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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Short description|Genus of orchid}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dracula'' (plant)}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dracula'' (plant)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
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The [[orchid]] [[genus]] '''''Dracula''''', abbreviated as '''Drac''' in horticultural trade, consists of 118 [[species]] native to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]].<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=64021 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Species]</ref> The name ''[[Dracula]]'' literally means "little dragon", an allusion to the mythical [[Count Dracula]], a lead character in numerous [[vampire]] novels and films.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Raymond T. |last1=McNally |first2=Radu R. |last2=Florescu |title=In Search of Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires |edition=Completely Revised |location=Boston |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |year=1994 |isbn=0-395-65783-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/8 8–9] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/8 }}</ref><ref>Stoker, Bram. 1897. Dracula. Archibald Constable and Company, Westminster.</ref> The name was applied to the orchid because of the blood-red color of several of the species, the strange aspect of the long spurs of the [[sepal]]s.<ref>[http://www.planetarkive.org/creatures/flowering-plants.jsp?mode=minifact&minifact=_minifactAsset_4848749040 Planet Arkive : Dracula orchid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517205421/http://www.planetarkive.org/creatures/flowering-plants.jsp?mode=minifact&minifact=_minifactAsset_4848749040 |date=May 17, 2014 }}</ref>
The [[orchid]] [[genus]] '''''Dracula''''', abbreviated as '''Drac''' in horticultural trade, consists of 118 [[species]] native to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]].<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=64021 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Species]</ref> The name ''[[Dracula]]'' literally means "little dragon", an allusion to the mythical [[Count Dracula]], a lead character in numerous [[vampire]] novels and films.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Raymond T. |last1=McNally |first2=Radu R. |last2=Florescu |title=In Search of Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires |edition=Completely Revised |location=Boston |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |year=1994 |isbn=0-395-65783-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/8 8–9] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/8}}</ref><ref>Stoker, Bram. 1897. Dracula. Archibald Constable and Company, Westminster.</ref> The name was applied to the orchid because of the blood-red color of several of the species, and the strange aspect of the long spurs of the [[sepal]]s.<ref>[http://www.planetarkive.org/creatures/flowering-plants.jsp?mode=minifact&minifact=_minifactAsset_4848749040 Planet Arkive : Dracula orchid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517205421/http://www.planetarkive.org/creatures/flowering-plants.jsp?mode=minifact&minifact=_minifactAsset_4848749040 |date=May 17, 2014 }}</ref>
The plants were once included in the genus ''[[Masdevallia]]'', but became a separate genus in 1978. This genus has been placed in the subtribe [[Pleurothallidinae]].
The plants were once included in the genus ''[[Masdevallia]]'', but became a separate genus in 1978. This genus has been placed in the subtribe [[Pleurothallidinae]].


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They are [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] and [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] species distributed in [[Central America]] and the northwest [[Andes]]. Almost half the species are found in [[Ecuador]]. They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures.
They are [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] and [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] species distributed in [[Central America]] and the northwest [[Andes]]. Almost half the species are found in [[Ecuador]]. They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures.


These [[caespitose]] orchids grow in tufts from a short [[rhizome]], with a dense pack of stems. They lack [[pseudobulb]]s. On each stems grows one large, thin, [[Glossary of botanical terms#plicate|plicate]] [[leaf]] with a sharply defined midrib. These glabrous, light to dark green leaves may be spongy, taking over the function of the missing pseudobulb. They are tipped with a mucro (a short tip).
These [[caespitose]] orchids grow in tufts from a short [[rhizome]], with a dense pack of stems. They lack [[pseudobulb]]s. On each stem grows one large, thin, [[Glossary of botanical terms#plicate|plicate]] [[leaf]] with a sharply defined midrib. These glabrous, light to dark green leaves may be spongy, taking over the function of the missing pseudobulb. They are tipped with a mucro (a short tip).

