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In their description of Lepidus, Nesbitt and Ezcurra 2015 assign Otis Chalk herrerasaurid femur to Herrerasauridae indeterminate b/c it is indistinguishable from Herrerasaurus
{{Avemetatarsalia}}
 
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{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
{{italic title}}{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
⚫
| name = ''Dromomeron''
| fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]], {{fossil_range|220|210}}
| fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]], <br/>{{fossil_range|220|211.9}}
| image = Dromomeron_BW.jpg
| image = Dromomeron_BW.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Hypothetical reconstruction of ''Dromomeron romeri''
| image_caption = Hypothetical reconstruction of ''Dromomeron romeri''
⚫
| taxon = Dromomeron
| authority = Irmis ''et al.'', [[2007 in paleontology|2007]]
| authority = Irmis ''et al.'', [[2007 in paleontology|2007]]
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
⚫
| type_species = [[extinction|†]]'''''Dromomeron romeri''''' <small>Irmis ''et al''., 2007</small>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ranks = Other species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
⚫
*[[extinction|†]]'''''D. romeri''''' <small>Irmis ''et al''., 2007 ([[type species|type]])</small>
*[[extinction|†]]'''''D. gregorii''''' <small>Nesbitt ''et al''., [[2009 in paleontology|2009]]</small>
*[[extinction|†]]'''''D. gregorii''''' <small>Nesbitt ''et al''., [[2009 in paleontology|2009]]</small>
*[[extinction|†]]'''''D. gigas''''' <small>Martínez ''et al''., [[2016 in paleontology|2016]]</small>
*[[extinction|†]]'''''D. gigas''''' <small>Martínez ''et al''., [[2016 in paleontology|2016]]</small>
}}
}}


'''''Dromomeron''''' (meaning "running [[femur]]") is a [[genus]] of [[lagerpetonidae|lagerpetonid]] [[dinosauromorpha|dinosauromorph]] [[archosauria|archosaur]] containing species known from [[Late Triassic]]-age rocks of the southwestern [[United States]] and northwestern [[Argentina]]. It is known from partial remains, largely from the hindlimbs,<ref name=RIetal07>{{cite journal |last=Irmis |first=Randall B. |author2=Nesbitt, Sterling J. |author3=Padian, Kevin |author4=Smith, Nathan D. |author5=Turner, Alan H. |author6=Woody, Daniel |author7= Downs, Alex |year=2007 |title=A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs |journal=Science |volume=317 |pages=358–361 |doi=10.1126/science.1143325 |pmid=17641198 |issue=5836}}</ref><ref name=SNetal09>{{cite journal |doi=10.1671/039.029.0218 |last=Nesbitt |first=Sterling J. |author2=Irmis, Randall B. |author3=Parker, William G. |author4=Smith, Nathan D. |author5=Turner, Alan H. |author6= Rowe, Timothy |year=2009 |title=Hindlimb osteology and distribution of basal dinosauromorphs from the Late Triassic of North America |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=498–516}}</ref> which indicate an animal with an overall length of less than 1.0&nbsp;meters (3.3&nbsp;ft).<ref>Estimate after the scale diagram at [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~irmisr/hayden/sciencefaq.html the article's press fact sheet].</ref> It is described as most closely related to the earlier ''[[Lagerpeton]]'' of [[Argentina]], but was found among remains of true dinosaurs like ''[[Chindesaurus]]'', indicating that the first dinosaurs did not immediately replace related groups.<ref name=RIetal07/>
'''''Dromomeron''''' (meaning "running [[femur]]") is a [[genus]] of [[Lagerpetidae|lagerpetid]] [[Avemetatarsalia|avemetatarsalian]] which lived around 220 to 211.9 ± 0.7 million years ago.<ref name="Youngest">{{cite book|editor1=Sterling J. Nesbitt |editor2=Julia Brenda Desojo |editor3=Randall B. Irmis |title=Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin|date=2013|publisher=The Geological Society of London|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TN_KBP3vxg4C&q=Dromomeron+Ma&pg=PA164|access-date=29 March 2016|isbn=9781862393615 }}</ref> The genus contains species known from [[Late Triassic]]-age rocks of the [[Southwestern United States]] and northwestern [[Argentina]]. It is described as most closely related to the earlier ''[[Lagerpeton]]'' of [[Argentina]], but was found among remains of true dinosaurs like ''[[Chindesaurus]]'', indicating that the first dinosaurs did not immediately replace related groups.<ref name=RIetal07/>


