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{{Short description|Soviet robotic spacecraft program}}
[[File:Zond_Assembly.jpg|thumb|An Image of a Zond/Cosmos Spacecraft being assembled]]
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}


[[Zond program]] ('''Зонд'''; Russian for "probe") was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[robotic spacecraft]] program launched between 1964 and 1970, using two spacecraft series, one for interplanetary exploration, and the other for lunar exploration.
[[Zond program]] ('''Зонд'''; Russian for "probe") was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[robotic spacecraft]] program launched between 1964 and 1970. The program had two series of spacecraft. The first series, based on the [[3MV planetary probe]], was intended to gather information about nearby [[planets]]. The second series of test spacecraft were intended as a precursor to crewed circumlunar loop flights, using a stripped-down variant of [[Soyuz spacecraft]], consisting of the [[Soyuz spacecraft#Service Module|service]] and [[Soyuz spacecraft#Reentry Module|descent modules]], but lacking the [[Soyuz spacecraft#Orbital Module|orbital module]]<ref>[https://archive.is/20120719105138/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/soyz7kl1.htm Very detailed information about the Soyuz 7K-L1 used in Zond 4-8]</ref><ref>[http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/radioind/Zondradio/Zondrad.htm Radios in Zond spacecraft]</ref><ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/zond/zond.html Exploring the Moon: the Zond Missions]</ref>


== Program details ==
The [[Government of the Soviet Union]] suppressed failed [[space race]] missions information, to prevent bad publicity during the height of the [[Cold War]]. Since the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] in the early 1990s, much previously restricted information is now available.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/07/11/this-is-why-the-soviet-union-lost-the-space-race-to-the-usa/ forbes.com, This Is Why The Soviet Union Lost 'The Space Race' To The USA, Ethan Siegel, Jul 11, 2019]</ref><ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/space-race history.com, The Space Race, Nov 14, 2019]</ref><ref name=NASA/>
The program had two series of spacecraft. The first series, based on the [[3MV|3MV planetary probe]], was intended to gather information about nearby [[planets]]. The second series of test spacecraft was intended as a precursor to crewed circumlunar loop flights, using a stripped-down variant of [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]], consisting of the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|service]] and [[Soyuz (spacecraft) |descent modules]], but lacking the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|orbital module]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20120719105138/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/soyz7kl1.htm Very detailed information about the Soyuz 7K-L1 used in Zond 4-8]</ref><ref>[http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/radioind/Zondradio/Zondrad.htm Radios in Zond spacecraft]</ref><ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/zond/zond.html Exploring the Moon: the Zond Missions]</ref><ref>[http://www.braeunig.us/space/lunar.htm braeunig.us, LUNAR SPACECRAFT (Unmanned)]</ref>


The [[Government of the Soviet Union]] had suppressed failed [[Space Race]] mission information to prevent bad publicity during the height of the [[Cold War]] and the Space Race. Since the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, much previously restricted information became available.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/07/11/this-is-why-the-soviet-union-lost-the-space-race-to-the-usa/ forbes.com, This Is Why The Soviet Union Lost 'The Space Race' To The USA, Ethan Siegel, July 11, 2019]</ref><ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/space-race history.com, The Space Race, November 14, 2019]</ref><ref name=NASA/>
*'''Zond failed missions:'''
<ref>[http://www.braeunig.us/space/lunar.htm braeunig.us, LUNAR SPACECRAFT (Unmanned)]</ref>


==Zond 1964A==
== Zond 1964A ==
[[File:Zond L1 drawing.png|upright=1|thumb|290px|right|Drawings for the Zond L1 circumlunar spacecraft]]
Zond 1964A a [[SL-6/A-2-e]] rocket launched 4 June 1964, failed to achieve [[Earth orbit]]. The faulty was found to be a faulty valve, that failed 104 seconds after launch. On Zond 1964A was a [[Molniya-1 No.2]] a Soviet communications satellite.<ref name=NASA/>


Zond 1964A, a [[SL-6/A-2-e]] launch vehicle, launched on 4 June 1964, but failed to achieve [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]]. The problem was found to be a faulty valve, that failed 104 seconds after launch. The [[payload]] was [[Molniya-1 No.2]], a Soviet communications satellite.<ref name=NASA/>
==Zond 1967A==
Zond 1967A was launched on 28 September 1967. The [[Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L]] s/n 4 rocket system was 11,465 IB (5,200kg). 60 seconds after launch the rocket fell off course. The [[Launch escape system|escape tower]] took the Zond capsule safely away from the falling rocket. The rocket crashed 65 km downrange and ending the attempted Lunar flyby. The SL-12/D-1-e Proton launcher first stage had six engines. It has found that a fuel line of one engine was blocked by a rubber plug which had come loose. Had the mission been successful this would have been Zond 4.<ref name=NASA/>