The [[flower]] stalks grow either horizontally from the base of the plant or descend, often for great distances. A few species grow upright flower stalks. The long-tailed terminal flowers are basically triangular. The flowers are borne singly or successively. Three species (sodiroi, decussata/neisseniae, and papillosa) may have up to three simultaneously open flowers on a single stalk. In general, though, if there is more than one flower bud on the raceme, they open up with long intervals. These flowers have a weird aspect, due to the long tails on each [[sepal]]. The [[petal]]s are small and somewhat thickened. The [[Labellum (botany)|lip]] is often quite large for a Pleurothallid and may resemble a mushroom or fungus. The fleshy basal part of the lip (hypochile) is cleft. The terminal part (epichile) is rounded and concave. The margins of the [[perianth]] are often fringed. There is a well-developed [[column (botany)|column]] with two [[pollinium|pollinia]].


The [[flower]] stalks grow either horizontally from the base of the plant or descend, often for great distances. A few species grow upright flower stalks. The long-tailed terminal flowers are basically triangular. The flowers are borne singly or successively. Three species (sodiroi, decussata/neisseniae, and papillosa) may have up to three simultaneously open flowers on a single stalk. In general, though, if there is more than one flower bud on the raceme, they open up with long intervals. These flowers have a weird aspect, due to the long tails on each [[sepal]]. The [[petal]]s are small and somewhat thickened. Quite commonly, various species of ''Dracula'' are known for blooms resembling the faces of primates, a notable example being ''[[Dracula simia]]''. However, this likeness to monkeys’ faces seems to be purely a natural coincidence to the primates living in the same forests. In fact, these flowers are pollinated by the common [[fungus gnat]];<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019-02-27 |title=Dracula orchids exploit guilds of fungus visiting flies: new perspectives on a mushroom mimic. |url=https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/een.12720 |journal= Ecological Entomology|volume=44 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/een.12720 |last1=Policha |first1=Tobias |last2=Grimaldi |first2=David A. |last3=Manobanda |first3=Rocío |last4=Troya |first4=Adrian |last5=Ludden |first5=Ashley |last6=Dentinger |first6=Bryn T. M. |last7=Roy |first7=Bitty A. |pages=457–470 |s2cid=91204148}}</ref> the bloom’s [[Labellum (botany)|lip]] is often quite large (for a ''Pleurothallid''), and from the fungus gnat’s perspective, resembles an irresistible mushroom or fungus. Research by biologists at the University of Oregon indicates that ''D. lafleurii'' also possesses a uniquely volatile chemistry, similar to localized species of mushrooms. This mimicry attracts mushroom-associated flies which play a role in pollination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Policha |first1=Tobias |last2=Davis |first2=Aleah |last3=Barnadas |first3=Melinda |last4=Dentinger |first4=Bryn T. M. |last5=Raguso |first5=Robert A. |last6=Roy |first6=Bitty A. |date=2016-02-15 |title=Disentangling visual and olfactory signals in mushroom‐mimicking Dracula orchids using realistic three‐dimensional printed flowers |journal=New Phytologist |volume=210 |issue=3 |pages=1058–1071 |doi=10.1111/nph.13855 |pmid=26877229 |issn=0028-646X|doi-access=free }}</ref> The basal part of the lip (hypochile) is cleft. The terminal part (epichile) is rounded and concave. The margins of the [[perianth]] are often fringed. There is a well-developed [[column (botany)|column]] with two [[pollinium|pollinia]].
[[Image:Draculachestertonii.web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|(''Dracula chestertonii'')]]
[[Image:Draculachestertonii.web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|(''Dracula chestertonii'')]]