Based on the study of the overlapping material of ''Dromomeron'' and ''[[Tawa hallae]]'', Christopher Bennett proposed that the two taxa were conspecific, forming a single growth series of ''Dromomeron''.<ref name="bennett">{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=C.S.|year=2013|title=A Rebuttal to Nesbitt's and Hone's "An external mandibular fenestra and other archosauriform characteristics in basal pterosaurs"|journal=International Symposium on Pterosaurs|pages=19–22|url=http://brianandres.myweb.usf.edu/The_Pterosauria/pTwitter/Entries/2013/5/23_Rio_Ptero_2013_-_International_Symposium_on_Pterosaurs_files/Bennett%20(2013B)_1.pdf|access-date=2015-07-10|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808015000/http://brianandres.myweb.usf.edu/The_Pterosauria/pTwitter/Entries/2013/5/23_Rio_Ptero_2013_-_International_Symposium_on_Pterosaurs_files/Bennett%20(2013B)_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, noting prominent differences between their femurs which cannot be attributed to variation with age, Rodrigo Muller rejected this proposal in 2017. He further noted that, while ''D. romeri'' is known from juveniles only, it shares many traits in common with ''D. gigas'', which is known from mature specimens.<ref name="muller">{{cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=R.T.|date=2017|title=Are the dinosauromorph femora from the Upper Triassic of Hayden Quarry (New Mexico) three stages in a growth series of a single taxon?|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v89n2/0001-3765-aabc-201720160583.pdf|journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências|volume=89|issue=2|pages=835–839|doi=10.1590/0001-3765201720160583|pmid=28489198|doi-access=free}}</ref>
⚫
==Discovery and history==
⚫
''Dromomeron'' and [[type species]] ''D. romeri'' is [[holotype|based on]] [[Ruth Hall Museum of Paleontology|GR]]&nbsp;218, a complete left [[femur|thigh bone]] from the [[Hayden Quarry]] at [[Ghost Ranch]], [[New Mexico]]. The rocks there are in the lower portion of the Petrified Forest Member of the [[Chinle Formation]], and are [[Norian]] in age. Additional hindlimb bones, some probably from the same individual, are also known,<ref name=RIetal07/> and a partial skeleton has been recovered from Hayden Quarry, but has not yet been fully prepared. A few other specimens have been recovered from nearby localities, including the Snyder Quarry.<ref name=SNetal09/> The bones of ''Dromomeron'' are most similar to those of the older dinosauromorph ''Lagerpeton'',<ref name=RIetal07/> and the two animals have been classified together in a [[clade]] [[Lagerpetonidae]].<ref name=SNetal09/> The species name ''romeri'' honors influential 20th century [[paleontologist|vertebrate paleontologist]] [[Alfred Sherwood Romer]].<ref name=RIetal07/>


