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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Short description|Species of mangrove tree in the family Malvaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Expand Japanese|サキシマスオウノキ|date=December 2012|topic=sci}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|name = Looking-glass mangrove
|image = Heritiera littoralis Blanco2.341.png
|image = Sakishimasuo 200708.jpg
|image_caption = The distinctive ribbon-like<br>[[buttress root]]s
|status = LC
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = {{R|IUCN}}
|status_ref = <ref>Duke, N., Kathiresan, K., Salmo III, S.G., Fernando, E.S., Peras, J.R., Sukardjo, S. & Miyagi, T. 2010. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/178852/0 Heritiera littoralis]. In: IUCN 2011. [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 4 March 2012.</ref>
|genus = Heritiera
|genus = Heritiera
|species = littoralis
|species = littoralis
|authority = [[William Aiton|Aiton]]
|authority = [[William Aiton|Aiton]]{{R|POWO|RFK}}
|synonyms = {{Specieslist
|synonyms = {{species list
|Amygdalus litoralis|([[Jonas Carlsson Dryander|Dryand.]]) Kuntze
|Amygdalus litoralis |(Aiton) Kuntze
|Balanopteris tothila|Gaertn.
|Balanopteris minor |Gaertn.
|Balanopteris tothila |Gaertn.
|Heritiera minor| Bojer
|Heritiera fischeri |Regel & Rach
|Samadera littoralis| (Dryander) Oken
|Heritiera minor |(Gaertn.) Lam.
|Sutherlandia littoralis|J.F.Gmel.
|Heritiera tothila |Kurz
}}
|Sutherlandia littoralis |(Aiton) J.F.Gmel.
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2846318|title = Heritiera littoralis Aiton — the Plant List}}</ref>
|Systemon fischeri |Regel
|Samadera littoralis |(Aiton) Oken
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
}}

'''''Heritiera littoralis''''', commonly known as the '''looking-glass mangrove''' or '''tulip mangrove''', is a [[mangrove]] tree in the family [[Malvaceae]] native to coastal areas of eastern [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Melanesia]] and northern [[Australia]]. The common name refers to the silvery appearance of the underside of the leaves, resembling a mirror to some degree. The strong timber has uses in marine applications and elsewhere.

==Description==
[[File:Heritiera littoralis at Kepong Botanical Garden 20230625 111725.jpg|thumb|left|''Heritiera littoralis'' at Malaysia.]]
''Heritiera littoralis'' is an [[evergreen]] tree growing up to {{cvt|25|m}} in height with very prominent, sinuous [[buttress root]]s that may be up to {{cvt|1|m}} tall.{{R|RFK|PNGTREES|NPSING}} It is usually low-branching and the crown is untidy-looking with gnarled branches.{{R|NPSING}} The trunk is light grey or grey-brown in appearance, smooth when young but developing vertical fissures as it ages.{{R|PNGTREES|NPSING}}

The leaves are spirally arranged on the branches and varyingly measure from {{convert|20|by|10|cm|in|1}}{{R|FOC|IBP}} up to {{convert|30|by|15|cm|in|1}},{{R|RFK|NPSING}} with a [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] up to {{cvt|2|cm}} long. They are [[Glossary of leaf morphology#oblong |oblong-elliptical]] to [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate |ovate-elliptical]], dark green on the upper surface and the undersides are silvery-white to light brown due to the presence of [[Trichrome#Plant trichomes |stellate]] scales.{{R|RFK|PNGTREES|IBP}}

The [[inflorescence]]s are [[axil |axillary]] [[panicle]]s, and as this species is [[Monoecy |monoecious]], they bear both [[pistillate]] (functionally female) and [[staminate]] (functionally male) flowers on the same plant.{{R|NPSING|FOC}} The flowers have a fused [[perianth]] tube with usually 5 teeth and are bell-shaped (hence the common name Tulip oak). They are greenish-pink or dull purple, around {{cvt|6|mm}} wide and long.{{R|RFK|PNGTREES|NPSING|FOC}}