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The species of ''Dracula'' have tentatively been divided into three subgenera, with sections and subsections within one of the subgenera.
The species of ''Dracula'' have tentatively been divided into three subgenera, with sections and subsections within one of the subgenera.
*Subgenus ''Dracula'' : This subgenus contains all the species of the genus except two exceptional species (D. sodiroi and D. xenos)
*Subgenus ''Dracula'' : This subgenus contains all the species of the genus except two exceptional species (''D. sodiroi'' and ''D. xenos'')
**Section ''Andreettaea'' : Monotypic: ''Dracula andreettae''
**Section ''[[Andreettaea]]'' : Monotypic: ''Dracula andreettae''
**Section ''Chestertonia'' : two species: ''Dracula chestertonii'', ''D. cutis-bufonis''
**Section ''Chestertonia'' : two species: ''Dracula chestertonii'', ''D. cutis-bufonis''
**Section ''Cochliopsia'' : Monotypic: ''Dracula cochliops''
**Section ''Cochliopsia'' : Monotypic: ''Dracula cochliops''
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*''[[Dracula adrianae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula adrianae]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula alcithoe]]'' (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula alcithoe]]'' (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula amaliae]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula amaliae]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula andreettae]]'' (W. Colombia to NE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula andreettae]]'' (W. Colombia to NE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula anthracina]]'' (NW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula anthracina]]'' (NW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula antonii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula antonii]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula aphrodes]]'' (W. Colombia.
*''[[Dracula aphrodes]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula astuta]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Dracula astuta]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Dracula barrowii]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Dracula barrowii]]'' (Peru)
*''[[Dracula bella]]'' (WC. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula bella]]'' (WC. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula bellerophon]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula bellerophon]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula benedictii]]'' (WC. Colombia.
*''[[Dracula benedictii]]'' (WC. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula berthae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula berthae]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula brangeri]]'' (C. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula brangeri]]'' (C. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula callithrix]]'' (Colombia) - new species 2009 -
*''[[Dracula callithrix]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula carcinopsis]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula carcinopsis]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula carlueri]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Dracula carlueri]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Dracula chestertonii]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula chestertonii]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula chimaera]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula chimaera]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula chiroptera]]'' (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula chiroptera]]'' (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula christineana]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula christineana]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula circe]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula circe]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula citrina]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula citrina]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula cochliops]]'' (SW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula cochliops]]'' (SW. Colombia)
[[Image:Dracula cordobae.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Dracula cordobae'']]
[[Image:Dracula cordobae.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Dracula cordobae'']]
*''[[Dracula cordobae]]'' (SW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula cordobae]]'' (SW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula cutis-bufonis]]'' (NW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula cutis-bufonis]]'' (NW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula dalessandroi]]'' (SE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula dalessandroi]]'' (SE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula dalstroemii]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula dalstroemii]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula decussata]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula decussata]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula deltoidea]]'' (SE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula deltoidea]]'' (SE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula deniseana]]'' (Peru.
*''[[Dracula deniseana]]'' (Peru)
*''[[Dracula diabola]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula diabola]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula diana]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula diana]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula dodsonii]]'' (Colombia to NC. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula dodsonii]]'' (Colombia to NC. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula erythrochaete]]'' (Costa Rica to W. Panama).
*''[[Dracula erythrochaete]]'' (Costa Rica to W. Panama)
*''[[Dracula erythrocodon]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula erythrocodon]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula exasperata]]'' ( SW. Colombia.
*''[[Dracula exasperata]]'' ( SW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula fafnir]]'' (SE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula fafnir]]'' (SE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula felix]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula felix]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula fuligifera]]'' (C. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula fuligifera]]'' (C. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula gastrophora]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula gastrophora]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula gigas]]'' (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula gigas]]'' (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula gorgona]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula gorgona]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula gorgonella]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula gorgonella]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula hawleyi]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula hawleyi]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula hirsuta]]'' (SE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula hirsuta]]'' (SE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula hirtzii]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula hirtzii]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
[[Image:Draculahoutteana1web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Dracula houtteana'']]
[[Image:Draculahoutteana1web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Dracula houtteana'']]
*''[[Dracula houtteana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula houtteana]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula immunda]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Dracula immunda]]'' (Panama)
*''[[Dracula inaequalis]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula inaequalis]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula incognita]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula incognita]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula inexperata]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Dracula inexperata]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Dracula insolita]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula insolita]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula janetiae]]'' (C. Peru)
*''[[Dracula janetiae]]'' (C. Peru)
*''[[Dracula kareniae]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula kareniae]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula lafleurii]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula lafleurii]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula lehmanniana]]'' (SW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula lehmanniana]]'' (SW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula lemurella]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula lemurella]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula leonum]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Dracula leonum]]'' (Peru)
