Al-Samoud 2: Difference between revisions
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== Development == |
== Development == |
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The missile was essentially a scaled-down [[Scud]], |
The missile was essentially a scaled-down [[Scud]],{{cn|date=May 2023}} though parts were mostly derived from the Soviet [[S-75 Dvina]] surface-to-air missile. The first test-firing was carried out as early as 1997<ref name=Miller/> and was supervised by [[UNSCOM]].<ref>[http://www.iraqwatch.org/profiles/missile.html#prof Iraq's missile programs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218050214/http://www.iraqwatch.org/profiles/missile.html |date=2015-02-18 }}</ref> The production started in 2001, and the goal was the assembly of ten missiles each month. The Al Samoud 2 was not fully operational by 2003, but some of them had been already delivered to the Iraqi army.{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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=== Engine === |
=== Engine === |
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The rocket engine evolved from the S-75 Dvina design and the thrust vector controls from the Scud. |
The rocket engine evolved from the S-75 Dvina design and the thrust vector controls from the Scud. |
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The system also included an Iraqi-designed mobile launcher similar to the ''Al-Nida'', built for the missile [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein]],<ref>Cordesman, Anthony (2003). [http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/iraq_missilemystery.pdf ''The Great Iraqi Missile Mystery: The Military Importance of the Ababil, Al Samoud II, Al Fatah, Badr 2000, and Al Huysayn'']. [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], 25 February 2003</ref> produced by the Iraqi company Al-Fida.<ref>[https://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/new/documents/baghdad_press_briefings/february/UNMOVIC%20IAEA%20on%20Inspections%2019%20Feb.pdf Unmovic - IAEA Press Statement on Inspection Activities in Iraq, 19 February 2003]</ref> |
The system also included an Iraqi-designed mobile launcher similar to the ''Al-Nida'', built for the missile [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein]],<ref>Cordesman, Anthony (2003). [http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/iraq_missilemystery.pdf ''The Great Iraqi Missile Mystery: The Military Importance of the Ababil, Al Samoud II, Al Fatah, Badr 2000, and Al Huysayn''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209162449/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/iraq_missilemystery.pdf |date=2010-02-09 }}. [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], 25 February 2003</ref> produced by the Iraqi company Al-Fida.<ref>[https://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/new/documents/baghdad_press_briefings/february/UNMOVIC%20IAEA%20on%20Inspections%2019%20Feb.pdf Unmovic - IAEA Press Statement on Inspection Activities in Iraq, 19 February 2003]</ref> |
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=== Payload === |
=== Payload === |
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The missile carried a 280 kilogram warhead that was half high explosives and half protective steel shell. The explosive charge weighed 140 kg, made of a mixture of 84 kg of [[RDX]]=60%, 42 kg of [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]]= 30% and 14 kg of [[aluminium]]= 10%, the latter used as an energetic blast enhancer. The payload was also designed to upload different types of [[bomblets]]. |
The missile carried a 280 kilogram warhead that was half high explosives and half protective steel shell. The explosive charge weighed 140 kg, made of a mixture of 84 kg of [[RDX]]=60%, 42 kg of [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]]= 30% and 14 kg of [[aluminium]]= 10%, the latter used as an energetic blast enhancer. The payload was also designed to upload different types of [[bomblets]].{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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=== Guidance === |
=== Guidance === |
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The guidance package was assembled by [[Cannibalization of machine parts|cannibalizing]] [[gyroscopes]] from the Chinese [[Silkworm missile|Silkworm]] [[cruise missile]]. |
The guidance package was assembled by [[Cannibalization of machine parts|cannibalizing]] [[gyroscopes]] from the Chinese [[Silkworm missile|Silkworm]] [[cruise missile]].{{cn|date=May 2023}} A source is cited as claiming that there were inertial and even [[GPS]] guidance systems illegally imported from [[Belarus]], but these allegations have not been confirmed.{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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== Banned by the UN == |
== Banned by the UN == |
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[[Image:Al-Samoud-Fired.jpg|thumb| |
[[Image:Al-Samoud-Fired.jpg|thumb|200px|A test-launch of an Al Samoud, ''circa'' 1997]] |
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On February 13, 2003, a [[UN]] panel reported that Iraq's Al-Samoud 2 missiles, disclosed by Iraq to weapons inspectors in December, have a range of [[1 E5 m|180 km]], in breach of [[UNSCR 1441]]. The limit allowed by the UN is 150 km. |
On February 13, 2003, a [[UN]] panel reported that Iraq's Al-Samoud 2 missiles, disclosed by Iraq to weapons inspectors in December, have a range of [[1 E5 m|180 km]], in breach of [[UNSCR 1441]]. The limit allowed by the UN is 150 km.{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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Iraq agreed to destroy the Al-Samoud 2 long range missiles, and by mid-March 2003, a number had been destroyed. Although [[UNMOVIC]] ordered to stop its production, Iraq assembled some 20 missiles during the early months of 2003. |
Iraq agreed to destroy the Al-Samoud 2 long range missiles, and by mid-March 2003, a number had been destroyed. Although [[UNMOVIC]] ordered to stop its production, Iraq assembled some 20 missiles during the early months of 2003.{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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American forces found a cache of 12 Al Samoud missiles south of [[Baiji, Iraq|Baiji]] on July 21, 2003. |
American forces found a cache of 12 Al Samoud missiles south of [[Baiji, Iraq|Baiji]] on July 21, 2003.{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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== Operational history (March–April 2003) == |