== Description ==
⚫
Also found at the [[Hayden Quarry]] are the remains of [[phytosaur]]s, [[aetosaur]]s, [[rauisuchia]]ns, and several types of dinosaurs and dinosaur relatives, including a ''[[Silesaurus]]''-like animal, the [[herrerasaur]]id ''[[Chindesaurus]]'', and the basal theropod [[Tawa hallae|''Tawa'']]. Finding the remains of four types of dinosaurs and dinosaur relatives (including ''Dromomeron'' itself) is noteworthy because it shows: that dinosaurs did not immediately replace related groups; that some of these groups, like the lagerpetonids, persisted (for longer than previously known) and diversified; and that dinosaurian replacement may have occurred at different times in different areas.<ref name=RIetal07/>
It is known from partial remains, largely from the hindlimbs,<ref name=RIetal07>{{cite journal |last=Irmis |first=Randall B. |author2=Nesbitt, Sterling J. |author3=Padian, Kevin |author4=Smith, Nathan D. |author5=Turner, Alan H. |author6=Woody, Daniel |author7= Downs, Alex |year=2007 |title=A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs |journal=Science |volume=317 |pages=358–361 |doi=10.1126/science.1143325 |pmid=17641198 |issue=5836|s2cid=6050601 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15342/files/PAL_E2679.pdf }}</ref><ref name=SNetal09>{{cite journal |doi=10.1671/039.029.0218 |last=Nesbitt |first=Sterling J. |author2=Irmis, Randall B. |author3=Parker, William G. |author4=Smith, Nathan D. |author5=Turner, Alan H. |author6= Rowe, Timothy |year=2009 |title=Hindlimb osteology and distribution of basal dinosauromorphs from the Late Triassic of North America |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=498–516|s2cid=34205449 }}</ref><ref>Estimate after the scale diagram at [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611105404/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~irmisr/hayden/sciencefaq.html#pron the article's press fact sheet].</ref> which indicate an animal with an overall length of {{cvt|1|m}}.


== Classification ==
Other specimens from the Chinle Formation of [[Arizona]] and a roughly contemporaneous part of the [[Dockum Group]] of [[Texas]] also have been assigned to this genus.<ref name=RIetal07supplement>{{cite web |last=Irmis |first=Randall B. |author2=Nesbitt, Sterling J. |author3=Padian, Kevin |author4=Smith, Nathan D. |author5=Turner, Alan H. |author6=Woody, Daniel |author7= Downs, Alex |year=2007 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/317/5836/358/DC1/1 |format=PDF |title=Supporting online material for A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs |publisher=Science |accessdate=2007-07-22 |doi=10.1126/science.1143325}}</ref> These have been assigned to second species ''D. gregorii'', named in 2009.<ref name=SNetal09/>
The bones of ''Dromomeron'' are most similar to those of the older pterosauromorph ''Lagerpeton'',<ref name=RIetal07/> and the two animals have been classified together in a [[clade]] [[Lagerpetonidae]].<ref name=SNetal09/><ref name="Ornithoscelida">Baron, M.G., Norman, D.B., and Barrett, P.M. (2017). A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. ''Nature'', '''543''': 501–506. {{doi|10.1038/nature21700}}</ref>


[[Cladogram]] simplified after Kammerer, Nesbitt & Shubin (2012):<ref name=Kammereretal2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kammerer | first1 = C. F. | last2 = Nesbitt | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Shubin | first3 = N. H. | doi = 10.4202/app.2011.0015 | title = The First Silesaurid Dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Morocco | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 277 | year = 2012 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Ornithodira]] 
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Pterosauria]]
|label2= [[Dinosauromorpha]] 
|2={{Clade
|label1= [[Lagerpetonidae]] 
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Lagerpeton chanarensis]]''
|2={{Clade
|1='''''Dromomeron gregorii'''''
|2='''''Dromomeron romeri''''' }} }}
|label2= [[Dinosauriformes]] 
|2={{Clade
|1='''[[Dinosauria]]'''
}} }} }} }}

⚫
== Discovery and species ==

=== ''Dromomeron romeri'' ===
⚫
The species name ''romeri'' honors influential 20th-century [[paleontologist|vertebrate paleontologist]] [[Alfred Sherwood Romer]].<ref name=RIetal07/> ''Dromomeron'' and [[type species]] ''D. romeri'' are [[holotype|based on]] [[Ruth Hall Museum of Paleontology|GR]]&nbsp;218, a complete left [[femur|thigh bone]] from the [[Hayden Quarry]] at [[Ghost Ranch]], [[New Mexico]]. The rocks there are in the lower portion of the Petrified Forest Member of the [[Chinle Formation]], and are [[Norian]] in age. Additional hindlimb bones, some probably from the same individual, are also known,<ref name=RIetal07/> and a partial skeleton has been recovered from Hayden Quarry, but has not yet been fully prepared. A few other specimens have been recovered from nearby localities, including the Snyder Quarry.<ref name=SNetal09/> Other specimens from the Chinle Formation of [[Arizona]] and a roughly contemporaneous part of the [[Dockum Group]] of [[Texas]] also have been assigned to this genus.<ref name=RIetal07supplement>{{cite journal |last=Irmis |first=Randall B. |author2=Nesbitt, Sterling J. |author3=Padian, Kevin |author4=Smith, Nathan D. |author5=Turner, Alan H. |author6=Woody, Daniel |author7= Downs, Alex |year=2007 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/317/5836/358/DC1/1 |format=PDF |title=Supporting online material for A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs |journal=Science |volume=317 |issue=5836 |pages=358–361 |access-date=2007-07-22 |doi=10.1126/science.1143325|pmid=17641198 |s2cid=6050601 }}</ref> These have been assigned to a second species ''D. gregorii'', named in 2009.<ref name=SNetal09/>