*''[[Dracula levii]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula levii]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula ligiae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula ligiae]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula lindstroemii]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula lindstroemii]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula lotax]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula lotax]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula mantissa]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula mantissa]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula marsupialis]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula marsupialis]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula mendozae]]'' Luer & V.N.M.Rao (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula mendozae]]'' Luer & V.N.M.Rao (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula minax]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula minax]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula mopsus]]'' (Ecuador.
*''[[Dracula mopsus]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula morleyi]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula morleyi]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula navarrorum]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula navarrorum]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula nigritella]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula nigritella]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula nosferatu]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula nosferatu]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula nycterina]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula nycterina]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula octavioi]]'' (SW. Colombia.
*''[[Dracula octavioi]]'' (SW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula olmosii]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Dracula olmosii]]'' (Panama)
[[File:Dracula Olmosii Bloom Profile.jpg|thumb|''Dracula olmosii'']]
[[File:Dracula Olmosii Bloom Profile.jpg|thumb|''Dracula olmosii'']]
*''[[Dracula ophioceps]]'' (SW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula ophioceps]]'' (SW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula orientalis]]'' (NE. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula orientalis]]'' (NE. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula ortiziana]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula ortiziana]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula papillosa]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula papillosa]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula pholeodytes]]'' (NE. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula pholeodytes]]'' (NE. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula pileus]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula pileus]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula platycrater]]'' (Colombia.
*''[[Dracula platycrater]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula polyphemus]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula polyphemus]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula portillae]]'' (SE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula portillae]]'' (SE. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula posadarum]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula posadarum]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula presbys]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula presbys]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula psittacina]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula psittacina]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula psyche]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula psyche]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula pubescens]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula pubescens]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula pusilla]]'' (SE. Mexico to C. America)
*''[[Dracula pusilla]]'' (SE. Mexico to C. America)
*''[[Dracula radiella]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula radiella]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula radiosa]]'' (E. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula radiosa]]'' (E. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula rezekiana]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula rezekiana]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula ripleyana]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Dracula ripleyana]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Dracula robledorum]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula robledorum]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula rojasii]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula rojasii]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula roezlii]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula roezlii]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula saulii]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Dracula saulii]]'' (Peru)
*''[[Dracula schudelii]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula schudelii]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula senex-furens]]''(Colombia)
*''[[Dracula senex-furens]]''(Colombia)
*''[[Dracula sergioi]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula sergioi]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula severa]]'' (NW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula severa]]'' (NW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula sibundoyensis]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula sibundoyensis]]'' (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula sijmii]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula sijmii]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula simia]]'' (SE. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula simia]]'' (SE. Ecuador)
[[Image:Draculasodiroi.web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Dracula sodiroi'']]
[[Image:Draculasodiroi.web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Dracula sodiroi'']]
*''[[Dracula sodiroi]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula sodiroi]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula syndactyla]]'' (SW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula syndactyla]]'' (SW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula terborchii]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula terborchii]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula trichroma]]'' (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula trichroma]]'' (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula trinympharum]]'' (NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula trinympharum]]'' (NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula tsubotae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula tsubotae]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula tubeana]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula tubeana]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula ubangina]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula ubangina]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula vampira]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula vampira]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula veliziana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula veliziana]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula velutina]]'' (NW. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula velutina]]'' (NW. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula venefica]]'' (W. Colombia.
*''[[Dracula venefica]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula venosa]]'' (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula venosa]]'' (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula verticulosa]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula verticulosa]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula vespertilio]]'' (Nicaragua to NW. Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula vespertilio]]'' (Nicaragua to NW. Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula villegasii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula villegasii]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Dracula vinacea]]'' (NE. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula vinacea]]'' (NE. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula vlad-tepes]]'' (NE. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula vlad-tepes]]'' (NE. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula wallisii]]'' (W. Colombia).
*''[[Dracula wallisii]]'' (W. Colombia)
*''[[Dracula woolwardiae]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Dracula woolwardiae]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Dracula xenos]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Dracula xenos]]'' (Colombia)