The fruit is a flattened, ellipsoid, [[indehiscent]], brown woody pod which is derived from the [[carpel]], and contains a single seed. It has a distinctive oblique keel on the uppermost side and measures up to {{cvt|10|cm}} long by {{cvt|6|cm}} wide.{{R|RFK}} The fruit can float for several weeks and so is able to take advantage of tides, currents and winds to aid in its dispersal.{{R|NPSING}}

==Taxonomy==
This species was first described by the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[botanist]] [[William Aiton]] in 1789, who at the time was the director of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|botanical garden at Kew]]. The description was published in the third volume of his work ''[[Hortus Kewensis]]'', in which he also raised the [[genus]] ''Heritiera''.{{R|POWO2|BHL}}


===Subspecies===
'''''Heritiera littoralis''''', the '''looking-glass mangrove''' is a large tree with wing shaped nuts, which is most easily recognised by the silvery scales on the underside of its leaves, which therefore appear green from top and white from below, although ''[[Litsea mellifera]]'' A.C. Smith (in the family [[Lauraceae]]), has the same type of leaves. The tree is usually found to grow along the seashore in [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and Tropical [[Africa]].
The [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]] recognises two [[infraspecies]], ''Heritiera littoralis'' subsp. ''littoralis'', and ''Heritiera littoralis'' subsp. ''fischeri'',{{R|GBIF}} while [[Plants of the World Online]] does not recognise any.{{R|POWO}}


===Etymology===
The tree's tough wood has historically been used in boat-building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dungun (Heritiera littoralis) on the Shores of Singapore|url=http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/mangrove/heritiera/heritiera.htm|work=WILD Fact Sheets|access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> The fruits of the tree (known as '''''dungon''''' locally), are also used in [[Philippine cuisine]] for ''[[kinilaw]]''.<ref name="Mapa"/>
The genus name ''Heritiera'' was given in honour of the [[France |French]] botanist [[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle]]. The [[Botanical name#Binary name|species epithet]] ''litoralis'' means "by the sea" in reference to the habitat of this plant.{{R|COOPER2}}


==Common names==
===Vernacular names===
Regional common names for the tree include:{{R|APOSL|FOI}}
Native names for the tree include:<ref>http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Looking%20Glass%20Mangrove.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/plants/plants_detail.php?i=1277&s=Family_name|title=Ayurvedic Plants of Sri Lanka: Plants Details|website=www.instituteofayurveda.org|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref>
{{columns-list |colwidth=20em |
*Bengali – sundari (সুন্দরী, সুন্দরি)
*Bengali – sundari (সুন্দরী, সুন্দরি)
*Bahasa Indonesia – dungun kecil, dungun laut
*Bahasa Indonesia – dungun kecil, dungun laut
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*Maldivian – ކަހަރުވައް (kaharuvah)
*Maldivian – ކަހަރުވައް (kaharuvah)
*Chamorro - ufa
*Chamorro - ufa
}}

==Distribution and habitat==
''Heritiera littoralis'''s natural range is eastern Africa, [[Madagascar]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Melanesia]] and the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Queensland]] in Australia.{{R|RFK|FOC|NPSING}} It grows in the landward edges of mangrove forests and along riverine forests at elevations close to sea level.{{R|RFK|NPSING|FGMQ}}

==Ecology==
This species is host for the larvae of a number of [[lepidoptera]]ns including: ''[[Arhopala micale]]'', ''[[Arhopala pseudocentaurus]]'', ''[[Assara seminivale]]'', ''[[Hymenoptychis sordida]]'' and ''[[Synnympha perfrenis]]''.{{R|RFK|NHM}}


==Uses==
==Uses==
The tree is harvested for timber and is valued for its toughness, durability, and resistance to saltwater. As such, it is commonly used in shipbuilding and in making pilings, bridges, and [[wharves]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dungon-late |url=https://ntfp.org/2016/02/dungon-late/ |website=NTFP Product Database |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
The tree is harvested for timber and is valued for its toughness, durability, and resistance to saltwater. It is commonly used in shipbuilding and for pilings, bridges, wharves, furniture and housing. When sufficiently straight and high, the trunk has been used for ship's masts.{{R|NPSING|FOC|NTFP}}