== Operational history (March–April 2003) == |
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[[Image:IraqiShortRange-3.jpg|thumb|250px|Aftermath of the Iraqi missile attack on 7 April]]{{See also|Ababil-100}} |
[[Image:IraqiShortRange-3.jpg|thumb|250px|Aftermath of the Iraqi missile attack on 7 April]]{{See also|Ababil-100}} |
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A number of Al-Samoud 2 missiles were fired at Kuwait during the 2003 conflict.<ref>The sources claim that only three to five Al-Samoud 2 were actually used by the Iraqis, the remainder missiles were purportedly Ababil-100/Al-Fahd or Laith-90, this latter a locally upgraded version of the [[Frog-7]]: |
A number of Al-Samoud 2 missiles were fired at Kuwait during the 2003 conflict.<ref>The sources claim that only three to five Al-Samoud 2 were actually used by the Iraqis, the remainder missiles were purportedly Ababil-100/Al-Fahd or Laith-90, this latter a locally upgraded version of the [[Frog-7]]: |
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*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iraq/al-samoud_2.htm#prof www.globalsecurity.org/Al Samoud 2] |
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*[http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1799#prof www.cdi.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223155156/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1799#prof |date=2003-12-23 }}</ref> One of them, aimed at the Coalition Headquarters at [[Camp Doha]], was successfully intercepted by a [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] missile on March 27. Some debris hit buildings inside the US base.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/05/29/sprj.irq.missile/index.html#prof www.cnn.com/2003]</ref> The other missiles were also shot down or landed harmlessly in the desert. |
*[http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1799#prof www.cdi.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223155156/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1799#prof |date=2003-12-23 }}</ref> One of them, aimed at the Coalition Headquarters at [[Camp Doha]], was successfully intercepted by a [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] missile on March 27. Some debris hit buildings inside the US base.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/05/29/sprj.irq.missile/index.html#prof www.cnn.com/2003]</ref> The other missiles were also shot down or landed harmlessly in the desert. |
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A similar development, the Al-Fahd or Ababil-100, a [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid propellant]] version of the Al-Samoud, |
A similar development, the Al-Fahd or Ababil-100, a [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid propellant]] version of the Al-Samoud, was also used by the Iraqi army during the invasion. The Headquarters of the 2nd Brigade, [[US 3rd Infantry Division]], were struck south of [[Baghdad]] by a missile of this kind on April 7. Three soldiers and two foreign reporters were killed in the blast.<ref>Zucchino, David: ''Thunder Run: The Armored Strike to Capture Baghdad''. Grove Press, 2004, page 162.</ref><ref>"He (Lt. Col. Wesley, second in command) had gotten only thirty feet from his vehicle when a powerful ''Abril'' (sic) missile hit it dead center." Lacey, Jim:''Takedown: the 3rd Infantry Division's twenty-one day assault on Baghdad.'' Naval Institute Press, 2007, page 243. |
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{{ISBN|1-59114-458-2}}</ref><ref>''Iraqi missile hits Army base'', By Steven Lee Myers. ''The New York Times'', 04/07/2003. |
{{ISBN|1-59114-458-2}}</ref><ref>''Iraqi missile hits Army base'', By Steven Lee Myers. ''The New York Times'', 04/07/2003.</ref><ref>''Nach ersten Erkenntnissen soll es sich um eine irakische Boden-Boden-Rakete vom Typ Ababil-100 mit einer Reichweite von 130 Kilometern handeln.'' [https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/krieg-im-irak-und150-reporter-sie-hatten-keine-chance_aid_195389.html#prof Focus magazine, 14 April 2003, report by Gudrun Dometeit] {{in lang|de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1200/RR1214/RAND_RR1214.pdf|title=Operation Iraqi Freedom: Decisive War, Elusive Peace|last=Perry|first=Walter L.|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8330-4192-0|pages=178}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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[[Category:Tactical ballistic missiles of Iraq]] |
[[Category:Tactical ballistic missiles of Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Ballistic missiles]] |
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[[Category:Ballistic missiles of Iraq]] |
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]] |
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[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles of Iraq]] |
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles of Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles]] |
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[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of Iraq]] |
[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Guided missiles of Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Theatre ballistic missiles]] |
[[Category:Theatre ballistic missiles]] |
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[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:23, 9 August 2023
| Al Samoud | |
|---|---|
 An Al Samoud missile captured by US forces in Southern Iraq (2003) | |
| Type | Single-stage ballistic missile |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2003 |
| Used by | Iraqi Army |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Iraq |
| Produced | 2001-2003 |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 7,14m |
| Diameter | 760mm |
| Warhead | 280kg |
| Propellant | Liquid propellant (Al-Samoud)RFNA/UDMH[1] Solid propellant (Ababil-100) |
Operational range | 180km |
Guidance system | Inertial |
| Accuracy | 2.0 km CEP[1] |
Launch platform | Mobile launcher |
Al-Samoud (الصمود, alternately Al-Samed, which means steadfastness in Arabic)[2] was a liquid-propellant rocket tactical ballistic missile developed by Iraq in the years between the Gulf War and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. The Iraqi army also developed a solid-fuel rocket version known as Ababil-100.
