="right" |55.05 |
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|<small>25.6%</small> |
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| align="right" |133,624 |
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| align="right" |25.64 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Russians]] |
|[[Russians]] |
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|91,997 |
| align="right" |91,997 |
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| align="right" |26.53 |
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|29,042 |
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| align="right" |29,042 |
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|121,039 |
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| align="right" |16.65 |
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|<small>23.2%</small> |
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| align="right" |121,039 |
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| align="right" |23.22 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Europeans|Other Europeans]] |
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|[[Azerbaijanis]] |
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| align="right" |11,883 |
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|15,681 |
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| align="right" |3.43 |
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|12,028 |
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| align="right" |9,075 |
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|27,709 |
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| align="right" |5.20 |
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|<small>5.3%</small> |
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| align="right" |20,958 |
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| align="right" |4.02 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Christianity in Asia|Asiatic Christians]] |
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|[[Caucasus Germans|Germans]] |
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| align="right" |19,560 |
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|11,883 |
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| align="right" |5.64 |
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|9,075 |
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| align="right" |35 |
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|20,958 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|<small>4.0%</small> |
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| align="right" |19,595 |
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| align="right" |3.76 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Shia Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}} |
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|[[Caucasus Greeks|Greeks]] |
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| align="right" |9,408 |
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|19,560 |
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| align="right" |2.71 |
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|35 |
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| align="right" |8,186 |
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|19,595 |
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| align="right" |4.69 |
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|<small>3.8%</small> |
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| align="right" |17,594 |
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| align="right" |3.38 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Jews]] |
|[[Jews]] |
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|10,712 |
| align="right" |10,712 |
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| align="right" |3.09 |
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|306 |
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| align="right" |306 |
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|11,018 |
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| align="right" |0.18 |
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|<small>2.1%</small> |
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| align="right" |11,018 |
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| align="right" |2.11 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Turco-Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}} |
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|[[Yazidis|Yezidis]] |
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| align="right" |6,273 |
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|4,697 |
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| align="right" |1.81 |
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|0 |
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| align="right" |3,842 |
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|4,697 |
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| align="right" |2.20 |
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|<small>0.9%</small> |
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| align="right" |10,115 |
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| align="right" |1.94 |
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|- |
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|[[Yazidis]] |
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| align="right" |4,697 |
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| align="right" |1.35 |
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| align="right" |0 |
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| align="right" |0.00 |
|||
| align="right" |4,697 |
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| align="right" |0.90 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Peoples of the Caucasus|North Caucasians]] |
|[[Peoples of the Caucasus|North Caucasians]] |
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|2,685 |
| align="right" |2,685 |
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| align="right" |0.77 |
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|938 |
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| align="right" |938 |
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|3,623 |
|||
| align="right" |0.54 |
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|<small>0.7%</small> |
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| align="right" |3,623 |
|||
| align="right" |0.70 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Kurds]] |
|[[Kurds]] |
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|2,279 |
| align="right" |2,279 |
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| align="right" |0.66 |
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|948 |
|||
| align="right" |948 |
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|3,227 |
|||
| align="right" |0.54 |
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|<small>0.6%</small> |
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| align="right" |3,227 |
|||
| align="right" |0.62 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Romani people| |
|[[Romani people|Roma]] |
||
| align="right" |394 |
|||
|394 |
|||
| align="right" |0.11 |
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|0 |
|||
| align="right" |0 |
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|394 |
|||
| align="right" |0.00 |
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|<small>0.1%</small> |
|||
| align="right" |394 |
|||
| align="right" |0.08 |
|||
|- |
|- |
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!TOTAL |
!TOTAL |
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!346,766 |
!346,766 |
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!100.00 |
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!174,456 |
!174,456 |
||
!100.00 |
|||
!521,222 |
!521,222 |
||
! |
!100.00 |
||
|} |
|} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[History of the administrative division of Russia]] |
* [[History of the administrative division of Russia]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{Notelist}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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*{{Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline}} |
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*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1}} |
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*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1913}} |
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*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}} |
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*{{Cite Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}}{{Georgia-geo-stub}} {{Armenia-geo-stub}} |
{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}}{{Georgia-geo-stub}} {{Armenia-geo-stub}} |
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{{coord|41|43|21|N|44|47|33|E|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]] |
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{{coord missing|Armenia}} |
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[[Category:Tiflis Governorate]] |
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[[Category:Uezds of Tiflis Governorate]] |
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[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1880 establishments in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1880]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]] |
Latest revision as of 01:44, 22 July 2023
Tiflis uezd
Тифлисскій уѣздъ | |
---|---|
![]() Location in the Tiflis Governorate | |
Land | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Governorate | Tiflis |
Established | 1804 |
Abolished | 1930 |
Capital | Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi) |
Area | |
• Total | 4,556.89 km2 (1,759.43 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 521,222 |
• Density | 110/km2 (300/sq mi) |
• Urban | 66.53% |
• Rural | 33.47% |
The Tiflis uezd[a] was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). The area of the uezd roughly corresponded to the contemporary Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia. The district bordered the Telavi uezd to the northeast, the Tionety and Dusheti uezds to the north, the Gori uezd to the northwest, the Borchaly uezd to the west, the Kazakh uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and the Signakh uezd to the east.