The fruit of species in the genus is used in [[Philippine cuisine]] to neutralize the fishy taste in ''[[kinilaw]]'', a local dish of raw fish in vinegar or citrus juices. Another species used this way is the fruits of the [[tabon-tabon]] tree (''[[Atuna racemosa]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Propagating the Dungon |url=https://rileybulfa.wordpress.com/2013/10/23/propagating-the-dungon/ |website=RileyBulfa's Blog |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mapa">{{cite news |last1=Mapa |first1=Tata |title=Everything you need to know about kinilaw |url=https://waytogo.cebupacificair.com/kinilaw-facts/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |work=waytogo |date=5 July 2016}}</ref>
The fruit of species in the genus is used in [[Philippine cuisine]] to neutralize the fishy taste in ''[[kinilaw]]'', a local dish of raw fish in vinegar or citrus juices. Another species used this way is the fruits of the [[tabon-tabon]] tree ([[Atuna excelsa subsp. racemosa|''Atuna excelsa'' subsp. ''racemosa'']], syn. ''Atuna racemosa'').{{R|PTD|MAPA}}

The plant is widely used by locals{{Where|date=March 2023}} and alternative medicines{{Incomprehensible inline|date=March 2023}} to treat diabetes, hepatic illnesses, gastrointestinal disorders, goiter, and skin diseases, which is a sign that it has applications in traditional folk medicine. Several researches{{Who|date=March 2023}} have revealed that the plant possesses significant anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antinociceptive activities. Studies in phytochemistry have led to the discovery of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, gums, phytosterols, and reducing sugars.{{cn|date= March 2023}}

H. littoralis extracts are used to treat dysentery and diarrhea. The leaves and stems were traditionally used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Fish poison, arrowhead poison, and spearhead poison are just a few of the several poisons that have been discovered in the sap. In the Nicobar and Andaman islands, the plant's leaves and seeds are regarded as edible. Twigs can also be used to wash teeth and make chewing gum.{{R|ISRN}}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery mode=packed heights=160px>
Starr 080530-4634 Heritiera littoralis.jpg
File:Heritiera littoralis.jpg |Foliage
Starr 080530-4635 Heritiera littoralis.jpg
File:Heritiera littoralis Aiton (5927447934).jpg |Flowers
Heritiera littoralis MHNT.jpg|Fruit of '' Heritiera littoralis''
File:Starr 070727-7635 Heritiera littoralis.jpg |Foliage, flowers and unripe fruit
Sundari seed.JPG|Fruit of ''Heritiera littoralis'' in a mangrove in the Andamans.
File:Keeled-pod mangrove (Heritiera littoralis) leaves ruled.jpg
File:Heritiera littoralis - Sakishimasuo - Iriomote island Japan.jpg |Buttress roots
File:Heritiera littoralis ( Dungun ).jpg |Green fruit
File:Keeled-pod mangrove (Heritiera littoralis) pods.jpg |Ripened fruit
File:Heritiera littoralis at Kepong Botanical Garden 20230625 111702.jpg|Foliage
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=Duke, N. |author2=Kathiresan, K. |author3=Salmo III, S.G. |author4=Fernando, E.S. |author5=Peras, J.R. |author6=Sukardjo, S. |author7=Miyagi, T. |year=2010 |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' |volume=2010 |page=e.T178852A7627492 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178852A7627492.en |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>


<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:823569-1 |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>
{{Commons category-inline}}