==Hybrids==
==Hybrids==
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== References ==
== References ==
* Luer, Carlyle A. 1978: ''Dracula'', a New Genus in the Pleurothallidinae. Selbyana 2: 190-198.
*Luer, Carlyle A. 1978: ''Dracula'', a New Genus in the Pleurothallidinae. Selbyana 2: 190-198.
* Luer, Carlyle A. 1993: Icones Pleurothallidinarum X - Systematics of ''Dracula''. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 46.
*Luer, Carlyle A. 1993: Icones Pleurothallidinarum X - Systematics of ''Dracula''. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 46.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070430190417/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Dracula_vampira/more_info.html Arkive : Dracula vampira]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070430190417/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Dracula_vampira/more_info.html Arkive : Dracula vampira]


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|Dracula (Orchidaceae)|''Dracula''}}
*{{Commons-inline|Dracula (Orchidaceae)|''Dracula''}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081223072901/http://www.draculaspecies.com/ ''Dracula'' Species Database]
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Dracula|''Dracula''}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081223072901/http://www.draculaspecies.com/ ''Dracula'' Species Database]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041030203008/http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/Taxa/Spermatophyta/Dracula.html www.peripatus.gen.nz ''Dracula'' Luer 1978]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041030203008/http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/Taxa/Spermatophyta/Dracula.html www.peripatus.gen.nz ''Dracula'' Luer 1978]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330092418/http://www.savingspecies.org/projects/current-projects/saving-species-colombian-orchids/ SavingSpecies: Colombian Hummingbirds and Orchids]


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[[Category:Dracula (plant)| ]]
[[Category:Dracula (plant)| ]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]
[[Category:Epidendreae genera]]
[[Category:Pleurothallidinae genera]]
[[Category:Orchids of Mexico]]
[[Category:Orchids of Mexico]]
[[Category:Orchids of Central America]]
[[Category:Orchids of Central America]]

Latest revision as of 20:27, 29 July 2023

Dracula orchids
Dracula vampira
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Epidendreae
Subtribe: Pleurothallidinae
Genus: Dracula
Luer, 1978
Type species
Masdevallia chimaera (syn of Dracula chimaera)
Rchb. f.
Species

See text

The orchid genus Dracula, abbreviated as Drac in horticultural trade, consists of 118 species native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.[1] The name Dracula literally means "little dragon", an allusion to the mythical Count Dracula, a lead character in numerous vampire novels and films.[2][3] The name was applied to the orchid because of the blood-red color of several of the species, and the strange aspect of the long spurs of the sepals.[4] The plants were once included in the genus Masdevallia, but became a separate genus in 1978. This genus has been placed in the subtribe Pleurothallidinae.

Description

[edit]

They are epiphytic and terrestrial species distributed in Central America and the northwest Andes. Almost half the species are found in Ecuador. They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures.

These caespitose orchids grow in tufts from a short rhizome, with a dense pack of stems. They lack pseudobulbs. On each stem grows one large, thin, plicate leaf with a sharply defined midrib. These glabrous, light to dark green leaves may be spongy, taking over the function of the missing pseudobulb. They are tipped with a mucro (a short tip).