==Zond 1967B==
== Zond 1967A ==
Zond 1967B launched on 22 November 1967. The Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L rocket system was 11,465 IB (5,200kg). The second stage failure and the rocket crashed 300 km downrange. The automatic system shutdown the other engines. Zond capsule separated with the escape tower and was safely recovered. The attempted Lunar flyby mission fail. Had the mission been successful this would have been Zond 4.<ref name=NASA/>
Zond 1967A was launched on 28 September 1967. The [[Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L]] s/n 4 craft was 5,200 kg. Sixty seconds after launch the rocket veered off course. The [[Launch escape system|escape tower]] took the Zond capsule safely away from the falling rocket. The rocket crashed 65 km downrange and ended the attempted Lunar flyby. The SL-12/D-1-e [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton]] launcher first stage had six engines. It has found that a fuel line of one engine was blocked by a rubber plug which had come loose. Had the mission been successful this would have been designated Zond 4.<ref name=NASA/>


==Zond 1968A==
== Zond 1967B ==
Zond 1968A was launched on 23 April 1968, the Zond was on a Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 7. The rocket system was 12,300 lb (5,600kg). The Proton K rocket exploded 4 minutes and 30 seconds after launch. Had the mission been successful this would have been Zond 4. The second stage rocket failed 260 seconds after The rocket failure ended the attempted Lunar flyby. The fault was found to be in the control system, a short circuit, that caused engine 2 of the SL-12/D-1-e second stage to shut down. Had the mission been successful this would have been Zond 5.<ref name=NASA/>
Zond 1967B launched on 22 November 1967 in an attempted lunar flyby mission. The [[Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L]] craft was 5,200 kg. A second stage failure occurred and the launch vehicle crashed 300 km downrange. The automatic system shut down the other engines. The Zond capsule separated with the escape tower and was safely recovered. Had the mission been successful this would also have been designated Zond 4.<ref name=NASA/>


==Zond 1968B==
== Zond 1968A ==
Zond 1968B was planned to be launched in July of 1968 of Zond 7K-L1 s/n 8L. While preparing for launched Block D the second-stage rocket exploded. The launchpad explosion killed three workers. The [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton first-stage booster]] rocket and the Zond spacecraft had only minor damage. Had the mission been successful this would have been Zond 7.<ref name=NASA/>
Zond 1968A was launched on 23 April 1968. The Zond was on a [[Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 7L]]. The craft was 5,600kg. The [[Proton-K|Proton K]] rocket exploded 4 minutes and 30 seconds after launch. Had the mission been successful this would also have been designated as Zond 5. The second stage rocket failed 260 seconds after launch. Another attempted Lunar flyby. The fault was found to be a short circuit in the control system that caused engine 2 of the SL-12/D-1-e second stage to shut down.<ref name=NASA/>


==Zond 1969A==
== Zond 1968B ==
Zond 1969A was launched on 20 January 1969, was to be a lunar flyby and return to Earth with pictures. One engine of the SL-12/D-1-e second stage shut down 25 seconds early. The put the craft into an emergency system shutdown and aborted the flight. The escape tower fired and the Zond craft was returned to Earth safely. Had the mission been successful this would have been Zond 7. The rocket system was 12,300 lb (5,600kg).<ref name=NASA/>
Zond 1968B was planned to be launched on 21 July 1968 on a [[Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 8L]]. On 14 July, while preparing for launch, the [[Blok D]] (second-stage) rocket exploded. The launchpad explosion killed three workers. The [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton first-stage booster]] rocket and the Zond spacecraft had only minor damage. Had the mission been successful this would have been designated Zond 7.<ref name=NASA/>


==Zond L1S-1==
== Zond 1969A ==
Zond 1969A was launched on 20 January 1969, a [[Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 13]], was to be a lunar flyby and return to [[Earth]] with pictures. One engine of the SL-12/D-1-e second stage shut down 25 seconds early. This put the craft into an emergency system shutdown and aborted the flight. The escape tower fired and the Zond craft was returned to Earth safely. Had the mission been successful this would have been designated as Zond 7. The craft was 5,600 kg.<ref name=NASA/>
[[Zond L1S-1]] failed on 21 February 1969, this was the first launch of the [[N1 (rocket)|N-1 rocket engine]]. Just 66 seconds after liftoff the engine's turbopumps exploded..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html|title=Tentative IDs|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/n1_3l.html|title=N1 No. 3L launch|website=www.russianspaceweb.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>