<ref name="POWO2">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:38724-1 |title=''Heritiera'' |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=27 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="RFK">{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Heritiera_littoralis.htm |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]] |access-date=26 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="PNGTREES">{{cite web |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' Aiton |url=https://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Heritiera_littoralis_Aiton.html |website=PNG Trees |publisher=National Herbarium of New South Wales and Papua New Guinea National Herbarium |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="NPSING">{{cite web |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' Aiton |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/9/2952 |website=Flora and Fauna Web |publisher=[[Singapore Government]] |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="IBP">{{cite web |title=Heritiera littoralis |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/229964 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="FOC">{{cite web |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' in Flora of China @ eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013815 |website=Flora of China |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]], St. Louis, MO & [[Harvard University Herbaria]], Cambridge, MA. |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="BHL">{{cite book |title=v.3 - Hortus Kewensis, or, A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5875307 |website=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]] |year=1789 |volume=3 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="COOPER2">{{Cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Wendy |last2=Cooper |first2=William T. |author-link2=William T. Cooper |date=June 2004 |title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |publication-place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Nokomis Editions |isbn=9780958174213 |url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |page=532}}</ref>

<ref name="APOSL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/plants/plants_detail.php?i=1277&s=Family_name|title=Ayurvedic Plants of Sri Lanka: Plants Details|website=www.instituteofayurveda.org|access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="FOI">{{cite web |title=Heritiera littoralis - Looking Glass Mangrove |url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Looking%20Glass%20Mangrove.html |website=Flowers of India |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

<!--<ref name="CABI">{{cite web |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26957 |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' |website=[[Invasive Species Compendium]] |date=2019 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|CAB International]] |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>-->

<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/7725132 |title=''Heritiera littoralis'' <small>Dryand. ex Aiton</small> |website=[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]] |access-date=27 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="NHM">{{cite web |title=HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/list.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&Familyqtype=starts+with&Family=&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&PFamily=&Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=&PGenusqtype=equals&PGenus=heritiera&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=&PSpeciesqtype=equals&PSpecies=littoralis&Country=&sort=Family |website=Natural History Museum |publisher=The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="FGMQ">{{cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=Catherine |title=Field Guide to the Mangroves of Queensland |date=1993 |publisher=Australian Institute of Marine Sciences |isbn=0642185026 |page=62}}</ref>

<ref name="NTFP">{{cite web |title=NTFP Product Database |url=https://ntfp.org/2016/02/dungon-late/ |website=Non-timber Forest Products &mdash; Exchange Program |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

<ref name=PTD>{{cite web |title=Propagating the Dungon |url=https://rileybulfa.wordpress.com/2013/10/23/propagating-the-dungon/ |website=RileyBulfa's Blog |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="MAPA">{{cite news |last1=Mapa |first1=Tata |title=Everything you need to know about kinilaw |url=https://waytogo.cebupacificair.com/kinilaw-facts/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |work=waytogo |date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="ISRN">{{cite journal |last1=Mahmud |first1=Imran |last2=Islam |first2=Md Khirul |last3=Saha |first3=Sanjib |last4=Barman |first4=Apurba Kumar |last5=Rahman |first5=Md Mustafizur |last6=Anisuzzman |first6=Md |last7=Rahman |first7=Taufiq |last8=Al-Nahain |first8=Abdullah |last9=Jahan |first9=Rownak |last10=Rahmatullah |first10=Mohammed |display-authors=3|title=Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Overview of ''Heritiera fomes'': Future Prospects |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |date=July 2014 |volume=2014 |page=938543 |doi=10.1155/2014/938543 |pmid=27382611 |pmc=4897052 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{Wikispecies-inline |Heritiera littoralis |''Heritiera littoralis''}}
* {{Commons category-inline |Heritiera littoralis |''Heritiera littoralis''}}
* [https://www.gbif.org/species/7725132 View a map] of recorded sightings of ''Heritiera littoralis'' at the [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]
* [https://inaturalist.ala.org.au/observations?taxon_id=193310 View observations] of this species on [[iNaturalist]]
* [https://flickriver.com/search/Heritiera+littoralis See images] of ''Heritiera littoralis'' on [[Flickriver]]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2574713}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2574713}}
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[[Category:Heritiera|littoralis]]
[[Category:Heritiera|littoralis]]
[[Category:Mangroves]]
[[Category:Mangroves]]
[[Category:Flora of India]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Thailand]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Flora of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Christmas Island]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Aiton]]
[[Category:Flora of Micronesia]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1789]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northern Mariana Islands]]
[[Category:Western Indo-Pacific flora]]
[[Category:Flora of Oceania]]
[[Category:Central Indo-Pacific flora]]