The flower stalks grow either horizontally from the base of the plant or descend, often for great distances. A few species grow upright flower stalks. The long-tailed terminal flowers are basically triangular. The flowers are borne singly or successively. Three species (sodiroi, decussata/neisseniae, and papillosa) may have up to three simultaneously open flowers on a single stalk. In general, though, if there is more than one flower bud on the raceme, they open up with long intervals. These flowers have a weird aspect, due to the long tails on each sepal. The petals are small and somewhat thickened. Quite commonly, various species of Dracula are known for blooms resembling the faces of primates, a notable example being Dracula simia. However, this likeness to monkeys’ faces seems to be purely a natural coincidence to the primates living in the same forests. In fact, these flowers are pollinated by the common fungus gnat;[5] the bloom’s lip is often quite large (for a Pleurothallid), and from the fungus gnat’s perspective, resembles an irresistible mushroom or fungus. Research by biologists at the University of Oregon indicates that D. lafleurii also possesses a uniquely volatile chemistry, similar to localized species of mushrooms. This mimicry attracts mushroom-associated flies which play a role in pollination.[6] The basal part of the lip (hypochile) is cleft. The terminal part (epichile) is rounded and concave. The margins of the perianth are often fringed. There is a well-developed column with two pollinia.

(Dracula chestertonii)

Taxonomy

[edit]

The species of Dracula have tentatively been divided into three subgenera, with sections and subsections within one of the subgenera.

  • Subgenus Dracula : This subgenus contains all the species of the genus except two exceptional species (D. sodiroi and D. xenos)
    • Section Andreettaea : Monotypic: Dracula andreettae
    • Section Chestertonia : two species: Dracula chestertonii, D. cutis-bufonis
    • Section Cochliopsia : Monotypic: Dracula cochliops
    • Section Dodsonia : Four species: Dracula dodsonii, D. insolita, D. iricolor, D. portillae
    • Section Dracula : largest section
      • Subsection Costatae : e.g. Dracula bella, D. vespertilio
      • Subsection Dracula :
        • Series Dracula : e.g. Dracula chimaera, D. tubeana, D. vampira
        • Series Grandiflorae-Parvilabiatae : e.g. Dracula gigas, D. platycrater
        • Series Parviflorae : e.g. Dracula houtteana, D. lotax
  • Subgenus Sodiroa : Two Dracula sodiroi, D. erythrocodon
  • Subgenus Xenosia : Monotypic : Dracula xenos
Dracula cordobae
Dracula houtteana
Dracula olmosii
Dracula sodiroi

Hybrids

[edit]
  • Dracula × anicula (D. cutis-bufonis × D. wallisii) (Colombia).
  • Dracula × radiosyndactyla (D. radiosa × D. syndactyla) (SW. Colombia).

Footnote

[edit]
  1. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Species
  2. ^ McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu R. (1994). In Search of Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires (Completely Revised ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-395-65783-0.
  3. ^ Stoker, Bram. 1897. Dracula. Archibald Constable and Company, Westminster.
  4. ^ Planet Arkive : Dracula orchid Archived May 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Policha, Tobias; Grimaldi, David A.; Manobanda, Rocío; Troya, Adrian; Ludden, Ashley; Dentinger, Bryn T. M.; Roy, Bitty A. (2019-02-27). "Dracula orchids exploit guilds of fungus visiting flies: new perspectives on a mushroom mimic". Ecological Entomology. 44 (4): 457–470. doi:10.1111/een.12720. S2CID 91204148.
  6. ^ Policha, Tobias; Davis, Aleah; Barnadas, Melinda; Dentinger, Bryn T. M.; Raguso, Robert A.; Roy, Bitty A. (2016-02-15). "Disentangling visual and olfactory signals in mushroom‐mimicking Dracula orchids using realistic three‐dimensional printed flowers". New Phytologist. 210 (3): 1058–1071. doi:10.1111/nph.13855. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 26877229.

References

[edit]
  • Luer, Carlyle A. 1978: Dracula, a New Genus in the Pleurothallidinae. Selbyana 2: 190-198.
  • Luer, Carlyle A. 1993: Icones Pleurothallidinarum X - Systematics of Dracula. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 46.
  • Arkive : Dracula vampira
[edit]
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