=== ''Dromomeron gregorii'' ===
''D. gregorii'', named for [[Joseph T. Gregory]], is based on [[Texas Memorial Museum|TMM]]&nbsp;31100–1306, a right femur (thigh bone) from the Otis Chalk Quarry, [[Colorado City Formation]], (Dockum Group), near [[Otis Chalk, Texas|Otis Chalk]], Texas. Several other limb bones from the quarry, and a partial femur (thigh bone) from the ''[[Placerias]]'' Quarry of eastern [[Arizona]] have been assigned to this species. The rocks that ''D. gregorii'' is known from are older than those ''romeri'' has been found in. As with the Hayden Quarry, the Otis Chalk Quarry has at least one specimen of a [[herrerasaurid]].<ref name=SNetal09/>
''D. gregorii'', named for [[Joseph T. Gregory]], is based on [[Texas Memorial Museum|TMM]]&nbsp;31100–1306, a right femur (thigh bone) from the Otis Chalk Quarry, [[Colorado City Formation]], (Dockum Group), near [[Otis Chalk, Texas|Otis Chalk]], Texas. Several other limb bones from the quarry, and a partial femur (thigh bone) from the ''[[Placerias]]'' Quarry of eastern [[Arizona]] have been assigned to this species. The rocks that ''D. gregorii'' is known from are older than those ''romeri'' has been found in. As with the Hayden Quarry, the Otis Chalk Quarry has at least one specimen of a [[herrerasaurid]].<ref name=SNetal09/>


=== ''Dromomeron gigas'' ===
A third species, ''D. gigas'', was described by Martínez ''et al''. (2016) on the basis of fossils recovered from the Norian [[Quebrada del Barro Formation]] in northwestern Argentina.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ricardo N. Martínez, Cecilia Apaldetti, Gustavo A. Correa, Diego Abelín |year=2016 |title=A Norian lagerpetid dinosauromorph from the Quebrada del Barro Formation, northwestern Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=in press |issue= |pages= |doi=10.5710/AMGH.21.06.2015.2894 }}</ref>
A third species, ''D. gigas'', was described by Martínez ''et al''. (2016) on the basis of fossils recovered from the Norian [[Quebrada del Barro Formation]] in northwestern Argentina.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Ricardo N. Martínez |author2=Cecilia Apaldetti |author3=Gustavo A. Correa |author4=Diego Abelín |year=2016 |title=A Norian lagerpetid dinosauromorph from the Quebrada del Barro Formation, northwestern Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.21.06.2015.2894 |s2cid=131613066 }}</ref>