{{Sterculioideae-stub}}

Revision as of 07:18, 22 August 2023

Looking-glass mangrove
The distinctive ribbon-like
buttress roots
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Heritiera
Species:
H. littoralis
Binomial name
Heritiera littoralis
Synonyms[2]
  • Amygdalus litoralis (Aiton) Kuntze
  • Balanopteris minor Gaertn.
  • Balanopteris tothila Gaertn.
  • Heritiera fischeri Regel & Rach
  • Heritiera minor (Gaertn.) Lam.
  • Heritiera tothila Kurz
  • Sutherlandia littoralis (Aiton) J.F.Gmel.
  • Systemon fischeri Regel
  • Samadera littoralis (Aiton) Oken

Heritiera littoralis, commonly known as the looking-glass mangrove or tulip mangrove, is a mangrove tree in the family Malvaceae native to coastal areas of eastern Africa, Asia, Melanesia and northern Australia. The common name refers to the silvery appearance of the underside of the leaves, resembling a mirror to some degree. The strong timber has uses in marine applications and elsewhere.

Description

Heritiera littoralis at Malaysia.

Heritiera littoralis is an evergreen tree growing up to 25 m (82 ft) in height with very prominent, sinuous buttress roots that may be up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall.[3][4][5] It is usually low-branching and the crown is untidy-looking with gnarled branches.[5] The trunk is light grey or grey-brown in appearance, smooth when young but developing vertical fissures as it ages.[4][5]

The leaves are spirally arranged on the branches and varyingly measure from 20 by 10 centimetres (7.9 by 3.9 in)[6][7] up to 30 by 15 centimetres (11.8 by 5.9 in),[3][5] with a petiole up to 2 cm (0.79 in) long. They are oblong-elliptical to ovate-elliptical, dark green on the upper surface and the undersides are silvery-white to light brown due to the presence of stellate scales.[3][4][7]

The inflorescences are axillary panicles, and as this species is monoecious, they bear both pistillate (functionally female) and staminate (functionally male) flowers on the same plant.[5][6] The flowers have a fused perianth tube with usually 5 teeth and are bell-shaped (hence the common name Tulip oak). They are greenish-pink or dull purple, around 6 mm (0.24 in) wide and long.[3][4][5][6]

The fruit is a flattened, ellipsoid, indehiscent, brown woody pod which is derived from the carpel, and contains a single seed. It has a distinctive oblique keel on the uppermost side and measures up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) wide.[3] The fruit can float for several weeks and so is able to take advantage of tides, currents and winds to aid in its dispersal.[5]

Taxonomy

This species was first described by the Scottish botanist William Aiton in 1789, who at the time was the director of the botanical garden at Kew. The description was published in the third volume of his work Hortus Kewensis, in which he also raised the genus Heritiera.[8][9]

Subspecies

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility recognises two infraspecies, Heritiera littoralis subsp. littoralis, and Heritiera littoralis subsp. fischeri,[10] while Plants of the World Online does not recognise any.[2]

Etymology

The genus name Heritiera was given in honour of the French botanist Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle. The species epithet litoralis means "by the sea" in reference to the habitat of this plant.[11]

Vernacular names

Regional common names for the tree include:[12][13]

  • Bengali – sundari (সুন্দরী, সুন্দরি)
  • Bahasa Indonesia – dungun kecil, dungun laut
  • Filipino – dungon
  • Hindi – sundari (सुंदरी)
  • Japanese – sakishimasuōnoki (サキシマスオウノキ)
  • Kannada – chanda mara (ಚಂದ ಮರ)
  • Malay – pokok dungun
  • Malayalam – mukuram (മുകുരം)
  • Marathi – sundari (सुंदरी)
  • Odia – sundari (ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ)
  • Sinhala – etuna (ඇටුන), ho mediriya (හෝ මැදිරිය)
  • Tamil – conmuntiri (சொன்முந்திரி), cuntari (சுந்தரி)
  • Tongan – mamaea
  • Vietnamese – cui biển
  • Visayan – dungon
  • Maldivian – ކަހަރުވައް (kaharuvah)
  • Chamorro - ufa