==Zond L1S-2==
== Zond L1S-1 ==
{{main|Zond L1S-1}}
Zond L1S-2 (Zond-M 2) mission was to be the second test of the [[N1 (rocket)|N-1 rocket engine]], moded SL-15/N-1. [[Zond L1S-1]], the first test N-1 rocket, failed on 21 February 1969. The N-1 rocket was a [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]] built to send a manned Soviet [[spacecraft]] to the Moon, like the US [[Apollo program]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html|title=Tentative IDs|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/n1_3l.html|title=N1 No. 3L launch|website=www.russianspaceweb.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> L1S-2 - Zond-M 2 had a Zond capsule with landing site cameras and a test [[LK (spacecraft)| Soviet Moon lander]]. L1S-2 goal was to put the lander into lunar orbit. Zond L1S-2 launch on 3 July 1969 at 23:18:32 Moscow time. A few seconds after liftoff with the rocket at an altitude of about 180 meters the main engines shut down. The powerful N-1 rocket crashed back on to launchpad and exploded 18 seconds after liftoff. The massive explosion destroying the pad 110 East (110/38) at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]. The Zond escape tower fired and the capsule landed clear of launchpad 1km away. It was found that engine 8's oxygen pump failed and exploded. The explosion damaged the engines, which started the automatic shutdown of all engines. Two more tests of the N1 rocket failed: [[N1_(rocket)#Launch_history|Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 and Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1]]. With the four failures, the N-1 noon program was canceled.

<ref name="NASA">{{cite book |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html |title=NASA Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures |publisher=[[NASA]] |series= |first=NASA |last=GOV |pages= |date= |isbn=}}</ref>
[[Zond L1S-1]] failed on 21 February 1969, this was the first launch of the [[N1 (rocket)|N-1 rocket]], a [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]] built to send a crewed Soviet [[spacecraft]] to the [[Moon]], like the [[United States]] [[Apollo program]].<ref name="nssdc">{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html|title=Tentative IDs| website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="russ">{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/n1_3l.html|title=N1 No. 3L launch|website=russianspaceweb.com|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref> Just 66 seconds after liftoff the engine's turbopumps exploded.<ref name="nssdc"/><ref name="russ"/>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Nositel N-1 Launch Vehicle |url=https://archive.is/W58t |website=myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm |[email protected] |accessdate=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>

{{cite book
== Zond L1S-2 ==
| last = Harford
The Zond L1S-2 (Zond-M 2) mission was to be the second test of the [[N1 (rocket)|N-1 rocket engine]], moded SL-15/N-1. Zond L1S-1, the first test N-1 rocket, had failed on 21 February 1969. L1S-2 - Zond-M 2 had a Zond capsule with Moon landing site cameras and a test [[LK (spacecraft)|Soviet Moon lander]]. L1S-2 goal was to put the lander into lunar orbit. Zond L1S-2 launched on 3 July 1969 at 23:18:32 Moscow time. A few seconds after liftoff, with the rocket at an altitude of about 180 meters, the main engines shut down. The powerful N-1 rocket crashed back onto the launchpad and exploded 18 seconds after liftoff. The massive explosion destroyed Pad 110 East (110/38) at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]. The Zond escape tower fired and the capsule landed clear of the launchpad, about 1 km away. It was determined that engine 8's oxygen pump had failed and exploded. The explosion damaged the engine, which started an automatic shutdown of all the other engines.
| first = James

| title = Korolev : how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon
Two more subsequent tests of the N1 rocket failed: [[N1_(rocket)#Launch_history|Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 and Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1]]. With these four failures, the N-1 crewed lunar program was canceled.<ref name="NASA">{{cite book|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html|title=NASA Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nositel N-1 Launch Vehicle|url=http://www.myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524095855/http://www.myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2012|website=myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm|[email protected]|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harford|first=James|title=Korolev : how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon|date=1997|publisher=Wiley|location=New York; Chichester|isbn=9780471327219|page=300}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wade|first1=Mark|title=N1 7L State Commission|url=http://astronautix.com/d/details51205.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018053341/http://www.astronautix.com/d/details51205.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2016|website=astronautix.com|publisher=© 1997-2017 Mark Wade|access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> NASA used the [[Saturn V]] rocket for lunar missions, a super lift rocket like the N-1.
| date = 1997
| publisher = Wiley
| location = New York; Chichester
| isbn = 9780471327219
| page = 300
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wade |first1=Mark |title=N1 7L State Commission |url=http://astronautix.com/d/details51205.html |website=astronautix.com |publisher=© 1997-2017 Mark Wade |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> NASA used the [[Saturn V]] rocket for lunar missions, a super lift rocket like the N-1.