== Paleoecology ==
Based on the study of the overlapping material of ''Dromomeron'' and ''[[Tawa hallae]]'', Christopher Bennett proposed that the two taxa were conspecific, forming a single growth series of ''Dromomeron''.<ref name="bennett">{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=C.S.|year=2013|title=A Rebuttal to Nesbitt's and Hone's "An external mandibular fenestra and other archosauriform characteristics in basal pterosaurs"|journal=International Symposium on Pterosaurs|pages=19-22|url=http://brianandres.myweb.usf.edu/The_Pterosauria/pTwitter/Entries/2013/5/23_Rio_Ptero_2013_-_International_Symposium_on_Pterosaurs_files/Bennett%20(2013B)_1.pdf}}</ref>
⚫
Also found at the [[Hayden Quarry]] are the remains of [[phytosaur]]s, [[aetosaur]]s, [[rauisuchia]]ns, and several types of dinosaurs and dinosaur relatives, including a ''[[Silesaurus]]''-like animal, the [[herrerasaur]]id ''[[Chindesaurus]]'', and the basal theropod [[Tawa hallae|''Tawa'']]. Finding the remains of four types of dinosaurs and dinosaur relatives (including ''Dromomeron'' itself) is noteworthy because it shows that dinosaurs did not immediately replace their dinosauromorph predecessors; that some of these groups, like the lagerpetonids, persisted (for longer than previously known) and diversified; and that dinosaurian replacement may have occurred at different times in different areas.<ref name=RIetal07/>


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/317/5836/358/DC1/1 Online supplementary material] for the Irmis ''et al.''. article (PDF).
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/317/5836/358/DC1/1 Online supplementary material] for the Irmis ''et al.''. article (PDF).
* [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~irmisr/hayden/sciencefaq.html A fact sheet] for the Irmis ''et al.''. article.
* [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~irmisr/hayden/sciencefaq.html A fact sheet] for the Irmis ''et al.''. article.


{{portal|Paleontology}}
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Avemetatarsalia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2566615}}


[[Category:Dinosauromorphs]]
[[Category:Lagerpetidae]]
[[Category:Triassic dinosauromorphs]]
[[Category:Late Triassic archosaurs of North America]]
⚫
[[Category:Late Triassic reptiles of North America]]
[[Category:Late Triassic reptiles of South America]]
[[Category:Late Triassic reptiles of South America]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2007]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2007]]
⚫
[[Category:Triassic Argentina]]

Latest revision as of 20:05, 19 August 2023

Dromomeron
Temporal range: Late Triassic,
220–211.9 Ma
Hypothetical reconstruction of Dromomeron romeri
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Ornithodira
Clade: †Pterosauromorpha
Family: †Lagerpetidae
Genus: †Dromomeron
Irmis et al., 2007
Type species
†Dromomeron romeri Irmis et al., 2007
Other species
  • †D. gregorii Nesbitt et al., 2009
  • †D. gigas Martínez et al., 2016

Dromomeron (meaning "running femur") is a genus of lagerpetid avemetatarsalian which lived around 220 to 211.9 ± 0.7 million years ago.[1] The genus contains species known from Late Triassic-age rocks of the Southwestern United States and northwestern Argentina. It is described as most closely related to the earlier Lagerpeton of Argentina, but was found among remains of true dinosaurs like Chindesaurus, indicating that the first dinosaurs did not immediately replace related groups.[2]

Based on the study of the overlapping material of Dromomeron and Tawa hallae, Christopher Bennett proposed that the two taxa were conspecific, forming a single growth series of Dromomeron.[3] However, noting prominent differences between their femurs which cannot be attributed to variation with age, Rodrigo Muller rejected this proposal in 2017. He further noted that, while D. romeri is known from juveniles only, it shares many traits in common with D. gigas, which is known from mature specimens.[4]

Description

[edit]

It is known from partial remains, largely from the hindlimbs,[2][5][6] which indicate an animal with an overall length of 1 m (3 ft 3 in).

Classification

[edit]

The bones of Dromomeron are most similar to those of the older pterosauromorph Lagerpeton,[2] and the two animals have been classified together in a clade Lagerpetonidae.[5][7]

Cladogram simplified after Kammerer, Nesbitt & Shubin (2012):[8]

Ornithodira 

Discovery and species

[edit]

Dromomeron romeri

[edit]

The species name romeri honors influential 20th-century vertebrate paleontologist Alfred Sherwood Romer.[2] Dromomeron and type species D. romeri are based on GR 218, a complete left thigh bone from the Hayden Quarry at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. The rocks there are in the lower portion of the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation, and are Norian in age. Additional hindlimb bones, some probably from the same individual, are also known,[2] and a partial skeleton has been recovered from Hayden Quarry, but has not yet been fully prepared. A few other specimens have been recovered from nearby localities, including the Snyder Quarry.[5] Other specimens from the Chinle Formation of Arizona and a roughly contemporaneous part of the Dockum Group of Texas also have been assigned to this genus.[9] These have been assigned to a second species D. gregorii, named in 2009.[5]