Development[edit]
The missile was essentially a scaled-down Scud,[citation needed] though parts were mostly derived from the Soviet S-75 Dvina surface-to-air missile. The first test-firing was carried out as early as 1997[2] and was supervised by UNSCOM.[3] The production started in 2001, and the goal was the assembly of ten missiles each month. The Al Samoud 2 was not fully operational by 2003, but some of them had been already delivered to the Iraqi army.[citation needed]
Engine[edit]
The rocket engine evolved from the S-75 Dvina design and the thrust vector controls from the Scud. The system also included an Iraqi-designed mobile launcher similar to the Al-Nida, built for the missile Al Hussein,[4] produced by the Iraqi company Al-Fida.[5]
Payload[edit]
The missile carried a 280 kilogram warhead that was half high explosives and half protective steel shell. The explosive charge weighed 140 kg, made of a mixture of 84 kg of RDX=60%, 42 kg of TNT= 30% and 14 kg of aluminium= 10%, the latter used as an energetic blast enhancer. The payload was also designed to upload different types of bomblets.[citation needed]
Guidance[edit]
The guidance package was assembled by cannibalizing gyroscopes from the Chinese Silkworm cruise missile.[citation needed] A source is cited as claiming that there were inertial and even GPS guidance systems illegally imported from Belarus, but these allegations have not been confirmed.[citation needed]
Banned by the UN[edit]
On February 13, 2003, a UN panel reported that Iraq's Al-Samoud 2 missiles, disclosed by Iraq to weapons inspectors in December, have a range of 180 km, in breach of UNSCR 1441. The limit allowed by the UN is 150 km.[citation needed]
Iraq agreed to destroy the Al-Samoud 2 long range missiles, and by mid-March 2003, a number had been destroyed. Although UNMOVIC ordered to stop its production, Iraq assembled some 20 missiles during the early months of 2003.[citation needed]
American forces found a cache of 12 Al Samoud missiles south of Baiji on July 21, 2003.[citation needed]
Operational history (March–April 2003)[edit]
A number of Al-Samoud 2 missiles were fired at Kuwait during the 2003 conflict.[6] One of them, aimed at the Coalition Headquarters at Camp Doha, was successfully intercepted by a Patriot missile on March 27. Some debris hit buildings inside the US base.[7] The other missiles were also shot down or landed harmlessly in the desert.
A similar development, the Al-Fahd or Ababil-100, a solid propellant version of the Al-Samoud, was also used by the Iraqi army during the invasion. The Headquarters of the 2nd Brigade, US 3rd Infantry Division, were struck south of Baghdad by a missile of this kind on April 7. Three soldiers and two foreign reporters were killed in the blast.[8][9][10][11][12]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Samoud 2.
References[edit]
- ^ a b "GIS SPecial Topical Studies:Iraq war 2003". ISSA Special Reports. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017.
- ^ a b Miller, David: Conflict Iraq: Weapons and tactics of US and Iraqi Forces. Zenith imprint, 2003, page 22. ISBN 0-7603-1592-2
- ^ Iraq's missile programs Archived 2015-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cordesman, Anthony (2003). The Great Iraqi Missile Mystery: The Military Importance of the Ababil, Al Samoud II, Al Fatah, Badr 2000, and Al Huysayn Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 25 February 2003
- ^ Unmovic - IAEA Press Statement on Inspection Activities in Iraq, 19 February 2003
- ^ The sources claim that only three to five Al-Samoud 2 were actually used by the Iraqis, the remainder missiles were purportedly Ababil-100/Al-Fahd or Laith-90, this latter a locally upgraded version of the Frog-7:
- www.cdi.org Archived 2003-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ www.cnn.com/2003
- ^ Zucchino, David: Thunder Run: The Armored Strike to Capture Baghdad. Grove Press, 2004, page 162.
- ^ "He (Lt. Col. Wesley, second in command) had gotten only thirty feet from his vehicle when a powerful Abril (sic) missile hit it dead center." Lacey, Jim:Takedown: the 3rd Infantry Division's twenty-one day assault on Baghdad. Naval Institute Press, 2007, page 243. ISBN 1-59114-458-2
- ^ Iraqi missile hits Army base, By Steven Lee Myers. The New York Times, 04/07/2003.
- ^ Nach ersten Erkenntnissen soll es sich um eine irakische Boden-Boden-Rakete vom Typ Ababil-100 mit einer Reichweite von 130 Kilometern handeln. Focus magazine, 14 April 2003, report by Gudrun Dometeit (in German)
- ^ Perry, Walter L. (2015). Operation Iraqi Freedom: Decisive War, Elusive Peace (PDF). RAND Corporation. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-8330-4192-0.