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{| class="wikitable" <!--border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"-->
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|-
|-
|1
|1
|21 February 1969<br />09:18:07
|21 February 1969<br/>09:18:07
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/38]]
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/38]]
|3L
|3L
|[[Zond L1S-1]]
|[[Zond L1S-1]]
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|-
|-
|2
|2
|3 July 1969<br />20:18:32
|3 July 1969<br/>20:18:32
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/38]]
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/38]]
|5L
|5L
|Zond L1S-2
|Zond L1S-2
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|-
|-
|3
|3
|26 June 1971<br />23:15:08
|26 June 1971<br/>23:15:08
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/37]]
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/37]]
|6L
|6L
|Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
|Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
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|-
|4
|4
|23 November 1972<br />06:11:55
|23 November 1972<br/>06:11:55
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/37]]
|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110/37]]
|7L
|7L
|[[Soyuz 7K-LOK]] No.1
|[[Soyuz 7K-LOK]] No.1
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|}
|}


==Cosmos 154==
== Cosmos 154 ==
{{main|Cosmos 154}}
*[[Cosmos 154]] failed to go into the planned translunar trajectory. The rocket system was 12,300 lb (5,600kg). Cosmos 154 was one of the first Zond attempts.<ref name=NASA/>

* [[Cosmos 154]] failed to go into the planned translunar trajectory. The craft was 5,600 kg. Cosmos 154 was one of the first Zond attempts.<ref name=NASA/>

== Zond 3MV-1 No.2 ==
{{main|Zond 3MV-1 No.2}}


==Zond 3MV-1 No.2==
[[Zond 3MV-1 No.2]] launched on 19 February 1964, exploded on the pad.
[[Zond 3MV-1 No.2]] luanched 19 February 1964 exploded on the pad.


==See also==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[List of unmanned aerial vehicles]]
* [[List of unmanned aerial vehicles]]
*[[Moon landing]]
* [[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]
* [[Moon landing]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}



Latest revision as of 05:30, 10 August 2023

Zond program (Зонд; Russian for "probe") was a Soviet robotic spacecraft program launched between 1964 and 1970, using two spacecraft series, one for interplanetary exploration, and the other for lunar exploration.

Program details

[edit]

The program had two series of spacecraft. The first series, based on the 3MV planetary probe, was intended to gather information about nearby planets. The second series of test spacecraft was intended as a precursor to crewed circumlunar loop flights, using a stripped-down variant of Soyuz spacecraft, consisting of the service and descent modules, but lacking the orbital module[1][2][3][4]

The Government of the Soviet Union had suppressed failed Space Race mission information to prevent bad publicity during the height of the Cold War and the Space Race. Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, much previously restricted information became available.[5][6][7]

Zond 1964A

[edit]
Drawings for the Zond L1 circumlunar spacecraft

Zond 1964A, a SL-6/A-2-e launch vehicle, launched on 4 June 1964, but failed to achieve Earth orbit. The problem was found to be a faulty valve, that failed 104 seconds after launch. The payload was Molniya-1 No.2, a Soviet communications satellite.[7]

Zond 1967A

[edit]

Zond 1967A was launched on 28 September 1967. The Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L s/n 4 craft was 5,200 kg. Sixty seconds after launch the rocket veered off course. The escape tower took the Zond capsule safely away from the falling rocket. The rocket crashed 65 km downrange and ended the attempted Lunar flyby. The SL-12/D-1-e Proton launcher first stage had six engines. It has found that a fuel line of one engine was blocked by a rubber plug which had come loose. Had the mission been successful this would have been designated Zond 4.[7]

Zond 1967B

[edit]

Zond 1967B launched on 22 November 1967 in an attempted lunar flyby mission. The Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L craft was 5,200 kg. A second stage failure occurred and the launch vehicle crashed 300 km downrange. The automatic system shut down the other engines. The Zond capsule separated with the escape tower and was safely recovered. Had the mission been successful this would also have been designated Zond 4.[7]

Zond 1968A

[edit]