Dromomeron gregorii

[edit]

D. gregorii, named for Joseph T. Gregory, is based on TMM 31100–1306, a right femur (thigh bone) from the Otis Chalk Quarry, Colorado City Formation, (Dockum Group), near Otis Chalk, Texas. Several other limb bones from the quarry, and a partial femur (thigh bone) from the Placerias Quarry of eastern Arizona have been assigned to this species. The rocks that D. gregorii is known from are older than those romeri has been found in. As with the Hayden Quarry, the Otis Chalk Quarry has at least one specimen of a herrerasaurid.[5]

Dromomeron gigas

[edit]

A third species, D. gigas, was described by Martínez et al. (2016) on the basis of fossils recovered from the Norian Quebrada del Barro Formation in northwestern Argentina.[10]

Paleoecology

[edit]

Also found at the Hayden Quarry are the remains of phytosaurs, aetosaurs, rauisuchians, and several types of dinosaurs and dinosaur relatives, including a Silesaurus-like animal, the herrerasaurid Chindesaurus, and the basal theropod Tawa. Finding the remains of four types of dinosaurs and dinosaur relatives (including Dromomeron itself) is noteworthy because it shows that dinosaurs did not immediately replace their dinosauromorph predecessors; that some of these groups, like the lagerpetonids, persisted (for longer than previously known) and diversified; and that dinosaurian replacement may have occurred at different times in different areas.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sterling J. Nesbitt; Julia Brenda Desojo; Randall B. Irmis, eds. (2013). Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin. The Geological Society of London. p. 164. ISBN 9781862393615. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Irmis, Randall B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Padian, Kevin; Smith, Nathan D.; Turner, Alan H.; Woody, Daniel; Downs, Alex (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs" (PDF). Science. 317 (5836): 358–361. doi:10.1126/science.1143325. PMID 17641198. S2CID 6050601.
  3. ^ Bennett, C.S. (2013). "A Rebuttal to Nesbitt's and Hone's "An external mandibular fenestra and other archosauriform characteristics in basal pterosaurs"" (PDF). International Symposium on Pterosaurs: 19–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
  4. ^ Müller, R.T. (2017). "Are the dinosauromorph femora from the Upper Triassic of Hayden Quarry (New Mexico) three stages in a growth series of a single taxon?" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 89 (2): 835–839. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720160583. PMID 28489198.
  5. ^ a b c d e Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Parker, William G.; Smith, Nathan D.; Turner, Alan H.; Rowe, Timothy (2009). "Hindlimb osteology and distribution of basal dinosauromorphs from the Late Triassic of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 498–516. doi:10.1671/039.029.0218. S2CID 34205449.
  6. ^ Estimate after the scale diagram at the article's press fact sheet.
  7. ^ Baron, M.G., Norman, D.B., and Barrett, P.M. (2017). A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature, 543: 501–506. doi:10.1038/nature21700
  8. ^ Kammerer, C. F.; Nesbitt, S. J.; Shubin, N. H. (2012). "The First Silesaurid Dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Morocco". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2): 277. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0015.
  9. ^ Irmis, Randall B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Padian, Kevin; Smith, Nathan D.; Turner, Alan H.; Woody, Daniel; Downs, Alex (2007). "Supporting online material for A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs" (PDF). Science. 317 (5836): 358–361. doi:10.1126/science.1143325. PMID 17641198. S2CID 6050601. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  10. ^ Ricardo N. Martínez; Cecilia Apaldetti; Gustavo A. Correa; Diego Abelín (2016). "A Norian lagerpetid dinosauromorph from the Quebrada del Barro Formation, northwestern Argentina". Ameghiniana. 53 (1): 1–13. doi:10.5710/AMGH.21.06.2015.2894. S2CID 131613066.
[edit]
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