Distribution and habitat

Heritiera littoralis's natural range is eastern Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, Melanesia and the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia.[3][6][5] It grows in the landward edges of mangrove forests and along riverine forests at elevations close to sea level.[3][5][14]

Ecology

This species is host for the larvae of a number of lepidopterans including: Arhopala micale, Arhopala pseudocentaurus, Assara seminivale, Hymenoptychis sordida and Synnympha perfrenis.[3][15]

Uses

The tree is harvested for timber and is valued for its toughness, durability, and resistance to saltwater. It is commonly used in shipbuilding and for pilings, bridges, wharves, furniture and housing. When sufficiently straight and high, the trunk has been used for ship's masts.[5][6][16]

The fruit of species in the genus is used in Philippine cuisine to neutralize the fishy taste in kinilaw, a local dish of raw fish in vinegar or citrus juices. Another species used this way is the fruits of the tabon-tabon tree (Atuna excelsa subsp. racemosa, syn. Atuna racemosa).[17][18]

The plant is widely used by locals[where?] and alternative medicines[incomprehensible] to treat diabetes, hepatic illnesses, gastrointestinal disorders, goiter, and skin diseases, which is a sign that it has applications in traditional folk medicine. Several researches[who?] have revealed that the plant possesses significant anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antinociceptive activities. Studies in phytochemistry have led to the discovery of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, gums, phytosterols, and reducing sugars.[citation needed]

H. littoralis extracts are used to treat dysentery and diarrhea. The leaves and stems were traditionally used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Fish poison, arrowhead poison, and spearhead poison are just a few of the several poisons that have been discovered in the sap. In the Nicobar and Andaman islands, the plant's leaves and seeds are regarded as edible. Twigs can also be used to wash teeth and make chewing gum.[19]

  • Foliage
    Foliage
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Foliage, flowers and unripe fruit
    Foliage, flowers and unripe fruit
  • Buttress roots
    Buttress roots
  • Green fruit
    Green fruit
  • Ripened fruit
    Ripened fruit
  • Foliage
    Foliage

References

  1. ^ Duke, N.; Kathiresan, K.; Salmo III, S.G.; Fernando, E.S.; Peras, J.R.; Sukardjo, S.; Miyagi, T. (2010). "Heritiera littoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T178852A7627492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178852A7627492.en. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Heritiera littoralis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Heritiera littoralis". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d "Heritiera littoralis Aiton". PNG Trees. National Herbarium of New South Wales and Papua New Guinea National Herbarium. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Heritiera littoralis Aiton". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Heritiera littoralis in Flora of China @ eFloras.org". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Heritiera littoralis". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Heritiera". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  9. ^ v.3 - Hortus Kewensis, or, A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. Vol. 3. 1789. Retrieved 6 June 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Heritiera littoralis Dryand. ex Aiton". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  11. ^ Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 532. ISBN 9780958174213.
  12. ^ "Ayurvedic Plants of Sri Lanka: Plants Details". www.instituteofayurveda.org. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  13. ^ "Heritiera littoralis - Looking Glass Mangrove". Flowers of India. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  14. ^ Lovelock, Catherine (1993). Field Guide to the Mangroves of Queensland. Australian Institute of Marine Sciences. p. 62. ISBN 0642185026.
  15. ^ "HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum". Natural History Museum. The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  16. ^ "NTFP Product Database". Non-timber Forest Products — Exchange Program. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  17. ^ "Propagating the Dungon". RileyBulfa's Blog. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  18. ^ Mapa, Tata (28 September 2022). "Everything you need to know about kinilaw". waytogo. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  19. ^ Mahmud, Imran; Islam, Md Khirul; Saha, Sanjib; et al. (July 2014). "Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Overview of Heritiera fomes: Future Prospects". International Scholarly Research Notices. 2014: 938543. doi:10.1155/2014/938543. PMC 4897052. PMID 27382611.
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