History
[edit]The Tiflis uezd as part of the Georgia Governorate was formed in 1801 as a result of the annexation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakhetian to the Russian Empire. In 1840, the district formed a part of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate, then after 1846 it was included in the Tiflis Governorate until its abolition by Soviet authorities. In 1880, the Borchaly uezd was detached from the Tiflis uezd to be administered separately.[1]
Following the Russian Revolution, the Tiflis uezd was incorporated into the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia.[2]
Administrative divisions
[edit]The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Tiflis uezd in 1913 were as follows:[3]
Name | 1912 population | Area |
---|---|---|
Karayazskiy uchastok (Караязскій участокъ) | 7,724 | 1,426.51 square versts (1,623.46 km2; 626.82 sq mi) |
Sartachalskiy uchastok (Сартачальскій участокъ) | 31,905 | 1,073.92 square versts (1,222.19 km2; 471.89 sq mi) |
Tiflisskiy uchastok (Тифлисскій участокъ) | 33,313 | 1,503.65 square versts (1,711.25 km2; 660.72 sq mi) |
Prigorodny raion (Пригородный раіонъ) | 12,168 | - |
Demographics
[edit]Russian Empire Census
[edit]According to the Russian Empire Census, the Tiflis uezd had a population of 234,632 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 137,849 men and 96,783 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian, Russian, and Tatar[b] speaking minorities.[6]
Sprache | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Georgian | 80,293 | 34.22 |
Armenian | 57,933 | 24.69 |
Russian | 51,775 | 22.07 |
Tatar[b] | 13,764 | 5.87 |
German | 5,417 | 2.31 |
Polish | 4,918 | 2.10 |
Greek | 4,554 | 1.94 |
Ukrainian | 3,450 | 1.47 |
Jewish | 3,336 | 1.42 |
Persian | 1,766 | 0.75 |
Ossetian | 1,712 | 0.73 |
Assyrian | 1,354 | 0.58 |
Imeretian | 1,005 | 0.43 |
Lithuanian | 828 | 0.35 |
French | 342 | 0.15 |
Kurdish | 220 | 0.09 |
Czech | 191 | 0.08 |
Mingrelian | 191 | 0.08 |
Romanian | 175 | 0.07 |
Italian | 150 | 0.06 |
Belarusian | 148 | 0.06 |
Chuvash | 141 | 0.06 |
Avar-Andean | 124 | 0.05 |
Latvian | 96 | 0.04 |
Turkish | 71 | 0.03 |
Dargin | 59 | 0.03 |
Chechen | 52 | 0.02 |
Kazi-Kumukh | 47 | 0.02 |
Kyurin | 43 | 0.02 |
Kist | 9 | 0.00 |
Other | 468 | 0.20 |
TOTAL | 234,632 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
[edit]According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Tiflis uezd had a population of 521,222 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 283,326 men and 236,896 women, 339,668 of whom were the permanent population, and 181,554 were temporary residents:[7]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Armenians | 149,294 | 43.05 | 26,044 | 14.93 | 175,338 | 33.64 |
Georgians | 37,584 | 10.84 | 96,040 | 55.05 | 133,624 | 25.64 |
Russians | 91,997 | 26.53 | 29,042 | 16.65 | 121,039 | 23.22 |
Other Europeans | 11,883 | 3.43 | 9,075 | 5.20 | 20,958 | 4.02 |
Asiatic Christians | 19,560 | 5.64 | 35 | 0.02 | 19,595 | 3.76 |
Shia Muslims[c] | 9,408 | 2.71 | 8,186 | 4.69 | 17,594 | 3.38 |
Jews | 10,712 | 3.09 | 306 | 0.18 | 11,018 | 2.11 |
Sunni Muslims[d] | 6,273 | 1.81 | 3,842 | 2.20 | 10,115 | 1.94 |
Yazidis | 4,697 | 1.35 | 0 | 0.00 | 4,697 | 0.90 |
North Caucasians | 2,685 | 0.77 | 938 | 0.54 | 3,623 | 0.70 |
Kurds | 2,279 | 0.66 | 948 | 0.54 | 3,227 | 0.62 |
Roma | 394 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.00 | 394 | 0.08 |
TOTAL | 346,766 | 100.00 | 174,456 | 100.00 | 521,222 | 100.00 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^
- ^ a b Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[4][5]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[8]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: Tiflis Governorate (in Russian)
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 164–175.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 206–213.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.