Zond 1968A was launched on 23 April 1968. The Zond was on a Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 7L. The craft was 5,600kg. The Proton K rocket exploded 4 minutes and 30 seconds after launch. Had the mission been successful this would also have been designated as Zond 5. The second stage rocket failed 260 seconds after launch. Another attempted Lunar flyby. The fault was found to be a short circuit in the control system that caused engine 2 of the SL-12/D-1-e second stage to shut down.[7]

Zond 1968B

[edit]

Zond 1968B was planned to be launched on 21 July 1968 on a Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 8L. On 14 July, while preparing for launch, the Blok D (second-stage) rocket exploded. The launchpad explosion killed three workers. The Proton first-stage booster rocket and the Zond spacecraft had only minor damage. Had the mission been successful this would have been designated Zond 7.[7]

Zond 1969A

[edit]

Zond 1969A was launched on 20 January 1969, a Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 13, was to be a lunar flyby and return to Earth with pictures. One engine of the SL-12/D-1-e second stage shut down 25 seconds early. This put the craft into an emergency system shutdown and aborted the flight. The escape tower fired and the Zond craft was returned to Earth safely. Had the mission been successful this would have been designated as Zond 7. The craft was 5,600 kg.[7]

Zond L1S-1

[edit]

Zond L1S-1 failed on 21 February 1969, this was the first launch of the N-1 rocket, a super heavy-lift launch vehicle built to send a crewed Soviet spacecraft to the Moon, like the United States Apollo program.[8][9] Just 66 seconds after liftoff the engine's turbopumps exploded.[8][9]

Zond L1S-2

[edit]

The Zond L1S-2 (Zond-M 2) mission was to be the second test of the N-1 rocket engine, moded SL-15/N-1. Zond L1S-1, the first test N-1 rocket, had failed on 21 February 1969. L1S-2 - Zond-M 2 had a Zond capsule with Moon landing site cameras and a test Soviet Moon lander. L1S-2 goal was to put the lander into lunar orbit. Zond L1S-2 launched on 3 July 1969 at 23:18:32 Moscow time. A few seconds after liftoff, with the rocket at an altitude of about 180 meters, the main engines shut down. The powerful N-1 rocket crashed back onto the launchpad and exploded 18 seconds after liftoff. The massive explosion destroyed Pad 110 East (110/38) at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Zond escape tower fired and the capsule landed clear of the launchpad, about 1 km away. It was determined that engine 8's oxygen pump had failed and exploded. The explosion damaged the engine, which started an automatic shutdown of all the other engines.

Two more subsequent tests of the N1 rocket failed: Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 and Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1. With these four failures, the N-1 crewed lunar program was canceled.[7][10][11][12] NASA used the Saturn V rocket for lunar missions, a super lift rocket like the N-1.

Flight number Date (UTC) Launch site Serial no. Payload Outcome Remarks
1 21 February 1969
09:18:07
Baikonur, Site 110/38 3L Zond L1S-1 Failure
2 3 July 1969
20:18:32
Baikonur, Site 110/38 5L Zond L1S-2 Failure Destroyed launch pad 110 East
3 26 June 1971
23:15:08
Baikonur, Site 110/37 6L Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 Failure
4 23 November 1972
06:11:55
Baikonur, Site 110/37 7L Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Failure

Cosmos 154

[edit]
  • Cosmos 154 failed to go into the planned translunar trajectory. The craft was 5,600 kg. Cosmos 154 was one of the first Zond attempts.[7]

Zond 3MV-1 No.2

[edit]

Zond 3MV-1 No.2 launched on 19 February 1964, exploded on the pad.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Very detailed information about the Soyuz 7K-L1 used in Zond 4-8
  2. ^ Radios in Zond spacecraft
  3. ^ Exploring the Moon: the Zond Missions
  4. ^ braeunig.us, LUNAR SPACECRAFT (Unmanned)
  5. ^ forbes.com, This Is Why The Soviet Union Lost 'The Space Race' To The USA, Ethan Siegel, July 11, 2019
  6. ^ history.com, The Space Race, November 14, 2019
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i NASA Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures. NASA. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ a b "Tentative IDs". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  9. ^ a b "N1 No. 3L launch". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  10. ^ "Nositel N-1 Launch Vehicle". myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm. [email protected]. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  11. ^ Harford, James (1997). Korolev : how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon. New York; Chichester: Wiley. p. 300. ISBN 9780471327219.
  12. ^ Wade, Mark. "N1 7L State Commission". astronautix.com. © 1997-2017 Mark Wade. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2019.